international journal of humanities and cultural...

International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies ISSN 2356-5926

Volume 2

Issue 2

Editor-in-Chief : Dr. Hassen ZRIBA

July-September 2015

Volume 2 Issue 2

Volume 2 Issue 2

September 2015

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND

CULTURAL STUDIES ISSN 2356-5926

http://ijhcschiefeditor.wix.com/ijhcs Page 1

Editorial Board Editor-in-Chief Managing Editor

Dr. Hassen Zriba Najoua Chalbi

*Emeritus Professor Ralph Grillo

University of Sussex, UK

*Dr. Syed Zamanat Abbas

Salman Bin Abdulaziz University, Saudi

Arabia

*Professor Muhammad Asif

Riphah International University, Pakistan

*Dr. Santosh Kumar Behera

Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, India

*Professor Sadok Bouhlila

Northern Borders University, Saudi Arabia

*Dr. P. Prayer Elmo Raj

Pachaiyappa's College, India

*Professor Pacha Malyadri

Osmania University, Andhra Pradesh, India

*Omid Akhavan

Imam Ali University, Iran

*Professor Shormishtha Panja

University of Delhi, India

*Loredana Terec-Vlad

Ștefan cel Mare University, Romania

*Professor Jason L. Powell

University of Chester, UK

*Shama Adams

Curtin University, Australia

*Professor Ali H. Raddaoui

University of Wyoming, USA

*Mansour Amini

The Gulf College, Oman

*Dr. Mohamed El-Kamel Bakari

University of King Abdulaziz, Saudi Arabia

*Mohd AB Malek Bin MD Shah

Universiti Teknologi Mara, Malaysia

*Dr. Solange Barros

Federal University of Mato Grosso, Brazil

*Mark B. Ulla

Father Saturnino Urios University,

Philipinnes

*Dr. Salah Belhassen

University of Gafsa, Tunisia

* Anouar Bennani

University of Sfax, Tunisia

*Dr. Nodhar Hammami Ben Fradj

University of Kairouan, Tunisia

*Shuv Raj Rana Bhat

Central Department of English Kirtipur,

Kathmandu, Nepal

*Dr. Arbind Kumar Choudhary

Rangachahi College, Majuli ,Assam, India

*Erika Ashley Couto

University of Concordia, Canada

*Dr. Amitabh Vikram Dwivedi

University of Shri Mata Vaishno Devi, India

*Md. Amir Hossain

IBAIS University, Bangladesh

*Dr. Baliram Namdev Gaikwad

University of Mumbai, India

* Elvan Mutlu

University of Kent, UK

*Dr. Abdullah Gharbavi

Payame Noor University, Iran

*Syed S. Uddin-Ahmed

St. John's University, USA

http://www.livedna.net/?dna=91.2851

http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?metodo=apresentar&id=K4707062Z6

https://payamnor.academia.edu/abdullahGharbavi

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September 2015




*Dr. Al Sayed Mohamed Aly Ismail

Bin Abdualziz University, Saudi Arabia

* Mansour Amini

The Gulf College, Oman

*Dr. Nidhi Kesari

University of Delhi, India

* Nick J. Sciullo

Georgia State University, USA

*Dr. Raghvendra Kumar

LNCT Group of College Jabalpur, India

* Nizar Zouidi

University of Mannouba, Tunisia

*Dr. Salima Lejri

University of Tunis, Tunisia

*Logan Cochrane

University of British Columbia, Canada

*Dr. Chuka Fred Ononye

Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education,

Nigeria

*Shataw Naseri

University of Shahid Beheshti in Iran

*Dr. Mohammed Salah Bouomrani


*Manoj Kr. Mukherjee

Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan,

West Bengal, India

*Dr. Mahdi Zarai


*Javed Akhter

University of Balochistan Quetta

Balochistan, Pakistan

*Dr. Anwar Tlili

King's College, London, UK

*Haron Bouras

Mohamed Cherif Messadia University,

Souk-Ahras Algeria

http://www.linkedin.com/in/nidhikesari

Volume 2 Issue 2

September 2015




Table of Contents

Editorial………………………………………………………………………………………...….7

1) "The Search for Identity in Online Chat"

