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Original Paper
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN (Online): 2347-1697
Volume 2 Issue 7 March 2015
Abstract Recent Concrete has become an indispensable construction material and it is now used in greater quantities than any other material. The interface bond between the cement paste and aggregates can be improved with better pore structure using mineral admixture like fly ash as a replacement for cement and by replacing sand with bottom ash and the addition of fibers acts as better crack arrestor. The present investigation carried out on concrete to study the effect of fly ash and bottom ash with and without glass fibers and coir fibers on ordinary Portland cement. In this investigation, concrete of M40 is tried using fly ash as partial replacement for cement at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and bottom ash as partial replacement for sand at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% with addition of 0.5% glass fibers and 2% coir fibers to the volume of cement and concrete respectively. The effect of fly ash as cement replacement and bottom ash as sand replacement material with and without fibers on strength and durability characteristics were analysed and compared with normal concrete. The test results shown that the 20% to 30% replacement of cement by fly ash and 10% to 15% replacement of sand by bottom ash show the good and optimized results. Its use will lead to a reduction in cement and sand quantity required for construction purposes and hence sustainability in the construction industry as well as economic construction.
Experimental Investigation on Fiber Reinforced
Concrete with Fly Ash and Bottom Ash as
Partial Replacement of Cement and Sand Paper ID IJIFR/ V2/ E7/ 072 Page No. 2153-2165 Subject Area Civil Engineering
Key Words Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Glass Fiber, Coir Fiber, Bottom Ash, Fly ash
Prof. Virendra Kumar K. N 1 Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering Vijaya Vittala Institute of Technology, Bangalore
Sabarinath N 2 M.Tech. Scholar Department of Civil Engineering Vijaya Vittala Institute of Technology, Bangalore
Dr. S. B. Anadinni 3 Professor, Department of Civil Engineering Vijaya Vittala Institute of Technology, Bangalore
Ravindranath D. M 4 M.Tech. Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering Vijaya Vittala Institute of Technology, Bangalore
2154
ISSN (Online): 2347-1697 International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 2, Issue - 7, March 2015 19th Edition, Page No: 2153-2165
Prof. Virendra Kumar K. N, Sabarinath N, Dr. S. B. Anadinni, Ravindranath D. M.:: Experimental Investigation on Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Fly Ash and Bottom Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement and Sand
1. Introduction
Concrete as a construction material has a large potential all over the world and next only to the
consumption of water. Concrete is a composite material composed of water, coarse granular material
(the fine and coarse aggregate or filler) embedded in a hard matrix of material (the cement or binder)
that fills the space among the aggregate particles and glues them together. Concrete is widely used
for making architectural structures, foundations, brick and pavements. Concrete is used in large
quantities almost everywhere mankind has need for infrastructure. The amount of concrete used
worldwide is twice that of steel, wood, plastics and aluminium. It is estimated that present
consumption of concrete in the world is of the order of 14 billion tons every year. To meet this
requirement large quantities of natural resources are required and these natural resources are getting
depletion day by day.
Energy is the main backbone of modern civilization of the world over and the electric power from
thermal power stations is a major source of energy, in the form of electricity. In India, over 70% of
electricity generated by combustion of fossil fuels, out of which nearly 61% is produced by coal-
fired plants. This results in the production of roughly 110 million tons of ash per year. Most of the
ash has to be disposed of either dry or wet to an open area available near the plant or by grounding
both the fly ash and bottom ash and mixing it with water and pumping into artificial lagoon or
dumping yards. This causes the pollution in water bodies and loss of productive land. In this project
the experimental investigation carried out to study the effect of use of bottom ash as a replacement
of fine aggregates in concrete. Although, fly ash is being generally used as replacement of cement,
as an admixture in concrete, and in manufacturing of cement, the study on the use of bottom ash (the
coarser material, which falls into furnace bottom in modern large thermal power plants and
constitute about 20% of total ash content of the coal fed in the boilers) has been very limited.
Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) is concrete containing fibrous material which increases its
structural integrity. It contains short discrete fibers that are uniformly distributed and randomly
oriented. Fibers include steel fibers, glass fibers, synthetic fibers and natural fibers- each of which
lend varying properties to the concrete. Fibers are usually used in concrete to control cracking due to
plastic shrinkage and to drying shrinkage. They also reduce the permeability of concrete and thus
reduce bleeding of water. Some types of fibers produce greater impact resistance in concrete.
Generally fibers do not increase the flexural strength of concrete, and so cannot replace moment
resisting or structural steel reinforcement.
2. Problem Context Concrete as a construction material has a large potential all over the world and next only to the
consumption of water. Aggregates contributing about 60-70% of concrete mass, hence there exists a
vast demand for aggregates. The fast and vast infrastructural developments in India demand huge
quantity of natural sand for concrete, as fine aggregate. Dwindling sand resources in river beds pose
environmental problem and hence government has imposed restriction on the usage of sand. The
huge demand due to fast development in infrastructure, scarcity of natural sand in river bed and also
due to government restriction on quarrying of sand, have has led to the increase in the cost of natural
sand. This not only has increased the cost of the construction but also delays the construction in few
places due to the non-availability of natural sand. The raw material used for the manufacture of
cement has depleting day by day. This motivates researches for alternative material to replace the
natural sand. Substitution of raw materials constituents with alternatives is an important eco
2155
ISSN (Online): 2347-1697 International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 2, Issue - 7, March 2015 19th Edition, Page No: 2153-2165
Prof. Virendra Kumar K. N, Sabarinath N, Dr. S. B. Anadinni, Ravindranath D. M.:: Experimental Investigation on Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Fly Ash and Bottom Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement and Sand
efficiency driver and is need of the hour. It reduces use of natural resources and offset traditional
materials thus conserving non-renewable natural resources contributing to sustainable construction
and allowing for the recovery of both energy and material from selected waste.
3. Problem Definition
In this experimental investigation, strength and durability aspects of fibers reinforced
concrete is to be studied with fly ash and bottom ash as partial replacement to cement and sand
respectively with percentage variation of 0%, 15%, 30%, 45% and 60% by weight of cement and
sand respectively. Fly ash and bottom ash from Raichur Thermal Power Station (RTPS), Raichur,
Karnataka, was selected for the study. The tests conducted in order to study strength characteristics
such as compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength. Also durability properties
such as water absorption are to be studied. The results obtained will be compared with normal mix.
4. Experimental Materials 4.1. Cement (OPC)
Birla Super OPC 53- grade cement was used in this study. The physical properties of the
cement obtained after conducting the tests as per IS 12269 –1987.
Table-4.1: Properties of Cement (53-Grade OPC)
Sl. No. Properties Results
1 Specific Gravity 2.87
2 Normal Consistency 33%
3 Fineness Modulus 5%
4.2. Fine aggregate
Natural river sand which is locally available has been selected for the dissertation work. The
sand was tested for their physical characteristic according to the relevant IS code provisions.
Table-4.2: Properties of Fine Aggregate
Sl. No. Properties Results
1 Bulk density of loose sand 1428kg/m3
2 Bulk density of compacted sand 1624kg/m3
3 Specific gravity 2.69
4 Fineness modulus 3.534
5 Grading zone 2
4.3. Coarse Aggregate
The material which is retaining on BIS test sieve No.480 is termed as coarse aggregate. The
broken stone is generally used as coarse aggregates. The nature of work decides the maximum size
of the coarse aggregates. For the thin slabs and walls, the maximum size of coarse aggregates should
be limited to one- third the thickness of concrete section. The aggregates should be completely free
from lumps of clay, organic and vegetable matters, fine dust etc. The aggregates were obtained from
the local quarry.
