international water management institute & central research institute for dryland agriculture...
TRANSCRIPT
International Water Management Institute
&
Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (ICAR), Hyderabad
POTENTIAL OF RAINFED AGRICULTURE IN INDIA
Estimated partitioning of the increased freshwater requirements between rainfed and
irrigated agriculture
Global analysis of over 100 agricultural developmental projects found that yield levels in projects focused on improving rainfed agriculture has raised on average by 100%, often several hundred percent, while the comparable achievement in irrigated projects was a yield increase of only 10%. Under rainfed farming, operating at a lower yield level, every new investment results in a relatively higher and more equitable yield response.
Range of rainfall variability across hydro-climatic zones
Annual P, PET and moisture deficit index for different dryland stations of India
Stations P, mm PET, mm MDI, %
Ludhiana 680.1 1359.9 -50.0
Hisar 428.4 1615.6 -73.2
N. Delhi 660.1 1658.7 -60.2
Jodhpur 366.0 1843.0 -80.1
Agra 679.0 1467.2 -53.7
Hyderabad 772.2 1756.8 -56.0
Anantpur 583.0 1857.1 -68.6
Rajkot 594.3 2144.6 -72.3
Akola 596.7 1729.7 -65.5
Indore 929.1 1813.2 -48.8
Half of the rainfall is generally “lost” to the atmosphere as non-productive evaporation.
Non-productive evaporation
Rainfall partitioning in farming system in semi-arid tropics.
Drylands of India
Erratic rainfall leading to frequent drought events
Degraded lands
Resource poor farmers
Small and marginal holdings
Lowering of groundwater table
25 dryland centres and 25 Agromet centres work on dryland technologies all over the
country
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VARANASI
REWA
RAJ KOT INDORE
AKOLA
SOLAPUR
BIJ APUR
HYDERABAD
BELLARYANANTAPUR
BANGALORE
KOVILPATTI
DANTIWADA
ARJ IA
AGRA
HISSAR
J ODHUPUR
FIZABAD
PHULBANI
RANCHI
J HANSI
RAKH DHIANSAR
BALLOWAL - S
Wheat
Fruits & Vegetables
Pigeonpea
Maize
Horsegram
Greengram
Fingermillet
Chickpea
Cotton
Blackgram
Pearlmillet
Sorghum
Sunflower
Soybean
Rapeseed Mustard
Rice
Groundnut
CastorIrrigated AreaUn accounted area
Rice 46%
Groundnut 80%
Soybean 97%
Rapeseed mustard 36%
Sunflower 76%
Safflower 99%
Sesame 96%
Linseed 97%
Castor 96%
Pigeonpea 96%
Chickpea 78%
Blackgram 94%
Greengram 93%
Cotton 67%
Wheat 14%
Sorghum 91%
Pearlmillet 94%
Fingermillet 90%
Maize 76%
Predominant Predominant Rainfed CropsRainfed Crops
Drought and water scarcity is a constant threat
Stubborn poverty & food insecurity
Low rainwater use efficiency, low crop
productivity & high instability
Land degradation & declining soil health
Acute fodder shortage and poor livestock
productivity
Challenges of Rainfed Areas
Comparison of important characteristics of predominantly rainfed and irrigated regions of India
Parameter Rainfed regions
Irrigated regions
All
regions
Pop. density (p/km2) 163 297 230
Pro. of small farms,% 52 76 69
Poverty ratio, headcount, % 37 33 35
Land prod. INR/ha 5716 8017 6867
Labor prod. INR/ha 6842 9830 8336
Food grain con. kg/cap/a 260 471 365
Bank credit, INR/ha 1050 1650 1350
Infra. Dev. Index 0.30 0.40 0.35
Pro. of irri. area, % 15 48 42
Distribution of rainfed crop based production systems in
different rainfall zones
Seasonal and Annual Rainfall over India
Season Rainfall (mm) Percent of Annual Rainfall
Quantum of Rainwater (m. ha. m*)
Pre-Monsoon
(Mar – May)
94 9 52
Monsoon
(Jun – Sep)
851 78 296
Post-Monsoon
(Oct – Nov)
109 10 40
Winter
(Dec – Feb)
36 3 12
Annual 1091 400
* Million hectare meters
•Any region which has less than 30% irrigated area through major/ minor/ groundwater irrigation is considered to be as rainfed and the agriculture practiced is “Rainfed Agriculture”
•Water management ranges from in-situ conservation to drainage and ex-situ water harvesting for supplemental irrigation
