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‘Ewamu’ Project Report

Patrick Brown & Andreea Savu

Kampala, Uganda

April 2014

Many thanks to all our sponsors who made this trip possible

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Contents

1. Executive Summary

3 Background to key partners

2. Mission Statement

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3. Trip Context

4 3.1 SIID Assessment

3.2 WaterMade activity

4. Project Aims

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5. Methodology

8 5.1 Project structure

5.2 Groups visited

5.3 Team roles

6. Research Summary

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7. Research Findings

11 7.1 Product research

7.2 Focus group

7.3 Interviews

8. Success of aims

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9. Concluding Summary

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10. Expenditure Breakdown

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1. Executive Summary

WaterMade is a social enterprise branch of The Long Well Walk (LWW), in

collaboration with Kid’s Club Kampala (KCK). The purpose of this report is to

summarize the findings and results of a research and capacity building project

carried out by the WaterMade team between 16th and 30th March 2014 in Kampala,

Uganda, and make suggestions for the continued development of the Ewamu

project.

The purpose of the project was to improve the standard and quality of living for

producer organisations by improving the marketability of products and long-term

sustainability of WaterMade. This will assist WaterMade in achieving its aims of

enterprise, empowerment and development in vulnerable communities.

Background to key partners and activities

WaterMade: Social enterprise run by student volunteers from The University of

Sheffield. It currently sells jewellery and crafts made by women’s groups linked

with KCK through its Ewamu project. Ewamu means ‘Community’ in Luganda, the

local language of the groups. After purchase, the revenue from this is split 50/50

between LWW and KCK. KCK then reinvest their 50% into the development of the

women’s groups. WaterMade is currently trading through retailers, craft fairs and

e-commerce, with the aim of improving the socio-economic status of its producers,

and helping to achieve the charitable aims of its partners.

www.watermade.org.uk

Company number: 80680531

Kid’s Club Kampala: Founded in 2010, KCK works with 17 communities and over

4000 children every day, in some of the poorest and most vulnerable parts of

Kampala. KCK set up several women’s projects to help achieve their long-term

goals of poverty alleviation. WaterMade is working with KCK to provide the

sustainable purchase of craft goods from 7 women’s groups in these communities,

helping them to grow their enterprise and improve their standard of living.

http://kidsclubkampala.org/

Charity number: 1152451 (UK) S5914/8496 (Uganda)

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The Long Well Walk: Sheffield based charity funding and implementing small,

transparent water projects across Africa. This activity is being promoted through a

2-year walk from Sheffield to Cape Town starting in March 2014. LWW founded

WaterMade in September 2013 as a source of sustainable funding for the long-term

implementation of its goals.

http://thelongwellwalk.org/

Charity number: 1149446

Sheffield Institute for International Development: Interdisciplinary research

institution operating within The University of Sheffield. SIID carried out an impact

assessment to evaluate the ethical implications of WaterMade’s operations. This

research highlighted areas for improvement which have informed this project.

http://siid.group.shef.ac.uk/

2. Project Mission Statement

This project will work with KCK and the product producers to improve the positive

economic, social impact of WaterMade, and improve the quality and standard of

living of the producers through enterprise and empowerment.

It will do this by improving the marketability of the jewellery and craft products,

innovating the production process, and transferring vital skills and knowledge. It will

also provide the research needed for WaterMade to grow responsibly in the future

through continued partnership with KCK.

3. Context of trip

3.1. SIID Impact Assessment: 18th Sept. – 9th Oct 2013

This research provided a baseline analysis of the women’s craft groups, and

the potential impact of WaterMade. It consisted of focus groups with group

leaders and semi-structured interviews with a sample of group members.

It concluded that, prior to joining the women’s groups, the household

income of most participants was insufficient to meet basic needs. A

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majority of these households engaged in varied income generation

activities which were generally low-skill and low-paid.

All households showed signs of vulnerability to shocks such as seasonality

of markets and medical emergencies, and were forced to prioritize their

spending on subsistence consumption needs. To minimize this

vulnerability Kids Club Kampala assisted several women’s groups in

forming income generation initiatives. This research focused on the activity

of 7 groups involved in craft making.

SIID identified that the household income of most women interviewed had

improved as a result of the craft products, but they were still reliant on KCK

for sales, and KCK admitted they had found it difficult to sell large

quantities in the UK. Overall it was concluded that there were ongoing

issues which needed to be addressed.

SIID report concluded that WaterMade could increase their impact by:

1. Ensuring all marketing initiatives should reflect the positive elements of

female empowerment and entrepreneurship

2. Increasing market reliability by: monitoring sales and demand, producing

goods for off-season (winter) and researching sustainable methods of

transport

3. Improving product standardization

3.2 WaterMade activity and Reason for Project

WaterMade has been selling KCK jewellery and craft products since Oct.

2013. The company has made over £2000 to date. The jewellery has been

sold at craft fairs, in shops, at events and online.

The lack of standardization of product sizes and colours makes selling to

retailers in bulk and selling online difficult, due to the differences in colour

and size of individual pieces, so research would have to be undertaken on

standards and trends in the UK market.

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The WaterMade team identified that by understanding and sharing the

story of the women’s groups, they could better achieve their aims, and this

would be accomplished best through direct interaction with the producers

Other products, including shirts, headbands, and laptop cases were

identified as new product ideas which could be made by the producers and

sold in the UK. To do this, the women would need new equipment such as

sewing machines, which would be cost prohibitive for them without

fundraising support

Carrying out research on the Ugandan market and identifying potential

market gaps or services through consultation with the women was seen as

key to sustainability – the idea that the women wouldn’t have to rely on

WaterMade for sales but could continue to comfortably provide them with

quality products

Fairtrade certification was identified as potentially valuable as access to

wider networks and markets could provide sustainability for the women

4. Aims of project

Primary aim:

Improving the standard and quality of living for producer organisations by improving

the marketability of products and long-term sustainability of WaterMade

All four aims for this project will contribute towards the success of this primary aim

Project aims:

1. Improve marketability of products

This ongoing aim will be carried out in the UK and Uganda

It has been highlighted as the most important aim for improving sales in

the UK and subsequently boosting impact. This includes market research,

changing designs, introducing standardizations in size, colour and style,

and improving quality of materials. This aims to create a product that is

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attractive to consumers on its own merit, and not just as a charitable

product

2. Collect data to be used for WaterMade marketing

This includes videos, photos and data gathered in the Kampala area, with

KCK and the women’s groups.

