international tobacco companies david simpson director, international agency on tobacco and health...
TRANSCRIPT
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International tobacco companies
David Simpson
Director, International Agency on Tobacco and Health
Visiting Professor, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Honorary Fellow, Clinical Trial Service Unit, Oxford
Editor, News Analysis, Tobacco Control journal
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World’s smokers
1.2
1.64
0123456789
billions
1999 2025
SmokersPopulation
From the US Bureau of the Census and World Bank, Curbing the epidemic: Governments and the economics of tobacco control, 1999.
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Smoking prevalence: men
4248
25
45
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
%
1999 2025
Industrialisedcountries
Developingcountries
WHO data
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Smoking prevalence: women
24
7
20 20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
%
1999 2025
Industrialisedcountries
Developingcountries
WHO data
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World tobacco deaths
4.2
10
0123456789
10
millions
2001 2030
WHO World Health Report 1999 ..
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Cumulative tobacco deaths
116
430
140
20
140
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2000-2024 2025-2049
Avoidable if adult smokinghalved by 2020
Avoidable if uptake halvedby 2020
Remaining tobacco deaths
millionsper annum
WHO World Health Report 1999.
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Tobacco addiction is a communicated disease:
The vector? Big tobacco
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Trans-national tobacco companies’ sales (1990)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60US$ billions
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TNC sales &developing countries’ gross domestic product (GDP)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60US$ billions
Philip Morris
BAT
Japan Tobacco
Peru
Bangladesh
Kenya
Senegal
Sri LankaGhana
Hungary
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BAT(highest paid director)
£0
£500,000
£1,000,000
£1,500,000
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
IATH BAT director
IATH(total income)
&
Annual earnings:
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The international tobacco industry
Philip Morris – PM (holding company now known as ‘Altria’)
British American Tobacco – BAT (includes Rothmans)
Japan Tobacco International – JTI (still state-controlled; former JT + non-US business of RJR Reynolds)
Marlboro, Chesterfield,Philip Morris
State Express 555, Lucky Strike, Benson & Hedges, Rothmans
Mild Seven, Salem
also: Altadis (France/Spain, formerly SEITA & Tabacalera);
Imperial (UK), incl. Reemtsma (Germany) ; ITC India (part-BAT);
Monopolies, e.g. Tekel (Turkey), Sampoerna (Indonesia), etc
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A brief tobacco industry history of the tobacco epidemic
1940s +50s
1960s + 70s
1980s
1990s
2000-2003
- scientific evidence forces health-related scientific research
- development of government health policy; - industry scientists lose power to marketing executives
- expand international activities; - use toxic reduction health policy as hostage to preserve advertising
- litigation increases; - Minnesota case releases millions of papers; - health advocacy increases
- ‘We’ve changed!’ programmes, e.g. BAT’s ‘Social reports’; - FCTC process puts tobacco on health agenda worldwide; - continue to expand markets as fast as possible
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Two unique aspects of the tobacco industry:
The product: highly addictive
very dangerous, at any level of consumption; largest cause of disease, disability & premature death
The people: self-selected group, not concerned by scientific evidence of diseases caused by tobacco
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One simple truth about the tobacco industry:
The companies will always fight every effective health policy measure
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Senegal
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Cape Times, South Africa, Oct 1993
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Trinidad, 1998
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Uganda, Tanzania & Kenya, Dec 2001
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- “We don’t want kids to smoke”
- global ad code (self-regulation…)
- “Let us back into the scientific community”
- community aid programmes
Tobacco industry ‘We’ve changed’ strategy:
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Tobacco industry ‘We’ve changed’ strategy:
“We don’t want kids to smoke”
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Industry ‘Youth Prevention’ programmes:
- public relations strategy: improve image
- ‘proactive’ - industry avoids ad bans
- programme says little on dangers of tobacco
- programmes shown to be ineffective*
- “adult activity” - may encourage kids to smoke *
* DiFranza J & McAfee T. The Tobacco Institute: Helping youth to say ‘yes’ to tobacco.• J Fam Prac 1992,34(6)
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“The youth program... support[s] the [Tobacco] Institute’s objective of discouraging unfair... federal, state and local restrictions on cigarette advertising,
by...”
US Tob. Inst. 1/1991
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• “Reinforcing the belief that peer pressure - not advertising - is the cause of youth smoking.
US Tob. Inst. 1/1991
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• “Reinforcing the belief that peer pressure - not advertising - is the cause of youth smoking.
• “Seizing the political center and forcing the antismokers to an extreme…”
US Tob. Inst. 1/1991
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“The strategy is fairly simple:
“1. Heavily promote industry opposition to youth smoking.”
US Tob. Inst. 1/1991
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“The strategy is fairly simple:
“1. Heavily promote industry opposition to youth smoking.
“2. Align industry with broader, more sophisticated view of the problem - that is, parental inability to offset peer pressure.”
US Tob. Inst. 1/1991
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“The strategy is fairly simple:
“1. Heavily promote industry opposition to youth smoking.
“2. Align industry with broader, more sophisticated view of the problem - that is, parental inability to offset peer pressure.”
“3. Work with and through credible child welfare professionals and educators to tackle the ‘problem’.”
US Tob. Inst. 1/1991
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“The strategy is fairly simple:
“1. Heavily promote industry opposition to youth smoking.
“2. Align industry with broader, more sophisticated view of the problem - that is, parental inability to offset peer pressure.”
“3. Work with and through credible child welfare professionals and educators to tackle the ‘problem’.”
“4. Bait anti-tobacco forces to criticise industry efforts.”
US Tob. Inst. 1/1991
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Industry youth programmes:
Uzbekistan
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Industry youth programmes:
Middle East
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Tobacco industry ‘We’ve changed’ strategy:
‘global advertising code’ (self-regulation)
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“We have analyzed the 9-page agreement and believe that the multinationals' strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image.”
- Herzog B, Credit Suisse , investors’ briefing.
Oct ‘01
Tobacco industry global advertising code
- a Wall Street analyst’s view:
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Tobacco industry ‘We’ve changed’ strategy:
“Let us back into science”
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- make health policy dependent on tobacco
- split the scientific community
- tie up research resources on non-tobacco topics
- corporate ‘blackmail’ against legislation
‘Tobacco industry ‘We’ve changed’ strategy:“Let us back into science”
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“We all decided not to accept the tobacco company [money] in the end & now trying to find alternate source of funding …
“Some time I feel isolated in Pakistan when I give my strong feelings against the tobacco..”
IATH Contact, Karachi, Nov ‘01
Tobacco industry’s ‘science’ programmes
- a note from Pakistan:
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Botswana
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Senegal, May 1998
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Philippines, 1995
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Pakistan, May 2000
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246
87
105
142 144
123131
175
222
188
241
70
5869
80 8697 97
104 108 109 113112
47
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Contacts Countries
IATH’s Contacts / Countries
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1991
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2002
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International Agency on Tobacco and Health (IATH)
Contacts’ e-mail & web access, Nov 2001
no network accessemail accessemail + web
by Contact (n = 240)
no emailemail/+
by Country (n = 112)