2156
ISSN (Online): 2347-1697 International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 2, Issue - 7, March 2015 19th Edition, Page No: 2153-2165
Prof. Virendra Kumar K. N, Sabarinath N, Dr. S. B. Anadinni, Ravindranath D. M.:: Experimental Investigation on Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Fly Ash and Bottom Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement and Sand
Table-4.3: Properties of Coarse Aggregate
Sl. No. Properties Results
1 Bulk density of compacted aggregate 1590 kg/m3
2 Bulk density of loose aggregate 1403 kg/m3
3 Specific Gravity 2.3
4 Water absorption 0.9%
4.4. Bottom Ash
Bottom ash obtained from Raichur Thermal Power Station (RTPS), the samples have been
collected as per the standards.
Table -4.4: Properties of Bottom Ash
Sl.No. Properties Results
1 Bulk density of BA 1250 kg/m3
2 Bulk density of compacted BA 1420 kg/m3
3 Specific gravity of BA 2.65
Figure 4.4.1:Bottom Ash
4.5. Fly Ash
Fly ash obtained from Raichur Thermal Power Station (RTPS), the samples have been
collected as per the standards.
Table-5: Physical Properties of Fly Ash
Sl. No. Properties Results
1 Specific Gravity 2.56
2 Normal Consistency 31%
3 Fineness Modulus 4.5%
2157
ISSN (Online): 2347-1697 International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 2, Issue - 7, March 2015 19th Edition, Page No: 2153-2165
Prof. Virendra Kumar K. N, Sabarinath N, Dr. S. B. Anadinni, Ravindranath D. M.:: Experimental Investigation on Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Fly Ash and Bottom Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement and Sand
Figure
4.4.1:
Fly Ash
4.5.
Water
Clean potable water available in the laboratory as per IS 456:2000 was used for the
manufacturing of concrete, the water cement ratio determines the strength of concrete. Therefore a
higher slump concrete can be achieved when batching the concrete with a low water dosage and a
high Superplasticizer dosage or with a higher water dosage and a lower Superplasticizer dosage. If
the amount of mixing water selected is very low, the mix can rapidly become sticky and as a high
amount of Superplasticizer has to be used to achieve this high slump, some retardation can be
expected. The quantity and quality of water is required to be looked into very carefully. In this
experimental work, ordinary potable tap water available at laboratory was used for mixing the
concrete and curing the concrete specimen.
4.6. Superplasticizer
The super plasticizer used is Master Glenium Sky 8233. It is manufactured by BASF
construction chemical India Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai. It is an admixture of a new generation based on
modified polycarboxylicether. The product has been primarily developed for applications in high
performance concrete where the highest durability and performance is required. Master Glenium Sky
8233is free of chloride &low alkali. It is compatible with all types of cements.
4.7. Glass Fiber
In the present work, glass fibers, 25 micrometer in diameter and 5cm long are used for the
preparation of standard M40 grade concrete by reinforcing upto 0.5%.The fibers are available in
huge quantities and are waste products of the glass manufacturing industries. Thus, use of such
fibers not only increase the flexural strength of the concrete, but also pave the way for an easy
disposal of the industrial waste.
Figure 4.7.1: Glass Fiber
Table-6: Physical Properties of Glass fibers
2158
ISSN (Online): 2347-1697 International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 2, Issue - 7, March 2015 19th Edition, Page No: 2153-2165
Prof. Virendra Kumar K. N, Sabarinath N, Dr. S. B. Anadinni, Ravindranath D. M.:: Experimental Investigation on Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Fly Ash and Bottom Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement and Sand
Property Value
Tenacity 6.3 – 6.9 gm/den
Density 2.5 gm/c.c
Elasticity Bad
Moisture Regain (MR %) 0%
Resiliency Excellent
Ability to protest friction Not good
Color White or color less
Ability to protest friction It can protect upto 315
0Ctemperature.
It loses energy after passing 3150C
4.8. Coir Fibers
Coir is a kind of natural fiber which is abundantly available in tropical areas, moreover it is
tough and durable, provide excellent insulation against temperature and sound and is unaffected by
moisture. Coconut fiber which can also be known with other names as Coir, Cocos nucifera,
Arecaceae (Palm).
