international labour organization · the international labour organization in promoting safety and...

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InternationalLabourOrganization

Introductory Report:Decent Work – Safe Workby

Dr. J. Takala, Director, SafeWorkInternational Labour Office, Geneva

XVIIth World Congress on Safety and Health at Work(Orlando, 18-22 Sep. 2005)

Contributors:

G. Albracht, P.Baichoo, I.Christensen, J. Caborn, I. Fedotov, V.Forastieri,M.Gifford, D. Gold, W.Husberg, T.Kawakami, W.Kim, A.Lopez-Valcarcel,S.Machida, F.Muchiri, M.Nahmias, S.Niu, A. Rice, B. Treichel, N.Watfa.

“… All too often lives are shattered unnecessarily because of poor workingconditions and inadequate safety systems… Let me encourage everyone to jointhe International Labour Organization in promoting safety and health at work.It is not only sound economic policy, it is a basic human right…”.

(Kofi Annan, Secretary-General of the United Nations)

“… Prevention is paying not only in human terms but also in better performanceby businesses and national economic strength. Together we can make sure thatdecent work is safe work ...”.

(Thaksin Shinawatra, Prime Minister of Thailand)

“…Promoting a Safety Culture is the theme of this year’s World Day for Safetyand Health at Work. This promotional initiative is an important complement tothe normative foundation of OSH at work… [We will] work with other nations toimplement the Global Occupational Safety and Health Strategy adopted at the2003 International Labour Conference…”.

(Tarja Halonen, President of Finland)

(Extracts from video messages and speeches delivered on

World Days for Safety and Health at Work, 2003-2005)

Copyright © International Labour Organization 2005

First published (2005)

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Introductory Report: Decent Work – Safe Work

Geneva, International Labour Office, 2005

ISBN 92-2-117750-5 (print)ISBN 92-2-117751-3 (web pdf)

The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice,and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the partof the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of itsauthorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.

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ILO publications can be obtained through major booksellers or ILO local offices in many countries, ordirect from ILO Publications, International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. Cataloguesor lists of new publications are available free of charge from the above address, or by email:[email protected]

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Printed in Italy TUR

Introduction

Throughout the world, there is growing acceptance that accidents and ill-health atwork impact not only on the lives of individual workers, their families and their po-tential for future work, but also the productivity and profitability of their enterprisesand ultimately the welfare of the society in which they live. In short, safety andhealth at work makes good business sense, and maintaining acceptable standards isseen as an integral and key component of societal development, poverty alleviationand of ‘decent work’.

The ILO firmly believes that work-related accidents and ill-health can and indeedmust be prevented, and that action is needed at international, regional, nationaland enterprise levels to achieve this. Yet, globally, the statistics appear to show anincreasing trend in occupational accidents and diseases. As the ILO Director-Gen-eral said when referring to the Decent Work Agenda, “Decent Work must be SafeWork, and we are a long way from achieving that goal”.

The protection of workers against injury and disease has always been a key issue forthe ILO since it was founded in 1919, and many of its activities have been directedto that end. Many Conventions, Recommendations and other instruments on occu-pational safety and health (OSH) have been adopted over the years, and these havehelped to improve working conditions throughout the world. This impetus has beenmaintained, and recent years have seen both the adoption of a Global Strategy forOSH

1, which seeks to integrate and enhance the ILO’s activities in this area, and the

development of a new promotional framework for OSH, intended for adoption as aConvention in 2006.

This report provides an overview of the most recent estimates of occupational andwork-related accidents and diseases, world-wide, some of the causes for recentchanges and what the ILO and its member States are doing to improve conditions inthe workplace for the millions who are at risk from injury.

3

1 ILO: Global strategy for occupational safety and health - Conclusions adopted by the International LabourConference, 91st Session, 2003.

http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/globstrat_e.pdf

I.The global picture: latest estimates ofoccupational accidents and work-relateddiseases

The impact of occupational accidents and diseases (which are 100% work-relatedand often compensatable) and other work-related diseases (which are only partlycaused by work) can be measured using several different indicators. Reported acci-dent and diseases statistics provide perhaps the most direct indicator, but suchdata are often very incomplete since under-reporting is common and official report-ing requirements frequently do not cover all categories of workers anyway – those inthe informal economy for example. Other indicators need to be used as well to ob-tain a fuller picture, such as compensation data, disability pensions and absentee-ism rates, although these too provide incomplete data. For example, no countryrecords and compensates all occupational accidents and diseases, although datafor occupational accidents are more comprehensive than those for occupational dis-eases. These indicators may be linked together, as, for example, when estimatingDisability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs).

The latest global estimates of the numbers of work-related accidents and diseaseshave therefore been based on official statistics from all Regions of the world for2001, particularly from countries that record such data reasonably well, and extrap-olated using a number of indicators as mentioned above. The year of 2001 was cho-sen, since this is the latest year for which internationally comparable data onoccupational accidents and estimates of mortality from the WHO were available.Earlier estimates were based on data from the year 1998.

According to the latest ILO estimates for accidents and diseases, there are globallyabout

2.2 million work-related deaths annually

which represents about a 10% increase on the estimate given in the IntroductoryReport to the XVIth World Congress on Safety and Health at Work in Vienna, 2002

2.

The following tables, and Annex 3, give more details, comparing estimates for 2001with those for 1998 and providing a breakdown by different world regions.

5

2 See http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/wdcongrs/ilo_rep.pdf

Table 1. Progress of estimated and reported fatal and non fatalaccidents, 1998- 2001 (legend, see Table 2 below)

Table 2. Latest Estimates on Work-related Fatalities, caused by bothoccupational accidents and work-related diseases.

World Bank Regions: EME - Established Market Economies; FSE - Former Socialist Econ-omies; IND - India; CHN - China; OAI - Other Asia and Islands;SSA - Sub-Saharan Africa; LAC - Latin-America and Caribbean; MEC - Middle EasternCrescent

6

Introductory Report: Decent Work - Safe Work

Region Economicallyactive population

(2001)

ILO GlobalEstimates on

Fatal Accidents2001

Fatalwork-related

diseasescalculated usingage structures

Work-relatedmortality

calculated usingage structures(accidents and

diseases)

Deaths causedby dangerous

substances (age)

Fatalwork-related

diseasescalculated usinggender structures

Work-relatedmortality

calculated usinggender structures(accidents and

diseases)

EME 419,732,002 15,879 281,364 297,243 64,019 286,998 302,877

FSE 183,089,714 17,416 148,194 165,610 35,512 153,564 170,980

IND 443,860,000 40,133 261,891 302,024 64,894 325,350 365,483

CHN 740,703,800 90,295 386,645 476,940 102,606 414,024 504,319

OAI 415,527,598 76,886 178,786 255,672 54,811 208,402 285,288

SSA 279,680,390 53,292 211,262 264,554 55,811 387,721 441,013

LAC 219,083,179 39,372 108,195 147,567 31,571 116,135 155,507

MEC 135,220,721 17,977 120,725 138,702 29,817 140,941 158,918

WORLD 2,836,897,404 351,251 1,697,061 2,048,312 438,480 2,033,135 2,384,385

Region Economicallyactive

population(2001)

Economicallyactive

population(1998)

Fatalaccidentsreported to

the ILO(2001)

Accidentscausing3+ days'absence

reported tothe ILO(2001)

Fatalaccidentsreported to

the ILO(1998)

Accidentscausing

3 days' (+)absence

reported to theILO (1998)

ILO GlobalEstimateson Fatal

Accidents2001

ILOGlobal

Estimateson Fatal

Accidents1998

Accidentscausing3+ days'absenceAverage(2001)

EME 419,732,002 409,141,496 14,316 7,527,083 14,608 7,631,977 15,879 16,170 12,118,393

FSE 183,089,714 184,717,127 7,853 343,004 8,665 582,287 17,416 21,425 13,291,068

IND 443,860,000 458,720,000 222 928 211 0 40,133 48,176 30,627,865

CHN 740,703,800 708,218,102 12,736 61,329 17,804 75,773 90,295 73,615 68,909,715

OAI 415,527,598 404,487,050 3,051 141,349 5,631 252,499 76,886 83,048 58,676,113

SSA 279,680,390 260,725,947 145 27,015 1,675 47,105 53,292 54,705 40,670,012

LAC 219,083,179 193,426,602 2,009 776,938 6,998 1,699,107 39,372 29,594 30,046,941

MEC 135,220,721 112,906,300 1,416 153,785 1,876 191,164 17,977 18,986 13,719,565

WORLD 2,836,897,404 2,732,342,624 41,748 9,031,431 57,468 10,479,912 351,251 345,719 268,059,671

Table 3. Global Estimated Work-Related Fatalities by Region , absolutenumbers, legend see table 2

The methodology

Global estimates of work-related deaths caused by diseases have been made using at-tributable fractions for work-related mortality due to specific disease categories andinjuries. Calculations were made using two methods: one used the attributable frac-tions for different age structures and the second those for different sexes separately.An attributable fraction can be “interpreted as the fraction of a disease [or injury]which would not have occurred had the factor been nonexistent in the population inquestion”

3. These attributable fractions or percentage figures for different disease

categories are based on data about existing exposures to known factors of work-re-lated diseases and their proven impact on exposure - outcome relationship and mor-bidity to these diseases, in particular, in industrialized countries.

Such studies have been carried out only to a limited extent, if at all, in developingcountries. However, the exposure/disease relationship is expected to be largely con-sistent with that in industrialized countries, although a few exceptions may exist(see ILO Introductory Report to the World Congress in Vienna in 2002

4).

The number of fatal occupational accidents was estimated firstly using reported fre-quency rates of fatal accidents (fatals/100 000 workers) obtained from ILO memberStates that report their accident data most reliably, in three economic sectors:

1. agriculture/fishing/forestry

7

I - The global picture: latest estimates of occupational accidents andwork-related diseases

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

450,000

500,000

EME FSE India China OAI SSA LAC MEC

Accidents and violence

Diseases of the genitourinarysystem

Digestive systems diseases

Neuro-psychiatric conditions

Circulatory systems diseases

Respiratory systems diseases

Malignant neoplasms

Communicable diseases

3 Nurminen M, Karjalainen A.: Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupationalfactors in Finland. Scand J., Work Environment Health 2001; 27(3):161-213

4 www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/wdcongrs/ilo_rep.pdf - ibid

2. manufacturing industries and construction

3. service industries

These rates were complemented by country data when available and then applied tothe total employment figures obtaining the fatality figures by the three economicsectors and by country

5, see Annex 3.

Non-fatal occupational accidents were estimated using the reasonably stable ratioof fatal accidents to non-fatal accidents that cause an absence of 3 days or more.This accident pyramid ratio is roughly 1/1000, or every thousandth accident leadsto a fatality when high quality and reliable recording and notification systems areused. Three different estimates were used:

1. the highest estimate was based on the average reporting rates of Finland,France, Germany and Luxembourg,

2. the lowest estimate was 50% of the above

3. the average estimate, shown in the tables above, was 75 % of the country ratesbetween fatal and non-fatal accidents.

Reported and estimated numbers are shown next to each other. Major factors influ-encing the work-related death figures were listed in the Introductory Report to theWorld Congress in 2002.