Nawal F. Abbas, University of Baghdad, Iraq

Rana H. Al-Bahrani, University of Baghdad, Iraq…………………………………...…………8-15

2) "Uses of Humour in an English Language Class"

Shumaila Abdullah, University of Baluchistan, Quetta, Pakistan

Javed Akhter, University of Balochistan Quetta, Pakistan…………………………………….16-21

3) "Médée d’Euripide et d’Anouilh"

Ari Mohammed Abdulrahman, University of Sulaimani, Iraq………………………..……..22-32

4) "Yoruba Traditional Education Philosophy in the Evolution of a ‘Total Man’"

Ademakinwa Adebisi, University of Lagos, Nigeria…………………………………………..33-45

5) "Le Problème Sociolinguistique Dans La Traduction Française Des Romans De Fagunwa"

Gbadegesin Olusegun Adegboye, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria………………...46-55

6) "The Choice of Diction as Empowerment for Marital Freedom: A Study of Selected Divorce

Registers in a Nigerian Newspaper"

Harrison Adeniyi, Lagos State University, Nigeria

O. Rachael Bello, Lagos State University, Nigeria……………………………………………..56-69

7) "History, the Historian and Historical Society of Nigeria @ 60: The Journey so far and the road

ahead"

Emmanuel Osewe Akubor, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria………………….70-86

8) "Que sait la littérature?"

Nancy Ali, CRLC – Paris IV Sorbonne, France……………………………………………….87-103

9) "L’idée de Dieu chez Ahmadou Kourouma et Calyxthe Beyala: une étude comparée"

Ndongo Kamdem Alphonse, University of Uyo, Nigeria…………………………………...104-118

10) "Philanthropy Language Construction"

Iqbal Nurul Azhar, University of Trunojoyo, Madura, Indonesia…………………………..119-129

11) "De la violence à la névrose: Parcours de la Tunisie révolutionnaire ou l’état de lieu d’un peuple

désillusionné"

Dorra Barhoumi, Université de Kairouan, Tunisie………………………………………….130-143

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September 2015




12) "A Psychoanalytical Hermeneutics of John Keats’s Verse Epistle To John Hamilton Reynolds

through Julia Kristeva’s Theory of ‘Semiotic’ vs. ‘Symbolic’ Orders"

Farhat Ben Amor, University of Kairouan, Tunisia………………………………...………144-163

13) "La communauté arabo-musulmane aux Etats-Unis : entre rêve et réalité"

Lanouar Ben Hafsa, Université de Tunis, Tunisie…………………………………………..164-178

14) "Pre-Colonial Security System in Akungba-Akoko, South-West Nigeria"

Famoye Abiodun Daniels, Adekunle Ajasin University, Nigeria…………………………...179-191

15) "The Dynamics of Palm Kernels Marketing in Igala Area, Nigeria 1920-1956"

Victor Chijioke Nwosumba, Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria

Abah Danladi, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria…………………………………..192-205

16) "A study of the Portuguese-Benin Trade Relations: Ughoton as a Benin Port (1485 -1506)"

Michael Ediagbonya, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria…………………………...206-221

17) "Decentering Globalization"

Abdelaziz El Amrani, ASCA, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands……………………..222-232

18) "On the Issue of Ultimate Attainment in L2 Acquisition: Theoretical and Empirical Views"

Hosni Mostafa El-Dali, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates…………233-256

19) "Twins: Similarities, differences and individuality"

Maria Garro, University of Palermo, Italy

Alessandra Salerno, University of Palermo, Italy

Federica Cirami, University of Palermo, Italy……………..………………………………..257-269

20) "Masculinity and Male Domination in D.H Lawrence’s Lady Chatterley’s lover"

