(international maritime fraud the exception of
TRANSCRIPT
å 士 è« æ
2013 幎床
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(International Maritime FraudïŒthe exception of independence of
the letter of credit )
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(International Maritime FraudïŒthe exception of independence of
the letter of credit )
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ã¯ããã« ............................................................................................................................ 2 第 1 ç« ä¿¡çšç¶æŠè¿° .......................................................................................................... 3 1.1 ç¯ ä¿¡çšç¶ã®æŠå¿µ .................................................................................................... 4 1.1.1 çè«è§£é ...................................................................................................... 4 1.1.2 åœéæ £äŸ ...................................................................................................... 5 1.1.3 åœå ç«æ³ ...................................................................................................... 7 1.1.4 ä¿¡çšç¶ã®æ©èœ .............................................................................................. 7 1ã代éã®åå ............................................................................................. 8 2ãä¿¡çšã®ç§»è»¢ ............................................................................................ 8 3ãã³ã¹ãã®åæž ......................................................................................... 8 4ã蚎èšã³ã¹ãã®ç§»è»¢ .................................................................................. 8
5ãæ³å»·å°ã®ç§»è»¢ ................................................................................................. 9 1.1.5 ä¿¡çšç¶ã®æ矩ã«é¢ããå€äŸ ...................................................................... 10
1.2 ç¯ ä¿¡çšç¶ã®çºå±æŽå² ........................................................................................... 10 1.2.1 èèœæ代 .................................................................................................... 11 1.2.2 çºå±ææ .................................................................................................... 11 1.2.3 çŸä»£ã®ä¿¡çšç¶ ............................................................................................ 12 1.2.4 ä¿¡çšç¶ã®çºå±ã«é¢ããå€äŸ ...................................................................... 13 1.3 ç¯ ä¿¡çšç¶ã®åœäºè åã³åœäºè éã®æ³åŸé¢ä¿ ...................................................... 13 1.3.1 çºè¡äŸé Œäºº(Applicant) ............................................................................. 14
1.3.2 åçè (Beneficiary) ................................................................................. 14 1.3.3 çºè¡éè¡(Issuing Bank) .......................................................................... 15 1.3.4 éç¥éè¡(Advising Bank)ãšç¬¬äºéç¥éè¡(Second Advising Bank) ...... 16 1.3.5 確èªéè¡(Confirming Bank) .................................................................... 16
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1.3.6 æå®éè¡(Nominated Bank) .................................................................... 17 1.3.7 è£åéè¡(Reimbursing Bank) ................................................................. 17
1.4 ç¯ ä¿¡çšç¶ã®çš®é¡ .................................................................................................. 17 1.4.1 èŠæ±æžé¡ã®æç¡ã«ããåé¡ ...................................................................... 18
1ãããã¥ã¡ã³ã¿ãªãŒä¿¡çšç¶(Documentary Credit) ....................................... 18 2ãã¯ãªãŒã³ä¿¡çšç¶(Clean Credit) ................................................................... 19
1.4.2 çºè¡éè¡ã®è²¬ä»»ã«ããåé¡ ...................................................................... 19 1ãåæ¶å¯èœä¿¡çšç¶(Revocable Credit) ............................................................ 20