A commentary

These figures represent a small but significant increase in the numbers of work-re-lated accidents and diseases since the previous study. There appear to be severalreasons for the increases from previous estimates, the main ones being:

1. The total number of workers (economically active population) has increased.

2. The gender disaggregated results for work-related diseases were clearly higher(2.38 million deaths) than those calculated by both sexes together for specificage groups (2.03 million). These age groups were 15- 29, 30-44, 45-59,60-69 and 70+. Most workers in the older age groups had already retired andestimates were only made for those suffering from diseases with long latencyperiods. The age groups calculations are expected to be more accurate whilethe average value has been taken for the global estimate: 2.2 million.

3. Global figures for fatal accidents were fairly stable and increased only slightly,increasing in developing and decreasing in industrialised countries. Changes,for example in Latin America, reflect new data on both fatal accident rates,better coverage and larger manpower, while the decrease in Indian figures, forexample, is largely based on improvements in reference countries as very lim-ited information was available for India itself.

4. According to latest data, accidents account for the biggest share of work-re-lated mortality in Other Asia and Island and China (Table 4). However, work-re-

8


5 Hämäläinen P., Takala J., Saarela K: Global Estimate of Occupational Accidents, Safety Science, accepted forpublication in 2005.

lated communicable diseases, such as work-related malaria and otherinfectious diseases create the greatest burden in Sub-Saharan Africa and Indiaas well as in other sub-regions. Furthermore, accident victims on average aremuch younger than those suffering from work-related diseases and the poten-tial loss of working life is longer.

5. Although exposure to toxic substances in the workplace are now generallybetter controlled in industrialized countries than they were, many such coun-tries are now witnessing a significant increase in the rate of fatalities from pastexposures to certain substances because of the latency of some diseases. Thisis especially so for asbestos. For example, the UK estimates that at least 3500people in Great Britain die each year from mesothelioma and asbestos-relatedlung cancer and that annual deaths are predicted to go on rising into the nextdecade. There is a big lesson here for those countries that still continue to useasbestos in manufacturing processes.

It is a well-known fact that certain sectors are more dangerous than others. One ofthe key reasons for the favourable declining fatal accident trend in industrializedcountries is the gradual change in patterns of employment: fewer people now workin hazardous sectors, such as steel mills, shipbuilding and ship breaking, agricul-ture, forestry and mining, and more are employed in the relatively safe service sec-tors. Conversely, the industrialization of developing countries is often accompaniedby a rapid increase in numbers of fatal and non-fatal accident rates, with the growthof new factories and the development of the infrastructure, the construction of newbuildings and roads, all of which may employ untrained (and migrant) workers innew environments, exposed to risks hitherto unknown to them. If the experience ofindustrialized countries is to be repeated, fatal and major accidents and disease willcontinue to increase until a plateau is reached, as prevention policies andprogrammes gradually gain momentum, enforcement of legislation begins to takeeffect and workplace risks become properly managed.

This rapid increase of accidents in industrializing countries may be partly explained byimproved recording and compensation systems, which will tend to increase official sta-tistics, although rural and informal economy working populations continue to be out-side such systems. This applies to both legal and compensation coverage as well as tothat of the inspection and occupational health services. Industrial and service sectorsare better covered and thus recording systems produce more realistic figures.

Work-related non-fatal diseases

The causes of work-related diseases are complex6. In some cases a work-related fac-

tor may be the only cause of the disease, but it is much more common for work-re-lated factors to increase the risk of disease together with other factors. Work-relatedfactors also often aggravate an already established disease. Although the ILO re-cently established a new list of occupational diseases

7, the concept of occupational

diseases and recording them depends on administrative decisions in each member

9


6 See, for example, Chapter 3 of Work and Health in the EU, a statistical portrait – Eurostat, EuropeanCommission, 2004 (contact [email protected])

7 The List of Occupational Diseases Recommendation, 2002 (No. 194) –see http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/recdisp1.htm

State. It also appears that the member States that report most occupational dis-eases are those with the best systems of protection, including the recording andcompensation of such diseases.

Work-related diseases are a wider concept than occupational diseases and cover alldiseases where work is a contributory cause. As a hypothetical example, one couldhave 10 cases of diseases for which a work-related factor is estimated to have contrib-uted a 30 % increase in risk in each case, the remaining 70 % being due to causesnot related to work. Epidemiologically, 10 cases of a disease each with a 30 % contri-bution from a harmful occupational exposure would equate to 3 cases of the samedisease that could have been wholly prevented by avoiding the harmful occupationalexposure

8. The way to identify these diseases is to carry out labour force surveys that

take into account the self-reported diseases (and injuries). When these are well doneand when the population surveyed is aware of the possible causes of work-related dis-eases they may provide a good estimate of the magnitude of the problem.

Table 4. Share of absolute figures of fatal occupational injuries,world 2001

The annual number of non-fatal work-related diseases has earlier been estimated to be160 million. The British (1998) and Finnish (2000) surveys on self-reported work-re-lated illnesses came to the conclusion that 7.3% and 8.3% respectively of those em-ployed report annually one or more work-related illnesses that caused absence fromwork. This would mean in the world population – provided that workers are not health-

10


Fatal occupational injuries- total: 351 000

FSE 5%

EME 5%MEC 5%

Africa SSA 15%

Other Asia 22%

India 11%

China 26%

LAC 11%

Established Market Economies

Former Socialist Economies

India

China

Other Asia and Islands

Sub-Saharan Africa

Latin America and the Caribbean

Middle-Eastern Crescent

8 Work and Health in the EU, a statistical portrait – ibid.

ier in other parts of the world – that between 184 and 208 million workers suffer fromwork-related diseases. About 2.3% or 58 million of those suffer from illnesses thatcause 4 days or more absence from work. The EU Labor force survey identified a preva-lence rate of 5372 cases per 100 000 persons a year. In Nigeria a much higher per-centage was found, probably due to the perception that in the informal economy and inagriculture, people work for a much higher proportion of the day. In the UK, the latest(2003-2004) prevalence rate of all self-reported work-related illness was estimated tobe about 4750 per 100,000 workers, with musculo-skeletal disorders and stress, de-pression and anxiety being the most commonly reported

9.

Taking into account the under-employment in a number of countries and the in-creased manpower the earlier estimate of 160 million work-related diseases is rea-sonable for the 2.8 billion work force, if also taking into account non-recorded,part-time, child and other informal sector workers.

Occupational injuries

Although fatal occupational injuries caused by accidents are placed third whenlooking at the main reasons for deaths at work, there are two main aspects that mustbe kept in mind:

(a) Fatal accidents usually occur to workers who could still have had a long workingcareer ahead of them and some occur to young and inexperienced workers. Anew estimate of 22,000 fatalities among working children has been made in us-ing the number of child workers that are in hazardous occupations, 178 millionand the overall fatal accident frequency rate. These deaths thus cause the lossof a large number of lives and working years. In contrast both work-related can-cer and work-related circulatory diseases tend to occur quite late in working life,often after retirement.

(b) While some factors that contribute to work-related diseases are difficult to elimi-nate, such as genetic and inherited sensitivities, occupational accidents are allcaused by preventable factors at the work place. This has been demonstrated bycontinuously reduced accident rates in industrialized countries. Many companiesand some governments have already adopted zero accident targets. This meansthat practically all accidents can be eliminated by a set of known measures. If allILO member States used the best accident prevention strategies and practicesthat are already in place and easily available, some 300,000 deaths (out of total360,000) and 200 million accidents (out of 270 million) could be prevented, notto mention the savings in compensation payments and other economic benefits.

Injuries caused by accidents lead to fatalities only when a number of contributingfactors co-exist simultaneously. Fatal accidents are just the tip of the iceberg. De-pending on the type of job some 500-2,000 smaller injuries take place for each fa-tality. The accident pyramid illustrates the issue (data from R. Skiba, Germany)

10.

11


9 See Health and Safety Statistics highlights 2003-2004, Health and Safety Executive, UK -http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/overall/hssh0304.pdf

10 R.Skiba: Taschenbuch Arbeitsicherheit 10, new edition, p 37, also in Training Material ofSteinbruchs-Berufsgenossenschaft (StBG), 30853 Langenhagen, Germany

Table 5. The relation of fatal accidents, other accidents and incidents

Table 6. Links between hazards, exposures and work-related negativeoutcomes/diseases

Costs of occupational injuries and diseases

The European Union has recently estimated that the costs of occupational acci-dents in EU15 in the year 2000 was 55 billion euro a year and believes that is likelyto be an underestimate. It does not cover costs of work-related diseases that cause1.6 to 2.2 times more days of temporary incapacity than accidents, while there are2.4 times more people reporting long-standing health problems at work. It furtherstates that the costs of problems and disability due to work-related diseases maycause at least two times more temporary and permanent incapacity as compared toaccidents at work. The ILO has estimated that there are 120.000 (116.000–124.000 annual deaths in EU15 caused by work related diseases as compared to

12


1200

1200

5000

70000

Fatal

3+ days absence from work

1-3 days absence

First aid injury

Near accidents

1EU numbers:

1

27 permanent or6 months'+ absence

920 4 days or more absence

1445 non-fatal reported

fatal

1 death

100 diseases

Dose-responserelationship

Working/exposure time

Exposures, quantity

Hazards at workPhysical, ergonomic, chemical, carcinogens,biological, allergens, safety, psycho-social

Multi-outcome

Mul

ti-m

echa

nism

Mul

ti-c

ause

Source: FIOH 30 years of EpidemologySven Henberg Symposium, ILO/SafeWork

some 6000 fatal occupational accidents (see Annex 3 of this report orwww.ilo.org/safework). This may indicate that the above costs figures are still radi-cally small if all work-related diseases and problems are taken into account.

WHO has estimated that 37 % of low back pain, 16% of hearing loss, 13% ofchronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 11% of asthma, and 8% of injuries are re-lated to work. The ILO has estimated that the attributable fractions are as follows,while in ILO calculations some adjustments were made to compensate different ex-posure conditions in selected regions:

Table 7. The attributable fractions related work of various diseases.Fractions (%) are based on largely industrial countryconditions while application of these fractions was adapted toconditions in selected developing countries

Causes Attributable fraction Attributable fraction,men

Attributable fraction,women

Communicable diseases 8.8 4.8 32.5

Malignant neoplasms 8.4 13.8 2.2

Respiratory systems diseases 4.1 6.8 1.1

Circulatory systems diseases 12.4 14.4 6.7

Neuro-psychiatric conditions 3.4 6.6 1.8

Digestive systems diseases 2.1 2.3 1.5

Diseases of the genitourinary system 1.3 3.0 0.4

Furthermore, based on Australian studies related to the work-related attributablefractions of hazardous substances present such fractions listed in Annex 5. The ta-ble shows that hazardous substances are a cause of some 20 % of all work-relatedfatalities and equally a sizeable component of other non-fatal consequences.

All of these attributable fractions give an indication of the magnitude of the costs ofwork-related problems. Schulte

11

has summarized these studies of the Global Bur-den and attributable fractions in his analysis listing the attributable fractions (at-tributable risk) from leukemia (2%) to pneumoconiosis (100%), injuries fraction foroccupational injuries (of all injuries) was listed as 10%.

The Global Burden of Disease and Injury by Murray and Lopez (WHO/World Bank) es-timated that 5 % of the burden is attributed to work in established market economies.This may be also close to the loss of global GDP caused by work-related factors thatthe ILO earlier estimated to be 4%. Table 8 shows the difference of work-related mor-tality and the work related Global Burden caused by all diseases and injuries. Theshare of work related burden increases with the industrial development and reflect thesuccess in eliminating communicable diseases and increasing the role of work-re-lated, usually non-communicable diseases. Accidents are well represented in this cal-culation while work-related diseases may not have been properly covered. One fatalaccident appears to cause an average loss of 14 life years (Murray and Lopez).

