international journal of metallurgy and alloys vol 2 issue 1

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¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications

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and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning

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Applied Mechanics

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Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

Physics

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

Planning

Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and

Circuits

Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical

Engineering

Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular

Engineering

« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour

« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing

« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis

« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics

« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements

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Prof. Nil Ratan BandyopadhyaySchool of Materials Science and EngineeringIndian Institute of Engineering Science and

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Debdulal DasAssistant Professor, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur,

West Bengal, India.

Nikhil DevAssistant Professor Mechanical Engineering

Department YMCA University of Science and Technology Faridabad, India

Dr. Neeraj MehtaAssistant Professor

Physics Department, BHU, Varanasi

Dr. K.RajiHOD of Physics

Holy Cross CollegeTiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu India

Dr. Bharati Rajeev RehaniAssociate Professor Metallurgical and

Materials Engg. Department, M.S.University of Baroda,Vadodara, Gujarat

Dr. Parasharam M. ShirageDepartment of Physics and Materials Science

and Engineering Centre, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indore, India

Dr Beer Mohamed Syed AliB.S.Abdur Rahman University,

Vandalur, Tamil Nadu, India

Prof P Thareja Ex principal Programme coordinator (TQEM),

PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh, India

Dr. Meghanshu VashistaAssistant Professor, Department of Mechanical

Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), India

Dr. Yee Wen Yen,Department of Materials Science and

Engineering, National Taiwan University of Scienceand Technology, Taiwan

Dr. Mohd Zaheer Khan Yusufzai,Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical

Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.), India

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Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. An Overview of Rapid Prototyping-FDM D.N. Drakshayani 1

2. Modelling the Parameters Affecting Interconnection of Grids Using ISM-MICMAC Approach Nikhil Dev, Rajesh Attri 8

3. Review on Progress of Aluminium Industries in India – Part 1C.B. Mohod 20

4. Challenges Faced by SMEs in IndiaVikas Madhukar, Monika Sharma 27

5. Auxiliary Characterization of (Co, Mn) Co-doped Zinc Oxide Thin FilmsMansi Chopra 31

Contents

IJMA (2016) 1–7 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys Vol. 2: Issue 1

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An Overview of Rapid Prototyping-FDM

D.N. Drakshayani Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sir M.VIT, Bangalore, India

Abstract

Rapid prototyping (RP) has been introduces as a frontier technology in the modern times,

which allows direct transformation of CAD files into functional prototypes. It decreases the

lead-time to produce physical prototypes necessary for design verification, fit and functional

analysis by generating the prototypes directly from the CAD data. This paper presents an

overview of Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) process, process parameters and its

applications.

Keywords: additive manufacturing, fused deposition modeling, process parameters, rapid

prototyping

INTRODUCTION

Rapid prototyping (RP) or additive

manufacturing (AM) is layer by layer

manufacturing. It is an additive

manufacturing process compared to

subtractive manufacturing process such as

conventional and unconventional

machining processes. In RP, the physical

object is directly obtained from geometric

3D CAD model with the help of computer

by using software such as Catia or Pro/E

or other relevant software. Rapid

prototyping is a unique manufacturing

process and is a fast emerging technology

which is a useful tool in product

development. It produces the products at

faster rate and at lower cost than

conventional manufacturing systems.

Rapid prototyping is not a new technology.

RP has its earliest roots in research

activities from the fields of topography

and photo sculpture during the 19th

century. It was started by Professor

Herbert Voelker from University of

Rochester, in the late 1960s. His efforts

resulted in mathematical models and

algorithms. His designed tools are used

today and made rapid prototyping is

possible. The first successful attempts at

RP derived from technology developed in

the 1970s. RP first approached commercial

viability in 1983 when Charles Hull

invented stereolithography, enabling a 3D

object to be printed directly from CAD

data. In 1986, Hull co-founded 3D

Systems, Inc., the first company to

commercialize AM technology with

stereolithography (SLA) apparatus.

Selective laser sintering (SLS), was

developed by Carl Deckared and Joseph

Beaman of MED and was commercialized

in the late 1990s; just like SLA, its

applications grew from prototyping to end-

part production over the years, driven by

lower system costs. Fused Deposition

Modelling (FDM) was developed by S.

Scott Crump in the late 1980s and was

commercialized in 1990 by Stratasys.