2ãåæ¶äžèœä¿¡çšç¶(Irrevocable Credit) .......................................................... 22 1.4.3 䜿çšæ¹æ³(ä¿¡çšç¶ã«ãã絊ä»ã®æ¹æ³)ã«ããåé¡ ...................................... 22
1ãäžèŠ§æä¿¡çšç¶(Sight Payment Credit) ....................................................... 24 2ãåŸæ¥æä¿¡çšç¶(Deferred Payment Credit) ................................................. 24 3ãåŒåä¿¡çšç¶(Acceptance Credit) ................................................................. 24 4ãè²·åä¿¡çšç¶(Negotiation Credit) ................................................................ 25
1.4.4 第äžè ã«ããä¿¡çšè£åŒ·ã®æç¡ã«ããåé¡ ................................................ 26 1ãç¡ç¢ºèªä¿¡çšç¶(Unconfirmed Credit) .......................................................... 26 2ã確èªä¿¡çšç¶(Confirmed Credit) .................................................................. 28 1.4.5 ä¿¡çšç¶ã®çš®ã ã®åºå ................................................................................. 29 1ãä»å ãããæ§è³ªãŸãã¯ç¹æ®æ¡ä»¶ã«ããåºå ............................................... 29
ïŒ1ïŒè²æž¡å¯èœä¿¡çšç¶(Transferable Credit) ................................................... 29 ïŒ2ïŒå転信çšç¶(Revolving credit) ................................................................. 30 ïŒ3ïŒã¬ããã¯ããŒãºä»ä¿¡çšç¶(Red Clause Credit) ....................................... 30 ïŒ4ïŒãšã¹ã¯ããŠä¿¡çšç¶(Escrow Credit) ......................................................... 30 2ãèåŸã«ããç¹æ®äºæ ã«ããåºå ................................................................. 30
ïŒ1ïŒèŠè¿ãä¿¡çšç¶ (Backâto Back Credit) ................................................... 32 ïŒ2ïŒåœå ä¿¡çšç¶(Domestic Credit,Local Credit) ........................................... 33 3ã䜿çšç®çã«ããåºå .................................................................................... 33 ïŒ1ïŒè·çºæ¿ä¿¡çšç¶(Documentary Letter of Credit) ...................................... 33 ïŒ2ïŒã¹ã¿ã³ããã€ä¿¡çšç¶(Standby Letter of Credit) .................................... 33 ïŒ3ïŒæ è¡ä¿¡çšç¶(Traveler's Credit) ................................................................ 33
1.5 ç¯ ä¿¡çšç¶ã®ç¹åŸŽ .............................................................................................. 33 1.5.1 ä¿¡çšç¶ã®ç¬ç«æ§......................................................................................... 34 1ãä¿¡çšç¶ç¬ç«æ§ã®çµæžå¹èœ ............................................................................ 35 2ãæ³åŸãšèŠåã«åºã¥ãä¿¡çšç¶ç¬ç«æ§ã®ç¢ºç« .................................................. 35
ïŒ1ïŒUCP600 ã«ãããä¿¡çšç¶ç¬ç«æ§ã®ç¢ºç« .................................................. 35 ïŒ2ïŒUCC 第 5 ç·šã«ãããä¿¡çšç¶ç¬ç«æ§ã®ç¢ºç« ............................................. 36
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ïŒ3ïŒäžåœåžæ³è§£éã«ãããä¿¡çšç¶ç¬ç«æ§ã®ç¢ºç« ........................................... 36 3ãäžçååœå€äŸã«ãããä¿¡çšç¶ç¬ç«æ§ã®ç¢ºç« ............................................... 36 ïŒ1ïŒè±ç±³æ³ç³»åœå®¶ã«ãããä¿¡çšç¶ç¬ç«æ§ã®ç¢ºç« ........................................... 37 ïŒ2ïŒå€§éžæ³ç³»åœå®¶ã«ãããä¿¡çšç¶ç¬ç«æ§ã®ç¢ºç« ........................................... 37 ïŒ3ïŒäžåœè£å€æã«ãããä¿¡çšç¶ç¬ç«æ§ã«é¢ããå€äŸ .................................... 38
1.5.2 ä¿¡çšç¶ã®æžé¡ååŒæ§ ................................................................................. 38 1ãåœéæ £äŸãšæææ³ã«ãããæžé¡ååŒæ§ã®è¡šçŸ ........................................... 38
ïŒ1ïŒæžé¡ååŒæ§ã«é¢ãã UCP600 ã®èŠå® ..................................................... 39 ïŒ2ïŒæžé¡ååŒæ§ã«é¢ãããè·çºæ¿ä¿¡çšç¶ã«åºã¥ãæžé¡ç¹æ€ã«é¢ããåœéåºæº