The material aims to convey a positive message of empowerment and

opportunity, rather than a negative one of poverty and vulnerability

The material will be used for WaterMade’s UK marketing campaign, and for

project write ups/presentations/evaluations

Through interacting directly with the producers, it will also help inform

WaterMade’s needs assessment and allocation of funds to meet aim 3

3. Innovate production process and empower producers

This includes providing sewing machines, mobile phones, other items

lacking from production process based on a needs assessment by KCK and

WaterMade

Through quantifying current production rates and WaterMade’s current

sales estimations, bulk orders of materials should be arranged from

suppliers in Kampala

WaterMade should use its sales analysis, and further research on the

production process, to provide a monthly or per quarter minimum order to

the women’s groups. This will ensure financial sustainability and stable

production

4. Gather research on nature of groups, and data needed to apply for Fair

Trade certification

Aim to gather data necessary to apply to FLO-Cert (Fairtrade international),

World Fair Trade Organisation, Fair for Life, or a combination of these

Evaluate whether Fair Trade certification would be possible or desirable for

the women’s groups

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5. Methodology

5.1 Project structure

All 7 craft-making women’s groups were visited by the WaterMade team. Each

group is made up of 8-15 members, and included several established hierarchies

including a chairperson, a treasurer and a vice-chairperson. The 7 groups are

spread across several different areas in Kampala, and can be categorized as urban,

peri-urban or rural.

Each group was visited twice, the first time for approximately 2 hours to meet the

women, conduct interviews, and gather data on products. The second visit was

more brief, and focused on thanking the women for their help and presenting

them with capacity building items.

Market research and sourcing of new items took place throughout Kampala during

the week, as well as team de-briefs and strategy planning sessions.

Groups visited:

Group Type No. of Members 1

Katanga Urban 14

Mulago 1 Urban 14

Mulago 22 Urban 13

Lunguja Peri-urban 8

Mutundwe Peri-urban 10

Komamboga Peri-urban 11

Namavundu Rural 8

1 This is the membership number given by group leaders during the focus group, however when

visiting the groups it was found that new members has already joined (see interview 11)

2 Mulago was originally one group but had recently decided to split into 2 separate groups due to

expanding membership. The two groups were able to meet together at the same location

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5.2 Team roles

Patrick Brown – Team Leader:

Responsible for overall management and implementation of project

Carrying out interviews and facilitating focus groups with group leaders

Producing project report

Andreea Savu – Market Research and Product Design

Carried out research on market trends prior to trip

Gathered quantitative and qualitative data on production process: cost and

quantity of materials, access to markets, production shocks etc.

Carried out assessment on production needs ie. access to paper cutters,

sewing machines, seasonality of materials

Bobby Allen – Photography and Marketing

Gathered visual and audio material for the promotion of WaterMade, LWW

and KCK

Will be responsible for producing marketing materials and presentations

after project completion

Justin Pryce – Deputy Team Leader

Assisted Andreea in gathering data and performing needs assessment

Supervised interviews and focus groups

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6. Research Summary

The most significant and consistent finding that WaterMade found was the lack of

local market available for the crafts. Many women stated that they still found it

difficult to make ends meet and several were still involved in other remuneration

strategies. Apart from some more practical products (such as sandals and textiles)

the women relied almost exclusively on KCK for any sort of consistent market for

their crafts.

Issues of efficiency and economic vulnerability were clear when talking to the

women about the production process. Value addition was a big problem; many

women stated that local buyers would drive down the price based on their own

knowledge of material costs, without understanding the labour intensive value of

hand made gifts. Another issue was that often some production processes were

paid for outside of the women’s groups, such as embroidery of textiles (which

couldn’t be completed by hand) or bulk cutting of paper for beads.

Taking advantage of economies of scale was limited due to capital access – the

women bought and sold materials individually on the local market in small

amounts and were thus unable to pool resources to buy large quantities of

materials. Mobility was also an issue between women’s groups. Although both

Mulago groups were geographically close, and could thus transfer knowledge

between groups, more rural groups like Namavundu and Lunguja were more

limited in their access to markets, resources, materials and training.

It was also found that the groups played an important social role in the women’s

lives. Many saw the groups as a social outlet where they could talk about problems

and relax, and this appeared more obvious in the less monetised, more rural

groups. In the slum groups, Katanga the longest running centre, still struggled to

diversify and some members expressed frustration at their lack of success. Mulago,

the other urban slum area, had been very successful in diversifying into textiles

and other jewellery products, and as such the group had expanded to

accommodate new members. It was clear that many women had embraced the

transformative rhetoric of the craft groups (‘a better life through crafts’) and were

willing to sacrifice immediate income for long-term community goals.

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7. Research Findings

7.1 Product Research

Aims:

To provide detailed information on the production process of the crafts.

To assess the access to markets and the demand for crafts in Kampala

To suggest new product ideas according to demand in the UK market and

the availability of materials

To carry out an assessment on the production needs in terms of training

and equipment.

Method:

Initially focus groups were conducted at each site with members of the

craft groups to gain an understanding of the production process, cost and

quantity of the materials

Research was carried out on the local market in order to identify the

demand for the crafts

As a result of the focus groups, a strategy meeting was held with KCK. The

demand of the UK market for crafts was discussed and a consensus was

reached on starting the production of new products

Data gathered was used to inform a needs assessment and subsequent

purchase of capacity building items

Overview of group structure and outputs:

Katanga

Katanga was the first women’s craft group, formed in 2010. Katanga was the

biggest producer of paper bead jewellery and specialised in one strand bracelets

and single colour necklaces. They also produced other crafts such as textiles

(aprons, small purses and bags), palm leaf tablemats and wooden baskets, but in

lower quantities. They had access to a sewing machine, however it belonged to

one member of the group and she was the only one with access to it.

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Namavundu

Namavundu was formed in 2011. They specialized in banana and palm leaf based

products such as bags, purses and tablemats. They also made rugs, textiles

(aprons), satin cushions as well as more experimental garments. One member of

the group had completed a fashion course and with her help they were trying to

diversify their range of products as well as experiment with their skills and

creativity.

Lunguja

Lunguja was formed in 2012. They specialized in palm and banana leaf based

products, especially mats, baskets, bags and purses. They were also making

knitted tablecloths and were learning to make paper bead jewellery.

