international journal of immunological nursing vol 2 issue 2

International Journal of

Immunological NursingJUL–DEC 2016

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Immunological Nursing

International Journal of Immunological Nursing is a peer reviewed Journal. It majorly focuses towards the

publication of current Research/Review works carried out in the area of Immunology and Nursing with a

special emphasis on autoimmunity, immunotherapy, reproductive immunology and vaccines. The Journal

covers all major areas involved in Nursing care and Infectious Disease management.

Focus and Scope of the Journal Classical immunology

Anatomy and physiology of immune system

Immunology and infectious diseases

Autoimmunity

Developmental immunology

Immunotherapy

Hypersensitivity

Reproductive immunology

Nursing management

Clinical immunology

Infection control

Immunotoxicology

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PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager

ChairmanMr. Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director,JournalsPub,

New Delhi

Hidam Renubala

Ankita Singh

Deepika Bhadauria

Rekha Rani

Commissioning Editors

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Manisha Dhoble

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Dr. Ramesh KumariMai Bhago College of Nursing, Tarn-Taran,

India

Mr. Nitin Nayyar Public Health Services & District Hospitals, National Health Mission, Delhi State Health

Mission, New Delhi, India

Dr. Ubahara SahayarajCentre for Addiction Medicine, National

Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (Institute of National Importance),

Bangalore, India

Dr. Sutapa AgrawalSouth Asia Network for Chronic Disease,

Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon (Haryana),

India.

Dr. Sukhpal kaur National Institute of Nursing Education,

PGIMER, Chandigarh, India

Dr. Gowrishankar Potturi Department of Allied Health Sciences, Allianze

College of Medical Sciences, Malaysia

Dr. Bimla RaniBharat College of Nursing, Punjab,

India

Dr. Kedar G MehtaDepartment of Community Medicine, GMERS

Medical College, Gotri, Vadodara, India

Dr. S. VijayalakshmiVignesh Nursing College, Tiruvannamalai,

India

Dr Anuja ChauhanArni University, Kathgarh, Kangra,

(Himachal Pradesh), India

Dr. Arnel Banaga SalgadoPsychiatric Nursing and Psychology RAK Medical and Health Sciences University,

United Arab Emirates

Dr. E. SinuDepartment of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical

College, Manipal University, Manipal, India

Mr. Rathish NairCollege of Nursing,

AIIMS, Bihar, India

Dr. Jigar Mukesh Dhuvad Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department,

Government Dental College and Hospital, Ahmadabad, India

Dr. Pragya Pathak College of Nursing, All India Institute of

Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

Dr. Pierson Rathinaraj Institute of Biomedical Technologies,

Auckland University of Technology (AUT)Auckland- New Zealand

Dr. Pratibha SwamyCollege of Nursing, NIMHANS, Bangalore,

India

Dr. Smriti Arora Rufaida College of Nursing,

Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India

Dr. Sushma Kumari Saini National Institute of Nursing Education,

PGIMER, Chandigarh, India

Dr. Asha P. ShettyYenepoya Nursing College, Yenepoya

University, Deralakatte Mangalore, India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Dr. A JudieSRM College of Nursing,

SRM University, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Aman ModaGoenka Research Institute of Dental Science,

Gandhinagar, India

Dr. Kawaljit Kaur Department of Medical surgical Nursing, Mai Bhago College of Nursing, Tarn Taran

(Punjab), India

Dr. Regina D SatvekarBharati Vidyapeeth, Deemed University,

College of Nursing, Sangli (Maharashtra),India

Dr. Mala ThayumanavanBGS Global Hospitals,

Bangalore, India

Dr. Christos F. KleisiarisCommunity Nursing, Technological

Educational Institute of Crete, Greece

Dr. Ioanna V. PapathanasiouNursing Department, Technological Educational

Institute of Thessaly, Greece

Dr. Vahitha.S.College of Nursing, Jawaharlal Institute of Post

Graduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, India

Prof. A Arvin BabuMental health Nursing, Sree Abirami Hospital

and College of Nursing, Coimbatore, India

Achla Dagdu GaikwadDepartment of Nursing, NIMHANS,

Bangalore, India

Stella Sagaya MaryMatha College of Nursing,

Nadu, India

Urmila D BhardwajFaculty of Nursing, Hamdard University,

India

Naveen Herold SimonShri Venketeshwara University,

Gajrola, India

Sibin Joy VayalilCommunity Health Nursing Department,Lourdes College of Nursing, kerala, India

Siva Jeya Anand TChitra College of Nursing, Kerala,

India

Prof. Dhanpal H.N.Department of Psychiatric Nursing,

Smt. Nagarathnamma College of Nursing,India

Dr. C. SusilaBillroth College of Nursing, Chennai,

India

From the Editor's Desk

Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the Second Volume of a new scholarly

Journal, International Journal of Immunological Nursing. This Journal is part of the

Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Nursing issues, from theoretical

aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies.