Inc.[1]

RP or AM processes were largely geared

toward prototyping applications in the

1990s. However, since the late 1990s, AM



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Modelling the Parameters Affecting Interconnection of Grids

Using ISM-MICMAC Approach

Nikhil Dev*, Rajesh Attri Department of Mechanical Engineering, YMCA University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, Haryana,

India

Abstract

Power grid interconnections offer links between power generating systems of adjoining

countries with the aim of economical power sharing. Grid interconnection also offers several

benefits such as reduced energy prices, better economic exchange and increased energy

supply etc. The interconnection of power grids is a complex task which is affected by

numerous parameters. These parameters not only influence the interconnection of grids but

also influence each other. The main objective of this paper is to understand the mutual

interaction of these grid interconnection parameters and identify the ‘driving parameters’

(i.e. which influence the other parameters) and the ‘dependent parameters’ (i.e. which are

influenced by others). In the present exertion, these parameters have been identified through

the extensive literature review and interpretive structural modelling (ISM) approach has

been utilized in analysing their mutual interaction. An ISM model has been prepared to

identify some key parameters of grid interconnection. Moreover, the driving power and

dependence power of these parameters are also modelled by using MICMAC analysis.

Keywords: grid, interconnection, ISM, MICMAC, parameters

INTRODUCTION

It is well-known fact that electricity grid

interconnections are one of the most

revolutionizing developments of electric

power systems. The prevalence national

and regional power systems, subsisting at

present, were instigated as isolated

systems performing like an electric

generator. As electricity generation

organizations extended their services

outside their prevailing area,

interconnections among adjacent units

became growingly common.[1,2]

Different

power generating units collaborated to

each other in order to develop major power

pools, which allowed them to trade

electricity and share capacity reserves

more economically.[3]

As transmission

technologies upgraded, long distance

interconnections were industrialized inside

and outside the particular organization.

The first international interconnections

came into existence in 1906, when

Switzerland established transmission

associates to France and Italy.[4–6]

Interconnection of power grids

consistently upturns the reliability of the

whole system. Moreover, the load demand

can be met inevitability even in the case of

the power failure. The interconnection of

power grid is either done by using large

synchronous alternating current (AC)

power networks or by High voltage direct

current (HVDC) interconnections. In

synchronous AC power networks, each

interconnected system will uphold the

same precise electrical frequency,[7]

but in



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Review on Progress of Aluminium Industries in India – Part 1

C.B. Mohod Chemical Engineering Department, Government Polytechnic, Arvi, Wardha, Maharashtra, India

Abstract

In India, the aluminium sector needs aluminum, which includes power (44%), transportation

(10–12%), construction (17%) and etc. aluminium industries, has covered almost more than

50 years to grow commercially. So, it took many years of research to extract aluminium from

bauxite ores. This review has been covered the progress and market growth of different

aluminum industries in India upto 2015.

Keywords: aluminium, applications, bauxite, industries, production

INTRODUCTION

As aluminum has extracted from bauxite

ore, it has many usable properties like light

weight, high strengths and recyclability

existence. Therefore, it has tremendous

application in many industries like,

transportation, packaging, construction,

electronics, defense, etc. So the need of

aluminum has been increasing in daily life.

Natural Occurrence of Bauxite

Bauxite is an ore from which aluminium

can be extracted. The name “bauxite” is

derived from the French village of “Les

Baux,” where it was first discovered in

1821. Most bauxite, including Australian

bauxites is lateritic, which are formed by

intense weathering of various rock

formations. Other bauxites contain

boehmite and diaspore which are

monohydrates. Almost all metallic

aluminium is produced from the ore

bauxite, which occurs as a weathering

product of low iron and silica. The primary

mining areas for the ore are in Ghana,

Indonesia, Jamaica, Russia, and Surinam.

Bauxite is gibbsite in nature, low in

reactive silica (1–3%), it requires lower

energy in the refining process.

LITERATURE SURVEY

Colloidal Magnetite is chemically bounded

with Hematite, whereas it is physically

absorbed with the bauxite.[1]

The porous

burner saves still further application

possibilities by the good adaptability and

flexibility both in the power density and in

geometry, in order to counteract

development.[2]

This research paper has

discussed about overview of Primary

Producers of Aluminium

Production.[3]

This research paper has

discussed about summary of Aluminium

Prices.[4]

The rising cost of production had

also caused a structural shift in global

production.[5]

The number of Extrusion Presses rose

from 100 to 400. This sudden demand led

to mushrooming of Extrusion Press

manufacturers, resulting in the presses

becoming lighter and cheaper.[6]

Shifting

of smelting operation to other low cost

region of the world may also be a viable

option before the Indian aluminium

industry.[7]

The demand of the aluminium is growing

exponentially from the various sectors



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Challenges Faced by SMEs in India

Vikas Madhukar, Monika Sharma* Amity Business School, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon (Manesar), India

Abstract

SMEs around the globe has been beneath the most reduced desires. Absence of

administration, administration abilities, control, and straightforwardness, and misinformed

impetuses have added to ruin the financial establishments for supporting the improvement of

neighborhood money related markets. This paper dissects the execution of Banks in the

economy. The creator finds that after so much commitment SMEs are battling with Financial

limitation.