Mutundwe

Their production was specialized in sandals, bark cloth earrings, glass bead

jewellery and hard-case material clutches and bags. They also produced textile

wallets, bean necklaces and banana leaf paintings. They had one member who

had experience and training in making high quality bags, and members trained in

making sandals.

Mulago 1

Mulago was first formed in 2012. They initially started by making paper bead

jewellery (mainly twisty bracelets and 3 strand necklaces), however the group

expanded and they now had 3 people training in textiles and one trained teacher.

This encouraged the group to focus more on textiles: patched aprons, purses,

skirts, traditional African shirts, dresses, headbands and hard-case purses. Besides

this, they also made baskets and worked with glass beads to make animal shaped

key rings.

Mulago 2

Mulago 2 was formed from a split in the original Mulago group. The group mainly

focuses its production around palm and banana leaf products such as tablemats

and coasters, purses, bags and pencil cases. Mulago 2 also produced more

complexly designed paper bead jewellery such as large bead/material necklaces

and textiles (bags and oven gloves).

Komamboga

Their main production in terms of crafts was sandals and palm/banana leaf

products. They made mats, palm leaf purses and banana leaf baskets. They also

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made seed necklaces. The group had access to one sewing machine, however, it

belongs to one member and she was the only one with access to it, so they rarely

made textile products. Within the group there is also one woman who had her own

business selling spices. They have recently received training from KCK and were

learning how to make paper beads.

Craft production:

Procuring the materials

All of the groups were sourcing their materials from the local market such as shops

and vendors, with the exception of two groups; Namavundu was collecting all of

their fibres and banana leaves from their local area and Lunguja was partially

sourcing leaves from the trees within the community. However this was not

sufficient during dry seasons, and they often had to buy more leaves from the local

market.

Availability and cost

From the focus group it was also found that there were significant seasonal

changes in the availability and cost of raw materials: palm and banana leaves,

seeds and beans. The cost of materials were higher during dry seasons and certain

holidays or celebrations due to market demand and scarcity. This had an effect on

the production of crafts: it limited the quantity of raw materials the women could

buy as they did not have the necessary money to buy more when materials were

cheaper. The only exception is Mulago 2 which bought palm leaves in bulk during

rainy seasons. Another strategy which Komamboga adopted in their group was

producing certain products seasonally: they made baskets out of banana leaves

during wet season, and mats from palm leaves during dry season.

Achieving economies of scale

While buying in bulk reduced the cost of raw materials, the benefits were not

consistent amongst all centres. According to Muntundwe and Mulago 1 & 2 the

benefits from buying in bulk were high. However, groups such as Lunguja and

Namavundu indicated that the reductions in prices would not be that significant.

This variance may be due to the geographical position of the groups, as it appears

that more urban groups would gain higher benefits (bigger reductions in price)

from buying materials in larger quantities from vendors than more rural groups.

The rest of the groups were not able to provide an answer as they have not yet

attempted to buy in bulk.

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Material sourcing strategy

An important aspect investigated throughout the research was the strategy of the

groups in sourcing raw materials. This was primarily observed at the main centres

producing paper bead jewellery: Katanga, Mulago 1 & 2. If there was a strategy in

place which focused on the outcome of the final product (colour, design) and a

higher selectivity in terms of procuring the raw materials, then there would be

visible impacts upon the quality of the jewellery. Katanga heavily relied on the

accessibility of paper colours offered by the market, with little strategy when

sourcing the materials. The results are visible in the final products from Katanga

(necklaces, bracelets), which lack consistency in their design and quality.

Conversely, Mulago 1 and Mulago 2 had a more strategized approach when

procuring their materials from the market since they sorted the paper to have a

larger range of colours which appealed to different markets. Furthermore, they

selected the size and colours of glass beads by taking into consideration the final

design of the jewellery items. This process was more time consuming, but did

significantly improve the quality of the products.

Production process

The manufacturing process of the crafts remained similar throughout almost all

the groups, but some groups had a few different approaches that improved the

quality of the products. An important step adopted by Mulago 1 & 2, which

significantly improved the quality of the products, was varnishing. With regards to

paper bead products, adding three to four layers over the beads instead of two

created a shiny texture that emphasized the colour of the paper. The only

drawback with extra varnishing was the increase in production cost.

Quality control

One issue, which was continuously raised throughout the research, was the

importance of quality control in the production process. It is important for

WaterMade that the products made by the women and sold in the UK reflect a

standard product size, quality and design. Research found out that out of all seven

groups, five of them had at least one person whose additional role is to carry out

the quality control of all products. Exceptions were Mulago 2 and Komamboga

where a KCK volunteer was performing the quality control.

Furthermore, research found that while the groups had set dimensions and sizes

for their products (purses, necklaces, bracelets) they were not using any utensils to

measure them. In most of the groups, with the exception of Katanga, Mulago 1 & 2,

all measurements are done by eye or by measuring against the body (chest, arm

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length, etc.). For example, Mutundwe used the feet sizes of each of the members in

order to measure the sole of the sandals they produce. Regarding the lengths of

paper bead necklaces and bracelets, the measurements are recorded on arm sizes

or neck sizes. Only two groups measured according to the number of beads an

item should have as part of its design. This created problems as the consistency of

lengths was thus dependent on the consistency of paper bead sizes. This method

could however be beneficial to use if a rigorous control was maintained over the

shape and size of paper beads against default measurements in either cm/inch.

Craft Sales

Focus group interviews indicated that while the production process of crafts was

at a fast pace, the demand and the access to markets was consistently imposing

difficulties amongst the groups. As such, irregular selling of the crafts caused a

chain of effects on the project. Firstly, the lack of demand on the local market

created a dependent relation on KCK and WaterMade as primary buyers. This in

turn was reflected in the production rates of crafts as it considerably reduced the

amount produced.

Furthermore, not having a steady quota of each type of products manufactured

within a set timeframe resulted in the inability of the groups to buy materials in

larger quantities which would reduce the cost of the production and thus increase

their profit. Consequently, the income generated from the production of crafts

fluctuated and discouraged groups to invest in raw materials for new products as a

return profit was not guaranteed.

Local market

Research revealed that there was a considerable market saturation of craft

products in Kampala. It was not possible for the groups to access craft markets or

shops as they had no contacts within the establishments and the shops were fully

supplied by other producers. Nevertheless data gathered from research revealed

that even if with little success, craft sales still took places via informal channels

such as selling at local churches and hawking (door-to-door). Unfortunately the

products were quite expensive for locals, even when they appreciated the quality

of the crafts. In order to increase demand, the women had tried to create

promotions and reductions in prices by selling sets of jewelry (earrings, necklaces

and bracelets) but this had not proved very successful.

