international politics-web.pdx.edu/~noordijk/noordijk/ps_205_files/intro_to_anarchy.pdf · 1...
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INTERNATIONAL POLITICS-
• What is it?
• Lasswell’s Who gets what, how, why.
• Nation-state taken as unit of description, not always unit of analysis.
• Concerned with the interaction of both states and other actors based in separate states.
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AREAS OF CONCERN
• Everything that concerns how states and national leaders interact.
• conflict and cooperation, treaties, alliances, security dilemmas, interdependency, war, and trade.
• Decisions and behaviors of state and international actors.
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POLITICAL SCIENCE
• Politics are used to resolve collective action problems.
• The study of polities that create policies. Outputs, motivations and behaviors.• Field used to focus primarily on behaviors of organized polities.
• Now borrows from a number of different fields, sociology (social groups, norm forming, etc), psychology (individual level, perceptions, motivations, behavior under stress or uncertainty),Economics (individual, macro, systemic levels, rat choice, inductive models)
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GOALS OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
• To understand observed phenomenon
• Predict behavior, based on minimum of observable inputs (independent variables).
• Explain phenomenon, understand motivations, perceptions, expectations of actors.
• Positive theory: Explains behavior through observation- objective scientific theory possible.
• Normative theory: Explains what should be in terms of norms and values that guide behavior.
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WHY USE THEORIES
• Theories are methods of organizing information in order to lead to understanding of observed phenomenon.
• Must be testable and falsifiable.
• Must explain and prediction of behaviors.
• Work until they don’t!
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CONCEPTS TO KNOW
• Actors: Can be nation-state, IGO’s, NGO, MNC, domestic pressure groups, political leaders, etc.• Level of analysis: Global, interstate,domestic,individual• State Sovereignty• Power• International System: interactions between states, structured by
patterns, rules and norms• International Anarchy
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ACTORS
• Nation-states• Sub-national organizations• Bureaucracies
• International Organizations• Intra-governmental organization (really only 1)• Individuals• Private organizations- corporations• Religions• Networks• religious• technical• Ideological communities• others
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LEVELS OF ANALYSIS-
• Locate your phenomenon...
• Like finding the edge pieces of a puzzle.
• Recognizing the actors in a problem helps identify the most appropriate level of analysis.
• Recognizing the environment that conditions actor behavior refines selection of level or levels.
• Guides determination of appropriate theoretical tools.
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LEVELS OF ANALYSIS: NOT FIXED• Goldstein 4-levels• Mingst ID’s 3 levels• International System• Interstate level
• State• Society Character, Economic Conditions, Bureaucratic etc..
• Individual• Kinsella et al. 6 levels• World Systems• IR- interstate• Society Character/Conditions • National Government structure and type• Bureaucracies, roles of decision makers• Individual decision maker
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LEVELS OF ANALYSIS-GLOBAL LEVEL: WORLD SYSTEMS
• Regional phenomenon• Environmental issues• Terrorism, organized crime• Imperial systems and legacies, Polarity• Cross border cultural phenomenon, world religions• Epistemic communities• Science, business, economics
• Knowledge change• Science, organizations, education, communication
• International Institutions, norms-- International Laws, conventions.
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LEVELS OF ANALYSIS: INTER-STATE LEVEL
• States as actors
• Power rivalries
• Treaties
• IGO
• Wars
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LOA: NATION-STATE
• Domestic level
• Domestic political systems
• Interest groups
• Civil society organization
• Ethnic/national motivations
• Political culture
• Domestic competition, corporations, organizations, political groups
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INDIVIDUAL LEVEL
• Decision making among leaders
• Leader psychology
• Groupthink
• Learning of leaders etc…
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ORGANIZATIONS LEVEL
• Can be between individual and domestic, or other organizations
• Analyze the culture, structure, networks, communication, knowledge and power of organizations.
• Organizations structure the information, objectives and authority of individual decision makers
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EXAMPLE: TURKISH ACCESSION TO EU.
Global
Regional/Organization
National/ France
Nation
al/ Germany
Nat
iona
l/ Gre
ece
Turkey
United States
Accession
LOCATE PHENOMENON
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ACTORS- LEVELS OF ANALYSIS
Turkey
Courts
Parties
Media
Business Associations
Religious Orders
Political Culture
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EXAMPLE: CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
• Inter-state level analysis
• Rational policy
• Security threat posed by missiles, undermines US deterrent.
• Attack conventional forces
• Do nothing
• Blockade, act of war escalation?
• Blockade with side-deal
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NARCHY IN THE IR
• Anarchy is the absence of authority above the state.
• Security dilemma is the notion that under anarchy, the pursuit of security (Arms, treasure, power) by one state is automatically a threat to its neighbors.
• Security dilemma is caused by Anarchy, there is no recourse to self-help
• The structural level of analysis of realists/neo-realists is based in the idea of the security dilemma.
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WHAT DOES ANARCHY MEAN?
• Does it mean disorder?
• For state actions?
• For recourse to justice?
• To define justice?
• Where do individuals fit in an Anarchic system?
• What about those without Nation/State representation?
•
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WHAT DOES SECURITY DILEMMA MEAN TO STATES?
• All states can be analyzed in terms of the security dilemma and their behavior can be seen as efforts to mitigate the problem faced with finite power.
• Either by becoming the strongest state, or adopting strategies that will provide a second best solution. Explains possible behaviors such as arms races, band-wagoning and balancing.
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ANARCHY TO REALISM
• Assumes the “state of nature” is a state of war, kept at bay by balances of power or dominance.
• Might makes right.
• Where do international institutions fit? Do they?