13


11 Schulte P.A.: Characterizing the Burden of Occupational Injury and Disease. JOEM, Vol. 47, No. 6,June 2005, pp. 607-622

Table 8: Global Burden of Disease estimates 1996 (being revised)

Work as EME FSE IND CHN OAI SSA LAC MEC World

% of total deaths 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.8 2.7 1.4 3.2 2.4 2.2

% of DALY's 5.0 3.8 2.0 3.9 2.8 1.3 3.7 2.6 2.7

DALY’s: Disability Adjusted Life Years. For ‘EME’ etc, see footnote Table 2

Productivity and competitiveness

An often-heard argument is that poor countries and poor companies cannot affordsafety and health measures. There is no evidence that any country or company inthe long run would have benefited from a low level of safety and health. On the con-trary, recent studies by the World Economic Forum and the Lausanne Institute ofManagement IMD demonstrate that the most competitive countries are also the saf-est. Selecting a low-safety, low-health and low-income survival strategy may notlead to high competitiveness or sustainability.

Table 9 . Competitiveness and Safety

Employability

A large number of unemployed workers have impaired working capacity, eventhough their impairment may not be enough for them to be entitled to a personaldisability pension or compensation. However, the loss of working ability can be ofsuch magnitude that it can seriously reduce his or her re-employability. A construc-

14


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Finla

nd USA

Nether

lands

German

y

Switzer

land

Sweden UK

Austr

alia

Canad

a

Fran

ce

Belgium

Japa

n

Norway

Irelan

dSpa

in

South Af

rica

Hunga

ry

Korea

R.Chil

e

Brazil

Portu

gal i

Malays

a

Thail

and

China

Mexico

Indo

nesia

Russia

Rank

Competitiveness (World Economic Forum)

Fatal accidents/100 000 workers

Sources: World EconomicForum; ILO/SafeWork

tion worker whose back does not tolerate carrying normal loads, for example, or apainter who has asthmatic or allergic reactions caused by exposure to solvent-basedpaints are difficult to employ in the job for which they have been trained. The healthof the unemployed is clearly worse than that of the actively employed. An average ofone third of the unemployed have such complications. A recent study on ill-healthretirement demonstrated that only one third of construction workers reach a normalretirement age while two thirds were placed on ill-health disability pension

12. An av-

erage of 2% of construction workers were hit annually by ill-health disability thatforced them to retire, the more the longer the work exposure.

Gender aspects

Men occupy a large majority of hazardous jobs and therefore they suffer some 80%of occupational deaths. In high-income countries this figure is 86 %. In low-in-come countries, where communicable diseases are much more common, the divi-sion is likely to be balanced.

Recent household surveys carried out in several countries point out that in traditionalagriculture the accident and disease rates are more evenly distributed between thetwogenders. In particular, those outcomes that are causing long-term disabilities andabsences from work, such as musculo-skeletal disorders, are more common for femaleworkers than males. These jobs are often linked to low salary levels.

Age-related aspects

Although the above estimates do not show this, there is evidence that younger workers(aged 15-24) are more likely to suffer non-fatal occupational accidents than their oldercolleagues, while workers over the age of 55 appear to be more likely to suffer fatal acci-dents and ill-health at work than others. The causes for the increase amongst youngworkers are various, including their lack of work experience and understanding of work-place hazards, and better training, supervision and awareness and providing risk educa-tion while still at school can address these causes.

For older workers, the causes are probably more psychosocial and stress-related, butmusculo-skeletal and other ageing factors may play a role too. In industrializedcountries, about 40% of all working age retirements or about 1% of the total em-ployment annually are caused by disability that could shorten working life by some10 years. An average lowering of retirement age is about 5 years e.g. from 65 to 60,which is 14% of the lifetime working capacity of the employed labour force. Cer-tainly, as the age of retirement increases in some countries and experienced workersare being encouraged to continue in their jobs, issues relating to their safety andhealth at work are now being actively addressed – as they are, for example, in theUSA and the EU

13.

15


12 Arndt V., Rothenbacher D., Daniel U a.o.: Construction work and risk of disability: a ten year follow up of 14474 male workers. Occ.Env. Medicine, pp. 559-566

13 See, for example, the Conclusions of the Eurogip Workshop ‘Ageing and occupational risks: how to protectworkers throughout their lives’, 2004 – www.eurogip.fr/pdf/DW%20Eurogip%20Ageing-cqui.pdf

Absenteeism

With increasing pressures to improve business efficiency and productivity, manyemployers are becoming increasingly concerned about worker absenteeism arisingfrom accidents and, more especially, chronic ill-health. An average of 5% of thework force is absent from work every day. This may vary from 2% to 10% dependingon the sector, type of work and management culture. The occupational safety andhealth management (OSH) system of the enterprise is in a key position and can radi-cally reduce these absences caused by accidents, occupational and work-relateddiseases as well as stress and lack of motivation.

Workers’ health promotion and well-being at work

Stress can be a major factor in the causes of work-related accidents and ill-health.It may be also linked to the misuse of alcohol and drugs or have links to work placeviolence, as well as with factors outside the workplace. In many parts of the worldthere may also be a link with HIV/AIDS.

Smoking is clearly a newly recognized major problem at work and methods to pre-vent its harmful effects are basically the same as for any other hazards at work. Ac-cording to one estimate, mortality from occupational exposure to environmentaltobacco smoke (passive smoking at work) causes 2.8% of all lung cancers. The at-tributable fraction of deaths from passive smoking were 1.1% for chronic pulmonarydisease, 4.5% for asthma, 3.4% of ischemic heart disease, and 9.4% forcerebrovascular stroke. This totals about 14 % of all work-related deaths caused bydisease or 200,000 fatalities. Many of these are people in the restaurant, entertain-ment and service sectors while the problem can exist in any occupation.

Active smoking causes ill-health figures that are a magnitude higher. Although itmay be difficult to influence individual behaviour directly at a work place, the man-agement system has a key role in establishing smoke-free, stress-free, violence-freework places, etc. Similarly, both legal and health promotion measures as well as la-bour inspection have key roles in such preventive and control measures.

These facts have been the starting point for the preparation of a new training man-ual for the psycho-social factors at work, called SOLVE, which is considered later.

16


IIMeeting the challenges

A Global Occupational Safety and Health StrategyThe International Labour Conference in June 2003 gave fresh impetus and direc-tion to the global cause of occupational safety and health (OSH). It recognised thegood work done by the ILO and its constituents over many years, but resolved to pro-mote greater international and national effort to raising standards and reducingwork-related accidents and disease worldwide. The Conference Conclusions werewidely circulated

14.

The Conference representing all178 governments and workersand employers organisationsadopted a new Global Strategyfor Occupational Safety andHealth

15, which aims to pro-

mote more of a preventive ap-proach to reducing work-relatedaccidents and diseases and todo so through the wider promo-tion of a preventative safety andhealth culture and better man-agement of OSH at national andat enterprise levels. The Strat-egy contains a structure for fu-ture action under 5 broadheadings, and, using the samestructure, this report summa-rises the activities that havebeen undertaken so far.

Further details of recent na-tional and international outputsand activities are given in An-nex 1, 2 and 4.

17

14 See http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/ilc/ilc91/pdf/pr-22.pdf

15 See http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/integrap/survindex.htmhttp://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/globstrat_e.pdf

1 Promotion, awareness raising and advocacy

The ILO Conference Conclusions underlined the importance of the ILO’s advocacyrole in promoting OSH and endorsed the establishment of an annual internationalsafety and health event.

The World Day for Safety and Health at Work – held on 28 April every year – has nowbecome one of the most important international events for promoting OSH. TheWorld Day builds on the success of the Workers Memorial Day instituted by the In-ternational Confederation of Free Trade Unions in 2001, and it was first held underthis heading in 2003 and again in 2004 and 2005. The main theme for each yearhas been on promoting a preventative safety and health culture in the workplace,with different sub-themes. In 2005, for example, sub-themes were the construc-tion sector and both younger (aged 15-24) and older (aged 55+) workers.

Table 10. World Day Poster – and other documentation – is available inmany languages

In 2004, 111 countries reported awide range of activities related tothe World Day, while in 2005 thefigure rose to 115 countries. Inboth years, Governments, employ-ers and workers committed them-selves to various kinds of events,with Government Ministers andother senior officials, ExecutiveHeads of employers’ and workers’organizations playing an activerole. There has been considerableenthusiasm for improving OSH, allof which served further to publicisethe human and the economic costsof accidents and diseases at work.The occasion was also used tolaunch some new publications,such as a new two-volume RussianOSH Encyclopaedia by the Ministerof Labour.

National TV, radio and newspa-pers covered World Day activitiesacross the globe, and ILO field of-fices reported at least 30 mediareports on events in 2005, in-cluding front-page news articles.

International broadcasting organisations, such as the BBC and CNN, also coveredthe World Day in their global broadcasts. The Prime Minister of Thailand provided avideo message to mark the occasion, while the ILO Director General referred to the

18


World Day at the China Employment Forum on 28 April, underlining of the impor-tance of OSH as a key component of Decent Work, and a video message from himwas also widely distributed and used, both on large screens and on national televi-sion, to publicize the World Day. Further details of what took place during the WorldDay 2005 can be found at www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/worldday/index.htm

This XVIIth World Congress on Safety and Health at Work in Orlando is another keypromotional event for safety and health at work, and the ILO is proud to be one of thethree organizers of the event, along with the U.S. National Safety Council and the In-ternational Social Security Association. Another key event was the Xth InternationalConference on Occupational Respiratory Diseases that was attended by some 500participants in April 2005 in Beijing. This major meeting, like others, has served as aforum for the exchange of technical and practical experience as well placing OSHhigher on international and national agendas and attracting media attention.

In addition to promoting OSH through such publicity, the ILO also seeks to raise thevisibility of its own instruments. It is therefore encouraging to note that many Conven-tions on OSH and related topics, such as labour inspection, have been ratified in re-cent years. In 2004-2005, for example, 28 new ratifications of Conventions werereceived from 17 member States. Many more member States (35 in 2004/05) haveupdated their legislation on OSH, strengthening their inspection systems, and devel-oped national OSH programmes and systems for carrying the programmes into effect.A special promotional conference on Labour Inspection was jointly organised by theGovernment of Luxembourg holding the presidency of the European Union in 2005.

Table 11. ILO/EU - Luxembourg Labour Inspection Conference Conclusions

National OSH policies and programmes havebeen agreed and adopted in many countries,and tripartite groups established to help dis-cuss and formulate sector-specific mea-sures. For example, tripartite nationalconstruction safety committees have beenset up both in Argentina and Colombia, withthe purpose of discussing and formulatingthe respective national policies andprogrammes for that sector. The ILO has alsobeen actively supporting initiatives in somecountries for developing national policiesand programmes, while in others, it has beenworking closely with governments to estab-lish national tripartite advisory bodies forOSH.