•Watershed based water management is backbone for overall land productivity improvement
•Rainfed Agriculture covers all the climates and several annual/ perennial crops; thus encompasses a range of agro-eco-regions
•Contribution to food production 44%
•Supports 40% of population and 2/3 of livestock
India- Rainfed Region
Irrigated area (> 30% irrigation)
Rainfed area (< 30% irrigation )
Geographical area 328.7 m.ha
Net cultivated area 161.8 m.ha
Net Rainfed area 141.7 m.ha
Net Irrigated area 50.1 m.ha
Coarse Cereals
05
101520253035404550
Total area, mha
Irri. Area, % Yield, t/ha
Coarse cereals 1970-73
Coarse cereals 1992-95
Coarse cereals 1998-2001
65.4 6.1%
0.59 0.98 1.04
Change in area, irrigation and productivity:
Oilseeds
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Tot. Area, M Ha Irri. Area, % Yield, t/ha
Oilseeds 1970-73
Oilseeds 1992-95
Oilseeds 1998-2001
Change in area, irrigation and productivity:
0.52 0.82 0.87
57.0 5.8%
0
5
10
15
20
25
Total area, m ha Irri. Area, % Yield, t/ha
Pulses 1970-73
Pulses 1992-95
Pulses 1998-2001
Pulses
18.6 2.4%
Change in area, irrigation and productivity:
0.50 0.59 0.60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Total area, m ha Irri. Area, % Yield, t/ha
Rice 1970-73
Rice 1992-95
Rice 1998-2001
66.6 4.86%
RiceChange in area, irrigation and productivity:
1.11 1.85 1.94
Early DroughtProbability of consecutive 3 dry weeks
from July 1st Week
Probability (%)
Terminal DroughtProbability of consecutive 3 dry weeks
from September 2nd Week
Probability (%)
Identification of Rainfed districts
Priority 1•AESR 3-13 •Districts constituting top 85% area
Priority 2•Districts with irrigation except canal irrigated (Future)
Delineation of Sunflower Districts
Selection Criteria No. of Districts
Area under Sunflower (‘000 ha)
Area under Rainfed Sunflower (‘000 ha)
Gross CroppedArea (‘000 ha)
Yield (kg/ha)
Rainfed States (13) 224 1630 1246 120243 492
AESR 3-13 179 1406 1075 97692 531
Cumulative 85% Rainfed Sunflower Area
11 1143 902 12067 441
State Name District Name
Karnataka Bijapur,Gulbarga,Raichur,Dharwad
Maharastra Ahmednagar,Solapur,Osmanabad,Beed,Parbhani,Nanded
Delineation of Rainfed Soybean Districts Selection criteria No. of
districtsArea under Soybean (‘000 ha)
Area under Rainfed Soybean (‘000 ha)
Gross CroppedArea (‘000 ha)
Yield (kg/ha)
Rainfed states (13) 202 3666 3574 112689 532
AESR 3-13 160 3483 3391 90863 569
Cumulative 85% Rainfed Soybean Area
21 2857 2843 11217 911
State Name District Name
Madhya Pradesh Ujjain,Sehore,Mandsaur,Betul,Ratlam,Seoni,Narsinghpur,Vidisha,Shajapur, Hoshangabad, Dhar,Indore,Dewas,Chhindwara, Sagar, Guna, Raisen
Maharastra Nagpur
Rajasthan Jhalawar , Chittorgarh
Water balance analysis
•Climatic water balance•Crop Water balance
•FAO Crop water balance was carried out for each district for dominant crops with dominant soil type and water holding capacity.
Analysis of district/Sub-agro climatic region wise deficits of effective rainfall in meeting the water requirements of important crops at different time periods of crop growth.
Sowing is supposed to be completed with normal onset of monsoon. Normal crop duration was assumed.
Results include crop wise and AESR wise surplus/deficit during the crop growing season.
FAO standard crop coefficients were used.
Surplus was estimated after deleting districts with surplus of 50mm and those districts with runoff less than 10% of rainfall.
Assumption: The above surplus can reasonably utilised through in-situ moisture conservation practices.
Not considered the spatial variability with in soil. Ideally, the model should be run for the crop covered area with underlying soil properties.
Constraint: Distribution of cropped area changes across the district during different years.