éè¡å®åãïŒISBP681 ãšç¥ç§°ããïŒ ............................................................................. 39 ïŒ3ïŒæžé¡ååŒæ§ã«é¢ãã UCC 第 5 ç·šã®èŠå® ............................................... 40 2ãä¿¡çšç¶æžé¡ååŒæ§ã®çš®é¡ ............................................................................ 40 ïŒ1ïŒçµ¶å¯Ÿçå³æ ŒäžèŽåºæºâé¡ååºæºïŒMirror ImageïŒ ................................ 41 ïŒ2ïŒå®è³ªçäžèŽåºæºâé¡ååºæºã®è¡¡å¹³ ........................................................... 41 ïŒ3ïŒæ°å¯©æ»åºæºâçæ§çæžé¡å¯©æ»å¡ .............................................................. 42 3ãäžåœå®åã«ãããä¿¡çšç¶æžé¡ååŒæ§ã®ç¢ºç« ............................................... 42 4ãä¿¡çšç¶æžé¡ååŒæ§ã«é¢ããå€äŸ ................................................................. 45
1.5.3 ç¬ç«æ§ã»æžé¡ååŒæ§ã®é·æãšçæ ........................................................... 45 1ãçºè¡éè¡ã«ãšã£ãŠã®é·æãšçæ ................................................................. 46 2ãçºè¡äŸé Œäººã«ãšã£ãŠã®é·æãšçæ.............................................................. 46
3ãæå®éè¡ã«ãšã£ãŠã®é·æãšçæ ................................................................. 46 4ãåçè ã«ãšã£ãŠã®é·æãšçæ ..................................................................... 47 1.5.4 ä¿¡çšç¶ãšä¿èšŒç¶......................................................................................... 47 1.6 ç¯ ä¿¡çšç¶ã®èè³æ©èœ ....................................................................................... 47
1.6.1 ä¿¡çšç¶èè³ã®ç¹åŸŽ ..................................................................................... 48 1.6.2 ä¿¡çšç¶ã®æ©èœã«é¢ããå€äŸ ...................................................................... 49 第 2 ç« ä¿¡çšç¶ã®æ³åŸæ çµ ............................................................................................. 49
2.1 ç¯ åœéåæ¥äŒè°æã®èŠå ................................................................................ 49 2.1.1ãICC è·çºæ¿ä¿¡çšç¶ã«é¢ããçµ±äžèŠåããã³æ £äŸã ................................. 49 1ãUCP ã®æŽå²çºå± ......................................................................................... 51 2ãéè¡å®åã®èŠåã§ãã UCP ....................................................................... 53
2.1.2ãè·çºæ¿ä¿¡çšç¶ã«é¢ããçµ±äžèŠåããã³æ £äŸããžã®é»åå瀺ã«é¢ããè¿œè£
ïŒeUCPïŒ ........................................................................................................................ 53 1ã貿æé»åå ................................................................................................... 53
ïŒ1ïŒã»ãã¥ãªãã€åŒ·åãšãµãã©ã€ããšãŒã³ãããŒãžã¡ã³ã ......................... 54 ïŒ2ïŒæžé¡ã®èªåãã§ããã³ã° ......................................................................... 54
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ïŒ3ïŒè²¿æé¢é£æžé¡ã®åºæºå............................................................................. 55 ïŒ4ïŒä¿¡çšç¶éä»ã®é»åå ................................................................................ 55 ïŒ5ïŒä¿¡çšç¶ååŒã«ãããéè¡æ £è¡ã®å€å ...................................................... 55 2ã貿æé»ååã®åå ....................................................................................... 55 ïŒ1ïŒé»åééæžé¡ã®èŠä»¶ ................................................................................ 56 ïŒ2ïŒBoleroïŒãã¬ãïŒ .................................................................................... 57 ïŒ3ïŒTSU ................................................................................................. 57 3ãeUCP ã®é©çšç¯å²ã»å®çŸ© ............................................................................ 57 ïŒ1ïŒeUCP ã®å¶å®ãšå€ç (Version) ............................................................... 57 ïŒ2ïŒeUCP ã®ç¬¬ 1 æ¡é©çšç¯å² ......................................................................... 58 ïŒ3ïŒeUCP ã®ç¬¬ 2 æ¡ UCP ã«å¯Ÿããé¢ä¿........................................................ 58
2.1.3 ãICC å¥çŽä¿èšŒèšŒåžçµ±äžèŠåã(Uniform Rules for Contract Guarantees ; URCG325) ....................................................................................................................... 58