19

II - Meeting the challenges

2 Development of new instruments and related guidance

Progress has been made toward adopting new ILO instruments on several topics. Inparticular, the ILO Conference in 2003 called for the development of a new instru-ment establishing a promotional framework for OSH, and a first discussion on thistook place at the International Labour Conference in June 2005. Two Reports IV(1) and IV (2) were published for discussion at the Conference, both of which are en-titled “Promotional framework for occupational safety and health”

16and are avail-

able on the ILO website, as is the Provisional Record of the Conference17. This will

be an important new ILO instrument for promoting OSH at national and enterpriselevels, and a second discussion on it is scheduled to take place in June 2006.

Table 12. Strategic Approach on Occupational Safety and Health

The three main components of the proposed Promotional Framework Convention asexplained in the Table 12 include:

1. Promotion, ratification, adaptation into the national system and implementation of ex-isting ILO instruments, that is Conventions, Recommendations and Codes of Practiceand Guidelines;

20


Strategic Approach for Strengthening ofNational OSH Systems through National Programme

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH SYSTEM

LEGISLATION INSPECTIONKNOWLEDGE,

SUPPORTSERVICES

PROMOTIONADVOCACY

• Promote Safety Culture• Strenghten OSH System• Targeted action:

- Construction, SME’s, Agriculture etc.

National Safe Work Programme

ILO Conventions/Recommendations/Codes/Guidesshould be used as the basis for

programme formulation and System improvements

NAT

ION

AL

TRIP

AR

TITE

AD

VIS

OR

YB

OD

Y

16 See See http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/promoframe.htmwww.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/ilc/ilc93/reports.htm

17 See www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/ilc/ilc93/pdf/pr-18.pdf

2. Strengthening of the national occupational safety system: legal provisions, enforce-ment, compliance and labour inspection capacity and capability, at least basic occu-pational health services, knowledge management, information exchange, research,and support services. Such a system must be based on tripartite collaboration;

3. Establishing a national programme and strategy1818, that has time-bound targets and

indicators to continuously follow up and measure progress through selected indicators.It should be endorsed by highest possible authorities. A starting point for a programmeis a national profile, a review of the existing occupational safety and health situation,see Table 13.

Table 13. National profile is a review of existing safety and healthconditions in a country

Systematic and continuous progress is vital both at the national level as well as at theenterprise level following the same principles as those expressed in the ILO Guidelineson Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems, ILO-OSH 2001.

The objective is to establish an maintain a preventative safety and health culturebased on the workers’ right to safe and healthy work environment and the principleof prevention.

A new (brown) report on the Promotional Framework Convention was released in Au-gust 2005, which contains a draft Convention and Recommendation for the ILOConference discussions in June 2006

19.

21


15/08/2005

Ratification of ILO OSH standards (100-0%)

Labour inspectors, number (0-10/100,000)

Coverage of Labour Inspection (0-100%)

Coverage of Workers´ Compensation(0-100 %)

Coverage of occupationalhealth services (0-100%)

National Policy, Strategy, ProgrammeAction Plan, targets, deadlines (0-10)

National Profile made (0-10)

Asbestos restricted/banned, (0-10 eg.Based on consumption 5-0 kg/capita)

National System on Chemical Safety,based on Conv. 170, GHS, CSDS, ICSC’s (0-10)

Management systems, implementationof ILO-OSH 2001 (0-10)

Recording and notificationsystem on acc/dis. (0-10)

Knowledge management andinformation centre, ILO/CIS (0-10)

Fatal accidents index (basedon fatality 100-0/100,000)

Occupational accident index(based on acc. rate (100-0/1000)

List of Occupational Diseasesand compensation criteria (0-10)

Awareness campaigns, such as April 28 (0-10)100 %

10 100 %

100

0

earlier yearlater year

benchmark country

18 A good model for a national strategy, see: http://www.nohsc.gov.au/nationalstrategy/

19 http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/ilc/ilc95/reports.htm

Other topics raised at the 2003 Conference included new instruments on ergonom-ics and machinery safety, and work has begun on both of these topics. A new studyon ergonomics, for example, has been carried out in collaboration with the Interna-tional Ergonomics Association. The ILO was also requested to convene the first tri-partite meeting of experts to update the List of Occupational DiseasesRecommendation, 2002 (No.194) and this will take place in December 2005. Sci-entific and technical developments over the last decade will be further examined tohelp in the identification and diagnosis of diseases due to work, and in collectingnational lists of occupational diseases.

New guidance has been published on several topics, such occupational radiationprotection in mining and processing of raw materials and on ship breaking in Asiancountries and Turkey. Other guidance has included working papers on smoking atwork and on infectious and other communicable diseases, following a request fromASEAN countries for guidance on SARS

Promotion of existing OSH instruments

The need to apply international OSH instruments and other standards in practicehas been widely advocated. It was encouraging to note, therefore, that in2004-2005, 38 new ratifications were received from 19 member States of OSH-re-lated Conventions, reflecting the efforts of constituents and the ILO in previousyears. A number of OSH instruments have helped to guide the revision of nationallegislation, while technical assistance has been provided to member States whereratification of OSH-related Conventions is being seriously considered.

Annex 6 contains further details of selected Conventions ratified by particular coun-tries and other guidance that has been implemented.

3 Technical assistance and cooperation

National OSH Policy and Programmes

The Conference endorsed the importance of launching national OSH programmesby the highest government authorities, for example by Heads of State or parlia-ments, to help place OSH at the tops of national agendas. The ILO has been workingclosely with member States in creating tripartite consensus towards the formulationof national OSH programmes as well as the eventual development of theprogrammes for continual improvements in national OSH mechanisms and perfor-mance. Initial steps have included advisory discussions with constituents and thedevelopment of national OSH profiles documenting national OSH systems and cir-cumstances as the basis for the identification of priorities.

National OSH policies and programmes have been agreed and adopted in manycountries, and tripartite groups established to help discuss and formulate sec-tor-specific measures. The ILO has also been actively supporting initiatives in somecountries for developing national policies and programmes, while in others, it hasbeen working closely with governments to establish national tripartite advisorybodies for OSH.

22


Decent Work programmes

In order to ensure that national OSH issues are addressed at the policy level, the ILOhas promoted the inclusion of OSH aspects in the National Plans of Action for De-cent Work or Decent Work Country Programmes in several countries. Further infor-mation is given in Annex 4.

Technical Cooperation Projects

Several projects are underway in the construction sector, such as ones funded bythe Republic of Korea taking place in Cambodia, Laos, Mongolia, Thailand and Viet-nam. Another, funded by Spain, covers MERCOSUR countries and Chile and aimsto promote tripartite discussion and the formulation on national policies and fieldprogrammes. In the agriculture sector, a project was launched in Vietnam withfunding from Japan to support the elaboration of a national OSH programme and topromote practical safety measures at local level (WIND).

Several projects have targeted the need to strengthen and modernise labour inspec-torates, to ensure that they are technically competent and focus more on preven-tion. The ILO and its partners have managed a US-funded project aimed atdeveloping a modern labour inspection service in Serbia, for example, and a similarproject in Costa Rica was launched with funding from Canada. Another projectlinked to the UN Global Compact and funded by Germany is being undertaken inpartnership with Volkswagen and its suppliers in Brazil, Mexico and South Africa,training labour inspectorates and developing mechanisms to improve OSH as anintegral part of corporate social responsibility.

Another important area has been the development and implementation of SOLVE, atraining programme addressing psychosocial problems at work, which has contin-ued with financial support from Italy. As at August 2005, 1000 course directors anddelegates have been trained from 40 countries, including ten French-speaking Afri-can countries. SOLVE has been translated into Italian, Spanish, Russian, Thai, Bul-garian and Portuguese with translations into Chinese and German planned. Thesecond edition of SOLVE is currently under preparation, which involves expandingthe programme to cover 6 new subject areas to better meet constituents’ needs. Thenew subject areas are: nutrition, exercise, sleep, gambling, addition to newtechnologies and economic stress.

4 Knowledge development, management anddissemination

The ILO’s International Occupational Safety and Health Information Centre (CIS)continues to play a key role in the international exchange of OSH informationthrough its own information products, through its network of focal points andthrough its support of ILO projects and experts in the field. Links to Centres’ websites are provided by the CIS through its own pages and through a dedicated portal.Combined web access is estimated to be about 1 million hits per month.

23


The ILO Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety has now been madefreely accessible via the CIS website

20and also as hard copy in six languages

(En/Fr/Sp/Ru/Chi/Jap). A new version of the Encyclopaedia CD-ROM within the“SafeWork Bookshelf” also contains the English International Chemical SafetyCards. CIS’s bibliographic database, which is a guide to world literature on OSH,was opened for free Internet access by the end of 2004

21. The database is fully bi-

lingual English-French, and an exchange of letters with the CIS National Centre forSpain will permit the expansion of its Spanish content.

In 2004, the CIS exhausted the technical cooperation resources provided by theGovernment of Finland over 10 years ago. As well as contributing to the publicationof the African and Asian-Pacific Newsletters

22in collaboration with the Finnish In-

stitute of Occupational Health, CIS used the remaining funds to contribute to pro-ducing WIND materials, which help local facilitators carry OSH information toworkers who are not served by conventional information channels. From its own re-sources, CIS also continued to provide literature searches and documentation to ILOexperts in regional and sub-regional offices.

Following extensive collaboration with the Arab Labour Organization (ALO) Instituteof Occupational Health and Safety, the Institute was named a Regional CIS Centre,an initiative that is expected to initiate more exchange of OSH experience betweenILO and ALO. Several CIS Centres in the Arab world helped to translate the Interna-tional Chemical Safety Cards into Arabic. Training on OSH information managementwas provided to the staff of CIS National Centre in Morocco.

French, German and Portuguese editions of the ILO International Classification ofRadiographs of Pneumoconioses have been prepared in order to help promote theuse of this universally recognised ILO standard. Training events have also been or-ganised for occupational physicians in developing countries to upgrade their skillsin using this tool in workers health surveillance. Five member States have launcheda national programme on the Elimination of Silicosis, which means the nationalcommitment and adaptation of the ILO/WHO Global programme targeted to elimi-nate gradually this fatal and incurable disease altogether. Evidence in manycountries show that it is feasible to do so.

5 International Collaboration

The International Labour Conference 2003 highlighted the importance of interna-tional collaboration. One of the ILO’s most important partners in this context is theWHO, and the Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health met in December2003 to discuss ways of reinforcing collaboration between the agencies on topicssuch as the promotion of integrated approaches to OSH, OSH management systemsand priority fields for action in occupational health. The Committee recommended

24


20 See www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/encyclo/index.htmwww.ilo.org/encyclopaedia/

21 See www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/index.htm

22 See http://www.ttl.fi/Internet/English/Information/Electronic+journals/

that collaboration should focus on: 1) guidance and support for national OSHprogrammes, 2) enhancing regional collaboration and coordination, 3) coordinationand enhancement of information and educational programmes and materials, and4) awareness-raising activities and instruments through campaigns, events andspecial days.

ILO/WHO collaboration at the regional and country levels has continued, focusingon the development of national OSH programmes, preparation of country OSH pro-files, silicosis elimination, updating national lists of occupational diseases, ratifica-tion of OSH conventions, extending OSH services to agriculture, SMEs and informalsector. The WHO/ILO African Joint Effort also gained new momentum when the re-gional directors of both agencies signed statement of intent and wrote jointly to min-isters of labour and health in all their member states to mobilize political support fortheir joint efforts in improving OSH in Africa. Activities have been organized for in-formation sharing, training and capacity building, and launching of national OSHprogrammes.

In Latin America, discussions have been held between PAHO, IDB and OEA on OSHpolicy making at regional level, and a workshop on indicators was organized byPAHO for Latin America and the Caribbean with support from the ILO.