Dominant districts for Sunflower
Bijapur
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52week
PP
T/P
E
PPTPE
Gulbarga
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52week
PP
T/P
E
PPTPE
GulbargaAWHC=150.00mm
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38Week
PP
T/P
E/W
R
PPTPEWR
BijapurAWHC=150.00mm
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41Week
PP
T/P
E/W
R
PPTPEWR
Dominant districts for Cotton
YeotmalAWHC=150.00mm
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344454647Week
PP
T/P
E/W
R
PPTPEWR
AmravatiAWHC=150.00mm
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
23 2425 26 27 28 2930 31 32 3334 35 36 3738 39 40 41 4243 44 45 4647 48
Week
PP
T/P
E/W
R
PPTPEWR
Yeotmal
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1 3 5 7 911 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51
week
PP
T/P
E
PPTPE
Amaravathi
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1 3 5 7 911 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51
week
PP
T/P
E
PPTPE
Surplus, m ha.mCrop CAR('000 ha) Surplus,ha-mSunflower 98 11811Soyabean 2691 1255348Sorghum 3013 771659Sesamum 1080 416639Pigeonpea 1835 659325Pearlmillet 1818 359991Maize 2443 771892Linseed 590 306362Kharif Rice 6329 4121851Greengram 458 80134Groundnut 1663 342674Fingermillet 303 153850Chickpea 3006 1304683Cotton 3218 757575Castor 28 14490Total 28572 11328284
28.5 m.ha 11.3 m.ha.m
Surplus, m ha.m AESR CAR(,000 ha) surplus,ha-m2.4 530 404414.1 2362 3661454.3 983 2986024.4 998 3807455.1 452 585545.2 4493 14112906.1 172 564746.2 2098 4515226.3 3305 6487216.4 470 2599847.2 343 426608.1 6 9078.2 90 230218.3 130 304189.1 158 531239.2 872 33370610.1 2764 181203210.2 674 24758310.3 1150 57695410.4 1003 65965511 181 9904712 2520 1633259
12.1 2277 176120812.2 383 82232
Grand Total 28572 11328284
Deficit
AESR Defi,ha-m CAR3 87673 836
4.1 70595 3736.1 31714 6997.1 26153 4047.3 13631 2188.3 14329 244
Crop CAR defi,ha-mCotton 689 102221
Chickpea 68 3560Groundnut 1433 114478Greengram 34 1330
Linseed 15 1369Pearlmillet 181 6302Pigeonpea 72 4330Sesamum 42 343Sorghum 123 1284Sunflower 272 8878
Total 2930 244095
Drought Years
Case studies were carried out for few dominant districts of Andhra pradesh covering Rayalaseema, Telengana and Coastal Andhra regions.
Crop Water balance model was run for those dominant districts with predominant soil type for different years ranging from 1966 onwards.
Normal years and moderate drought years were separated based on IMD declaration for meteorological subdivision. Assumed that the those districts falling in that met divisions were all affected by drought.
Runoff was calculated for total crop season and for the period of SMW of 35-40 weeks which could be harvested for supplemental irrigation.
2/3 of runoff during SMW 35-40 could be utilised for supplemental irrigation.
85% application efficiency was considered.
Surplus,mm
District Crop Year SRF WR WU SURPLUS 9mm) SURP_3540 (mm) WU RangeAdilabad Cotton Normal 1101 644 600 487 128 492-644Adilabad Cotton Drought 825 644 551 269 52 434-626
District Crop Year SRF WR WU SURPLUS SURP_3540Adilabad Cotton Normal 1101 644 600 487 128Adilabad Cotton Drought 825 644 551 269 52Adilabad maize Normal 975 397 388 463 104Adilabad maize Drought 711 397 369 286 52Adilabad PPEA Normal 1089 525 505 528 129Adilabad PPEA Drought 800 525 473 296 52Adilabad SESA Normal 937 351 340 453 112Adilabad SESA Drought 691 351 333 272 53Anantapur GNUT Normal 386 478 253 75 51Anantapur GNUT Drought 170 478 139 0 0Guntur Castor Normal 729 558 497 166 53Guntur Castor Drought 598 558 471 46 4Guntur Cotton Normal 769 653 567 173 50Guntur Cotton Drought 633 653 539 42 4Guntur PPEA Normal 729 538 485 183 60Guntur PPEA Drought 598 538 471 51 5Guntur SESA Normal 544 360 317 130 70Guntur SESA Drought 387 360 295 19 18MNAGAR Castor Normal 731 513 472 223 67MNAGAR Castor Drought 567 513 435 104 44MNAGAR GNUT Normal 670 401 365 222 99MNAGAR GNUT Drought 545 401 342 121 75MNAGAR GREN Normal 418 252 220 115 0MNAGAR GREN Drought 283 252 209 38 0MNAGAR PPEA Normal 731 499 460 240 69MNAGAR PPEA Drought 567 499 433 113 44NALGONDA Castor Normal 673 555 469 169 82NALGONDA Castor Drought 545 555 465 52 37NALGONDA GNUT Normal 611 446 371 168 102NALGONDA GNUT Drought 506 446 351 73 55NALGONDA GREN Normal 344 286 229 59 0NALGONDA GREN Drought 276 286 215 10 0NALGONDA PPEA Normal 673 536 461 181 85NALGONDA PPEA Drought 545 536 461 60 38WARANGALCastor Normal 873 566 523 285 67WARANGALCastor Drought 604 566 507 36 16WARANGALGNUT Normal 815 449 412 282 94WARANGALGNUT Drought 534 449 409 33 33WARANGALGREN Normal 565 286 255 182 0WARANGALGREN Drought 335 286 259 0 0WARANGALMAIZE Normal 754 407 381 261 45WARANGALMAIZE Drought 476 407 383 22 13WARANGALSESAMUM Normal 709 350 325 252 57WARANGALSESAMUM Drought 478 350 325 43 43
Water Use is proportional to Yield
Difference in yield increase between drought to normal year is linearly proportional to difference in yield.
