international relations haynes cooney malika gandhi chad mariska
TRANSCRIPT
Our Approach
Provide background information necessary to understand political situations
Analyze international relations during and post World War II
Summarize current relations
China’s CCP Comes to Power
Japanese occupied China from 1931 to 1945. Rape of Nanking in 1937
Fall of Japanese Empire in 1945 From 1945 to 1949, Chinese Communist
Party (CCP) and Soviet-backed Chinese Nationalist People's Party (KMT) battled for power of China.
By 1949, the CCP occupied most of the country and KMT fled to Taiwan.
Source: U.S Department of State Website
People’s Republic of China Established People's Republic of China, established October 1,
1949 in Beijing Worked vigorously to win international support for its
position that it is the sole legitimate government of all China. Including… Hong Kong (formerly controlled by the UK, now a “special
administrative region“) Macau (formerly controlled by Portugal, now a “special
administrative region“) Taiwan (formerly claimed to govern China, now considers
itself independent)
A Little More About Taiwan
From 1949 to 1991, both People’s Republic of China in Beijing and the Taiwanese authorities in Taipei claimed to be the sole legitimate government of all of China, including the mainland.
Most countries and international governing bodies supported Taiwan’s claim until the 1970s.
People’s Republic of ChinaTakes Over In the 1970s, People’s Republic of China, in Beijing,
became increasingly identified as the sole diplomatic voice of all China. The People's Republic of China replaced Taiwan at
the United Nations in 1971. Japan established diplomatic relations with Beijing in
1972. U.S. did so in 1979.
Fun Fact: Taiwan still call themselves the "Republic of China."
China Focuses on CommunistComrades 1950’s - China's foreign policy initially
focused on solidarity with the Soviet Union and other communist countries.
1960’s - Beijing competed with Moscow for political influence among communist parties and in the developing world in general.
1970’s - Chinese anxiety about Soviet strategic advances was heightened following the Soviet Union's December 1979 invasion of Afghanistan.
China Looks West
1980’s - China looked to the West for assistance with its modernization drive and for help in countering Soviet expansionism. China sought to foster good relations with
countries that could aid its economic development.
1990’s – Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in late 1991, China opened diplomatic relations with the republics of the former Soviet Union.
China Expanding Asian Profile Korea - Contributed to stability on the Korean
Peninsula through hosting and participating in the Six-Party Talks
Southeast Asia - Cultivated a more cooperative relationship with members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Taiwan - Relations with Taiwan have been improving, but are being tested by China’s passing of an “anti-secession” law. China's National People's Congress approved a law in March
2005 giving the country the legal right to use force against Taiwan if the island attempts to secede.
China Expanding Global Profile United Nations – Awarded permanent seat on
the United Nations Security Council Russia - China has likewise improved ties
with Russia. President Putin and President Jiang signed a
Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation in July 2001 and the two countries plan a joint-military exercise in 2005.
China’s Relationship with Japan
Little prospect of any improvement Sharp deterioration in recent months
Accusations that a Chinese submarine illegally entered Japanese waters
Japan’s general support for Taiwan Japanese decision to grant a visa to a former
president of Taiwan, Lee Teng-hui Japan just published a ten-year defense
program, which identified both China and North Korea as military threats
China’s Relationship with the U.S. Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist
attacks, China offered strong public support for the war on terrorism and has been an important partner in U.S. counterterrorism efforts
China and the U.S. have been working closely on regional issues, especially North Korea
U.S.-China relations have been complicated by events in Taiwan and Hong Kong U.S. continues to sell advanced weapons to Taiwan’s
government
Japan – A Global Economic Power Japan is a major economic power both in Asia and globally
Diplomatic relations with nearly all independent nations and an active member of the United Nations since 1956
Foreign policy has promoted peace and prosperity for the people
Japan has pursued a more active foreign policy in recent years, recognizing the responsibility that accompanies its economic strength Expanding ties with the Middle East, securing oil supplies Providing the 2nd-largest assistance package to Iraq and Afghanistan Actively negotiating Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) and
supporting development projects in Africa and Latin America Establishing a peace plan that became the foundation for nationwide
elections in Cambodia in 1998
Source: The U.S. Department of State
Japan – Seeking Diplomatic Clout Despite economic strength, Japan has limited diplomatic clout and
observers identify only three feasible points of leverage Get a permanent seat on the U.N. Security Council
Sought for years but few signs of obtaining Pursue regional initiatives that exclude non-Asian countries
Likely damaging to the economy, which depends on globalization Start putting its substantial military resources to work multilaterally,
and to make genuine security contributions when they are called for
Japan's post-war constitution forbids it from maintaining an army The Japanese people traditionally distrust militarism Japan’s neighbors, especially China and South Korea, are quickly
irritated by official promotions of patriotism
Source: The Economist
Japan – Developing Military Strength Prime Minister Koizumi and the LDP favor an assertive foreign policy
Considering amending the constitution to allow more leeway in maintaining regional stability
The public has shown a greater awareness of security issues and increasing support for the Self Defense Forces Attributable to SDF disaster relief efforts and peacekeeping operations Few strategists think that the alliance with the U.S. will last forever
A new National Defense Program Outline emphasized the same two threats that America's Pentagon has lately been stressing Potential terrorist attacks The danger of rogue states combining ballistic missiles with WMD
Japan's defense missions are no longer just good deeds, they are a crucial way of promoting global stability