This new Journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Nursing as an emerging

and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical

investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Nursing Science community, addressing researchers

and practitioners in this area.

The core vision of International Journal of Immunological Nursing in Journals Pub is to propagate novel

awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research

societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Nursing in general. Journals Pub acts as a

pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully.

International Journal of Immunological Nursing focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of

Classical immunology, Anatomy and physiology of immune system, Immunology and infectious diseases,

Autoimmunity, Developmental immunology, Immunotherapy, Hypersensitivity, Reproductive immunology,

Nursing management, Clinical immunology, Infection control, Immunotoxicology.

The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Nursing and

solutions in the area.

Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Nursing community.

We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative

platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the

field of Nursing.

This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we

would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the

editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.

It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Nursing readers and will

stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Nursing.

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. Microchimerism – A Novel Exemplar for Human Health and Disease: Review Article Blessy Varghese 1

2. Autoimmune Disorders: A Review Neha Sharma 4

3. New Vaccines on the HorizonAnkita Mathur 7

4. Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions: Causes, Treatment and PreventionAnkita Mathur, Rajni Kaul 10

5. Onion – A Miraculous VegetableT. Johnsy Rani 15

Contents

IJIN (2016) 1-3 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Immunological Nursing eISSN: 2456-1592

Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com

Microchimerism – A Novel Exemplar for Human Health and Disease: Review Article

Blessy Varghese*

Child Health Nursing, MGM Muthoot College of Nursing, Kozhencherry, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala, India

ABSTRACT

It is now known that during pregnancy some cells move from mother to fetus and vice versa even though placenta was considered as a barrier for the interchange. Swapped cells can multiply and can be immunologically mobile even decades after giving birth. The presence of fetal cells has been associated with both positive and negative effects on maternal health. Keywords: microchimerism, maternal, fetal, interaction INTRODUCTION Maternal-offspring interactions are often viewed as solely cooperative, both parties having an interest in the other's survival and well-being. The placenta was previously thought to barricade the mother and fetus thus preventing maternal rejection of the fetus. It is now known that during pregnancy some cells traffic from mother to fetus and from fetus to mother. Surprisingly, some mother’s cells can be found in her adult offspring and some cells from the fetus can be found in the mother decades later.[1–3] BODY Microchimerism/Mc is the presence of a little amount of cells that arise from another individual and are therefore genetically discrete from the cells of the host individual. Interchanged cells can proliferate and setup lifelong cell lines that are immunologically agile.[4] Types of Microchimerism Natural acquiredmicrochimerism (i) Feto-maternal microchimerism – cells

from a fetus pass through the placenta

and establish cell lineages within the mother.

Maternal→fetal microchimerism – (ii)cells from mother are also found in the offspring but this phenomenon is half frequent as former

Iatrogenic chimerism – This occur as a result of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Persistent microchimerism – Blood transfusion is the cause.

Etiology of Mc Placentation allows for the transfer of

small numbers of cells between the fetus and the mother

Maternal-fetal genomic encounter Mechanism of Transfer During pregnancy, there is a biface flow of fetal and maternal cells. More fetal cells are being transferred to the mother than vice versa and the transfer of these cells is disproportionate. After child birth, the maternal immune system by inducing apoptosis actively clears few but not all fetal cells from the maternal blood. Not only microchimerism happens between mother and child but also cells can be