Incremental yield per mm of water is estimated. Based on runoff, harvestable runoff for supplemental irrigation is estimated and increase in production is also estimated.
Dsitrict Crop Year WU SURP_3540 Rice equivalent yields
Harvestable runoff,mm
Increase in yield,kg
CAR('000ha) Production (million tonnes)
Normal Production, m.t
Increase inproduction,%
Adilabad Cotton Normal 600 128 331 72Adilabad Cotton Drought 551 52 282 29 30 158 5 45 11Adilabad maize Normal 388 104 1018 58Adilabad maize Drought 369 52 863 29 234 17 4 14 27
District Crop Year Harvestable runoff,mm
Increase in yield,kg
CAR('000ha) Production (million tonnes)
Normal Production, m.t
Increase inproduction,%
Adilabad Cotton Drought 29 30 158 5 45 11Adilabad maize Drought 29 234 17 4 14 27Adilabad SESA Drought 30 0 22 0 3 0Anantapur GNUT Drought 0 0 685 1050 0Guntur Castor Drought 2 5 7 0 1 3Guntur Cotton Drought 2 19 160 3 152 2Guntur SESA Drought 10 172 13 2 4 51MNAGAR Castor Drought 25 35 103 4 55 7MNAGAR GNUT Drought 42 840 122 103 133 77NALGONDA GNUT Drought 31 591 43 26 74 35WARANGAL GNUT Drought 19 513 50 26 101 25WARANGAL MAIZE Drought 7 0 21 0 26 0
Possibility of increase in production during Drought years
During drought years production can be enhanced in medium to high rainfall areas with more certainity. Response from Medium to Deep soils would be higher.
During normal years, cropping intensity can be enhanced by provision of one irrigation at the time of sowing in rabi season.
Supplenmental irrigation can be given to low to medium deep soils in high to medium rainfall zones.
Stability of production can be ensured during normal years from shallow depth soils also.
IRS-P6 LISS-III data showing spatial distribution of COTTON crop in Nagpur district (Oct. 11, 2004)
Area: 78000 ha
Probable dryspell analysis at flowering stage
Probable dryspell analysis at flowering stage
Yield gap analysis
Crop : Cotton
District Yieldgap
Guntur Prakasam 33-66%
Adilabad ,Ahmedabad, Akola ,AmravatiAurangabad Baroda Belgaum Broach BuldhanaChandrapur Dewas Dharwad Dhule Jalgaon JalnaKhandwa Khargone Kurnool Mehsana NagpurNanded Parbhani Raichur Shimoga Wardha Yeotmal More than 66%
District Yield gap
Adilabad, Ambala, Bastar, Chhindwara ,Chittorgarh ,Dumka ,Etah ,Farukkabad Gurdaspur ,Hoshiarpur ,Kanpur (Dehat), Khargone Mandla, Mandsaur, Medak, Nizamabad, Roopnagar ‘Sabarkantha Shajapur
33-66%
Dharwad ,Karimnagar, Mysore Shimoga Less than 33%
Ballia, Banswara, Betul, Bhilwara BilaspurBuduan ,Bundi ,Dewas, Dhar ,Dhule ,DungarpurGanjam Guna Hardoi Hazaribagh Indore JaunpurJhabua ,Jhalawar, Kaira ,Kalahandi, KeonjharKheri, Koraput ,Kota, Lalitpur, Palamu ,Panch MahalsPhulbani ,Ratlam ,Saharanpur, Shahdol ,Shivpuri ,SidhiSitapur ,Surguja, Tonk, Udaipur ,Unnao
More than 66%
Maize
Supplemental irrigation through Water harvesting
Rainfall Soils, AWHC Response to SI during normal year
Response to SI during normal year
Low Low WH not possible
WH not possible
Low Medium WH not possible
WH not possible
Low High WH not possible
WH not possible
Medium Low WH not possible
Medium Medium Good WH not possible
Medium High Average Good
High Low Good Good
High Medium Average Good
High High Average
Rain water harvesting and recycling – Farm pond - lined with local material
Assessment of the response of other production inputs use such as fertilizer, high-yielding variety use of major rainfed crops
