international linear collider - outreach
TRANSCRIPT
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THE INTERNATIONAL LINEAR COLLIDER
From Design to Reality
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oreword:window to the terascale
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Barry C. Barish
J 03
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Philip Burrows
University o Oxord
John Carwardine
Argonne National Laboratory
Marcel Demarteau
Argonne National Laboratory
Brian Foster
DESY and University o Hamburg
Keisuke Fujii
KEK
Michael Harrison
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Nicholas Walker
DESY
Kirk Yamamoto
KEK
Linear Collider Communicators:
Pan Qian, Perrine Royole-
Degieux, Rika Takahashi,
Barbara Warmbein
THE INTERNATIONAL LINEAR COLLIDER FROM DESIGN TO REALITYEDITORIAL COMMITTEE
T V 5 ILC Technical Design Report. I
TDR - . F ..
THE INTERNATIONAL LINEAR COLLIDER
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CONTENTS
3 oreword: Window to the Terascale
0 6 The science behind the new collider 7 T LHC H ?
8 W S M?
0 W H H ?
3 H ILC H ?
5 H S M ?
5 W ?
6 H ILC ILC?
6 W ? A ILC ?
7 W ?
9 T ILC
0 0 Technologies behind the new collider T ILC
S
3 D
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6 P
7 F
8 I
03 30 The organisation without boundaries 3 T j
3 T j
3 T j
33 T j
3 T j
Graphic:f
ormone
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THE sCIENCE bEHIND
THE NEw COLLIDER01|
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J 0
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the lhc has discovered the higgs what does that mean?
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what is the standard model?
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THE sCIENCE bEHIND THE NEw COLLIDER
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Image: orm one
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Image: Rey.Hori
THE sCIENCE bEHIND THE NEw COLLIDER
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Graphic: formone
THE sCIENCE bEHIND THE NEw COLLIDER
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how ar can the standard model go?
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what are dark matter and dark energy?
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what is supersymmetry?and how can the ilc study it?
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HOw Is THE ILC
COmpLEmENTARy TO THE LHC?
The LHC and the ILC provide very dierent
conditions to produce and allow us to study
particles. High-energy interactions o protons
at the LHC proceed via the interactions o the
constituents o protons, the quarks and gluons;
the ILC will study collisions o electrons and
positrons. As electrons and positrons are
elementary particles and have no known internal
structure, linear-collider experiments are able
to study simpler, more elementary processes
without the complicated background present
at the LHC and hence achieve a higher level o
precision. The LHC is already operating, so it
gives us the chance to discover new particles
and to study properties o the known particles
today. The linear collider, with its higher level o
precision, will add qualitatively new knowledge.
It has the potential to reveal new details and
possibly particles that are invisible to the LHC
experiments.
u c t Hg
e W
d s b
Z
Quarks
Leptons
Force particles
Higgs
Image:CERN
THE sCIENCE bEHIND THE NEw COLLIDER
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what are extra dimensions?
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Squarks
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SUSY force particles
Higgsino
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the ilc shaping the utureo particle physics
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TECHNOLOgIEs bEHIND
THE NEw COLLIDER02|
Image: DESY/CEA
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the ilc travel guide:follow the particles on their trip through the
accelerator and discover ingenious technologies
along the way
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E . A
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wHy Is THE LINEAR COLLIDER
LINEAR?
When an electric charge ollows a curved track,
it emits X-rays and loses energy. The higher its
energy, the more energy it loses. The energy loss
also depends on the mass o the particle and is
much more severe or electrons and positrons
than or the LHCs protons. The solution to reach
high energies is to eliminate the curves, hence to
build a linear collider.
wHAT Is A gEv?
An electronvolt, eV, is the basic unit o energy
or mass used in particle physics. It reers to the
amount o energy a single electron gains when
it is accelerated across an electric potential di-
erence o one volt. One eV is extremely small,
and units o a million electronvolts, MeV, or a
billion electronvolts, GeV, are more common.
The latest generation o energy-rontier particle
accelerators, such as the LHC, reaches up to
several trillion electronvolts, or TeV.
1SOURCE
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Image:DESY
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3RING TO MAIN LINAC &
BUNCH COMPRESSION
4MAIN LINAC
TECHNOLOgIEs bEHIND THE NEw COLLIDER
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7INTERACTION POINTAND DETECTORS
TECHNOLOgIEs bEHIND THE NEw COLLIDER
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HOw muCH wILL IT COsT?
For the Technical Design Report, the GDE has produced a valueestimate. Value estimates are a common orm o costing large
international projects that are usually constructed using mainly in-
kind contributions rom participating nations.
The value estimate or the construction o the ILC in the Technical
Design Report is 7.8 billion ILCU together with 23 million person
hours (approximately 13,000 person years) o additional labour
(ILCU stands or ILC value Unit. One ILCU is 1 US Dollar in January
2012. The relation o the ILCU to a currency other than the US
Dollar is determined by purchasing power parity indices published
by the Organization or Economic Co-operation and Development.).
This estimate is averaged over three regional sample sites and
represents the construction cost o a 500 GeV linear collider as
described in the cost chapter o the Technical Design Report.
The variance among the three regional site estimates is about 2%.
The value estimate has an uncertainty o 25%. A more accurate
estimate can be calculated when a host site is identifed and the
international project governance and in-kind contributions are
agreed upon.
wHAT Is supERCONDuCTIvITy
AND supERCONDuCTINg Rf?
Some metals become superconducting when they are cooled down to very
low temperatures, which means that they lose all electrical resistance and
can conduct electricity in an ultra-efcient way. Superconducting radio-
requency cavities are at the heart o the technology in the International
Linear Collider. The ILC will use a voltage generator to fll a hollow
structure called a cavity with an electromagnetic feld. Made out o
pure niobium, the cavities will be chilled to 2 Kelvin, near absolute zero
temperature, at which point niobium is a superconductor and the cavities
have almost no electrical resistance. Inside the cavities, the voltage o
the feld oscillates with a certain requency a radio requency. Charged
particles eel the orce o the electric feld and accelerate. String enough o
these cavities together, and you will have a particle accelerator.
wHAT ARE THE pOssIbLE sTAgEs
Of CONsTRuCTION?
The current design oresees an ILC with a maximum operatingenergy o 500 GeV centre-o-mass energy, i.e. 250 GeV per beam,
which could be raised to one TeV at a later stage by making the
linacs longer. The ILC could also be built as a so-called Higgs
actory: at hal the original design energy, requiring just hal o the
linacs, it could mass-produce and study the new particle ound at
the LHC in great detail. Such a scenario should be considered as a
frst phase o the larger machine.
Image:DESY
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the proect that goes beyondboundaries
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the proect that pushestechnology and other sciences
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the proect that haseconomic impact as its home
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THE ORgANIsATION wITHOuT bOuNDARIEs
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brochurelayout:www.form-one.de
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ISBN 978-3-935702-79-9
Argonne National Laboratory: ANL-HEP-TR-13-20
Brookhaven National Laboratory: BNL-100603-2013-IR
CEA/irfu: IRFU-13-59
CERN: CERN-ATS-2013-037
Cockcroft Institute: Cockcroft-13-10
Cornell University: CLNS 13/2085
DESY: DESY 13-062
Fermilab: FERMILAB TM-2554
INFN: INFN-13-04/LNF
JAI: JAI-2013-001
JINR: JINR E9-2013-35
JLab: JLAB-R-2013-01
KEK: KEK Report 2013-1
KNU: KNU/CHEP-ILC-2013-1
LLNL: LLNL-TR-635539
SLAC: SLAC-R-1004
issued by
www.linearcollider.org