In the field of chemical safety international collaboration is extensive: the Interna-tional Programme on Chemical Safety, IPCS, an ILO/WHO/UNEP Programme, pre-pares the International Chemical Safety Cards

23that have been very popular and are

accessed through web and CD-ROMs hundreds of thousands of times, or perhapsclose to million times a month. Other products of the IPCS, such as the Environmen-tal Health Criteria supplement this array of information.

The Inter-Organisation Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals,IOMC

24, coordinates the efforts on chemical safety of seven international organiza-

tions: ILO,WHO, UNEP, FAO, UNIDO, UNITAR, OECD and World Bank and UNDPas observers. One key part of the collaboration relates to the Strategic Approach onInternational Chemicals Managament, SAICM

25, a UN led process that also collabo-

rates with the Intergovernmental Forum for Chemical Safety, IFCS. The Process isexpected to have its 3rd UN Preparatory Committee (PrepCom3) in Vienna simulta-neously during the World Congress in Orlando, and the final Conference in early2006. The results will be reported to the ILO Conference – the ILO’s highest deci-sion making body of some 4000 delegates and 7000 participants through theCommittee on Occupational Safety and Health in June 2006.

International collaboration to reduce exposure to asbestos has also continued. Ofnote, the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions and Global Union Feder-ations, together with the ILO and WHO participated in consultations during the In-ternational Labour Conference in 2005 to intensify action towards the world ban onasbestos. Japan has just decided to ratify the ILO Convention on Asbestos (No. 162)

25


23 http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/index.htmhttp://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/chemsfty/index.htm

24 http://www.who.int/iomc/en/

25 See: http://www.chem.unep.ch/saicm/

and about to be the 35th country to ban asbestos altogether. The ILO has co-ar-ranged a number of meetings and conferences to this end.

The ILO has been collaborating with several international organizations, such asISSA, ICOH, IOHA, IEA and IALI. For example, collaboration with IALI (the Interna-tional Association of Labour Inspection) has focused on promoting the global OSHstrategy through joint conferences, including ones in South-East Asia and in Africa,targeting the construction sector and the role of labour inspection respectively. Onenew joint area of work has been on hazardous child labour, for which the ILO issponsoring IALI to prepare a report on national guidance and practice on this topic.

Collaboration with other international agencies, such as the International AtomicEnergy Agency, the International Maritime Organisation and the UN Institute forTraining and Research (UNITAR) has continued in their respective fields. For exam-ple, the ILO and 7 other international organizations, employers and workers, havecollaborated to produce the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and La-beling of Chemicals (GHS). The GHS is now available in English, French, Chinese,Russian, Spanish and Arabic from the UN Economic Commission for Europe; otherlanguage and web versions will follow. The ILO and UNITAR jointly implement a ca-pacity building programme on GHS, which was successfully piloted in Zambia andSouth Africa and is now being piloted in 6 others (Senegal, Nigeria, the Philippines,Thailand and the Gambia). Collaboration with the International Occupational Hy-giene Association, WHO, the UK Health and Safety Executive and the US NationalInstitute for Occupational Safety and Health, is also underway to finalise a simpleand easy-to-use chemical control toolkit

26.

Many Regional OSH conferences and similar events have also taken place, spon-sored by the ILO as well as national partners. Some events have been entirely de-voted to OSH, while others have covered wider aspects of ‘Decent work’, as with, forexample, a major international conference in Melbourne in April 2005, attended bydelegates from the Pacific Island Countries as well as Australia and New Zealand. Itis hoped that such international events helps to share positive messages about howworkplace conditions can be improved and work-related accidents and ill-healthreduced.

Finally, the ILO has made formal agreements with some international and nationalorganisations to improve the exchange of data and to assist technical cooperation.For example, an agreement was reached with the World Bank on the exchange of la-bour inspection data and the creation of a database on systems, structures and per-formance indicators for labour inspection and OSH.

26


26 See: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/ctrl_banding/index.htm

IIIConclusions

The Global Strategy adopted in 2003 has already had a profound impact on OSHpolicies and programmes at both international and national levels, and the ILO’spresent Programme and Budget are based on this strategy. The ILO’s own perfor-mance against the targets set down in this Programme is summarized in Annex 4.Within the ILO itself, there is greater collaboration between the SafeWorkprogramme and others such as those on HIV/AIDS, migrant workers and on the elim-ination of child labour and forced labour, to ensure coordinated approaches acrossthe ILO.

The systems approach and national programming for OSH are also gaining momen-tum at the national level, and national profiles including a set of indicators of prog-ress are being progressively developed. Continuous and stepwise improvement ofboth national OSH systems and national OSH programmes, which have measurabletargets and are governed by tripartite dialogue, will also help to achieve better OSHoutcomes in reality.

ILO SafeWorkSeptember 2005

27

ANNEX 1Key recent ILO outputs include: www.ilo.org/safework

� Global Strategy on Occupational Safety and Health, Conclusions adopted by theInternational Labour Conference, 91st Session, 2003

� Protocol No. 155 on Recording and Notification of Occupational Accidents andDiseases, and Recommendation No. 194 on the List of Occupational Diseases,adopted almost unanimously by the International Labour Conference in June 2002

� 64 ratifications by member States of ILO Conventions on safety and health (of atotal of 345 ratifications of any ILO Convention)

� Code of Practice on Shipbreaking, 2004

� Guidelines of Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems, ILO-OSH2001, translated into some 22 languages, adopted by several member States

� Globally Harmonized System for Classification and Labelling of Chemicals, a jointproduct of employers, workers and 8 international organizations, UNCED/Agenda21, available in several languages and adopted by several countries

� SARS Practical and administrative responses to an infectious disease in theworkplace

� Workplace Smoking. Working Paper on a Review of National and Local Practical andRegulatory Measures

� World Day Reports on 2003,2004 and 2005

� Labour Inspection Booklet, in English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian

� ILO-OSH Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systemstranslated into 21 languages

� SOLVE Manuals and action on psycho-social issues in English, French, Spanish,Bulgarian and German

� Labour Inspection, a guide to the profession" translated to several languages:Russian, Ukrainian, Polish, Vietnamese, Chinese, Serbian

� A Training package on psycho-social factors at work called SOLVE on stress,work-place violence, alcohol and drugs, tobacco and HIV/AIDS at work

� A new ILO-AIDS Programme established and launched and linked to UNAIDS

� 1, 491 Chemical Safety Cards available electronically and as printed into some 20languages

� ILO Encyclopaedia on Occupational Health and Safety, translations and variousversions (electronic CD-ROMs and Web, and printed) in Spanish, Chinese, Russian,French, Japanese, and large components in Korean, on web and CD-ROMs

� 12 ILO/CIS Bulletins in English and French on world safety and health literature,laws, regulations, training materials, data sheets. Spanish version made in Spain

� 9 issues of both the Asian-Pacific Newsletter on Occupational Health and Safetyand the African Newsletter on Occupational Health and Safety, in collaboration withthe Finnish Institute of Occupational Health

� 136 National and Collaboration ILO/CIS Centres

� National SafeWork Programmes established in several member States and tools andmethods developed for establishing such Programmes based on a National Profile

28


ANNEX 2References (numbers do not relate to footnotes above)

International and national OSH statistics

1. ILO estimates of occupational accidents and work-related diseaseswww.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/accidis/index.htm

2. Nurminen M, Karjalainen A.: Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalitiesrelated to occupational factors in Finland. Scand J., Work Environment Health2001; 27(3):161-213

3. Health and Safety Statistics highlights 2003-2004, Health and Safety Executive,UK, HM Stationery Office, Norwich, UK.

4. Work and Health in the EU, a statistical portrait - Eurostat, European Commission,2004 (contact [email protected] )

5. A statistical analysis of socio-economic costs of accidents at work in the EuropeanUnion - Eurostat, European Commission, 2004(contact [email protected]).

OSH Encyclopaedia and database

6. The Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, Fourth Edition, available ashard copies in English, Spanish, Chinese, Russian, French, Japanese, alsoCD-ROMs, from ILO Publications, Geneva, and website:www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/encyclo/index.htm

and http://www.ilo.org/encyclopaedia/

7. CISDOC database, English, French and Spanish, www.ilo.org/dyn/cisdoc/index_html

8. African and Asian-Pacific Newsletters on Occupational Safety and Health:http://www.ttl.fi/Internet/English/Information/Electronic+journals/

Occupational health

9. Murray C., Lopez A.: Global Burden of Disease. WHO/Harvard School of PublicHealth., Geneva 1996

10. Takala J.: Indicators of death, disability and disease. African and Asian PacificNewsletters on Occupational Health and Safety, 2000www.occuphealth.fi/NR/rdonlyres/7B710A9E-941B-4134-A680-65A9137DB409/0/apn_2000_1.pdf

11. Papers for the 13th Session of the Joint ILO/WHO Committee on OccupationalHealth, 2003www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/health/session13/index.htm

12. Working paper on SARS: practical and administrative responses to an infectiousdisease in the workplace, 2004www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/accidis/sars.pdf

13. Workplace smoking. A review of national and local practical and regulatorymeasures, 2004www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/tobacco/tobacco_report.pdf

29

14. The SOLVE Homepage -www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/whpwb/solve/index.htm

15. Arndt V., Rothenbacher D., Daniel U a.o.: Construction work and risk of disability:a ten year follow up of 14 474 male workers. Occ.Env. Medicine, pp. 559-566

Chemical safety

16. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicalswww.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/chemsfty/ghs.htm

17. International Chemical Safety Cards,www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/index.htm

The 'business case' for OSH

18. World Economic Forum - Global Competitiveness Report 2001-2004,www.weforum.org/gcp and http://www.weforum.org/site/homepublic.nsf/Content/Global+Competitiveness+Programme%5CGlobal+Competitiveness+Report

19. IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook,http://www02.imd.ch/documents/wcy/content/ranking.pdf

20. Schulte P.A.: Characterizing the Burden of Occupational Injury and Disease. JOEM,Vol. 47, No. 6, June 2005, pp. 607-622

Inspection systems - guidance

21. Labour Inspection - a guide to the profession, ILO. 2002 - ILO publication,available in English, Chinese, Vietnamese, Russian, Ukrainian. See alsowww.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/labinsp/guide.pdf

22. Combating child labour: a handbook for labour inspectors, ILO, 2002

23. Labour Inspection brochure, published by the ILO and the Government ofLuxembourg, 2005 -www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/labinsp/li_brochure_text.pdf

24. A handbook on HIV/AIDS for labour and factory inspectors - ILO, 2005

Committee on Safety and Health, International Labour Conferences 2003 and 2005 -documents and reports

25. ILO OSH Survey Responses and Background Documents, 2003 -www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/integrap/docs/docs.htm

26. Report VI - ILO standards-related activities in the area of occupational safety andhealth, 2003 - www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/ilc/ilc91/pdf/rep-vi.pdf

27. Global strategy for occupational safety and health, ILO, 2003 -http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/globstrat_e.pdf

28. Progress in the implementation of the Global Occupational Safety and HealthStrategy 2003 - paper to ILO Governing Body, November 2004 -www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/gb/docs/gb291/pdf/esp-4.pdf

29. Report IV (1) - Promotional framework for occupational safety and health, 2004 -www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/ilc/ilc93/pdf/rep-iv-1.pdf