Abdelfattah Ali Ghazel, Al Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia…..270-280

21) "The Challenge of Resuscitating Interest in History in Contemporary Nigeria Schools: New

Approaches to the Rescue"

Emorc .C. Emordi, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria

Felix Ejukonemu Oghi, Samuel Adegboyega University, Ogwa, Edo State, Nigeria………281-291

22) "Vocabulary Learning Strategies of English as Foreign Language (EFL) Learners: a Literature

Review"

Prashneel Ravisan Goundar, Fiji National University, Fiji………………………..………292-301

23) "No “No Trespassing!” The cultural logic of property rights and their moot pleasures of denial"

Mark Webster Hall, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, South Korea…………………302-317

24) "The Development of Students’ Learning Achievements and Learning Behaviors through

Participatory Learning Method"

Phatsaraphorn Khansakhorn, Thepsatri Rajabhat University, Takhli Campus, Thailand

Rangsiphat Yongyuttwichai, Thepsatri Rajabhat University, Takhli Campus, Thailand….318-325

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September 2015




25) "Rhizomatic Mother Goddesses in North Africa:The Great Mother’s Resurrection in Sophie El

Goulli’s Hashtart: À la Naissance de Carthage"

Insaf Khémiri, University of Sousse, Tunisia……………………………………………….326-339

26) "Blurring Polyphonic Voices in Katherine Mansfield’s Short Story “The Singing Lesson”

Nadia Konstantini, University of Jendouba, Tunisia………………………………………..340-349

27) "Language and culture"

Abdelfattah Mazari, Mohammed Premier University, Oujda, Morocco

Naoual Derraz, Mohammed Premier University, Oujda, Morocco………………………....350-359

28) "Isolation in The Catcher in the Rye and A Woman on the Turret : A Comparative Study"

Ranji Shorsh Rauf Muhamad, University of Sulaimani, Iraq…………………………...…360-367

29) "Style and Lexical Choices in Teacher-Student Classroom Interaction"

Chuka Fred Ononye, Alvan Ikoku University, Owerri, Nigeria……………………………368-381

30) "The Quandary of Eurocentric Truth and Prospect of Cultural Sensitivity: Echoes from Richard

Rorty"

Modestus Nnamdi Onyeaghalaji, University of Lagos, Nigeria………………………...….382-392

31) "Masterpieces of Nouri Bouzid: Between Conditioned Advent and Censorship's Extinction"

Feten Ridene Raissi, ESACG, Carthage University, Tunisia………………………..………393-409

32) "From Heresy in Religion to Heresy in Culture: The Symbolic Power of the 15th Century

Spanish Inquisition: The Case of the Arab Muslims (Moriscos)"

Latifa Safoui, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco……………………………...………..410-428

33) "L’Effet de Distanciation dans Le Père Goriot de Balzac"

Asso Ahmed Salih, University of Sulaimani, Iraq…………………………………….……..429-439

34) "Cohesion in the Descriptive Writing of EFL Undergraduates"

Wafa Ismail Saud, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia…………………………...440-450

35) "The Backlash of 9/11 on Muslims in Mohsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist"

Isam Shihada, Al Aqsa University, Gaza Strip, Palestine………………………………...…451-466

36) "An Ethno-Statistical Analysis of Direct and Indirect Acts in Catchy HIV/AIDS Campaign

Messages in Benin Metropolis"

Patience Obiageri Solomon-Etefia, University of Benin, Nigeria

Gerald Okechukwu Nweya, University of Ibadan, Nigeria………………………………...467-490

37) "Drawing the Human Face of a Homeland: A Reading of Khaled Hosseini’s Novels; The Kite

Runner, A thousand Splendid Suns, and And the Mountains Echoed"

Rim Souissi, University of Sousse, Tunisia………………………………………………….491-498

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38) "Where There Is No Second Language: The Problems Faced By International Tourists during

the Calabar Christmas Festival"