Out of all the crafts produced, sandals provided the most stable income for the

women, with an average of 50 to 250 pieces sold a month depending on the quality

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of the materials used. The only groups producing sandals were Komamboga and

Mutundwe and their approach was relatively similar in terms of production.

Komamboga manufactured only the leather straps embellished with glass beads

and they used a local service to attach them to a prefabricated sole, and then sold

the finished product. Mutundwe used a local service to make the sole and later

attached straps. Mutundwe were able to produce sandals of two standards. The

cheaper and lower standard was more popular on the local market.

UK Market

WaterMade’s sales emphasized that there was some demand for African, hand-

made crafts on the market. Financial records suggest that jewelry items were the

most successful and were appealing to a larger variety of target audiences. Basic

one-strand paper bead and seed bracelets had consistently been the best sellers.

Furthermore, it was observed that customers were buying certain combinations of

colours in either bright/pastel multi-colours or only in one colour. Necklaces had

also registered significant sales, especially medium length sizes which appealed to

an older female market.

Future Recommendations for WaterMade and KCK

1. Having a strategy in place for the women’s groups before sourcing the

materials could improve the production process by making it more

organized. In this sense a greater selectivity for raw materials in terms of

colours will influence the quality of the final product. WaterMade suggest

more selectivity with:

The colours of the paper

The quality of clasps (metallic ones recommended)

The colour and size of glass beads (metallic and clear colours

recommended - medium and small size)

Pattern of fabrics

2. Share the knowledge amongst groups in terms of the manufacturing process.

Adding 3 to 4 layers of varnish to paper beads could significantly increase

their appearance and quality.

3. Produce standardized measurements for the crafts across all groups. The

groups should be provided with appropriate equipment (rulers, paper

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cutters, etc.) in order to accomplish this (from WaterMade profit

reinvestments).

4. More rigorous quality controls should be set in place and all centres should

have at least one person from within the group designated to carry out the

role. Additionally, KCK should re-check the products according to the quality

standards discussed with WaterMade.

5. WaterMade to provide a quarterly order to women’s groups. This should be

for a minimum amount to provide financial stability, and should be provided

3 months in advance of product delivery to the UK.

6. Capacity building items provided by WaterMade should allow continued

diversification into textile items, and potentially tailoring services.

Designation of capacity building items:

Mulago 1 was given a large sewing machine as their group contained one

member who had been trained in tailoring and textile design, and 3

members who were currently taking a course in using sewing machines. A

deal was made between Mulago 1 & 2 whereby those more experienced in

textile design in Mulago 1 would teach those in Mulago 2 with less

experience, and Mulago 2 would be willing to lend Mulago 1 their paper

cutter if needed

Mulago 2 was given a large sewing machine and a paper cutter. This

reflected their new product range which combined paper bead jewellery

and textiles, and also the size of their group and their past ability to

standardize and diversify their products to a high standard.

Namavundu was given a large sewing machine, as they had previously

made textile products but their machine had broken, and their group

contained a trainee designer

Mutundwe was given a large sewing machine as, although their group was

small, it was clearly highly skilled, and many members of the group

expressly requested a sewing machine to help them diversify into textiles

Katanga received a small sewing machine and a paper cutter. This would

enable them to learn the basic skills required to use a sewing machine, and

allow them to produce more paper bead products which had always been

their specialisation

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Komamboga was also given a small sewing machine and a paper cutter, to

help them diversify and improve the quality of their products

Lunguja was given a small sewing machine. They did not currently produce

paper beads but wished to diversify into other products and, most

importantly, receive training. WaterMade recommended to KCK that more

training was provided for that group

7.2 Group Leader Focus Group

1 focus group was carried out with the WaterMade team, KCK UK director

and representatives (generally the chairperson) from 8 women’s groups

(including one non-craft group)

Not all women responded to every question, and only a sample of

responses are provided

Centre names have been used in place of the women’s names

The purpose of the focus group was to get an insight into the overall

structure and operation of the groups, any difficulties they face, look at

how groups work together to achieve aims, gauge awareness of Fair Trade

and talk about new product ideas

A translator was present throughout

A full transcript of the focus group is available

Findings

Group formation and leadership:

Mulago 1 stated her group had formed organically, with her as the initial

leader and teacher, which had led to her being selected as chairperson.

Namavundu stated she had been making tablemats before the craft groups

with a few others, and when KCK prompted them to form a group the

others chose her as a leader because she knew how to best make the items.

For Katanga, Lunguja and Mutundwe, each leader had previously been

volunteering with children’s groups through KCK, and when KCK planned

the women’s initiatives, other women in the group selected them as leaders

based on their skills and leadership

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Responsibilities as leaders:

Mulago 1 stated that her main responsibility was carrying out market

research to see what items were selling on the local market. Namavundu

said her main responsibility was ensuring other members felt motivated

and kept coming to group sessions. She said:

‘For you as a leader if they (the members) give up, and you also give up as a

leader, you find that the group will never grow up’.

New members:

Katanga’s membership was 5000USH, paid after the women was accepted

by group discussion. For Mutundwe membership was free but each woman

had to buy their own materials and learn how to make the items. In

Komamboga membership was also free but prospective members had to

agree to some rules and regulations:

‘She must be a good time manager, must always be present, must always

come with materials, and no romance in the group!’

Namavundu had a more expensive fee of 10,000USH, as well as rules and

regulations. This was because members had joined in the past for free but

had not done any work.

Membership fees and savings:

Namavundu gathered their higher membership fee in an informal savings

account which they used to buy group materials and provide interest free

loans for members when they had financial difficulties.

In Mutundwe, they operated a SACCO account whereby all money made

from crafts was lent out to each person according to a rota

Financial records:

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All groups had a treasurer who kept financial records of all sales. However it

was unclear whether this was only for KCK (and WaterMade sales) or for all

sales, as later research showed that many women specialised in certain

products and/or sold items individually, and the prices were often subject

to bartering, which would make full records difficult.

Cross-group communication:

All group leaders met together at the KCK offices on the last Saturday of

every month. Later it was discovered that most groups lived quite far apart

geographically, and product ideas and other information was

communicated by a KCK volunteer specifically responsible for overseeing

the women’s groups.