Figure 4.8.1.Coir Fibers
Table-7: Mechanical Properties of Coir Fibers
Property Values
Fiber length(mm) 50-110
Fiber diameter(mm) 0.1-0.406
Specific gravity 1.12-1.15
Elongation (%) 10-25
Modulus of elasticity(N/mm2) 2750-3770
Average tensile strength(N/mm²) 150
5. Methodology
5.1. Mix Proportions
Design mix concrete is preferred to nominal mix. Mix is designed following the stipulations
laid down in IS 456:2000 with respect to minimum cement content, maximum water to cement ratio
and minimum grade of concrete for various exposure conditions and guidelines. Mix is designed as
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ISSN (Online): 2347-1697 International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 2, Issue - 7, March 2015 19th Edition, Page No: 2153-2165
Prof. Virendra Kumar K. N, Sabarinath N, Dr. S. B. Anadinni, Ravindranath D. M.:: Experimental Investigation on Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Fly Ash and Bottom Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement and Sand
per IS 10262:2009 - BIS method of Mix design.
Mix Ratio = C: FA: CA: w/c
Mix ratio = 1: 1.60: 3.02: 0.4 (0.5% of Superplasticizer)
Table-8: Details of Mix Proportion with Constant Superplasticizer, W/C ratio and Fibers
FA and BA Mix Proportion (kg/m3) W/C SP GF CF
replacement C FA S BA CA (%) (%) (%)
FRC 0% 400 0 668.3 0 1210 0.4 0.5 0.5 2
10% FA + 360 40 634.885 33.415 1210 0.4 0.5 0.5 2
5% BA
20% FA + 320 80 601.47 66.83 1210 0.4 0.5 0.5 2
10% BA
30% FA + 280 120 568.06 100.245 1210 0.4 0.5 0.5 2
15% BA
40% FA + 240 160 534.64 133.66 1210 0.4 0.5 0.5 2
20% BA
C=Cement, FA=Fly ash, BA=Bottom ash, S=Sand, GF= Glass fiber, CF=Coir fiber, SP=Superplasticizer, CA= Coarse aggregate
6. Results and Discussions
6.1. Slump Test
Slump test was done for CC, fly ash as a partial replacement for cement at 10%, 20%, 30%
and 40% and bottom ash as partial replacement for sand at 5%, 10%,15% and 40% with addition of
glass fibers and coir fibers with constant 0.5% Superplasticizer
% Variation of Fly Ash and Bottom Ash
Figure 6.1: Slump Test of Concrete
6.1.1 Observation and Discussion on Workability in workability due to fly ash. Even there may be slight variation, but it is negotiable.
Because of this reason water/cement ratio 0.40 and super plasticizer of 0.5% kept constant for all
mixes.
mm
in
V
alu
e
Slu
mp
2160
ISSN (Online): 2347-1697 International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 2, Issue - 7, March 2015 19th Edition, Page No: 2153-2165
Prof. Virendra Kumar K. N, Sabarinath N, Dr. S. B. Anadinni, Ravindranath D. M.:: Experimental Investigation on Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Fly Ash and Bottom Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement and Sand
6.2. Compressive Strength Test
Compressive strength of concrete mixes made with and without fly ash and bottom ash
replacement was determined at 7 and 28days.
% variation of Fly Ash & Bottom Ash
Figure 6.2.1: Compressive strength of M40 GFRC with FA & BA replacement upto 60% for 7 & 28 days in N/mm2
% variation of Fly Ash & Bottom Ash
Figure 6.2.2:.Compressive strength of M40 CFRC with FA & BA replacement upto 60% for 7 & 28 days in N/mm2
6.2.1 Observation and Discussion on Compressive Strength Test
There is improvement in compressive strength by the addition of glass fibers and coir fibers.
