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Mechanical Dynamics

& Analysis

IJMDA

International Journal of

Mechanical Engineering

Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering

Architecture

Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E,Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India

E-mail: [email protected]

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning

« International Journal of Architecture and InfrastructurePlanning

« International Journal of Rural and Regional PlanningDevelopment

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

Applied Mechanics

5 more...

1 more...

2 more...2 more...

5 more...

Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms

Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

Physics

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

Planning

Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and

Circuits

Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical

Engineering

Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular

Engineering

« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour

« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing

« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis

« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics

« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements

5 more...4 more...

3 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and

Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and

Applications3 more...

Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing« International Journal of Neurological Nursing« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing« International Journal of Oncological Nursing

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Article 2

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Jul–Dec 2016

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International Journals Publisher

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International Journal of

Mechanical

Dynamics & Analysis

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International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis is concerned with the recent advancement in

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publish editorial reviews, short communication and comparative data analysis in the related fields of

mechanical dynamics. The focus of the journal is on various aspects of the matter, structural and network

dynamics, as well as the practical aspects of the theory and application of the research.

Focus and Scope of the Journal Turbine engineering and turbine-generator

Aerodynamics

Nonlinear dynamics, structural dynamics

System dynamics

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Electro hydrodynamics

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Quantum condensed matter dynamics

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PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager

ChairmanMr. Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director,JournalsPub,

New Delhi

Hidam Renubala

Ankita Singh

Deepika Bhadauria

Rekha Rani

Commissioning Editors

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Manisha Dhoble

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Dr. K. R. SivadasSree Narayana Gurukulam College of

Engineering, Kadayiruppu, India

Dr. Wang WeiTianjin University, China

Dr. Mark OvinisDepartment of Mechanical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Petronas Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak,

Malaysia

Dr. Dinesh Singh G. ThakurDepartment of Mechanical Engineering,

Defence Institute of Advanced Technology,DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Girinagar,

Pune, India

Dr. Nikhil Dev GargYMCA University of Science & Technology,

Faridabad, Haryana, India

From the Editor's Desk

Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly

journal, International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis. This journal is part of

the Engineering Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Mechanical Dynamics &

Analysis issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the

validation of emerging technologies.

This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs Mechanical Dynamics &

Analysis as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific

and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Mechanical Engineers community,

addressing researchers and practitioners in this area.

The core vision of International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis in Journals Pub is to

propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and

professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Mechanical Dynamics &

Analysis in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers

at excellently, well-time & successfully.

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis focuses on original high-quality research in the

realm of Industrial automation, Factory automation, Building automation, Robotics, Hydraulics and

pneumatics, Manufacturing automation, System integration etc.

The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Mechanical

Dynamics & Analysis and solutions in the area.

Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Mechanical

Dynamics & Analysis community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported

the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others,

reporting new developments in the field of Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis.

This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we

would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the

editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.

It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Mechanical readers and will

stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis.

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. System Design and Mechanism of a Compressed Air Engine C. Chinglenthoiba, V. Balaji, B. Abbas, A. Madhan Kumar 1

2. An Insight about Advances in Shock Wave Capturing and Detection Priyanka Garg 6

3. Chaotic Dynamics of Nonlinear SystemsReema Jaiswal 9

4. Review of Works Pertaining to Efficiency of Neural Mobilization in Various Nerve-Related SyndromesManisha Agnihotri 12

5. Review on Researches in Rock DynamicsS. Sharmila 15

Contents

IJMDA (2016) 1–5 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis Vol. 2: Issue 2

www.journalspub.com

System Design and Mechanism of a Compressed Air Engine

C. Chinglenthoiba*, V. Balaji, B. Abbas, A. Madhan Kumar Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mahendra Engineering College, Affiliated to Anna University,

Namakkal, Chennai, India

ABSTRACT

The compressed-air vehicle, CAV, is used as compressed air as a fuel, stored in a tank, and powered by an engine. This designed vehicle consists of an air storage tank, from which the air is made to expand inside the cylinder. The air engine is derived from the steam engine. CAV has existed in various forms since two centuries.

Keywords: compressed air technology, effective renewable alternative energy, zero pollution vehicle

INTRODUCTION The CAV is one which uses compressed air as a fuel. This specially designed vehicle consists of an air storage tank, from which the air is made to expand inside the cylinder. Here, the pressure energy of air is getting converted into kinetic energy. The compressed air vehicle is a ZERO POLLUTION VEHICLE because of the absence of combustion. CAV is the vehicle of the future generation when optimized.[1–

5]

PRINCIPLE

The principle of the air engine is derived from the steam engine in which the pressure energy of steam is converted to kinetic energy. The air engine uses compressed air instead of steam. The compressed air has pressure which on expansion moves the piston (linear motion) which is converted to rotary motion through crank and connecting rod mechanism (Figure 1).[6,7]

Pressure Energy Kinetic Energy

IJMDA (2016) 6–8 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 6

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis Vol. 2: Issue 2

www.journalspub.com

An Insight about Advances in Shock Wave Capturing and

Detection

Priyanka Garg* Department of Physics, University of Madras, Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT

Similar to the traditional shock capturing schemes, a brief insight is presented describing various research initiatives in attaining precise result using filters. These can not only eliminate the numerical instability caused by large gradients in flow fields, but also improve efficiency compared to classical shock-capturing schemes. Adding the nonlinear dissipation part of a classical shock-capturing scheme to a central scheme makes the method suitable for incorporation into any existing central-based high-order subsonic code. Keywords: computational fluid dynamics, capturing schemes, detection techniques, discontinuities, PDEs INTRODUCTION

Advanced techniques are needed to capture shock waves and to detect shock waves in both numerical computations and experimental observations. Capturing discontinuities in numerical solutions of PDEs has been a subject of research ever since the development of such methods itself. Although there have been many established methods in the context of finite difference and finite volume schemes, shock detection and capturing pose a new challenge in the case of high-order DG methods. These methods are designed to be suitable for computations on complex unstructured grids without changes in formulation. So, it is important to preserve this flexibility while designing any tools like shock capturing, mesh adaptation, etc.[1] Although most of the methods extended from the approaches used in finite difference and finite volume methods work well in 1-D, they often suffer in 2-D and 3-D on unstructured grids and there have

been numerous such efforts which have been validated for 1-D but not extended to multidimensional cases successfully. In finite volume methods, the techniques developed for 1D can be easily extended to multiple dimensions due to the fact that we only need to solve multiple 1-D Riemann problems in 2-D and 3-D and the one-dimensional nature is preserved due to the use of just cell averages. In the case of high-order finite element methods however, the local structure is complex and it is not possible to split it into uni-dimensional Riemann problems. As a result, in recent approaches by Abhishek Sheshadri and Antony Jameson, emphasis was made more on developing techniques which can be directly or easily extended to multiple dimensions and various element shapes. Shock Waves

A shock wave is produced when a body is moving at a speed greater than the speed of sound that is, at hypersonic speed. A

IJMDA (2016) 9-11 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 9

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis Vol. 2: Issue 2

www.journalspub.com

Chaotic Dynamics of Nonlinear Systems

Reema Jaiswal Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, India

INTRODUCTION

Complex system theory deals with dynamical systems containing often a large number of variables. It extends dynamical system theory, which deals with dynamical systems containing a few variables. A good understanding of dynamical systems theory is therefore a prerequisite when studying complex systems.[1–3] DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS

A dynamical system can be any mechanism that evolves deterministically in time. Simple examples can be found in mechanics, one may think of the pendulum or the Solar System. Similar systems occur in chemistry and meteorology. We should note that in biological and economic systems it is less clear when we are dealing with determinism.1 We are interested in evolutions, i.e., functions that describe the state of a system as a function of time and that satisfy the equations of motion of the system. Mathematical definitions of these concepts will follow later. The simplest type of evolution is stationary, where the state is constant in time. Next we also know periodic evolutions. Here, after a fixed period, the system always returns to the same state and we get a precise repetition of what happened in the previous period. Stationary and periodic evolutions are very regular and predictable. Here prediction simply is based on matching with past observations. Apart from these types of evolutions, already in quite simple systems one meets evolutions that are not so regular and predictable. In cases where the unpredictability can be established in a definite way, we shall

speak of chaotic behavior. In the first part of this chapter, using systems like the pendulum with or without damping or external forcing, we give an impression of the types of evolution that may occur. We shall see that usually a given system has various types of evolution. Which types are typical or prevalent strongly depends on the kind of system at hand; for example, in mechanical systems it is important whether or not we consider dissipation of energy, for instance by friction or damping.[4,5] Characteristics of a Dynamical System

In particular, a chaotic dynamical system is generally characterized by: (1) Having a dense collection of points

with periodic orbits. (2) Being sensitive to the initial condition

of the system (so that initially nearby points can evolve quickly into very different states), a property sometimes known as the butterfly effect.

(3) Being topologically transitive. However, it should be noted that despite its "random" appearance, chaos is a deterministic evolution. In addition, there are chaotic systems that do not have periodic orbits (periodic orbits only survive in the boundaries of KAM tori, and for sufficiently strong perturbations from the integrable case, islands do not necessarily survive). Furthermore, in so-called quantum chaos, trajectories do not diverge exponentially because they are constrained by the fact that the entire evolution must be unitary.