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenta




Autoimmune Disorders: A Review

Neha Sharma* Department of Nursing, Khalsa College of Nursing, Amritsar, India

ABSTRACT

Autoimmune diseases are diseases in which immune system attacks healthy cells of the body. The basic function of the immune system is to protect us from diseases but during autoimmune diseases many parts of the body like joints, muscles, skin, red blood cells, blood vessels, connective tissue, endocrine glands are affected. More than 80 types of autoimmune diseases are found till date and most of them show similar symptoms. The Main sign of an autoimmune disease is Fever, fatigue, general malaise, inflammation, which can cause redness, heat, pain and swelling. Autoimmune are treated by medical interventions, alternative therapies, etc. Keywords: antibody, antigen, autoimmune, immune system INTRODUCTION The insusceptible arrangement of the body gives assurance against destructive substances. Immune system ailments are brought on by microscopic organisms, infections, poisons, growth cells, and blood and tissue that enter from outside the body. They contain antigens.[1] The insusceptible framework produces antibodies against

these antigens that empower it to annihilate these hurtful substances. Amid an immune system issue, your invulnerable framework couldn't recognize solid tissue and antigens. Thus, the body begins pulverizing typical tissues of the body. The correct reason for immune system issue is obscure. An immune system issue causes unusual organ development, destructs body tissue and dysfunctions in the organs.




New Vaccines on the Horizon

Ankita Mathur Department of Nursing, Shivalik Institute of Nursing, Shimla, HP, India

Immunizations are hailed as a standout amongst the most critical general wellbeing accomplishments of the 20th century. New advancements in immunization innovation and new data about how the resistant framework attempts to ensure us make this an energizing time in the field of antibody innovative work. In 2012, there were about 300 immunization clinical trials in advance or being inspected by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 170 of these immunizations are for irresistible infections. In 2002, the Perspective in Health Magazines made the accompanying expectations: By 2005, noteworthy advance toward,

if not accomplishment of the worldwide annihilation of polio.

By 2010, immunizations against meningitis, pneumonia, rotavirus-created looseness of the bowels and human papilloma infection (the reason for cervical disease).

By 2015, antibodies against AIDS, intestinal sickness and aspiratory tuberculosis, and the worldwide control of measles.

By 2025, the capacity to secure newborn children against no less than 20 pathogens for the duration of their lives.

The initial two have as of now been refined! While there is a coordinated push to end measles, the objective to accomplish overall annihilation of measles by 2010 has been hindered by guardians in Europe and parts of the United States picking not to inoculate their kids prompting to higher disease rates.

To secure more kids, researchers and specialists are buckling down each day to grow new antibodies. Immunizations against the "enormous three" – AIDS, jungle fever and tuberculosis (TB) – are en route. TB is brought about by microscopic organisms that contaminate the lungs. It spreads when microorganisms go through the air from one individual hacking, sniffling, or talking, and are breathed in by another person. It is evaluated that TB costs the worldwide economy $1 billion a day, and there are strains that cannot be cured by any anti-infection. In 2011 alone, there were 8.7 million contaminations and 1.4 million passing’s from TB. Although the U.S. had just 10,528 reported instances of TB in 2011, a 2011–2012 TB flare-up in a Longmont High School indicates how effectively maladies like TB can influence nearby groups. With the ascent of anti-toxin safe strains of TB, there is a potential for the effect of the sickness to wind up more extreme. Numerous TB antibodies are currently in clinical trials that would have a neighborhood and in addition worldwide effect. Respiratory diseases like flu and pneumonia are especially hazardous for kids and the elderly, bringing about no less than 4.25 million passing a year. The present influenza immunization is suggested every year and secures against the three most common strains coursing in every given year. In mid-2012, the FDA affirmed an influenza antibody that secures against four distinct strains. Since flu is an infection that consistently transforms, it


International Journal of Immunological Nursing eISSN : 2456-1592


Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions: Causes, Treatment and Prevention

Ankita Mathur*, Rajni Kaul

Department of Nursing, Shivalik Institute of Nursing, Shimla, HP, India

ABSTRACT

Hypersensitivity alludes to unnecessary, undesirable (harming, distress creating and some of the time lethal) responses delivered by the typical insusceptible framework. Extreme hypersensitivity responses require a pre-sharpened (safe) condition of the host. Immediate hypersensitivity is a quick IgE-and pole cell-intervened vascular and smooth muscle reaction that happens in hereditarily defenseless people upon introduction to certain ecological antigens to which they have been beforehand uncovered. These responses are otherwise called sensitivities, and the antigens that affect these responses are normally called allergens. The signs of these responses can run in seriousness from gentle feed fever or sensitivities to pet dander, to extreme hypersensitivity brought on by ingestion of medications, for example, penicillin or infusion with creepy crawly venoms. Hypersensitivities are the most widely recognized issue of the safe framework and may influence up to 20% of the populace. Keywords: hypersensitivity, IgE, immunoglobulin, type I INTRODUCTION The insusceptible framework is an essential piece of human security against sickness, yet the typically defensive resistant components can in some cases cause impeding responses in the host. Such responses are known as excessive hypersensitivity responses, and the investigation of these is named immunopathology. The customary arrangement for extreme hypersensitivity responses is that of Gell and Coombs and is at present the most usually known characterization system.[1] It separates the excessive Hypersensitivity responses into the accompanying 4 sorts: Type I responses (i.e., quick extreme

hypersensitivity responses) include immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated arrival of histamine and different go between from pole cells and basophils.[2] Examples incorporate hypersensitivity and unfavorably susceptible rhinoconjunctivitis.