2.1.4 ãICC è«æ±æä¿èšŒã«é¢ããçµ±äžèŠåã(Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantees ; URDG758)................................................................................................ 59
2.1.5 ãåœéã¹ã¿ã³ããã€èŠåãïŒInternational Standby Practices ; ISP98ïŒ ......................................................................................................................................... 59 2.2 ç¯ åœéæ¡çŽïŒãåœé£ç¬ç«æ ä¿ããã³ã¹ã¿ã³ããã€ä¿¡çšç¶æ¡çŽãïŒ ............. 59 2.3 ç¯ æææ³ã®èŠå® .............................................................................................. 59 2.3.1ãã¢ã¡ãªã«çµ±äžåæ³å žã ............................................................................. 60 2.3.2 åœéååŒã«ãããä¿¡çšç¶ã«é¢ããäžåœã®èŠç¯ ......................................... 61 第 3 ç« ä¿¡çšç¶è©æ¬ºã«é¢ããäžè¬çè« .......................................................................... 61 3.1 ç¯ ä¿¡çšç¶ç¬ç«æ§ã®éçãšããŠã®è©æ¬º.............................................................. 61 3.1.1 äŸå€å¶é説 ................................................................................................ 62
3.1.2 äŸå€æ¡åŒµèª¬ ................................................................................................ 64 3.1.3 ä¿¡çšç¶æ©èœä¿å šèª¬ ..................................................................................... 65 3.2 ç¯ ä¿¡çšç¶è©æ¬ºã®æŠå¿µãçš®é¡ããã³çºçåå .................................................. 65 3.2.1 ä¿¡çšç¶è©æ¬ºã®æŠå¿µ ..................................................................................... 65 3.2.2 ä¿¡çšç¶è©æ¬ºã®çš®é¡ ..................................................................................... 65 1ãä¿¡çšç¶ã«ãããæžé¡ã®è©æ¬ºã«ããåé¡ ...................................................... 70 2ãä¿¡çšç¶ã«ãããåœäºè ã«ããåé¡.............................................................. 73
3ãä¿¡çšç¶è©æ¬ºã®åé¡ã«é¢ããå€äŸã®åæ ...................................................... 73 ïŒ1ïŒæžé¡ã®äžå®èšèŒ ....................................................................................... 75 ïŒ2ïŒç¬¬äžè ã«ããæžé¡ã®äžå®èšèŒ ................................................................. 80 ïŒ3ïŒåå ååŒã«ãããååã®ççµ ................................................................. 81
3.2.3 ä¿¡çšç¶è©æ¬ºã®çºçåå ............................................................................. 81
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1ãä¿¡çšç¶è©æ¬ºã®å®¢èŠ³ççºçåå ..................................................................... 82 2ãä¿¡çšç¶è©æ¬ºã®äž»èŠ³ççºçåå ..................................................................... 83
3.3 ç¯ ä¿¡çšç¶è©æ¬ºã®èªå® ....................................................................................... 83 3.3.1 ä¿¡çšç¶è©æ¬ºã®äž»äœ ........................................................................................ 83
1ãç矩説 .......................................................................................................... 83 2ãåºçŸ©èª¬ .......................................................................................................... 85
3.3.2 ä¿¡çšç¶è©æ¬ºã®åºæº ........................................................................................ 85 1ãä¿¡çšç¶è©æ¬ºã®äž»èŠ³çåºæº ............................................................................ 87 2ãä¿¡çšç¶è©æ¬ºã®å®¢èŠ³çåºæº ............................................................................ 89 3ãä¿¡çšç¶è©æ¬ºã®èšŒæåºæº ................................................................................ 91
3.3.3 ä¿¡çšç¶è©æ¬ºã®ç«èšŒè²¬ä»» ............................................................................. 91 1ãç«èšŒè²¬ä»»ã®å®çŸ© ........................................................................................... 91
2ãç«èšŒè²¬ä»»ã®æ³åŸæ§è³ª .................................................................................... 92 3ãä¿¡çšç¶è©æ¬ºã«ããç¬ç«æ§ã®äŸå€ã«ãããç«èšŒè²¬ä»»ã®åé ......................... 93 3.3.4 äžåœæ³åŸã«ãããä¿¡çšç¶è©æ¬ºã«é¢ããèªå® ............................................ 93