Product sales:

Mutundwe took products to the local market. Lunguja and Katanga stated

most of their sales came from people admiring them and buying while they

were making them. Namavundu had tried taking goods to local

supermarkets, but the demand was low. They had more success ‘hawking’

(walking door to door). Mulago 1 mentioned the importance of advertising

in increasing their sales:

‘When someone is walking around wearing a necklace, others can see the

necklace and admire it’.

Most women agreed that they had difficulty selling mainly due to how

expensive the materials were to buy individually, and consequently people

were not willing to pay a good price. There were other problems in sourcing

materials; Katanga mentioned that economising and buying duplicate

varnish (of a lower quality), tended to produce products of a lesser quality –

thus they were stuck either paying for expensive varnish and charging more

for the products which people were not willing to buy, or buying cheaper

varnish and charging less for products people were not willing to buy.

Mulago 1, who made lots of banana fibre crafts such as tablemats and

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purses, said that it had recently been a dry season and this had made the

fibres hard to get.

When asked if buying in bulk reduced the price of materials, all women

stated ‘not that much’, however they added that the fact they all made

different products, and found it difficult to communicate and travel, was

the main reason this hadn’t been investigated.

Sourcing of materials:

This varied between groups. In Komamboga and Mutundwe the whole

group decided what materials to buy, and the chairperson was responsible

for gathering money and buying the materials. In Namavundu, the

chairperson, secretary and treasurer all went to buy crafts. This was mainly

to minimise accusations of misplaced funds from other members if

materials turned out to be more expensive than usual. In Lunguja all

members bought crafts individually.

Fair Trade and networks:

None of the women had heard of Fair Trade or NAWOU3. Some had heard

about UWONET4 on the radio, but were unsure what it was exactly.

After explaining Fair Trade in more detail, the women were very curious to

find out about the cost and benefits of Fair Trade, as well as what products

Fair Trade could help them sell. The KCK UK director was concerned this

could cause unrealistic expectations among the women, and explained to

them that the Fair Trade questions were purely for research purposes.

Ideas for the future:

When asked what one thing they would change about the groups, having

access to markets was the underlying and most consistent answer,

however many women also answered with reference to their groups overall

aims:

3 National Association of Women’s Groups in Uganda 4 Ugandan Women’s Network

22

Namavundu: ‘our goal is that every member will have cattle of their own…

we want every member to get a farm on the land. We want the project to grow

large’.

Mulago 2: ‘We always want to seek out knowledge’.

Katanga: ‘we want to see that the things we do are helping them (the group)

develop themselves and are beneficial to them because they are getting the

crafts to help their children. We even think in the future we can teach our

children so they have a good life through crafts. That is our dream’.

When asked what products they would like to make in the future, Mulago 1

and Komamboga stated they would like to make more textile products but

lacked the sewing machines. Namavundu and Mutundwe also mentioned

that if they had more money they would buy a sewing machine. Lunguja

said they would like more training to make more products. Katanga said

they would like to open up an agricultural project. Mulago 2 said they

needed more capital for materials.

7.3 Interviews

19 interviews were carried out across the 7 centres

Members were briefed as a group on the purpose of the research and the

structure of the interviews, and were then given the opportunity to

volunteer themselves

2 or three members were selected from each group, depending on the

group size

Volunteers were briefed again on the purpose of the research, given the

opportunity to ask questions, and were asked to sign a consent form for the

use of their information

A few of the interviews took place in English, but most in Luganda. A local

translator was provided by KCK

A full transcript of all interviews is available

23

Findings

‘Emily’ – Katanga

Emily had been encouraged to join the craft groups by the group chairperson. She

had previously been living in Sudan where she was working in a hotel, but had

moved back to Kampala (it wasn’t clear why). She said she was very happy with

the craft project as money coming in helped her solve problems like paying school

fees for her children. She added it was entirely her responsibility to look after the

kids and pay their school fees as her husband was very ‘disorganised’. Apparently,

before the crafts Emily used to sell charcoal, but her husband ‘ate’ all the capital.

However, all of the craft money spending was decided by Emily herself, and the

husband was given a small stipend to keep himself. The majority of the craft

money went on the children. One of the main motivating factors behind the craft

work appeared to be that Emily had never attended school, but had a strong desire

to earn enough money to help her children:

‘She doesn’t want her children to be the same as she is, the same situation as she is.

What she wants her children to be at least somehow good, not like her, when they’ve

grown up’.

Craft money had also allowed her to diversify her income: with the money she had

bought some goats and was now rearing them. Emily added that it was very hard

for her to find a market for her crafts locally. As well as saying there was no market,

she also said that being a woman, her mobility, and thus her ability to sell, was

limited because her husband wouldn’t allow her to travel far from home. Finally

she added that the craft groups had allowed her to learn many new skills and

increased her personal comfort.

‘Sophia’ - Katanga

Sophia heard about the women’s groups through other women who were

spreading the word about KCK. Before joining the groups Sophia was a housewife

and relied entirely on her husband for income. Since joining she had been able to

save a little and provide some household income herself. This was particularly

important when her husband was not working. She also stated she was currently

pregnant, that she wasn’t staying in a good condition, and she was relying on the

craft money to help her. As well as this, she said she didn’t have enough materials

24

(capital) to make the crafts profitable, and therefore they couldn’t be profitable

enough to provide for her family. Sophia had stopped attending school around age

14 and she said that not having completed her studies, due to coming from a poor

background, was a main reason she had been unable to find another job. She also

added that there were social benefits to being part of the craft groups:

‘She always gets good friends and she’s always feeling comforted and the more she

can get knowledge from others’.

‘Lily’ – Katanga

Lily had been encouraged to join the craft groups by KCK. Before that she had been

making and selling maize on roadsides, however this was not enough to meet her

basic needs. At the beginning, she enjoyed the freedom she felt from being part of

the craft groups, but she was currently frustrated by it due to the lack of markets,

which she added was the main problem with the groups. She also said that she

was frustrated with the group chairperson who was deciding for other group

members what they would make during sessions, and also controlled the use of

the paper cutter, and thus the bead making.

Lily clearly faced a lot of challenges in her day-to-day life. She had many children,

most of them very young, and her husband was too poor to support them at all.

They had previously been evicted from a property by the landlord due to money

issues. The money from the crafts was currently the only household income Lily

had, and its inconsistency and low amount meant she could not save any money

to help her diversify her income. Lily was currently unsure whether she would be

able to benefit from the women’s groups, but hoped things would improve.

