international migration and development in asia and the ......central asia 6,628 4,970 1,658 -1.4...

International Migration and International Migration and Development in Asia and the Pacific:Development in Asia and the Pacific:

Key Issues Key Issues and Recommendations for Actionand Recommendations for Action

Sabine HenningSabine HenningPopulation DivisionPopulation DivisionUNITED NATIONSUNITED NATIONS

Workshop on Workshop on ““ Strengthening dialogue between ESCWA and ESCAP coun tries Strengthening dialogue between ESCWA and ESCAP coun tries on international migration and developmenton international migration and development ””

Beirut, Lebanon, 28Beirut, Lebanon, 28 --30 June 201130 June 2011

Outline

•• Migration levels and trendsMigration levels and trends

•• Migration on the agenda of the United NationsMigration on the agenda of the United Nations

•• CapacityCapacity --development development

•• RecommendationsRecommendations

Source: United Nations, Population Division/DESA, 2 011Source: United Nations, Population Division/DESA, 2 011

107

25

214

156

128

82

8673

84

14

0

50

100

150

200

250

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

The number of international migrants in the The number of international migrants in the world increased between 1990 and 2010world increased between 1990 and 2010

World

More developed regions

Less developed regions

Millions

Source: United Nations, Population Division/DESA, 2 011Source: United Nations, Population Division/DESA, 2 011

ESCAP

ESCWA

TwoTwo --thirds of countries recorded an increase thirds of countries recorded an increase in the number of international migrants in the number of international migrants

from 1990 to 2010from 1990 to 2010

Source: United Nations, Population Division/DESA, 2 011

IncreasedDecreased

The number of international migrants in Asia The number of international migrants in Asia increased between 1990 and 2010increased between 1990 and 2010

Source: United Nations , , Population Division/DESA, 2011

Number of migrants(thousands)

Increment(thousand)

Average annual growth

1990 2010 1990-2010 1990-2010

ASIA 50,876 61,324 10,448 0.9Central Asia 6,628 4,970 1,658 -1.4

Eastern Asia 4,484 6,485 2,002 1.8

South-Eastern Asia 3,060 6,715 3,654 3.9Southern Asia 20,196 14,304 -5,892 -1.7

Western Asia 16,508 28,850 12,342 2.8

OCEANIA 4,365 6,015 1,650 1.6Australia/New Zealand 4,105 5,674 1,569 1.6

Melanesia 91 111 19 1.0

Micronesia 111 151 40 1.5

Polynesia 58 79 21 1.5

Northern Africa 2,278 2,010 -268 -0.6

28

28

39

40

41

44

46

69

70

87

Saudi Arabia

Oman

China, Hong Kong, SAR

Israel

Singapore

Occupied Palenstinian Territory

Jordan

Kuwait

United Arab Emirates

Qatar

International migrants account International migrants account for a large share of the total population for a large share of the total population

in some Asian countriesin some Asian countries


International migrants as a percentage of the total population, 2010 (among those countries with at least one million in habitants in 2010)

……as Southas South --North migration North migration (based on migrant stock data)(based on migrant stock data)

SouthSouth --South migration is as common South migration is as common ……

North

72.7

mill

ion

73.6 million

North

SouthSouth


55 million

12.6 million

20102010

14%

36%

55%

57%

58%

63%

86%

64%

45%

43%

42%

37%

From Latin America and theCaribbean

From Northern America

From Africa

From Asia

From Oceania

From Europe

Most international migration occurs Most international migration occurs withinwithin major areas rather than major areas rather than

betweenbetween major areasmajor areasMigrant stock by major area of origin and major area of destination, 2010 (per cent)

Within major area To a different major area


Workers from Bangladesh Workers from Bangladesh migrate primarily to Western Asiamigrate primarily to Western Asia

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010e

Western Asia Libya Malaysia South-Eastern Asia Others

Source: Bangladesh, Bureau of Manpower, Employment and Training, June 2011

Countries of destination of overseas employed worke rs from Bangladesh

Workers from the Philippines Workers from the Philippines migrate primarily Western Asiamigrate primarily Western Asia

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Western Asia LibyaMalaysia South-Eastern/Eastern AsiaOthers

Countries of destination of deployed and land based overseas

Filipino workers

Source: Philippine Overseas Employment Administrati on, June 2011

Countries of destination of Countries of destination of workers from Bangladeshworkers from Bangladesh

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010eSaudi Arabia

UAE

Bahrain

Qatar

Kuwait

Oman

Libyan ArabJamahiriyaMalaysia

Singapore

Lebanon

Others

Source: Bangladesh, Bureau of Manpower, Employment and Training, June 2011

Countries of destination of overseas employed worke rs from Bangladesh (per cent)