1ãä¿¡çšç¶è©æ¬ºã®ç¯å²ã«é¢ããèŠå® ................................................................. 93 2ãè©æ¬ºã®å®æœäž»äœã«é¢ããèŠå® ..................................................................... 94 3ãè©æ¬ºã®äž»èŠ³çæ æ ....................................................................................... 94 4ãè©æ¬ºã®å®¢èŠ³çåºæº ....................................................................................... 94 5ãç«èšŒè²¬ä»» ...................................................................................................... 94
3.4 ç¯ ä¿¡çšç¶è©æ¬ºããã³ä¿¡çšç¶è©æ¬ºçœªã®æ¯èŒ ....................................................... 94 3.4.1 åœéã«ãããä¿¡çšç¶è©æ¬ºãšä¿¡çšç¶è©æ¬ºçœªã«é¢ããèªå® ............................. 94
1ãæ¥æ¬åæ³å ž .................................................................................................. 94 2ããã€ãåæ³å ž ............................................................................................... 95
3ããã©ã³ã¹åæ³å ž ........................................................................................... 95 4ãã¹ãŠã§ãŒãã³åæ³å ž .................................................................................... 95
5ãã€ã®ãªã¹åæ³ã«åºã¥ãä¿¡çšç¶è©æ¬ºçœªã®èŠå® ............................................... 95 ïŒ1ïŒForgery and Counterfeiting Act1981(1981 幎ãåœé ãšæš¡é æ³ã) ....... 96
ïŒ2ïŒFraud Act 2006(2006 幎ãè©æ¬ºæ³ã) ..................................................... 96 3.4.2 äžåœä¿¡çšç¶è©æ¬ºãšä¿¡çšç¶è©æ¬ºçœªã«é¢ããèªå® ......................................... 97
第 4 ç« ä¿¡çšç¶ç¬ç«æ§ã®äŸå€ã®æŠæ³ .............................................................................. 97 4.1 ç¯ ä¿¡çšç¶ç¬ç«æ§ã®äŸå€ã®çºå± ........................................................................ 98 4.2 ç¯ ä¿¡çšç¶ç¬ç«æ§ã®äŸå€ã«é¢ããæ³çã®åæ .................................................. 98
4.2.1 ä¿¡çŸ©èª å®ååã®éå ................................................................................. 99 4.2.2 ååŒå®å šååã®éå ................................................................................. 99 4.2.3 è©æ¬ºã«ããç¡å¹ãŸãã¯åæ¶ã®ååã®éå ................................................ 99
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4.2.4 å ¬åºè¯ä¿ååã®éå ............................................................................... 100 4.3 ç¯ ä¿¡çšç¶ç¬ç«æ§ã®äŸå€ã®äŸ¡å€ ...................................................................... 100
4.3.1 ä¿¡çšç¶ç¬ç«æ§ã«é¢ããå®å šããã³çºå±ã®è£å© ........................................ 100 4.3.2 ä¿¡çšç¶æžé¡ååŒæ§ã®è£è¶³ ........................................................................ 101
第 5 ç« ä¿¡çšç¶ç¬ç«æ§ã®äŸå€ã«ãããæ¯èŒæ³åæ ...................................................... 101 5.1 ç¯ ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®æææ³ã®èŠå® .......................................................................... 101 5.1.1 æ¹æ£åã® UCC 第 5 ç·šã®èŠå® ................................................................. 101 1ãæ¹æ£åã®æ¡æ ............................................................................................. 102 2ãæ¹æ£åã®å ¬åŒè§£é ..................................................................................... 104 3ãæ¹æ£åã®æ¡æã®è¶£æš .................................................................................. 105 5.1.2 æ¹æ£åŸã® UCC 第 5 ç·šã®èŠå® ................................................................. 105 1ãæ¹æ£åŸã®æ¡æ ............................................................................................. 106 2ãæ¹æ£åŸã®å ¬åŒè§£é ..................................................................................... 108 3ãæ¹æ£åŸã®æ¡æã®è¶£æš .................................................................................. 112 4ãæ¹æ£åŸã®æ¡æãš UCP ãšã®é¢é£ ................................................................ 