Improving the productivity of groundnut + pigeonpea intercropping system through
supplemental irrigation – Anantapur in a drought year
Effect of different amounts of supplemental irrigation during drought stress at
pod development stage of groundnut - Anantapur
Treatment Green leaf
(kg/ha)
Cured leaf
(kg/ha)
Bright leaf
(kg/ha)
Bright leaf (%)
Grade index
(kg/ha)T1 20 mm, one irrigation 6858 1110 474 42.70 849
T2 30 mm, one irrigation 7238 1213 517 42.62 937
T3 30 mm two irrigation (15 mm + 15 mm)
7254 1250 517 41.40 954
T4 40 mm one irrigation 7337 1238 529 42.70 962
T5 40 mm two irrigation (20 mm + 20 mm)
7664 1283 548 42.70 990
T6 control (no irrigation) 5477 942 374 40.23 709
SEM 240.69 65.72 33.60 52.20
CD at 5% 758.06 206.96 106.02 164.43
CV (%) 5.98 9.70 11.82 10.04
Supplemental irrigation improves Tobacco grade
Soil Water Conservation
Surplus Index Possible Options
<12 In-situ conservation (I)
12-25 In-situ conservation (I) and Water Harvesting (WH)
>25 Drainage (D), In-situ conservation (I) and Water Harvesting
Crop Management Options
Yield Gap Possible Options
<33 Non monetary inputs (NMI) and improved varieties (V)
33-66 Non monetary inputs (NMI), Fertilizer Management (F) and Improved Varieties (V)
>66 Improved Varieties (V), Fertilizer Management (F), Plant protection measures (PP), Non monetary inputs (NMI) or shifting alternate land uses
Viability of Water Harvesting in different Climatic Zones
Climatic zone Rainfall Possibility
Hyper arid <100 mm Too dry for viable runoff farming (P/PET < 0.3) like in desert areas
Arid 100-500 mm Runoff farming is possible (P/PET0.03 – 0.2)
Semi-arid 500-1000 mm Runoff farming is practicable (P/PET 0.02 – 0.5)
Sub-humid >1000mm Combine runoff farming with shallow water table/ Choes/ Springs etc.) like in Himalayan montane and sub-montane region (P/PET > 0.5)
P/PET is ratio of Precipitation (rainfall) to Potential Evapo-Transpiration
Components of Rainwater Management in watershed Mode
1. In-situ conservation2. Grade line Bund 3. Drainage line treatment4. Water harvesting &
utilization5. Groundwater recharge
Agro Climatic Zone Rainfall (mm) Order of components
Arid 100-500 1, 3
Dry Semi-arid 500-750 2, 1, 3, 5
Wet Semi-arid 750-1000 2, 3, 4, 5, 1
Sub-humid 1000-2500 3, 4, 2, 1, 5
Per-humid >2500 3, 4, 2, 1
States Intercropping system Base crop + Pigenonpea yield(kg/ha)
Land Equivalent Ratio
Jharkhand Maize + pigeonpea (3) 2103+616 1.77
Jharkhand Groundnut + pigeonpea (3) 1245+525 1.73
Jharkhand Rice + pigeonpea (4) 1427+456 1.65
Maharastra Pearl millet + pigeonpea (8) 336+351 1.64
Maharastra Sunflower + pigeonpea (7) 288+434 1.60
Andhra Pradesh Groundnut + pigeonpea (7) 964+51 1.54
Karnataka Groundnut + pigeonpea (5) 944+267 1.21
Karnataka Finger millet + pigeonpea (5) 2102+250 1.13
Intercropping system is stable with pigeonpea
Figures in parentheses are years of on-farm trials in Operational Research Project
Potential of replacement of dryland crops with other high production/value crops and diversification of agriculture
Farming system Period (years)
Benefit : cost ratio
Agri-horticulture 30 5.53
Silvi-pastoral 10 2.45
Silvi-agriculture
(with castor intercrop)
10 1.99
Agro-forestry
(with sorghum + pigeonpea)
10 1.65
Arable farming 1 1.34
Benefit-cost ratio
under different land use systems at Hyderabad