Countries of destination of Countries of destination of workers from the Philippinesworkers from the Philippines

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Saudi Arabia

UAE

Bahrain

Qatar

Kuwait

Oman

Libyan ArabJamahiryaMalaysia

Japan

Hong Kong

Singapore

Taiwan

OthersSource: Philippine Overseas Employment Administrati on, June 2011

Countries of destination of deployed and land based overseas

Filipino workers (per cent)

Asia hosts the largest number of refugees Asia hosts the largest number of refugees in the world, 2010in the world, 2010

Oceania, 0.4%

Northern America,

5.0%

Latin America and the

Caribbean, 3.2%

Europe, 9.7%

Asia, 66.5% Africa, 15.7%

Of the 16.3 million refugees worldwide in 2010 ...


In 2010, about half of all In 2010, about half of all international migrants in the world international migrants in the world

were femalewere female

49.0%51.0%


Female migrantsFemale migrantsMale migrantsMale migrantsSource: United Nations, Population Division/DESA, 2 011

48.5% 51.5%45.3%

54.7%

World Less developed regions

50.9%49.1%36.2%

63.8%

ESCAP ESCWA

Women account for less than half Women account for less than half of all international migrants of all international migrants in many countries in Asiain many countries in Asia

Female migrants as a percentage of the internationa l migrant stock, 2010


55 per cent or more50 to 55 per centLess than 50 per cent

13.9

18.5

20.8

25.8

27.4

30.0

30.1

31.1

32.9

Bangladesh

Bhutan

Oman

Qatar

United Arab Emirates

Kuwait

Saudi Arabia

Iraq

Bahrain

For example, in these Asian countries, For example, in these Asian countries, women account for less than 33 per cent women account for less than 33 per cent

of all international migrantsof all international migrants


Female migrants as a percentage of the internationa l migrant stock, 2010

International migrants in Africa and Asia are relatively young …

Percentage of migrant stock under age 20, 2010



… while they are older in Latin Americaand Europe

Percentage of migrant stock age 65 or over, 2010



The young are underrepresented among The young are underrepresented among all international migrants in the worldall international migrants in the world

Total population Migrant stock


10 5 0 5 10

0-4

10-14

20-24

30-34

40-44

50-54

60-64

10 5 0 5 10

0-45-9

10-1415-1920-2425-2930-3435-3940-4445-4950-5455-5960-64

65+

Males Females%

Males and females as a percentage of the total popul ation and the international migrant stock, 2010

The male workingThe male working --age population is overrepresented age population is overrepresented among international migrants in Asiaamong international migrants in Asia



10 5 0 5 10

0-4

10-14

20-24

30-34

40-44

50-54

60-64

10 5 0 5 10

0-45-9

10-1415-1920-2425-2930-3435-3940-4445-4950-5455-5960-64

65+

Males Females%


The male workingThe male working --age population is overrepresented age population is overrepresented among international migrants among international migrants

in Western Asiain Western Asia



10 5 0 5 10

0-4

10-14

20-24

30-34

40-44

50-54

60-64

10 5 0 5 10

0-45-9

10-1415-1920-2425-2930-3435-3940-4445-4950-5455-5960-64

65+

Males Females%


In 2009, some US$ 417 billion In 2009, some US$ 417 billion were remitted worldwidewere remitted worldwide

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010e

World

Source: The World Bank, 2011

Lessdeveloped regions

ESCWA


ESCAP

US$ billion

Within Asia, Southern and Eastern Asia Within Asia, Southern and Eastern Asia benefit the most from remittancesbenefit the most from remittances


US$ billion

3.84.4

5.56.67.0

8.011.812.3

14.321.721.9

23.826.5

30.335.1

EgyptYemenSudan

GeorgiaVietnam

Sri LankaBangladesh

PhilppinesJordan

KyrgyzstanLebanon

NepalSamoaTonga

Tajikistan

In many Asian countries remittances In many Asian countries remittances account for a significant share of GDPaccount for a significant share of GDP

Source: World Bank, 2011

Countries in Asia where remittance inflows account for a large share of GDP,

2009 (per cent)

After many years of growth, remittances After many years of growth, remittances declined during the economic crisis, declined during the economic crisis,

but have since been recoveringbut have since been recovering

-10

0

10

20

30

2000-2001

2001-2002

2002-2003

2003-2004

2004-2005

2005-2006

2006-2007

2007-2008

2008-2009

2009-2010

World More developed regions Less developed regions ESCAP ESCWA


Per centAnnual per cent change in remittance flows

In 2009In 2009--2010 remittance flows 2010 remittance flows to all regions in Asia have been recoveringto all regions in Asia have been recovering

