international journal of research in economics and social...

International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences (IJRESS) Available online at: http://euroasiapub.org

Vol. 7 Issue 12, December- 2017

ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 6.939 |

International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences

Email:- [email protected], http://www.euroasiapub.org

(An open access scholarly, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journals.)

13

Assessing the need of E-Cars in India –Delhi

Gaurav Gupta*,

Research Scholar, UPES Dehradun

Dr. Rajesh Gupta**,

Associate Professor (Academic unit), UPES Dehradun

Abstract:

World is witnessing a major scarcity of crude oil year on year. The continuous increase in the

demand of oil and therefore price of oil needs to think for an alternative source of energy for

various oil dependent actions. One of the highly oil dependent action is the transportation. In near

future the transportation sector may come to halt because of this shortage if prior action has not

been taken and it would be a big challenge in front of us as so many daily activities and economy

would be critically affected.

Another major challenge in front of world is on the environmental front. As most of the country is

witnessing a major threat of pollution which is harmful in so many aspects specially health.

Transport sector which is highly dependent on oil is one of the major contributor of the pollution.

In near future we may be force to halt the transportation because of pollution it emits and it would

be big challenge as so many daily activities and economy would be critically affected.

Thus, oil scarcity is a major threat to transport sector and Transport sector is a major threat to

environment because of pollution it emits.

Along with other country India as a part of world is critically impacted by these issues specially

the capital - Delhi. So, in context of this, paper focuses on the need of E- Cars in India- Delhi.

Key words: Transportation, Scarcity, Oil, Pollution, Electric car

International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences (IJRESS) Vol. 7 Issue 12, December- 2017, ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 6.939



(An open access scholarly, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journal)

14

Introduction: The history of electric car is very old even older than ICE Car. The first simple

prototype electric car was built by Scottish inventor Robert Anderson and thereafter in 1834

American Inventor Thomas Davenport almost developed the first Electric Car. Almost after 50

years of this in the year 1886 the first ICE car was developed by Benz and Daimler in Germany.

The ICE car had flexibility and low initial cost as compare to Electric car at the beginning of

automobile industry. Thus, ICE car was preferred over electric car and replaced it almost 100%

which was a major fault in the technology selection as continuous rapid growth in automobile

sector leads to the problem of oil scarcity and pollution. Now countries are trying to overcome

that major mistake by again adopting the electric cars and controlling the use of ICE cars.

Let us start with the growth of the automobile production in the world and thereafter for the India.

A graphical view of the worldwide motor vehicle production in the below diagram shows a

continuous growth in the automobile production since year 2000 with exception of the economic

crises 2001 and 2008/2009, affecting the total industrial production.

Source::http://www.quest-trendmagazine.com/en/automobile-

industry/internationalization/internationalization-of-automobile-production.html

http://www.quest-trendmagazine.com/en/automobile-industry/china/market-share-of-china-at-global-automobile-production.html

http://www.quest-trendmagazine.com/en/automobile-industry/china/market-share-of-china-at-global-automobile-production.html

http://www.quest-trendmagazine.com/en/automobile-industry/internationalization/internationalization-of-automobile-production.html






15

Source:http://www.quest-trendmagazine.com/en/automobile-


It has been seen from the table above that India is one of the strongest automobile country and

ranks 6th in terms of market share in the world.

The growth trajectory of the few countries can be seen in the diagram below. As shown In 2000

the five countries USA, Japan, Germany, Spain and Canada produced almost 60% of world-wide

motor vehicle production. Fifteen years later this world market share was almost cut in half to

36%. In 2000 hardly 8% of the worldwide automobile production came from the three

countries Brazil, China and India. Fifteen years later this share more than quadrupled to 34%.

Source:http://www.quest-trendmagazine.com/en/automobile-










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ICE Car growth worldwide:

This statistic represents the number of cars sold worldwide from 1990 through 2016. Additionally,

it presents a forecast for 2017. Some 77.8 million automobiles are expected to be sold by 2017.

Source: https://www.statista.com/statistics/200002/international-car-sales-since-1990/

ICE Car growth in India:

Source: Tradingeconomics.com

Car Registrations in India averaged 110541.06 Cars from 1991 until 2017, reaching an all-time

high of 304900 Cars in March of 2012 and a record low of 6508 Cars in April of 1992.