30. Report IV (2) - Promotional framework for occupational safety and health, 2005-http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/ilc/ilc93/pdf/rep-iv-2.pdf

30


World Day for Safety and Health at Work - reports

31. World Day for Safety and Health at Work, 2003, 2004 and 2005, homepages -www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/worldday/index.htm

32. Safety in Numbers - pointers for a global safety culture at work, 2003 -www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/worldday/report_eng.pdf

Other useful references

33. Paananen S.: Dangers at Work - Perceived occupational diseases, accidents andviolence at work in 1999. Statistics Finland 2000:15, Helsinki, Finland, 2000

34. Catalogue of ILO Publications on Occupational Safety and Health, Edition 2000,http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/publicat/index.htm

35. ILO-OSH 2001 Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health ManagementSystems, ILO Geneva, 2001, www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/managmnt/index.htm

36. International and National Standards on occupational safety and health, ILOStandards and Codes of Practice and national legislation data sources, CD-ROM,Geneva 2002, and www.ilo.org/safework

37. ILO programme implementation 2002-03, March 2004 -http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/gb/docs/gb289/pdf/pfa-10.pdf

38. A model national occupational safety and health strategy from Australia:http://www.nohsc.gov.au/nationalstrategy/

39. Hämäläinen P., Takala J., Saarela K.: Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents.Safety Science. Accepted for publication 2005

31

Annex 2

32


AN

NEX

3G

loba

lEst

imat

esof

Fata

litie

sC

ause

dby

Wor

k-re

late

dD

isea

ses

and

Acc

iden

ts,2

00

2O

ccup

atio

nala

ccid

ent

and

wor

k-re

late

ddi

seas

efigu

res

byW

orld

Ban

kdi

visi

ons

Tabl

e1

a.W

orld

-wid

eoc

cupa

tion

alac

cide

ntan

dw

ork-

rela

tddi

seas

efi

gure

s

Eco

nom

ical

lyac

tive

popu

lation

(2001)

Eco

nom

ical

lyac

tive

popu

lation

(1998)

Tota

lem

ploy

men

t(2

001)

Fata

lac

cide

nts

repo

rted

toth

eIL

O(2

001)

Acc

iden

tca

usin

g3

days

'ab

senc

ere

port

edto

the

ILO

(2001)

Fata

lac

cide

nts

repo

rted

toth

eIL

O(1

998)

Acc

iden

tsca

usin

g3

days

'(+)

abse

nce

repo

rted

toth

eIL

O(1

998)

ILO

Glo

bal

Est

imat

eson

Fata

lA

ccid

ents

2001

ILO

Glo

bal

Est

imat

eson

Fata

lA

ccid

ents

1998

Acc

iden

tsca

usin

g3

days

'(+)

abse

nce

Low

erlim

it(2

001)

Acc

iden

tsca

usin

g3

days

'(+)

abse

nce

Upp

erlim

it(2

001)

Acc

iden

tsca

usin

g3

days

'(+)

abse

nce

Ave

rage

(2001)

Ave

rage

(1998)

Fata

lw

ork-

rela

ted

dise

ases

calc

ulat

edus

ing

age

stru

ctur

es

Wor

k-re

late

dm

orta

lity

calc

ulat

edus

ing

age

stru

ctur

es(a

ccid

ents

and

dise

ases

)

Dea

ths

caus

edby

dang

erou

ssu

bsta

nces

(age

)

Fata

lw

ork-

rela

ted

dise

ases

calc

ulat

edus

ing

gend

erst

ruct

ures

Wor

k-re

late

dm

orta

lity

calc

ulat

edus

ing

gend

erst

ruct

ures

(acc

iden

tsan

ddi

seas

es)

EM

E4

19

,73

2,0

02

40

9,1

41

,49

63

94

,72

0,9

47

14

,31

67

,52

7,0

83

14

,60

87

,63

1,9

77

15

,87

91

6,1

70

8,3

57

,51

21

5,8

79

,27

41

2,1

18

,39

31

2,3

40

,21

62

81

,36

42

97

,24

36

4,0

19

28

6,9

98

30

2,8

77

FSE

18

3,0

89

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41

84

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27

16

1,7

62

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87

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33

43

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48

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55

82

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16

21

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59

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54

17

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13

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1,0

68

16

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68

14

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94

16

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10

35

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53

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41

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0

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44

3,8

60

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04

58

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00

40

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10

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92

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11

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0,1

33

48

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22

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33

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53

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27

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53

6,7

65

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02

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46

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32

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50

36

5,4

83

CH

N7

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18

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33

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00

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1,3

29

17

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47

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73

90

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57

3,6

15

47

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3,9

41

90

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5,4

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68

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9,7

15

56

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42

38

6,6

45

47

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40

10

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98

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25

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54

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8

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26

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47

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51

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54

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05

53

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25

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28

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39

40

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41

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23

21

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55

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13

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41

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3

LAC

21

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83

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93

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6,6

02

19

2,0

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72

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76

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86

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07

39

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22

9,5

94

20

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2,0

28

39

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1,8

53

30

,04

6,9

41

22

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4,7

26

10

8,1

95

14

7,5

67

31

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11

16

,13

51

55

,50

7

ME

C1

35

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0,7

21

11

2,9

06

,30

07

6,4

43

,25

51

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61

53

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51

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61

91

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41

7,9

77

18

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69

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1,7

69

17

,97

7,3

61

13

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9,5

65

14

,48

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30

12

0,7

25

13

8,7

02

29

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40

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11

58

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8

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RLD

2,8

36

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7,4

04

2,7

32

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2,6

24

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25

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39

41

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1,4

31

57

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81

0,4

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51

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13

45

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38

35

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50

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68

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26

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38

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11

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61

2,0

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38

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02

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35

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84

,38

5

Lege

nd,

see:

Intr

oduc

tory

Rep

ort,

Tabl

e2

33

Annex 3Ta

ble

1b.

Occ

upat

iona

lacc

iden

tan

dw

ork-

rela

ted

dise

ase

figu

res

for

Est

ablis

hed

Mar

ket

Eco

nom

ies,

EM

E(2

00

1)

Cou

ntry

Eco

nom

ical

lyac

tive

popu

lation

Tota

lem

ploy

men

tLa

bour

stru

ctur

eA

ccid

ent

caus

ing

3+

days

'abs

ence

Wor

k-re

late

ddi

seas

esW

ork-

rela

ted

mor

talit

yD

eath

sca

used

byda

nger

ous

subs

tanc

es

num

ber

perc

ent

num

ber

Agr

icul

ture

Indu

stry

Ser

vice

Fata

lac

cide

nts

repo

rted

toth

eIL

O(2

001)

Acc

iden

tsca

usin

g3

+da

ys'a

bsen

cere

port

edto

the

ILO

(20

01

)

ILO

Est

imat

eFa

tal

acci

dent

s

ILO

Est

imat

eLo

wer

limit

(0,1

9%

)

ILO

Est

imat

eU

pper

limit

(0,1

0%

)

ILO

Est

imat

eAve

rage

deat

hs(a

ge)

deat

hs(a

ge)

num

ber

(age

)

And

orra

33

,00

05

52

7,0

00

27

05

,67

02

1,0

60

--

19

19

4

Aus

tral

ia9

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00

64

9,1

23

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04

56

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52

,00

7,2

58

6,6

60

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72

10

12

2,9

30

23

61

24

,45

32

36

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01

80

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66

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46

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01

,45

2

Can

ada

16

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6,2

00

66

15

,07

6,8

00

45

2,3

04

3,4

67

,66

41

1,1

56

,83

29

19

37

3,2

16

1,0

35

54

4,6

28

1,0

34

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47

89

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11

0,7

47

11

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22

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8

Gib

ralt

ar1

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00

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13

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10

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72

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59

--

10

10

2

Icel

and

16

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00

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15

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00

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62

1,6

24

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15

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26

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13

11

42

5

Japa

n6

7,5

20

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05

36

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20

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03

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00

16

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0,0

00

44

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00

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90

13

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87

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16

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60

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12

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40

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38

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54

5,7

06

47

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11

0,2

78

Mal

ta1

55

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01

45

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93

4,9

41

10

3,3

67

65

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56

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56

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56

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41

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24

New

Zeal

and

1,9

25

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05

01

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00

18

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40

45

5,8

50

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06

92

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33

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40

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27

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59

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31

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01

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way

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61

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20

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28

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22

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41

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23

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35

9

San

Mar

ino

19

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81

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itze

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56

Uni

ted

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tes

14

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35

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39

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8

Aus

tria

3,9

40

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05

83

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00

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84

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01

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32

12

2-

13

77

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01

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10

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37

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08

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61

3

Bel

gium

4,4

00

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04

34

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00

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57

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21

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40

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27

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39

Den

mar

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25

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63

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29

50

43

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62

9,6

32

56

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04

2,9

66

1,9

42

1,9

99

43

0

Finl

and

2,6

26

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05

12

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00

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40

66

1,4

76

1,5

35

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33

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80

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ce2

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man

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ece

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The

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Tabl

e1

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lation

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3+

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ence

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001)

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iden

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days

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senc

ere

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edto

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Est

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tal

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dent

s

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limit

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0%

)

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rage

deat

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ge)

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ber

(age

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47

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41

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and

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gary

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ia(1

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21

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03

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03

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28

Mak

edon

ia,

the

form

erYo

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licof

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edon

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86

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40

59

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31

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dova

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the

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2

(1)

Pre

sent

lyin

EU

25

35

Annex 3

Tabl

e1

d.O

ccup

atio

nala

ccid

ent

and

wor

k-re

late

ddi

seas

efi

gure

sfo

rIn

dia

and

Chi

na(2

00

1)

Cou

ntry

Eco

nom

ical

lyac

tive

popu

lation

Tota

lem

ploy

men

tLa

bour

stru

ctur

eW

ork-

rela

ted

fata

lacc

iden

tsby

sect

orA

ccid

ent

caus

ing

3+

days

'abs

ence

Wor

k-re

late

ddi

seas

esW

ork-

rela

ted

mor

talit

yD

eath

sca

used

byda

nger

ous

subs

tanc

es

num

ber

perc

ent

num

ber

Agr

icul

ture

Indu

stry

Ser

vice

Agr

icul

ture

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stry

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vice

Fata

lac

cide

nts

repo

rted

toth

eIL

O(2

001)

Acc

iden

tsca

usin

g3

+da

ys'

abse

nce

repo

rted

toth

eIL

O(2

001)

ILO

Est

imat

eFa

tal

acci

dent

s

ILO

Est

imat

eLo

wer

limit

(0,1

9%

)

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Est

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eU

pper

limit

(0,1

0%

)

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Est

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eAve

rage

deat

hs(a

ge)

deat

hs(a

ge)

num

ber

(age

)

Indi

a4

43

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0,0

00

43

40

2,5

10

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02

41

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6,0

00

68

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6,7

00

90

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4,7

50

22

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51

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29

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09

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28

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32

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27

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52

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13

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41

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12

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21

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14

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74

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56

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1

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gK

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3,4

27

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05

13

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00

03

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32

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4,5

47

07

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17

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61

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5

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05

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02

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6,9

24

13

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48

01

58

63

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52

31

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44

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41

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99

Chi

nato

tal

74

0,7

03

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07

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24

35

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91

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12

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66

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29

90

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54

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23

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19

0,2

95

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96

8,9

09

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53

86

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54

76

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01

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6

Tabl

e1

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ccup

atio

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ccid

ent

and

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k-re

late

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seas

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gure

sfo

rO

ther

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aan

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land

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(20

01

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ntry

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nom

ical

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tive

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lation

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lem

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bour

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ctur

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ork-

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ted

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tsby

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orA

ccid

ent

caus

ing

3+

days

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ence

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k-re

late

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seas

esW

ork-

rela

ted

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talit

yD

eath

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used

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ous

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tanc

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ber

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ent

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ber

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ture

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stry

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ture

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001)