Keywords: financing, small and medium-sized enterprises, financial institution

INTRODUCTION

In the previous three decades the nearness

of State Financial Institutions has been

profoundly disputable. The proof

recommends that state-possessed banks

have failed to meet expectations and have

adversely affected financial development.

Botch of assets is as often as possible a

result of feeble governing body and

administration, political impedance, and

absence of a reasonable mission of the

Financial Institutions. The failure to

characterize their destinations is one of the

principle issues of FIs. Most nations have

incredible trouble in legitimizing the

nearness of Financial Institutions. By and

large, these FIs are a legacy from past

organizations that hold the political energy

to stop any endeavors of changing them. In

different cases, it is in light of a legitimate

concern for the legislature to keep up FIs

since it can influence appropriations to

gatherings of enthusiasm through the

SFI.[1–5]

In spite of the huge part these mechanical

elements plays, an absence of adequate

capital and credit is regularly a noteworthy

impairment to the improvement of SMEs,

especially in their initial development

stages. The center in this paper is

coordinated at portraying the structures of

SMES and the difficulties they confront

with particular spotlight on their monetary

difficulties. A few hypotheses and past

investigates directed on the topic will be

investigated with the point of drawing

nearer and making determinations that

achieves a more profound comprehension

of the financing issues of SMES in India.

This paper discusses good practices for

aligning the functions of SFIs with solving

market failures.[5–8]

Before proceeding further we must

understand what are SMEs? Various

policy measures adopted for the

development of SMEs include enacting

MSMED Act, product reservations, fiscal

concessions, preferential allocations of

credit and interest subsidy in a credit

rationing framework, extension of business

and technical services by the government,

rating of SMEs, rehabilitation of sick

units, restructuring of debts, preferential

procurement of goods from SSIs by the



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Auxiliary Characterization of (Co, Mn) Co-doped Zinc Oxide

Thin Films

Mansi Chopra*

DAV Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India

Abstract

Cobalt and manganese are both co-doped with zinc oxide films were set up by sol-gel turn

covering strategy on quartz substrate by shifting the dopants focus. The result of dopants

focus was researched by x-beam diffraction (XRD). The XRD design demonstrates that the

kept movies have polycrystalline hexagonal wurtzite structure. SEM micrograph

demonstrates the adjustments in morphology of very thin film as dopants fixation are

fluctuating. The compositional examination did by vitality dispersive scrambling (EDS)

spectra that affirm the nearness of zinc, cobalt and manganese with no debasements.

Keywords: Co and Mn doped ZnO, thin films, spin coating process, XRD, SEM, EDS

INTRODUCTION

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a well-known

semiconductor which has direct wide band

gap (3.37 eV) and large excitation energy

(60 meV). It has various attractive

properties such as non-toxic, good

piezoelectricity properties,

biocompatibility, abundance in nature,

high transmittance in visible region and

low electrical resistivity.[1,2]

Because of the

interesting physical, optical and electrical

properties, ZnO is attractive for various

applications such as solar cell, light

emitting diode, display devices, gas

sensor, laser diodes, antireflection coatings

and many other optoelectronics devices.[3,4]

ZnO thin films are widely used in

secondary batteries, super capacitors, thin

film transistor and surface acoustic wave

devices.[5,6

] Various deposition techniques

have been reported for the preparation of

ZnO thin films like pulsed laser deposition

(PLD),[7]

spray pyrolysis,[8]

molecular

beam epitaxy (MBE),[9]

magnetron

sputtering,[10]

metal oxide chemical vapor

deposition (MOCVD)[11]

and sol-gel spin

coating method.[12]

Among these, the sol-

gel technique offers advantages in terms of

simplicity, low cost, good homogeneity,

low processing temperature and good

optical properties.[13,14]

In the recent past,

there has been increasing degree of

awareness on using transition metals as

dopant for ZnO in view of tailoring its

electrical, optical and sensing properties.

ZnO thin films were prepared by many

researchers using different types of

dopants like Cu, Ga, In, Al, Ba, etc. and

their various properties were studied. Few

researchers have worked on Co doped

ZnO and Mn doped ZnO in both bulk and

thin film for various applications.[15]

The

present paper reports the preparation of

(Co, Mn) co-doped ZnO thin films using

spin coating technique and describes their

structural and morphological properties.

EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS

Cobalt and manganese are both co-doped

with zinc oxide films were set up by sol-

gel turn covering strategy on quartz

substrate by shifting the dopants focus.

METALLURGY AND ALLOYS

Mechanical Engineering

Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering

Architecture

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¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning

« International Journal of Architecture and InfrastructurePlanning

« International Journal of Rural and Regional PlanningDevelopment

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

Applied Mechanics

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Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms

Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

Physics

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

Planning

Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and

Circuits

Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical

Engineering

Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular

Engineering

« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour

« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing

« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis

« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics

« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements

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Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and

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