2001 2014-15 Absolute

growth

% Total

Growth

Annual growth

rate

Passenger car 500301 2590917 2090616 417.87% 32.14%





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The production of Passenger Cars was 500301 in 2001-02. It increased to 2590917 in 2014-15,

recording an absolute growth of 2090616 Passenger Cars as compared to 2001-02. In percentage

terms, the total growth recorded was 417.87% during the period from 2001-02 to 2014-15 i.e. the

annual growth of 32.14%.

Source: https://data.gov.in/visualize/?inst=652dbeae30d1cecc5fda35a71f482138&vid=13321

Number of Vehicles/Cars in leading urban cities

City 31 st March 2015

Delhi 88.27 lakh (24.9 lakh cars &53.56 two

wheelers

Bengaluru 55.59 lakh (49.29 lakh two wheelers & car)

Chennai 44 lakh

Mumbai 25 lakh

Source: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/At-55-lakh-Bengaluru-has-most-

vehicles-plying-after-Delhi/articleshow/48260423.cmsEvents

As per the data Delhi has the highest numbers of cars as compare to other leading urban cities of

India.

Thus, from the above discussion one can see that there is a tremendous growth in the car market

in the world and India specially in urban areas like Delhi.

Problems with ICE Car Growth:

1-Fuel Security

2-Pollution thus Health

As discussed above that majority of the market share of car has been captured by ICE car because

ICE car was preferred over electric car and replaced it almost 100% because of low initial cost

which was a major fault in the technology selection.

Source:%20https

Source:%20https

https://data.gov.in/visualize/?inst=652dbeae30d1cecc5fda35a71f482138&vid=13321


http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/eventlist/-2128833038.cms?cfmid=10099000





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1-Fuel Security

Source: BP research

As per the finding of BP research the oil on the earth is available only for 43 years.

Let’s find the consumption and production pattern of oil for India.

It has been seen clearly from the graph above that there is a huge gap in the production of

consumption of oil in India and that too widening with time with a greater pace.

One-third of the total crude oil consumption is done by Transport sector and the road

transportation accounts for more than 80% of this consumption. India’s consumption of crude oil

continues to outstrip demand. It is expected that 92% of all consumed crude oil will be imported

by 2020.





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Source: Sustainability outlook forum http://www.sustainabilityoutlook.in/content/market-

analysis-case-electric-and-hybrid-vehicles-india

It has been seen by the graph above that by 2020 the crude oil import may touch a figure of 92 %

of total consumption.

2- Air pollution in India- Delhi

The presence of unwanted particles in the environment is referred as pollution. It is the outcome

of human action. A pollutant is a substance that pollute air, water or land. Pollution has a

detrimental effect on the environment. Animals, fish and other aquatic life, plants and humans all

suffer when pollution is not controlled.

Chemical Pollution: Introduction of chemicals that are harmful to health in the environment is

referred as chemical pollution. Chemical pollution is released in the environment when we burn

the fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and natural gas. It can be seen in the air. Our vehicles use oil to run

as we burn the oil some kind of chemical gases are releases in the environment and this is called

Green House Gases. One of this kind is carbon dioxide that absorb infrared radiation and trap heat.

When we burn the coal Sulphur dioxide is released in the environment which contributes to acid

rain, which is the phenomenon by which impurities combine with water vapor and fall to the earth.

Transport Pollution: Use of ICE vehicles is the main reason of transport pollution. Gases like CO2,

SO2 and CO are released in the environment due to burning of fuel which drive ICE vehicles.

The amount of pollution in urban area is also dependent upon

1- The level of urbanization

2- Density of vehicles

It is difficult to survive in the urban area without transportation. As the urbanization increases the

number of vehicles or vehicles density increases. Cities with more population recorded more

pollution due to more vehicles. WHO has ranked Delhi as the most polluted city for air pollution

in the world.

http://www.sustainabilityoutlook.in/content/market-analysis-case-electric-and-hybrid-vehicles-india






20

As seen from the graph above that transport sector comprises 51% of pollution in India and in

urban area it is 75-80%.

As see from the diagram above road transport is responsible for the largest share of CO2 emission

within the transport sector.





21

As from the graph above it has been seen that cars are responsible for a significant increase in the

pollution.

Thus, from all of the above discussion it has been clear that Road transport is a major consumer

of oil and Road traffic- Cars are major polluter.

Source: http://urbanemissions.blogspot.in/2014/05/delhi-air-pollution-related-deaths-up.html

http://urbanemissions.blogspot.in/2014/05/delhi-air-pollution-related-deaths-up.html





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Source: Hindustan Times

Effect of Pollution on GDP

Economic toll of air pollution may have cost India 8.5 % of GDP: World Bank Report Country hit

by more than $560-billion worth of loss in welfare and labor output.