‘Laura’ – Namavundu

Along with Katanga, Namavundu was one of the first KCK centres. Laura was the

chairperson of the group and had previously sold crafts to the KCK UK director. Her

husband was also the KCK lead volunteer in their community. Previous to the craft

groups, Laura has found some work as a tailor but her sewing machine had broken

(it was later found out this would have been very expensive to fix). Laura had seen

an increase in income from the craft work, and largely used the money to feed and

keep a cow that had been donated to the community by KCK. Namavundu was the

25

only rural centre visited, and Laura’s family relied mostly on farming the land. She

stated the craft income was particularly helpful in protecting against household

shocks such as child illness.

Although stating that the market for crafts was seasonal, she added that being part

of a group has helped her sell and save more. The extra money coming in from the

crafts had also had knock on effects at home; Laura was solely in charge of

household spending decisions:

‘Before she joined the groups she could always wait on the husband to do anything

at home; to buy the stuff concerning the home, but now that she has money when she

need clothes she just buys. If you want to work on yourself as a woman you just get

into your pocket and do that. If the school fees are not sufficient for the kids she just

gets that money from the crafts and that pays for her kids’.

Laura also said that if she was able (through having enough capital) she would

purchase a larger plot of land in the area which could be used as a meeting place

for the groups, and could accommodate more members (they currently met

outside Laura’s home).

‘Isabelle’ - Namavundu

Isabelle was an older member of the group who had been mobilised to join by the

chairperson, Laura. Her children had also been sponsored to go to school by KCK.

Before joining the craft groups Isabelle did farming/digging work for people in the

area, and also gathered firewood to sell. She had 5 children and was a single

mother. She stated that she had provided for her children by always working hard,

and had come to rely some on remittances as her sons grew up. Isabelle was very

positive about the social aspects of the crafts groups, stating that it helped her

stand on her own as a woman, and that she would like to see the group continue

to work and grow united. She added at the end that the difficulty of not having a

fixed market was the main problem with the groups.

‘Amelia’ – Lunguja

Amelia had been invited into the craft group by the KCK head volunteer in that

area. Before joining the groups Amelia had been a housewife and had relied

entirely on her husband for income. She said that the craft groups had kept her

26

from becoming idle, and had allowed her to pay school fees for her children, send

some remittances to her parents in a village outside Kampala, and even lend out

money to support her fellow group members. The extra income from the crafts

also gave her more control over household spending decisions, and now she and

her husband sat down together and decided household expenditure. If her income

increased in the future she planned to go back to school and study nursing.

The social aspects of the group was very important for Amelia; she said that talking

to the other women about her issues helped to relieve worries, and that if there

was one thing she could change about the groups it would be mobilising more

women to join:

‘She could always walk home to home, door to door telling them the goodness in

crafts’.

‘Sophie’ - Lunguja

Sophie had joined the group through having children in kids club. Before that she

depended entirely on money from her husband who worked as a groundskeeper,

however this work was very seasonal. Sophie and her husband decided together

how to use their household income. She was able to use the income from the craft

groups to cater for her kids, and buy some things for herself. Her biggest difficulty

was paying for hospital treatment for one of her children who had a kidney

problem. Her other 3 children were sponsored through school by KCK, and she

found she could help pay the hospital bills by walking door to door selling her

crafts. She also occasionally sold some clothes found at the local market. The

market for this was very limited however, and she often walked very long distances

without making any sales.

Sophie was pleased with the social aspects of the group and the transfer of

knowledge she had gained from being in it. If there was one thing she could

change it would be to find a trainer to teach them how to make better quality

crafts, as this would improve their marketability.

‘Hannah’ - Lunguja

As chairperson, Hannah said her main roles consisted of seeing what was selling

locally and securing training for the group. She had previously worked with a KCK

27

volunteer to improve their products, and had also started contacting women from

Mulago centre as they were producing more ‘classy’ crafts. Hannah had become

chairperson when the previous chairperson has stepped down due to other

commitments. Before the craft groups Hannah had operated a stall selling

tomatoes, although this did not generate a sufficient income. The biggest

difference between her previous activity and the crafts was that now she was

making enough money to pay her children’s school fees.

Although the market for the crafts was often low, Hannah said the group was able

to take advantage of demand and raise the prices if people in the area came

looking for crafts. Providing materials for items was also a challenge, as she would

often not have enough start up capital to complete larger products, like baskets.

Hannah’s husband worked seasonally as a builder, and when he wasn’t working

the family struggled to pay school fees and rent. Paying for hospital treatment for

her children was also difficult; when her husband was working they could afford to

take the children to hospital. If he was not they would have to medicate them from

home. Hannah felt her biggest challenge was looking after her children, and as a

woman she saw this as her main purpose. The crafts helped somewhat with these

difficulties, and had even enabled Hannah to purchase a pig for her home, which

had recently given birth to piglets.

Joining the craft groups had also enabled Hannah to make new friends, and

expand her networks, for example by travelling to the KCK offices once a month or

attending special women’s events held by KCK. This helped her think of new ideas

for her own group.

‘Ava’ – Mutundwe

Before joining the craft groups, Ava had worked on her own crafts and was

approached by the chairperson to join the groups. The chairperson told her that

KCK could find a market for their crafts. Ava was sceptical and said she didn’t take

the craft work that seriously, but she enjoyed relaxing with the group and making

the crafts. To support herself, Ava had seasonal work as a party decorator and

caterer for a company. If she was able to make enough money from that and the

crafts she hoped to open her own decorating business on some family land. Her

mother had done decorating before her, but was getting old and Ava said she

could continue the business and take advantage of her mother’s markets. Her

husband was a engineer, although he often found it hard to raise enough money to

28

keep the household. She also said that often her plans to start work were

restricted by her husband:

‘Whatever thing I want to do at home, I first ask permission from the husband, and

sometimes he’s like don’t. Don’t do that. Don’t go for work. It’s like sometime he can

refuse when you feel like doing it’.

Ava said that her husband had finally come around to the idea of the crafts and her

opening up a business, however he was not willing to support her in doing so, so

saving money from the craft groups was her only method of accomplishing this.

‘Chloe’ - Mutundwe

Chloe was a new member of the groups and had recently finished secondary

school. She had learnt how to make crafts which were sold in the US by an NGO

and helped them pay their school fees. She had moved to Kampala from Jinja for

school and had wanted to go to university to become a teacher but could not

afford it. Chloe stated she didn’t want to get married yet, first she wanted to

establish herself professionally, and wanted to go into teaching because she could

work during the holidays and constantly develop herself through teaching the

children and learning from them. She currently worked in a shop and made crafts,

although neither of these activities generated enough to pay for her school fees.