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iden

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usin

g3

+da

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nce

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001)

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Est

imat

eFa

tal

acci

dent

s

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eLo

wer

limit

(0,1

9%

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pper

limit

(0,1

0%

)

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Est

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eAve

rage

deat

hs(a

ge)

deat

hs(a

ge)

num

ber

(age

)

Afg

hani

stan

10

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0,0

00

37

-8

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0,0

00

1,0

00

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01

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00

2,4

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12

07

02

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2,6

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02

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37

3,9

39

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17

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19

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glad

esh

60

,29

1,0

00

47

51

,76

4,0

00

32

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1,3

20

5,6

94

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01

3,4

58

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01

0,1

42

68

39

42

11

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86

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11

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80

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36

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huta

nB

rune

i1

43

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04

3-

14

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06

0,2

28

68

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24

75

17

8,6

87

16

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51

2,5

96

56

73

16

Cam

bodi

a6

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0,0

00

45

6,2

43

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94

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0,0

63

43

7,0

33

1,1

86

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31

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28

31

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28

27

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71

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2,3

20

1,1

99

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82

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64

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89

73

Com

oros

25

2,0

00

37

-2

01

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02

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0,7

25

13

8,7

02

29

,81

7

ANNEX 4Some national and international OSH development andactivities, 2004-2005

Major progress in the development of national OSH and inspection policies

18 countries have developed national OSH profiles based on ILO guidance, namelyAzerbaijan, Benin, China, Egypt, Georgia, Guatemala, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait,Kyrgyzstan, Mexico, Mongolia, Pakistan, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania,Uzbekistan and Yemen while national OSH profiles are being prepared in others: Algeria,Costa Rica, Croatia, Iran, Malaysia, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Panama, Seychelles, SriLanka, Tajikistan, Vietnam.

9 countries included OSH aspects in their national plans of action for Decent Work:Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Guatemala, India, Morocco, Nepal, Nicaragua, Panama, Sri Lanka,while Panama, Nicaragua and Guatemala are developing the OSH component of theDecent work national programmes.

35 countries made progress in this area, including:

� the adoption of a new OSH Act or revision of present legislation in Ethiopia, Ireland,Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Morocco, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Uganda,United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Tanzania

� setting up a National Safety and Health Committees: Algeria has set up a newNIOSH and revitalized its tripartite Conseil supérieur de la Prévention, Argentina,Botswana and Columbia, in the United Arab Emirates, the OSH Unit of the Ministryof Labour is being restructured. Serbia is revitalising its National Council on OSH.

� Signing agreements/accords with a key component on OSH Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan,Russia, South Africa, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. An agreement signed with theGulf Cooperation Council resulted with ILO assistance in the revision of legislationin the field of OSH and the preparation of OSH guides for the oil and petrochemicalindustries. A collaboration agreement signed by the IAPRP (Inter-Africaine dePrévention des risques Professionnels) with particular focus on the development ofa specialised university degree for occupational physicians. Protocols of Cooperationhave been signed between the Polish National Labour Inspection and counterpartsin Bulgaria, Serbia and Ukraine

� implementation of legislative reform on integrated labour inspection: Armenia,Bulgaria, Chile, Costa Rica, Vietnam, Serbia. Laos included the development of anintegrated labour inspection into their 5-year national action plan.

Elsewhere, projects to strengthen the capacity of labour inspectorates have beensponsored by the ILO, its partners and donor organisations. In the Republic of Serbia, forexample, a 2-year long project to improve the effectiveness of the labour inspectorate andsocial partners has almost been finished.

The Nordic countries (Finland, Island, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark) developed theso-called "scoreboard", a tool to measure and compare performances of their labourinspectorates but intended for use in other EU countries as well. The idea has been takenup in Africa, where Ministers in ARLAC approved an action plan for strengthening labourinspection and an integrated system, with an African version of the Scoreboard.

40


Launching of national OSH programmes

National OSH programmes were launched in several countries:

� Brazil and South Africa: a National Programme for the Elimination of Silicosiswas launched - for Brazil on the occasion of the World Safety Day 2004

� Kazakhstan: a new national OSH programme was approved

� Kyrgyzstan: the present OSH programme updated, implementing a programme onOSH in agriculture

� Mongolia: launched a national OSH programme in 2005

� Russia: the national OSH programme 2003-2015 was adopted by the RussianAcademy of Medical Science & the Ministry of Health.

� Thailand: a National OSH programme was launched in 2003

� Brazil, Mexico and South Africa launched action programmes for OSH andsupply chain management, driven by national authorities.

� Moldova: a national programme on labour protection in the agricultural sectorwas adopted by Parliamentary Resolution in 2003, detailing actions, responsibleagencies and a time frame.

Ratification of ILO Conventions and application of code of practices, guides etc

The ILO has received 29 notifications of ratifications from 18 member States for thefollowing Conventions: No. 81: Albania, Armenia, Estonia, Indonesia, Ukraine;No. 129: Estonia, Ukraine, No. 148: Poland, Lebanon No. 152: Lebanon, RussianFederation, Turkey, No 155 : Albania (and P 155), Australia, Finland ( P 155), SaoTome and Principe, Turkey, El Salvador (P 155); No. 161: Poland, Turkey; No.162:Japan; No. 167: Uruguay, No. 170: Poland No. 174: Belgium, Lebanon; No. 184:Kyrgyzstan, Sao Tome and Principe, Sweden, Uruguay.

The European Union adopted the EU "Common principles" which are based on ILOConvention 81 and valid for 25 EU Member/ Accession States. The Minister of Labourof Luxembourg officially declared to ratify 21 OSH conventions as a result of an ILOLabour Inspection Audit.

The 10th International Conference on Occupational Respiratory Diseases (10thICORD), organized jointly with the government of China (April 2005) paved the way forfuture ratifications of Conventions No. 139, 161, 162 and 170. It also provided a newimpetus for national, regional and international action and strengthened cooperationwith WHO, ICOH and IOHA.

OSH Management Systems

The 2003 Conference Conclusions emphasised the promotion and implementation of asystems approach to the management of OSH, using the guidance provided by the ILOGuidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems (ILO-OSH 2001).Promotion and dissemination of ILO-OSH 2001 continues with the guidelines nowavailable in 21 languages (Arabic, Bulgarian, Chinese, Czech, English, Finnish, French,Georgian, German, Hebrew, Hindi, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Polish, Portuguese,Russian, Spanish, Thai, Urdu and Vietnamese). SafeWork has expanded its website toinclude the translated versions for downloading as well as providing links to other sites.

Many countries, such as Argentina, Ireland and Israel, have officially adopted ILO-OSH2001 as the national basis for their own OSH management systems, while others, suchas Japan, China and Malaysia, adopted their own standard based on Guidelines. France

41

Annexes 4

adopted the Guidelines by means of a tripartite resolution by its national standardsorganisation, AFNOR. Indonesia adopted new legislation requiring every enterprise toapply an equivalent national standard. China promoted their national guidelines andhave so far certified 4,000 enterprises and registered 47,000 auditors.

Work Improvement in Neighbourhood Development (WIND) methodology used toimprove working and living conditions, safety and health in rural communities:

WIND activities took place in Ethiopia, where the programme is being introduced into theDecent Work Country Programme targeting the reduction of vulnerability of ruralcommunities. In Ethiopia and Kenya, case studies with good practices on workers'nutrition were established to be part of an international publication on workers' nutrition

The WIND methodology was adapted to small-scale rural informal sector in Kyrgyzstan,and a WIND manual is ready in Kyrgyz and Russian. Projects are under development inMoldova and Senegal.

Specific hazards and risks

Asbestos

See also the main body of text on this subject. Several more countries have introduceda partial or complete ban on the use of Asbestos, including Argentina, Australia, Egypt,Gabon and Lithuania. Brazil is in the process of letting it phase out, which will increasethe number of countries who have banned and restricted use of asbestos to 34.

Psychosocial issues

In 2004, 20 countries adopted an action programme based on psychosocial issues(SOLVE): Burkina Faso, Belgium, Benin, Brazil, Cameroon, Canada, Cote d'Ivoire,India, Italy, Malaysia, Namibia, Philippines, Senegal, South Africa, Sri Lanka,Swaziland, Switzerland and Thailand, USA, Zambia.

In 2005, 7 additional countries have engaged in programmes related to SOLVEincluding Bulgaria, Cyprus, India, Ireland, Nepal, Spain and the United Kingdom. Inaddition, two major North American Trade Unions, the International Association ofMachinists and Aerospace Workers and the Quebec Federation of Labour have adoptedthe SOLVE Programme. Also a number of employers are using SOLVE to addresspsychosocial problems at work.

HIV/AIDS strategies

Much more information about HIV/AIDS programmes in the workplace is availableelsewhere. Here it may be noted that several Regions have been taking positive actionto integrate policies and programmes on HIV/AIDS and labour inspection. For example,Jordan, Lebanon and Syria prepared a Regional Strategy for HIV/AIDS prevention, careand reduction of vulnerability in priority areas of action, and labour inspectors havebeen fully trained on HIV/AIDS using ILO materials.

In 2005, the ILO produced a publication entitled "A handbook on HIV/AIDS for labourand factory inspectors".

Hazardous child labour

Collaboration to combat hazardous child labour has continued at international andnational levels. The ILO has given assistance to several countries in the preparation oflists of hazardous work, in developing training manuals on combating hazardous childlabour and in setting up child labour monitoring units.