Type II responses (i.e., cytotoxic extreme hypersensitivity responses) include immunoglobulin G or immunoglobulin M antibodies bound to cell surface antigens, with resulting supplement obsession. A case is medication initiated hemolytic weakness.

Type III responses (i.e., insusceptible complex responses) include coursing antigen-counter acting agent invulnerable buildings that store in postcapillary venules, with consequent supplement obsession. A case is serum infection.

Type IV responses (i.e., deferred excessive Hypersensitivity responses, cell-interceded insusceptibility) are intervened by T cells as opposed to by antibodies. A case is contact dermatitis




Onion – A Miraculous Vegetable

T. Johnsy Rani* The Salvation Army Catherine Booth College of Nursing, Nagercoil, Kanyakumari, India

ABSTRACT

Onions are miraculous vegetables that are low in calories but rich in beneficial nutrients like vitamins, minerals and antioxidants and also possess folate, magnesium, phosphorus, fructans, selenium, chromium and antioxidants, quercetin and sulphur. Its health benefits are enormous. Its high fiber content, organosulfur compounds, antioxidants like quercetin and vitamin C exhibits an anticancerous action through inhibition of tumor growth, mutagenesis, free radical formation and exerting toxic effects on cancer cells. Folate contained in it relieves depression and promotes mood, sleep and appetite by inhibiting the excess storage of homocysteine which may affect the production of hormones like serotin, dopamine and norepinephrine. Collagen in it keeps skin and hair healthier. Fructan, a complex carbohydrate promotes the growth of probiotics, Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli in intestine, whose presence destroys carcinogens and promotes absorption of minerals. Flavanoids and quercetin present in onions sluggish the growth of Helicobacter pylori, prevent gastric ulcers and inhibit the inflammation causing leukotrienes, prostaglandins and histamines in osteoarthritis and rheumatic arthritis, deteriorate cancer growth respectively. GPCS (Gamma – L – glutamyl – trans – S – 1 – propenyl – L – cysteine sulfoxide) inhibits breakdown of bones and treats osteoporosis and corticoid induced bone loss. Selenium lowers inflammation and stimulates immune responses, thereby controls viral, inflammatory and allergic conditions. Onions also help in regulating blood sugar through the presence of S-methylcysteine, quercetin, sulphur compounds and chromium and also it lowers LDL. Keywords: chromium, flavanoid, folate, fructan, onions INTRODUCTION Onions also known as the bulb onion or common onion is a vegetable and is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium. They can vary in size, shape, color and flavor. The most common types are red, yellow and white onion. Flavors of onions can vary from mild flavor to sharp with sweet and juicy, spicy, and pungent, often depending upon the season grown and consumed. It is estimated that 105 billion pounds of onions are harvested each year worldwide.[1,2]

Nutrition Facts Amount 100 g Amount 100 g Calories 40 Protein 1.1 g Total fat 0.1 g Vitamin A 0% Cholesterol 0 mg Calcium 2% Sodium 4 mg Vitamin D 0% Potassium 146 mg Vitamin C 12% Total carbohydrate 9 g Iron 1% Dietary fiber 1.7 g Vitamin B6 5% Sugar 4.2 g Magnesium 2% Onions are dense in nutrients i.e., even though their caloric contents are low, they are rich in beneficial nutrients like vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. They also have little quantity of folate, magnesium, phosphorus, fructans,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/245588.php






Immunological NursingJUL–DEC 2016

www.journalspub.com

IJIN

eISSN: 2456-1592Mechanical Engineering

Chemical Engineering

Architecture

Applied Mechanics

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2 more...2 more...

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Computer Science and Engineering

Nanotechnology« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

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Civil Engineering

Electrical Engineering

Material Sciences and Engineering

Chemistry

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Biotechnology

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