She said the only way to reach a market for the crafts in Kampala was to target ex-

pats, but their crafts would need to be of a higher quality and they couldn’t get

anyone to train them to that standard. The reason for this was that anyone that

could teach them would risk creating competition for their own markets. If there

was one thing she would change about the groups it would be to put more

emphasis on quality and take the crafts more seriously.

Chloe played a big role in teaching the other women new skills, and she said she

really enjoyed the group work:

‘The first thing to make me love the group is I find them social, they can teach you

and they are not selfish in teaching you. That is the first thing which is making me

love the group. And they are united. That is the thing which makes me love the group

so much.’

29

‘Jessica’ – Mutundwe

Jessica had only joined the group that day, and stated that she needed money to

help her with her problems, and so she wanted to make some crafts. She then said

that she had an abusive husband who allowed her no freedom of speech at home.

She had not yet told her husband about the crafts and was not sure how he would

react. Her main concern was that her husband was a painter, but spent long

periods out of work, and this left them with little money for the children. She made

some money selling fried food on her own, and hoped the craft money would

provide her with more money to pay for school fees. She also hoped having money

on her own would make her husband view her differently and change things at

home.5

‘Clare’ – Mulago 1

Clare had often watched other women making crafts and had been instrumental in

forming the group (she was the chairperson of Mulago 1). She stated what had

been useful for Mualgo 1 was being able to meet as a group and meet other group

leaders to discuss products. She said that she often exchanged ideas with other

group leaders and traded crafts with other groups. Although the products at

Mulago were of a particularly high standard, they had trouble selling them locally

as people disregarded the quality and effort, knowing how much the individual

materials cost.

Since Clare had never attended school she was determined to see her two children

get educated. She said the craft money had enabled her to pay school fees for her

children and repay debts when she needed to borrow money. She had been

abandoned by her husband, and used to work as a cleaner in a hospital but now

focused only on the crafts. She also added that finding a market for the crafts was

difficult, but at least by working as a group they had a better chance than working

on their own.

‘Jenny’ – Mulago 1

Referred to as the ‘mother’ of the group, Jenny was an older women, widowed

with 8 children. Clare, the chairperson, had recruited her into the craft groups.

5 After the interview Jessica was put in touch with KCK who provide a counseling service for victims of

abuse.

30

Before joining the craft groups she had sold maize, but now depended on crafts

because of her age. She still cared for her youngest son, who was 17 and had

cerebral palsy, as well as one of her grandchildren who was infected with HIV. The

crafts helped her pay for rent and school fees, but also the whole women’s group

often got together to support her financially, because of her age and her large

family.

Jenny also stated that finding a market was difficult for the crafts and if she had

more money she would open a bakery and sell cookies and bread. She appreciated

that KCK provided them with bakery training and other support.

‘Nicola’ – Mulago 2

Nicola was the chairperson of Mulago 2. She was currently taking classes in how to

use sewing machines along with 2 other group members. She would allow them to

make more textile products, as they currently had a group member trained in

textile design, but lacked a machine. This meant they had to take their textiles to

someone else and pay a lot to have their items made.

Nicola planned to open up her own shop selling the products, and was able to list

the various costs that required. Apart from lacking capital, she stated that her

responsibilities at home with the children stopped her from doing this, but then

said that if the women worked as a group they could share the load and more

women could benefit.

Nicola had never gone to school, but since joining the groups she said that she was

constantly learning and thinking of new ideas. It also enabled her to support

herself as a woman. She said the local market was poor although if she had her

own stall which everyone could see then they could sell more.

‘Ella’ –Mulago 2

Ella had only joined the groups 3 weeks ago and before that had worked as a

nanny and a clothes washer, but this didn’t make her enough money as people

often underpaid. Her friend told her about the craft groups and convinced her it

had more potential than her current work. She wanted money mainly because she

was a divorcee who had 2 children from her first marriage and had moved in with

another man. This man was not willing to support her children and so she had to

31

provide for them herself. This was the biggest challenge she faced and hoped the

crafts could help her overcome it.

‘Grace’ – Mulago 2

Grace found out about the groups from her sister who was already a group

member. She was currently at a vocational college studying cosmetology. Her

sister supported her financially, but now she hoped that joining the groups would

give her some money to pay her own fees. After university she wanted to start her

own salon business. She would start on her own and then hire more friends as it

expanded. She knew the costs it would take and was taking business classes in

college. She enjoyed learning how to make crafts with other people but said that

customers driving down prices was their biggest problem.

‘Lucy’ – Komamboga

Lucy used to work as the housekeeper for KCK in their old offices, and had been

making some handmade products for over 3 years. When KCK set up the craft

groups she was one of the first people to be approached. She was still working as a

housemaid and also did some tailoring. She enjoyed the craft groups, but the

market was too irregular for her to benefit from them financially, and they were

only able to sell products to kids club. Lucy had stopped going to school when she

was young as her parents could not afford to send her. She said that sustaining a

living was a big challenge, especially being a woman, and she also had little

freedom of speech where she worked.

‘Alice’ - Komamboga

Alice did not do crafts. She helped with a family business making spices, but spent

time in the women’s groups because she enjoyed the social aspects of it. She was

also able to leverage the personal networks of the craft makers to sell spices, and

the craft makers were able to do the same with her customers. She said that

Ugandans didn’t really use spices in their food, but she used to be able to sell lots

to ex-pat Kenyans, Tanzanians and Somalians, but a lot of their regular customers

had moved away:

32

‘These days the money is less, Ugandans don’t know much about spices. In fact they

know nothing about spices. If you have to sell to Ugandans a small packet of jinga,

you have to explain and explain. Which makes my market so difficult’.

‘Holly’ – Komamboga

Holly saw the women’s groups working in the local area and asked to join. Before

that she was making paper bags for food and medicine. Holly normally made and

sold sandals with beads on them, something KCK had not purchased before but

which sold fairly well on the local market. She did say that the materials were very

expensive though. When asked what she got out of the groups, Holly replied:

‘I get some money, it’s little but it’s better than sitting at home doing nothing’

She also added that being able to create and sell as a group was a positive aspect

of the groups, as a well as making friends. She said that at the start her husband

would not have allowed her to join the groups, so she did so in secret, and when

she sold some crafts and he realised she was able to make money for the

household, he condoned the craft making. Holly said that if she had more capital

she would invest in a sewing machine to allow her to more easily make textile

products. Currently if they needed machine sewing they would take it to someone

else and pay for it to be done.