The 28 days target compressive strength is achieved for the replacement level upto 30% in case of
glass fibers and 45% in case of coir fibers. Coir fibers give more compressive strength than that of
glass fibers by comparing above test results. The compressive strength slightly increases with
addition of 0.5% glass fibers and increases more in case of coir fibers. The strength decreases
CC FRC0 FRC15 FRC30 FRC45 FRC60
7 DAYS 29.05 29.26 28.96 28.3 26.9 23.84
28 DAYS 51.2 51.4 49.04 48.3 45.18 44.44
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Co
mp
ress
ive
Str
eng
th i
n N
/mm
2
Com
pre
ssiv
e S
tren
gth
in
N/m
m2
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ISSN (Online): 2347-1697 International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 2, Issue - 7, March 2015 19th Edition, Page No: 2153-2165
Prof. Virendra Kumar K. N, Sabarinath N, Dr. S. B. Anadinni, Ravindranath D. M.:: Experimental Investigation on Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Fly Ash and Bottom Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement and Sand
because at early age bottom ash reacts slowly with calcium hydroxide liberated during hydration of
cement and does not contribute significantly to the densification of concrete matrix at early ages.
6.3 Split Tensile Strength The test results of split tensile strength of M40 grade concrete in which cement replaced by fly ash
and sand by bottom ash with addition of glass and coir fibers is obtained. The strength values for
curing periods at 7 and 28 days are noted and these values are compared with the normal concrete.
% variation of Fly Ash & Bottom Ash
Figure 6.3.1: Split Tensile Strength of M40 GFRC with FA & BA replacement upto 60% for 7 & 28 days in N/mm2
% variation of Fly Ash & Bottom Ash
Figure 6.3.2:Split Tensile Strength of M40 CFRC with FA & BA replacement upto 60% for 7 & 28 days in N/mm2
6.3.1 Observation and Discussion on Split Tensile Strength Test
CC FRC0% FRC15% FRC30% FRC45% FRC60%
7 DAYS 3.16 3.34 3.09 2.48 2.16 1.78
28 DAYS 4.54 4.72 4.59 4.52 4.3 3.94
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
CC FRC0% FRC15% FRC30% FRC45% FRC60%
7 DAYS
28 DAYS
Sp
lit
Ten
sile
Str
eng
th i
n N
/mm
2
Sp
lit
Ten
sile
Str
eng
th i
n N
/mm
2
2162
ISSN (Online): 2347-1697 International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 2, Issue - 7, March 2015 19th Edition, Page No: 2153-2165
Prof. Virendra Kumar K. N, Sabarinath N, Dr. S. B. Anadinni, Ravindranath D. M.:: Experimental Investigation on Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Fly Ash and Bottom Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement and Sand
The split tensile strength for normal concrete was obtained as 4.54 N/mm2 at 28 days. For glass fiber
reinforced concrete strength increased is 3.82% and for coir fiber reinforced concrete strength
increased is 8.1%. The split tensile strength of concrete increases with increase in percentage of
glass fibers and coir fibers. The fly ash and bottom ash can be used for replacement level upto30% in
case of glass fibers and 45% in case of coir fibers.
6.4 Flexural Strength The test results of flexural strength of design mix M40 on standard 150x150x700 mm beams at 28
days age are obtained for fly ash and bottom ash concrete with addition of glass fibers and coir
fibers.
% Variation of fly ash and bottom ash
Figure 6.4.1: Flexural Strength of M40 GFRC and CFRC for 28 days in N/mm2
6.4.1 Observation and Discussion on Flexural Strength The results of flexural strength of concrete mix with and without fly ash and bottom ash were tested
at 28 days. The concrete with addition of 0.5% glass fibers showed maximum strength and in case of
coir fiber also showed maximum strength by the addition of 2% coir fibers. Glass fibers reinforced
concrete shows 3.5% greater strength compared CC. Coir fiber reinforced concrete shows 5.4%
greater strength compared to CC.
6.5 Durability Test
6.5.1 Water Absorption Test
The results of water absorption test of concrete mixes with and without fly ash and bottom
ash replacement was determined at 28 days.