112 5ãæ¹æ£åŸã®æ¡æ解éäžã®åé¡ ....................................................................... 113 5.2 ç¯ ã€ã®ãªã¹å€äŸæ³ã®èŠå® .............................................................................. 113 5.2.1 ã€ã®ãªã¹è£å€æã®æ éãªæ 床 ................................................................ 115 5.2.2 ã€ã®ãªã¹ã«ãããä¿¡çšç¶ç¬ç«æ§ã®äŸå€ãé©çšããå°é£ãªçŸç¶ ............. 115 5.2.3 ã€ã®ãªã¹ã«ãããä¿¡çšç¶ç¬ç«æ§ã®äŸå€ã®ç¢ºç« ....................................... 117 5.3 ç¯ åœéåäºæ £äŸã®èŠå® ................................................................................. 117 5.3.1 UCP ........................................................................................................ 118 5.3.2 URCG ..................................................................................................... 118 5.3.3 URDG ..................................................................................................... 118 5.3.4 ISP98 ...................................................................................................... 118 5.4 ç¯ åœéæ¡çŽã«ãããè©æ¬ºã«é¢ããèŠå®........................................................ 118
5.4.1 çºè¡äŸé Œäººã®èª å®çŸ©åãšåç泚æ矩å .................................................. 119 5.4.2 åç人ã®æš©å©æ¿«çš ................................................................................... 119 5.4.3 çºè¡äŸé Œäººã®è©æ¬ºäŸå€æåŒ .................................................................... 120 5.5 ç¯ äžåœåžæ³å®åã«ãããä¿¡çšç¶è©æ¬ºã«ããç¬ç«æ§ã®äŸå€ .......................... 120
5.5.1 æ°äºè©æ¬ºã®åºæºã«åºã¥ãä¿¡çšç¶è©æ¬ºã®èªå® .......................................... 123 5.5.2 ä¿¡çšç¶ã«ãããè¹è·èšŒåžã®è©æ¬ºã«ããç¬ç«æ§ã®äŸå€ã®ç¢ºç« ................. 128 5.5.3 ä¿¡çšç¶èªäœã®è©æ¬ºã«ããç¬ç«æ§ã®äŸå€ã®ç¢ºç« ....................................... 130 第 6 ç« ä¿¡çšç¶ç¬ç«æ§ã®äŸå€ã®ç«æ³ã¢ãã« ................................................................. 130 6.1 ç¯ å€äŸæ³ãšæææ³äžŠè¡ç«æ³ã¢ãã« ............................................................... 130 6.1.1 ä¿¡çšç¶ç¬ç«æ§ã®äŸå€ã«é¢ããæ¡ä»¶ã®ç¢ºç« .............................................. 130
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6.1.2 ä¿¡çšç¶ç¬ç«æ§ã®äŸå€ã«é¢ããé©çšåºæºã®ç¢ºç« ....................................... 133 6.1.3 ä¿¡çšç¶ç¬ç«æ§ã®äŸå€ã«ããããæéçäŸå€ãã®ç¢ºç« ............................ 134 6.2 ç¯ å€äŸæ³ç«æ³ã¢ãã« ..................................................................................... 134 6.2.1 ã€ã®ãªã¹ .................................................................................................. 134 6.2.2 ã«ãã ..................................................................................................... 135 6.2.3 ãªãŒã¹ãã©ãªã¢....................................................................................... 135 6.2.4 ã·ã³ã¬ããŒã« .......................................................................................... 135 6.3 ç¯ æ°åæ³æ³åŸååã®æŽçšã®ç«æ³ã¢ãã«........................................................ 136 6.3.1 ãã€ãæ³ïŒèª å®ä¿¡çšååïŒ .................................................................... 136 6.3.2 æ¥æ¬ïŒä¿¡çŸ©åãšæš©å©æ¿«çšïŒ .................................................................... 138 6.3.3 ã¹ã€ã¹æ³ïŒè©æ¬ºãšæš©å©æ¿«çšïŒ ................................................................ 138 6.3.4 éåœæ³ïŒä¿¡é ŒååïŒ ............................................................................... 139
6.3.5 ãã©ã³ã¹æ³ïŒæš©å©æ¿«çšã®çŠæ¢ïŒ ............................................................. 140 6.4 ç¯ äžåœã®ç«æ³ã¢ãã«ã®éžæ .......................................................................... 140
6.4.1 ä¿¡çšç¶è©æ¬ºã«ãããç¬ç«æ§ã®äŸå€ã®åç .............................................. 141 6.4.2 çµ±äžåžæ³è§£éã®å¶å® ............................................................................... 143
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