33

8. Success of Aims

In order to Improve the marketability of products and long-term sustainability of

WaterMade, and increase the standard and quality of living for our producers,

WaterMade has taken the following actions:

1. Improve marketability of products

Two extensive documents outlining standardization measures and style

suggestions were sent to KCK, one in December and one in March. This

covered a range of issues such as bead and wire sizes, colour combinations,

quality of materials and suggestions for future products. These suggestions

had been followed for most products, although there were some new

products which WaterMade was unaware of that could have benefitted

from standardization, such as twisty bangles.

Product portfolios containing pictures of new product ideas were given to

the women’s groups. This included many textiles which were already

underway in the Mulago group, and which the provision of sewing

machines should assist with.

Textiles have been purchased by WaterMade to design and create African

style shirts in the UK. Once prototypes have been developed, WaterMade

will send them to Kampala, with size charts, so that the groups can begin

diversifying into shirts, which has been identified as a more sustainable

product in the UK market

Ugandan bark cloth was also purchased to provide some authentic labels

for products

2. Collect data to be used for WaterMade marketing

Over 100GB of photos, videos and testimonials were gathered during the

trip. This will be available to WaterMade and its partners for promotional

purposes, such as social media, websites, leaflets and posters

Extensive data has been gathered on the impact of the craft groups on the

women’s daily lives. WaterMade plans to use this information to create a

positive campaign on the importance of micro-enterprises in developing

countries, and the difficulties they face in operating.

34

3. Innovate production process and empower producers

Based on our needs assessment, WaterMade decided that providing sewing

machines and paper cutters to the groups would have the greatest direct

impact on their production. This was decided by looking at product

research and interviews, and any comments made by the women regarding

diversification/improvement of products.

As well as enabling the groups to produce better quality products for

WaterMade, the sewing machines were intended to give the groups a

method of diversification that would provide a greater chance of

remuneration through a tailoring service. This reflected the difficulty the

groups had in selling crafts, and the larger market for textiles and clothing

4 laptops and 9 phones were donated to KCK to be used for the benefit of

the groups. The distribution of the technology was to be decided by a later

needs assessment by KCK. It was agreed between KCK and WaterMade that

KCK would use the laptops to carry out continuous market research on

international craft and fashion trends which may be suitable to the women,

and provide training where possible

WaterMade purchased £720 in products from the groups altogether. This

will have provided an increased cash flow to the groups which can

hopefully be used to invest in new materials for new products.

WaterMade has pledged to provide a quarterly order of products to the

value of at least £500, as well as on going research into market trends and

other suggestions for future funding

KCK has pledged to continue providing on going training and support to the

women’s groups, particularly in the use of sewing machines

4. Gather research on nature of groups, and data needed to apply for

Fair Trade certification

Following research on two very different Fair Trade certification bodies

(‘FLO-cert’ – the most famous Fairtrade symbol, and ‘Fair for Life’) it was

concluded that applying for Fair Trade certification would not be possible

given the limited resources of the women’s groups

Although financial records of sales were kept by both the women’s groups

and KCK, and the groups had a democratic and fair structure, the minimum

35

cost for certification would have been £500 (with FLO-Cert). Even with start

up funding this would be too much of a potential risk for the groups.

With FLO-Cert, it was unlikely that the products would have passed

certification. This was due to their complicated value chains and lack of

standardization. This issue was largely out of the women’s hands due to the

fluctuation and seasonality of prices and materials, and also their lack of a

guaranteed market and access to value-adding resources such as sewing

machines.

Fair for life, which follows a more qualitative assessment focused on social

fairness, places a high premium on certification, mainly due to the long

hours spent evaluating the applicants. They provide several examples of

enterprises they have certified and the costs involved. The closest to the

women’s groups were a group of 25 smallholders in Indonesia, whose total

for certification came to just under €2,5006

On reflection, it was deemed that through expanding their markets in the

UK and continuing a close partnership with the women’s groups,

WaterMade and KCK could provide the Fair Trade service at no cost, whilst

keeping the majority of revenue within the women’s communities.

6http://www.fairforlife.org/pmws/indexDOM.php?client_id=fairforlife&page_id=costs&lang_iso639=en

36

9. Concluding summary

WaterMade has successfully completed 3 of its 4 aims, having decided that Fair

Trade certification is not an option for the groups at this time. Valuable data has

been gathered on the functions of the women’s groups, such as their sourcing of

materials and access to markets, which has added to the baseline analysis carried

out by SIID. More specific qualitative data, such as testimonies and interview

quotes, has been gathered on the impact of community led development, and its

implications for encouraging female empowerment through enterprise.

This supports WaterMade’s mission statement of promoting enterprise,

empowerment and development.

As well as the aims achieved before and during the project, WaterMade will

continue to support the development of the groups through the following actions:

Continuing to provide KCK with a report detailing monthly sales analysis

and breakdown, as well as market research on UK market trends

Improving access to the UK market by approaching more retail outlets and

expanding online

Providing KCK with a minimum quarterly order of at least £500, to provide a

stable income to the groups

Use research to suggest reinvestment of WaterMade profits into women’s

groups, ie. more sewing machines, laptops, other expansion costs

Recommend to KCK that provision of capacity building items should be met

with increased transfer of knowledge across the groups. This would involve

more successful groups with trained members visiting other groups to

assist in their learning and development

Provide a market for women’s groups diversification into textile products

such as men’s shirts – linking up with UK designers, retailers etc.

Using the marketing material collected to create marketing and

presentation material that reflects the positive aspects of grassroots

development and micro-entrepreneurship

37

10. Expenditure Breakdown

This breakdown includes all expenditure that was covered by the Departmental Fund

Grant, or through fundraising. It excludes flights and other costs covered privately by

the WaterMade team.

Type of expenditure Cost

Investment in women's groups

(Craft purchase) £720.00

Coordinator Costs

(Translator) £600.00

Travel costs

(Around projects) £562.00

Sewing Machines £440.00

Phones £126.75

Laptops £158.46

Paper cutters £67.50

Textiles

(For shirt prototypes) £55.00

Printing

(Product booklets for women) £50.00

Internet

(Downloading laptop software) £50.00

Displays - for UK promotion £38.25

Recording/research equipment £31.97

First aid kit £19.99

TOTAL £2,919.92