Source: The Economist, Jane’s Defense Weekly
Japan – Increasing Role in Korea
A broad strategy to place itself at the centre of Asia's economic, diplomatic, and military regional institutions
Ties with South Korea have improved since an exchange of visits in the mid-1980s by their political leaders Some territorial disagreements remain
Limited economic and commercial ties with North Korea
Japan is taking its security responsibilities toward North Korea seriously Member of 6-Party talks to end North Korea’s nuclear arms ambitions Coordinates with the U.S. and South Korea and consults trilaterally on
policy toward North Korea Taken a lead in regional anti-proliferation efforts, including the
American-inspired proliferation security initiative (PSI)
Source: The U.S. Department of State
Japan – Economics and China Signed a peace and friendship treaty with China in 1978, ties between the
two countries developed rapidly. Significant economic aid to various Chinese development projects Supported Chinese membership in the WTO
China's biggest trading partner in three of the past four years. Highly complementary manufacturing strengths for the time being Cheap labor is likely for some time to tilt Chinese firms away from the
more capital- and research-intensive projects favored in Japan
As both countries have gained wealth, power, and trading status, they have become natural rivals for primacy within their region
Complementary in terms of output, yet clearly competitors for resources China has become the world's 2nd-largest importer of oil Japan's economic assistance to China is now declining
Source: The Economist
Japan – Growing Diplomatic Tension Tensions are rising between two of Asia’s traditional rivals
A Chinese submarine covertly sailed into Japanese waters Japan deliberately made its position on Taiwan less ambiguous by
declaring that Taiwan is a security concern Japan's National Defense Program Outline has described China itself
as a source of “concern” for Japan
Japan has publicly lobbied for the European Union not to lift its arms embargo on China Meanwhile developing missile defenses that China deplores
There has been no official visit to China by the Japanese prime minister, Junichiro Koizumi, since October 2001, and none by the Chinese president to Japan since 1998, when Jiang Zemin went. It is the longest hiatus since the normalization of diplomatic relations
between China and Japan in 1972.
Source: The Economist
Japan – Alliance with the U.S. Alliance is the cornerstone of U.S. security interests in Asia
Preservation and promotion of political and economic freedoms Support for human rights and democratic institutions Securing of prosperity for the people of both countries
Significant participant in the global war on terrorism as well as in the political and economic rehabilitation of Iraq. Political and financial support has strengthened the U.S. position on
numerous global geopolitical problems
Japan is an indispensable partner on UN reform and a close ally in multilateral fora such as the WTO, OECD, the World Bank, and the IMF Supports the United States on nonproliferation and nuclear issues Regional partners in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum
(APEC).
Source: The U.S. Department of State
Japan – Looking Ahead Japan's overall foreign policy remains risk-averse
As an economic power, there is still a heavy reliance on reliable imports of energy and unfettered access to world markets
Japan wants to stay on good terms with as many countries as possible Regional goals are to avoid losing out to China on trade deals and to
manage the alliance with America so as to discourage aggressors
Japanese voters still clearly prefer safe missions, but have been so scandalized by criticism that they are now willing to back deployments Mr. Koizumi and his predecessors have helped mould the popular
mood in favor of more SDF deployments Should one of the missions turn bloody, the public response is unclear
Japan is not so much flexing its muscles as it is stretching them after a long break, to see whether they work and what they can usefully do
Source: The Economist
Hong Kong – Brief History The Western world has had a longstanding
interest in trade ventures with Hong Kong
The British East India Company made the first successful sea venture to China in 1699, and Hong Kong's trade with British merchants developed rapidly soon after.
After the First Opium War (1839-1842), Hong Kong was ceded to Britain.
Source: US Department of State Website
Hong Kong – Brief History The United Kingdom,
concerned that Hong Kong could not be defended unless surrounding areas also were under British control, executed a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898, significantly expanding the size of the Hong Kong colony.
In 1997, Hong Kong became a “Special Administrative Region” of China.
Source: US Department of State Website
Hong Kong & China
China is responsible for both foreign relations and defense of Hong Kong.
Hong Kong is able to enter into international agreements regarding commercial and economic matters.
Hong Kong is a full member of international economic organizations WTO Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Financial Action Task Force (FATE)
Source: US Department of State Website
Hong Kong – US Relations
US – Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992 - Establishes domestic legal authority to treat Hong Kong as an entity
distinct from China post-reversion Full acceptance of “One Country, Two Systems”
Bush Administration views Hong Kong as a Chinese city vital to world economic prosperity.
Source: US Department of State Website
Strong Relationship between Hong Kong and the US The US has always had a vested interest in
helping to promote Hong Kong’s autonomy and prosperity:
US Foreign Direct Investment to HK = $44.3bn US Exports to HK = $13.5bn HK Exports to US = $8.9bn ~55,000 Americans and 1,100 US-based companies in HK
Coming out of 2004, Hong Kong faces low unemployment, solid economic growth.
Source: US Department of State Website
Short-Term Goals for US-Hong Kong Relations “Open Skies Agreement”
Removal of Civil Aviation Barriers Enables US-Hong Kong Air Carriers to make decisions independent
of the governments
Protection of Intellectual Property Rights End-User Piracy (Illegal Copies of Software) Unauthorized Use of Books, Movies, Music, etc. on the Internet Infringement of Pharmaceutical Patents
Improvement of Agricultural Trade Lift Ban on US Beef Understand US / Canada position on “Mad-Cow Disease”
Source: Remarks by U.S Consul General James Keith