IJMDA (2016) 12–14 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 12

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis Vol. 2: Issue 2

www.journalspub.com

Review of Works Pertaining to Efficiency of Neural Mobilization

in Various Nerve-Related Syndromes

Manisha Agnihotri* Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal, India

ABSTRACT

Neural mobilization is a treatment modality used in relation to pathologies of the nervous system. It has been suggested that neural mobilization is an effective treatment modality, although support of this suggestion is primarily anecdotal. The purpose of this paper was to provide a systematic review of the literature pertaining to the therapeutic efficacy of neural mobilization. Keywords: anecdotal, efficacy, mobilization, modality, neural

INTRODUCTION

Mobilization of the nervous system (MOTNS) has recently emerged as an adjunct to assessment and treatment of pain syndromes (Fahrni, 1966; Elvey, 1986; Maitland, 1986; Butler and Gifford, 1989; Butler, 1991). An important aspect of this approach is that healthy mechanics of the nervous system enable pain-free posture and movement to be achieved. However, in the presence of pathomechanics of neural tissues (e.g., nerve entrapment), symptoms may be provoked during daily activities. The use of neural tension tests is a major part of the MOWS approach. An aim of using these tests in assessment is to stimulate mechanically and move neural tissues in order to gain an impression of their mobility and sensitivity to mechanical stresses. In the presence of abnormality, the purpose of treatment via these tests is to improve their mechanical and physiological function. Tension tests are limb and trunk movements which are passively performed by a physiotherapist. Structures which can be moved with these tests include the neuraxis, meninges, nerve

roots CBreig, 1960, 1978; Louis, 1981) and peripheral nerves (Goddard and Reid, 1965; McLellan and Swash, 1976; Millesi, 1986).[1–3] Commonly used tests that move neural structures include the straight leg raise (SLR) (Breig and Troup, 1979). passive neck flexion (PNF) (Reid, 1960; Adams and Logue, 19?1), prone knee bend (PKB) (O’Connell 1946), slump (Cyriax, 1942; Maitland, 1986) and upper limb tension (ULT) tests (Frykholm, 1951; Elvey, 1980;’ Kenneally et al, 1988; Butler, 1991). There are also more refined versions of tension tests which direct stress toward specific peripheral nerves, including the radial, radial sensory (Mackinnon and Dellon, 1988), ulnar, common peroneal (Kopell and Thompson, 19761, sural and posterior tibia1 (Butler, 1991). Proficient application of MOTNS requires an understanding of neural mechanics and physiology. It is difficult for clinicians to make good use of these subjects because they are large, contain more information than clinicians need, and are not always easily linked to clinical

IJMDA (2016) 15–18 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 15

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis Vol. 2: Issue 2

www.journalspub.com

Review on Researches in Rock Dynamics

S. Sharmila* University of Madras, Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT

The study of rock dynamics is important because many rock mechanics and rock engineering problems involve dynamic loading ranging from earthquakes to vibrations and explosions. The subject deals with the distribution and propagation of loads, dynamic responses, and processes of rocks and rate-dependent properties, coupled with the physical environment. Rock dynamics has a wide range of applications in civil, mining, geological and environmental engineering. However, due to the additional "4th" dimension of time, rock dynamics remains, in the discipline of rock mechanics, a relatively more challenging topic to understand and to apply, where documented research and knowledge are limited. Keywords: time, dimension, dynamics, mechanics, research INTRODUCTION

A critical review is carried out to identify the validity and applicability of experimental techniques (i.e. loading techniques, optical measurement techniques and testing methods), and to present the state-of-the-art in mechanical behavior (including mechanical properties, physical mechanisms of strain rate, rate-dependent constitutive models, and fracture criteria) of rock materials under dynamic loading. Four types of testing methods have been developed using a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar system; notched semi-circular bending method to determine the mode-I crack initiation and propagation toughness and fracture energy; Brazilian disc method to determine the tensile strength; uniaxial compression tests to determine the uniaxial compressive strength; and passive confining pressure method to determine the triaxial compressive strength. The digital image correlation method in conjunction with high-speed photography is developed for

the measurement of full-field strain fields and crack opening displacement. Three sets of shock wave experiments have been conducted to determine the shock Hugoniot behavior, spall tensile strength and shear strength using a plate impact facility. Embedded manganin stress gauges and a high-speed velocimeter using heterodyne techniques are used for the measurements of stresses, shock velocity and free surface velocity. The detailed experimental procedures used to make measurements are to great extent standard methods when determining mechanical properties and deformation fields under dynamic loadings.[1,2] To systematically study the effect of strain rate, well-studied igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks in dynamic experiments are selected in this research work. The normalized dynamic strength and fracture toughness (i.e. the ratio of dynamic strength or toughness to the quasi-static one) of fine-grained marble and gabbro are apparently higher than that of coarse-grained marble and sandstone,

Mechanical Dynamics

& Analysis

IJMDA

International Journal of

Mechanical Engineering

Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering

Architecture

Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E,Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India

E-mail: [email protected]

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning

« International Journal of Architecture and InfrastructurePlanning

« International Journal of Rural and Regional PlanningDevelopment

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

Applied Mechanics

5 more...

1 more...

2 more...2 more...

5 more...

Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms

Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

Physics

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

Planning

Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and

Circuits

Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical

Engineering

Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular

Engineering

« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour

« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing

« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis

« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics

« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements

5 more...4 more...

3 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and

Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and

Applications3 more...

Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing« International Journal of Neurological Nursing« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing« International Journal of Oncological Nursing

5 more... 4 more...

Subm

it

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Article 2

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Jul–Dec 2016

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