Source: World Bank, 2010

Per cent change in remittance flows (2008-2009 vers us 2009-2010)

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

Central Asia

Melanesia

Polynesia

Northern Africa

Western Asia

Australia and New Zealand

South-Eastern Asia

Eastern Asia

Southern Asia

2008-2009 2009-2010

Ratification of relevant international instruments continues, yet remains uneven between instruments

50

100

150

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Refugee Convention

1951Refugee

Protocol 1967

ILO Convention Migrant Workers 1975

UN Migrant Worker

Convention 1990

Human Trafficking Protocol

2000

Migrant Smuggling Protocol

2000

Number of States Parties

Source: United Nations, 2011

Ratification of Ratification of relevant international relevant international instruments instruments also varies by regionalso varies by region

23%

94%

4%

86%

29%

79%

51%

75% 76%66%

92%

60%

69%

68%

57%

21%

14%13%

51%45%

Refugee Convention1951

UN Migrant WorkerConvention 1990

Human TraffickingProtocol 2000

Migrant SmugglingProtocol 2000

World More developed regions Less developed regions ESCWA ESCAP


Percentage share of United Nations State Members and ESCAP and ESCWA Member States, 21 June 2011

MigrationMigration --related activities and events related activities and events at the international level over timeat the international level over time

GCIM


MigrationMigration --related activities and events related activities and events at the international level over timeat the international level over time


Informal Thematic Debate on Informal Thematic Debate on International Migration and Development International Migration and Development

19 May 201119 May 2011Convened by the GA (A/RES/63/225)

Panel 1: The contribution of migrants to developmen t

International migration contributes to development. But in order to reap the full benefits of migration the following are ne eded:

•Better policies and programmes to:• Reduce transaction costs of remittances• Promote return and circular migration• Promote migrant entrepreneurship• Protect the rights of all migrants• Facilitate the integration of migrants into host societies

•A sound evidence base


Informal Thematic Debate on Informal Thematic Debate on International Migration and Development International Migration and Development

19 May 201119 May 2011Panel 2: Improving international cooperation on mig ration and

development

Optimisation of migrant contributions requires coop eration at all levels

• At the bilateral and regional levels progress has b een made in strengthening cooperation

• The GFMD has successfully promoted dialogue, but it is still a fragile process, with insufficient support from Mem ber States

• The GMG has an important role to play in fostering better coordination and supporting the activities of Membe r States (forexample, collaboration between UNHCR and IOM to eva cuate foreign workers from Libya)


The five steps to improve migration data in the long term, with existing institutions

and at low cost are …

A

• Ask basic census questions – country of birth, citizenship, previous residence by age and sex – and tabulate and disseminate the answers

• Make better use of existing administrative data sources• Compile existing data from surveys• Provide access to micro data• Build capacity to collect and disseminate data

M C P B

Source: Centre for Global Development, 2009; based on the Report of the Commission on International Dev elopment Research and Policy

Global Migration Database

• Repository of international migrant stock data by country of birth, citizenship, sex and age

• >230 countries/territories since 1960s

• Censuses, registers, surveys• > 2.7 million records• >600 subscribers• UNSD, UNICEF, UNDP-

SU/SSC, WBwww.unmigration.org


Asia is lagging behind regarding data on the Asia is lagging behind regarding data on the total international migrant stocktotal international migrant stock


Major area 1985-1994 1995-2004 2005-2014

Africa 62 69 22

Asia 74 87 42 Europe 96 99 85

Latin America and the Caribbean

85 95 9

Northern America

100 100 100

Oceania 100 100 95 World 86 93 68

Coverage based on migrant stock (per cent)

Asia is lagging behind regarding data on the Asia is lagging behind regarding data on the total international migrant stock by agetotal international migrant stock by age


Major area 1985-1994 1995-2004 2005-2014

Africa 53 50 8

Asia 41 59 37Europe 53 99 69

Latin America and the Caribbean

85 89 9

Northern America

100 100 100

Oceania 98 99 79World 59 85 67

Coverage based on migrant stock (per cent)

Conclusion and RecommendationConclusion and Recommendation

International migration is a critical issue of our time, today, possibly, more so than ever

Evidence

Engagement

Cooperation

Capacity -building

Thank you!Thank you!

www.unmigration.orgwww.unmigration.orgwww.unpopulation.orgwww.unpopulation.org

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