Fle
xu
ral
stre
ngth
in
N/m
m2
2163
ISSN (Online): 2347-1697 International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 2, Issue - 7, March 2015 19th Edition, Page No: 2153-2165
Prof. Virendra Kumar K. N, Sabarinath N, Dr. S. B. Anadinni, Ravindranath D. M.:: Experimental Investigation on Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Fly Ash and Bottom Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement and Sand
% Variation of Fly Ash and Bottom Ash
Figure 6.5.1: Water Absorption of M40 GFRC and CFRC with FABA replacement for 28 days
6.5.1: Observation and Discussion on Water Absorption Water absorption of concrete is decreased with the increase in % replacement of fly ash and bottom
ash from 0% to 60% due to chemical composition of fly ash.
6.6 Density of Concrete
The density of concrete with % replacement of fly ash and bottom ash with glass fibers and coir
fibers are obtained.
6.6.1 Observation and Discussion on Density of Concrete
The density of concrete is decreased with the increase in % replacement of fly ash and
bottom ash from 0% to 60% with glass fibers and Coir Fibers due to the low specific gravity of
bottom ash as compared to fine aggregate.
% Variation of Fly Ash and Bottom Ash
Figure 6.6.1: Density of GFRC & CFRC for 28 Days in KN/m3
Den
sity
of
Co
ncr
ete
in K
N/m
3
% o
f m
ois
ture
Ab
sorp
tio
n
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ISSN (Online): 2347-1697 International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 2, Issue - 7, March 2015 19th Edition, Page No: 2153-2165
Prof. Virendra Kumar K. N, Sabarinath N, Dr. S. B. Anadinni, Ravindranath D. M.:: Experimental Investigation on Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Fly Ash and Bottom Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement and Sand
7. Conclusion
The following conclusions can be drawn from the results of the present study;
i. The workability of fiber reinforced concrete has been reduced with the increase in
percentage of fly ash and bottom ash.
ii. The compressive strength of concrete for 28 days of curing with various % replacement of
fly ash and bottom ash has been increased and have achieved target strength upto 30%
replacement for GFRC and upto 45% replacement for CFRC.
iii. The split tensile strength of concrete for 28 days of curing with various % replacement of fly
ash and bottom ash has been increased and have achieved target strength upto 30%
replacement for GFRC and upto 45% replacement for CFRC.
iv. The flexural strength of fly ash and bottom ash concrete maintained good result upto 30%
&45% replacement with addition of glass fibers and coir fibers respectively.
v. By the addition of coir fibers, compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural
strength has been improved much compared to the addition of glass fibers.
vi. Concrete mixes with % replacement of fly ash and bottom ash have showed lower values in
case of water absorption.
vii. The density of concrete decreased with increase in replacement of fly ash and bottom ash
with the addition of glass fibers and coir fibers
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ISSN (Online): 2347-1697 International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 2, Issue - 7, March 2015 19th Edition, Page No: 2153-2165
Prof. Virendra Kumar K. N, Sabarinath N, Dr. S. B. Anadinni, Ravindranath D. M.:: Experimental Investigation on Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Fly Ash and Bottom Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement and Sand
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IS Codes
[12] IS: 10262-2009, Concrete Mix Proportioning - Guidelines (First Revision).
[13] SP: 23-1982, Handbook on Concrete Mixes (Based on Indian Standard).
[14] IS: 2386:1963, Tests on Aggregates.
[15] IS: 516-1959, Indian Standard Method of Test for Strength of Concrete.
[16] IS: 383-1970 (Reaffirmed 2007), Indian Standard Specifications for Coarse and Fine
Aggregates from Natural Sources for Concrete.
[17] IS: 12269-1987 (Reaffirmed 2004), Indian Standard Specifications for 53 Grade Ordinary
Portland Cement.
[18] IS: 9103: 1999, Indian Standard Code for Superplasticizer