42


Annex 5Estimated annual average number of deaths attributableto occupational exposure to hazardous substances bycondition, world

Causes of death No. of deaths Estimated percentage attributedto hazardous substances

No. of deathsattributed tohazardoussubstances

Men Women Men Women

Cancer (Total) 314,939

Lung cancer and mesothelioma 996,000 333,000 15% 5% 166,050

Liver cancer 509,000 188,000 4% 1% 22,240

Bladder cancer 128,000 42,000 10% 5% 14,900

Leukemia 117,000 98,000 10% 5% 16,600

Prostate cancer 253,000 1% 2,530

Cancer of mouth 250,000 127,000 1% 0.50% 3,135

Cancer of oesophagus 336,000 157,000 1% 0.50% 3,517

Stomach cancer 649,000 360,000 1 % 0.5 % 8,290

Colorectal cancer 308,000 282,000 1% 0.50% 4,490

Skin cancer 30,000 28,000 10% 2% 3,560

Pancreas cancer 129,000 99,000 1% 0.50% 1,785

Other and unspecified cancer 819,000 1,350,000 6.80% 1.20% 71,892

Cardiovascular disease, 15 - 60 years 3,074,000 1% 1% 30,740

Nervous system disorders, 15 + years 658,000 1% 1% 6,580

Renal disorders, 15 + years 710,000 1% 1% 7,100

Chronic respiratory disease, 15 + years 3,550,000 1% 1% 35,500

Pneumoconiosis, estimate 36,000 100% 100% 36,000

Asthma, 15 + years 179,000 2% 2% 3,580

TOTAL 438,489

43

44

Introductory Report: Decent Work - Safe WorkA

nnex

6R

atific

atio

nsof

ILO

Occ

upat

iona

lSaf

ety

and

Hea

lth

Con

vent

ions

and

Pro

toco

lsIL

Om

embe

rco

untr

ies

C13

(1921)

C45

(1935)

C81

(1947)

C115

(1960)

C119

(1963)

C120

(1964)

C127

(1967)

C129

(1969)

C136

(1971)

C139

(1971)

C148

(1977)

C155

(1981)

C161

(1985)

C162

(1986)

C167

(1988)

C170

(1990)

C174

(1993)

C176

(1995)

C184

(2001)

P81

(1995)

P155

(2002)

Afg

hani

stan

1939

1937

1979

Alb

ania

2004

2004

2003

2003

2004

Alg

eria

1962

1962

1969

1969

1969

Ang

ola

1976

1976

Ant

igua

and

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buda

1983

2002

2002

Arg

entina

1936

1950

1955

1978

1985

1978

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enia

2004

1996

1999

Aus

tral

ia1953

11975

2004

Aus

tria

1924

1937

1949

1999

Aze

rbai

jan

1992

1992

2000

1992

1992

1992

2000

1992

2000

the

Bah

amas

1976

1976

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rain

1981

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glad

esh

1972

1972

Bar

bado

s1967

1967

Bel

arus

1961

1995

1968

1970

1968

2000

2001

Bel

gium

1926

1937

1957

1965

1978

1997

1996

1994

1996

2004

Bel

ize

1983

1983

1999

Ben

in1960

2001

1998

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ivia

1973

1973

1977

1977

1977

1990

Bos

nia

and

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vina

1993

1993

1993

1993

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1993

1993

1993

1993

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1938

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1966

1992

1969

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1990

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2001

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1960

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1971

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1960

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1976

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1994

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1978

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45

Annexes 6IL

Om

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rco

untr

ies

C13

(1921)

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(1935)

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(1947)

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(1960)

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(1963)

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(1964)

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(1967)

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(1969)

C136

(1971)

C139

(1971)

C148

(1977)

C155

(1981)

C161

(1985)

C162

(1986)

C167

(1988)

C170

(1990)

C174

(1993)

C176

(1995)

C184

(2001)

P81

(1995)

P155

(2002)

the

Con

go1960

1999

1964

the

Dem

ocra

tic

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ublic

ofth

eCon

go1968

1967

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ed'

Ivoi

re1960

1961

1987

1987

1973

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atia

1991

1991

1991

1991

1991

1991

1991

1991

1991

1991

1991

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1936

1954

1971

1972

1980

1982

Cyp

rus

1960

1960

1965

1989

1992

2000

the

Cze

chR

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lic1993

1993

1993

1993

1993

1993

1993

1993

1993

1993

2000

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mar

k1958

1974

1989

1970

1972

1978

1988

1995

1995

Djib

outi

1978

1978

1978

1978

1978

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inic

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the

Dom

inic

anR

epub

lic1957

1953

1965

1998

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ador

1954

1975

1970

1969

1969

1969

1975

1975

1978

1990

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pt1947

1956

1964

2003

1982

1988

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alva

dor

1995

1995

2000

2004

Equ

ator

ialG

uine

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ea

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onia

1922

1937

2005

2005

2000

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iopi

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1974

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and

1929

1938

31950

1978

1969

1968

1974

1976

1977

1979

1985

1987

1988

1997

1997

2003

1997

2003

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ce1926

1938

1950

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1972

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1972

1972

1994

1985

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1961

1972

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bia

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rgia

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man

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1973

1973

1973

1973

1976

1993

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1993

1993

1998

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na1957

1959

1961

1965

1966

1986

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ece

1926

1936

1955

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1977

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nada

1976

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tem

ala

1990

1960

1952

1964

1975

1983

1994

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nea

1959

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1966

1966

1966

1977

1976

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nea-

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1977

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ana

1966

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1971

1983

1983

1998

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ti1960

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gary

1956

1938

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1968

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1972

1975

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1994

1988

1989

Icel

and

1991

1991

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a1938

1949

1975

1991

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nesi

a1950

2004

1969

Iran

46

Introductory Report: Decent Work - Safe WorkIL

Om

embe

rco

untr

ies

C13

(1921)

C45

(1935)

C81

(1947)

C115

(1960)

C119

(1963)

C120

(1964)

C127

(1967)

C129

(1969)

C136

(1971)

C139

(1971)

C148

(1977)

C155

(1981)

C161

(1985)

C162

(1986)

C167

(1988)

C170

(1990)

C174

(1993)

C176

(1995)

C184

(2001)

P81

(1995)

P155

(2002)

Iraq

1966

1951

1962

1987

1987

1972

1978

1985

1990

Irel

and

1963

11951

1995

1995

1998

1998

Isra

el1955

1979

Ital

y1952

1952

1952

1971

1971

1971

1971

1981

1981

1981

1985

2003

2002

Jam

aica

1962

Japa

n1956

1953

1973

1973

1993

1977

2005

Jord

an1969

1964

1965

Kaz

akhs

tan

2001

2001

1996

1996

Ken

ya1964

1964

1979

Kirib

ati

the

Rep

ublic

ofK

orea

1992

2003

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ait

1964

1964

1974

Kyr

gyzs

tan

1992

2000

1992

1992

1992

1992

2004

the

Lao

Peo

ple'

sD

emoc

ratic

Rep

ublic

1964

Latv

ia1924

1994

1993

1993

1993

1994

1993

1994

Leba

non

1962

1962

1977

1977

1977

2000

2000

2005

2005

2000

Leso

tho

1966

2001

2001

1998

Libe

ria

2003

the

Liby

anAra

bJa

mah

iriy

a1971

Lith

uani

a1994

1994

Luxe

mbo

urg

1928

1958

11958

2001

the

form

erYu

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avR

epub

licof

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ia1991

1991

1991

1991

1991

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1991

1991

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agas

car

1960

1971

1964

1966

1971

1971

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awi

1965

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aysi

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1974

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1964

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1988

1965

1988

1988

1988

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1988

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1961

1963

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1969

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ico

1938

1938

1983

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1984

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1990

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the

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ublic

ofM

oldo

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1997

1997

2000

2002

2000

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1998

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occo

1956

1956

1958

1974

1979

1974

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que

1977

Mya

nmar

Nam

ibia

Nep

al

47

Annexes 6IL

Om

embe

rco

untr

ies

C13

(1921)

C45

(1935)

C81

(1947)

C115

(1960)

C119

(1963)

C120

(1964)

C127

(1967)

C129

(1969)

C136

(1971)

C139

(1971)

C148

(1977)

C155

(1981)

C161

(1985)

C162

(1986)

C167

(1988)

C170

(1990)

C174

(1993)

C176

(1995)

C184

(2001)

P81

(1995)

P155

(2002)

the

Net

herlan

ds1939

1937

41951

1966

1973

1991

1999

1997

New

Zeal

and

1938

51959

Nic

arag

ua1934

1976

1981

1981

1976

1981

1981

the

Nig

er1961

1979

1964

1993

Nig

eria

1960

1960

1994

Nor

way

1929

1949

1961

1969

1966

1971

1977

1979

1982

1992

1991

1993

1999

1999

Om

an

Pak

ista

n1938

1953

Pan

ama

1970

1959

1958

1971

1970

1970

Pap

uaN

ewG

uine

a1976

Par

agua

y1967

1967

1967

1967

Per

u1945

31960

1976

the

Phi

lippi

nes

1998

Pol

and

1924

1957

1995

1964

1977

1968

1973

1995

2004

2004

2005

2001

Por

tuga

l1937

1962

1994

1983

1985

1983

1999

1981

1985

1999

2002

Qat

ar1976

Rom

ania

1925

1973

1975

1975

1975

the

Rus

sia

Fede

ration

1991

1961

1998

1967

1969

1967

1988

1998

2000

1998

Rw

anda

1980

Sai

ntK

itts

and

Nev

is

Sai

ntLu

cia

Sai

ntVi

ncen

tan

dth

eG

rena

dine

s1998

San

Mar

ino

1988

1988

1988

Sao

Tom

ean

dP

rinc

ipe

1982

2005

2005

Sau

diAra

bia

1978

1978

2001

Sen

egal

1960

1962

1966

Ser

bia

and

Mon

tene

gro

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

Sey

chel

les

1999

Sie

rra

Leon

e1961

1961

1964

Sin

gapo

re1965

1965

Slo

vaki

a1993

1993

1993

1993

1993

1993

1993

1993

1993

1993

1998

2002

Slo

veni

a1992

1992

1992

1992

1992

1992

1992

1992

1992

1992

1992

Sol

omon

Isla

nds

1985

1985

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alia

1960

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thAfr

ica

1936

2003

2000

Spa

in1924

1958

1960

1962

1971

1970

1969

1971

1973

1980

1985

1990

1997

Sri

Lank

a1950

1956

1986

48


ILO

mem

ber

coun

trie

sC13

(1921)

C45

(1935)

C81

(1947)

C115

(1960)

C119

(1963)

C120

(1964)

C127

(1967)

C129

(1969)

C136

(1971)

C139

(1971)

C148

(1977)

C155

(1981)

C161

(1985)

C162

(1986)

C167

(1988)

C170

(1990)

C174

(1993)

C176

(1995)

C184

(2001)

P81

(1995)

P155

(2002)

the

Sud

an1970

Sur

inam

e1976

1976

Sw

azila

nd1981

1981

Sw

eden

1923

1936

61949

1961

1964

1965

1970

1975

1978

1982

1986

1987

1991

1992

1994

1997

2004

1997

Sw

itze

rlan

d1940

1949

1963

1992

1966

1975

1976

1992

the

Syr

ian

Ara

bR

epub

lic1960

1960

1964

1965

1965

1972

1977

1979

Tajik

ista

n1993

1993

1993

1993

1993

the

Uni

ted

Rep

ublic

ofTa

nzan

ia1962

1962

1983

1999

1999

Thai

land

1969

Tim

or-L

este

Togo

1960

Trin

idad

and

Toba

go

Tuni

sia

1956

1957

1957

1970

1970

1970

Turk

ey1938

1951

1968

1967

1975

2005

2005

Turk

men

ista

n

Uga

nda

1963

1963

1990

Ukr

aine

1961

2004

1968

1970

1968

2004

the

Uni

ted

Ara

bEm

irat

es1982

the

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

1936

11949

1962

1967

1979

the

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

2001

Uru

guay

1933

1954

21973

1992

1977

1995

1973

1977

1980

1988

1988

1988

1995

2005

2005

Uzb

ekis

tan

Vanu

atu

Vene

zuel

a1933

1944

1967

1971

1984

1983

1984

Viet

Nam

1994

1994

1994

1994

Yem

en1976

Zam

bia

1964

41973

1980

1999

Zim

babw

e1980

1993

1993

2003

2003

2003

1998

2003

2003

Num

ber

ofCou

ntries

ratified

Con

vent

ion

orPro

toco

l62

97

129

47

50

49

25

41

36

35

41

40

22

27

17

11

920

310

3

http

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ww

.ilo.

org/

ilole

x/en

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1)

deno

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din

1988

2)

in1978

3)

in1997

4)

1998

5)

in1987

6)

in1967

This report can be accessed through web at:www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/wdcongrs17/intrep.pdf

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