Source:http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/economic-toll-of-air-

pollution-may-have-cost-india-8-5-of-gdp-world-bank-report- 16090900235_1.html

Pollution costs India $80 bn a year: World Bank

Source: http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/pollution-costs-india-80-

bn-a-year-world-bank-113071800035_1.html

Air pollution killed 81,000 in Delhi & Mumbai, cost Rs 70,000 crore in 2015

Source:

http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/56658488.cms?utm_source=contentofintere

st&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst

CARBON EMISSION COMPARISON of Petrol Car, Diesel and Electric car

Fuel Type CO2 Emission (Kg per Km)

Petrol 0.2325

Diesel 0.273

Electric Car 0.1032(Case when Electricity produced by fossil fuel else Nil)

http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/economic-toll-of-air-pollution-may-have-cost-india-8-5-of-gdp-world-bank-report-%2016090900235_1.html


http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/56658488.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst






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Generation of 1 kWh of energy by coal power plant emits 1 kg of CO2. In the table above, it is

assumed that in one liter of petrol/diesel an average car runs ten kilometers in cities; and an

electric car can run 10 km with 1kWh of electricity. Even if electricity used for charging the EV is

generated through fossil fuel, still CO2 emission is less than half the emissions from petrol and

diesel cars. In the case of EVs the electricity used for charging is produced in power plants located

hundreds of kilometers away from the cities that are struggling with air pollution. If electric

vehicles are charged through renewable sources of energy then emissions from EVs will be nil.

Source:http://paryavaranmitra.in/Carpooling%20project%20report%20for%20CEE.pdfhttp://c

ea.nic.in/reports/others/thermal/tpece/cdm_co2/user_guide_ver10.pdf Document Number: ISGF –

2015 Version 1.0 Dated December 2015

Conclusion: The E car has its benefits from the day its land up in your driveway. The zero-emission

car that may become a godsend for the city like Delhi which is trying hard for the survival because

of pollution. To control vehicular pollution and thus Human losses and financial losses it is must

for the city like Delhi. Secondly scarcity of oil and high running cost of ICE car is also claim the

need of alternative fuel & low running cost car. Other than this the Electric car has very less

movable parts as compare to ICE Car and also no requirement of engine oil that make it very cheap

to maintain and can be serviced at a very nominal cost.

References:

Dr. C. Gopalakrishnan,Associate Professor, GRA - GLOBAL RESEARCH ANALYSIS : 3 | Issue : 4 | April

2014 • ISSN No 2277 – 8160

Sanjay Kumar Singh European Transport \ Trasporti Europei (2012) Issue 52, Paper n° 5, ISSN 1825-

3997

Tradingeconomics.com

http://www.quest-trendmagazine.com/en/automobile-


http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/At-55-lakh-Bengaluru-has-most-vehicles-

plying-after-Delhi/articleshow/48260423.cmsEvents


http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/economic-toll-of-air-pollution-may-

have-cost-india-8-5-of-gdp-world-bank-report- 16090900235_1.html

http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/pollution-costs-india-80-bn-a-year-

world-bank-113071800035_1.html

http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/56658488.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&

utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst

http://paryavaranmitra.in/Carpooling%20project%20report%20for%20CEE.pdfhttp://cea.nic.in/

reports/others/thermal/tpece/cdm_co2/user_guide_ver10.pdf Document Number: ISGF – 2015

http://paryavaranmitra.in/Carpooling%20project%20report%20for%20CEE.pdf



http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/eventlist/-2128833038.cms?cfmid=10099000




http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/pollution-costs-india-80-bn-a-year-world-bank-113071800035_1.html

http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/pollution-costs-india-80-bn-a-year-world-bank-113071800035_1.html



http://paryavaranmitra.in/Carpooling%20project%20report%20for%20CEE.pdf





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Version 1.0 Dated December 2015

data.gov.in/visualize/?inst=652dbeae30d1cecc5fda35a71f482138&vid=13321

Sustainability outlook forum http://www.sustainabilityoutlook.in/content/market-analysis-case-

electric-and-hybrid-vehicles-india

US Energy Information Administration, International energy statistics and short-term energy

outlook 2014

Department of Heavy Industry, Government of India, National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020

TERI, Business council for sustainable Development

Electric vehicles in India , Rekha Salvi, O&N India Sreehari B. Nambiar, O&N India

BP Research

Petroleum Conservation research association

Hindustan Times

Economics Times

Business Standard





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