Gloria Mayen Umukoro, University of Calabar, Nigeria…………………………………...499-519

39) "Connectivity between Diplomacy, Foreign Policy and Global Politics"

Stella Wasike, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya

Susan. N. Kimokoti, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya

Violet Wekesa, Eldoret University, Kenya…………………………………………………..520-526

40) "Feminine versus Masculine: The Dichotomies of Movement in Spanish Flamenco"

Marta Wieczorek, Zayed University, United Arab Emirates………………………………..527-535

41) "Imperial Rivalry in South West Arabia before the First World War"

Abdol Rauh Yaccob, Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University, UNISSA,Darussalam, Brunei...536-546

42) "Slavery and Orientalism in Balzac’s La Fille aux yeux d’or"

Meng Yuqiu, Capital Normal University, China………………………………………….....547-556

43) "The History of Martiniquan Rum"

Hélène Zamor, University of The West Indies, Barbados…………………………………...557-568

Volume 2 Issue 2

September 2015




Editorial

Dear Colleagues and Readers

I am so glad to present the sixth issue of the International Journal of Humanities and Cultural

Studies (IJHCS). With this issue, the IJHCS enters its second year with more diligence and

confidence. This sixth issue includes different research articles on various topics in humanities,

linguistics and cultural studies both in English and French languages. This reflects the

multidisciplinary, multilingual and interdisciplinary scope of the IJHCS. This new issue includes

works of the research scholars from different countries such Barbados, Brunei, China, Fiji, France,

Indonesia, Iraq, Italy, Kenya, Morocco, Netherlands, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palestine, Saudi Arabia,

South Korea, Thailand, Tunisia, and United Arab Emirates.

As usual, I sincerely thank our respected authors for selecting the IJHCS, our reviewers for

reviewing the selected articles for this issue and the Administrative Board for its contribution to

helping the IJHCS achieve this success.

With Best Regards,

Dr. Hassen Zriba

Editor-in-Chief

The International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies (IJHCS)

Volume 2 Issue 2

September 2015




Philanthropy Language Construction

Iqbal Nurul Azhar

University of Trunojoyo, Madura, Indonesia

Abstract

This paper proposes a theory the-so-called philanthropy language theory through linguistic

perspective. Philanthropy language is defined in simple way as "a language style that expresses

love and care to others." There are two maxims of philanthropy languages namely, maxim of

proposition and maxim of affection. An expression contains proposition maxim when its

proposition point at six situations, namely: the proposition shows the feelings of love and

affection, the proposition puts the subject matter as a shared property, the proposition puts the

expression makers/writer and the listeners/readers in a brotherhood situation, the proposition

does not attack the others’ face, the proposition introduces reformations yet the form of

expression does not violate maxim 1, 2, 3, and 4, and the proposition contributes something to

others even though it is only in the form of an expectation. An expression contains affection

maxim when it carries three characteristics that give a feeling of comfort since it affects others

to: (1) agree with the proposition to act or react positive, (2) follow proposition not to act or

react negative, and (3) not do anything to avoid negative attitude. Philanthropy language

utilizes some peculiar lexical markers such as: love, compassion, peace, prosperity, comfort,

unity, truth, equality, friendship, happiness, unity, we, us, all of us, you and I, and many others

of language philanthropist. Philanthropy language also has a unique syntactic rule that is “it is

better to immediately disobey syntactic rules rather than to say something cruel to others".

Keywords: philanthropy language, maxims, construction

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Introduction

This paper is inspired by my students’ emails which demand answers on a sort of Indonesian

expression pattern which contains love, affection and compassion. The examples of the expressions

have already been published in my article (see Azhar, 2008). Here is one of the examples:

Mari Kita Wujudkan Jawa Timur Yang Makmur, Aman, Tenteram, Bersama

(Manteb) Merdeka (Azhar, 2008) (Let us realize East Java to be prosperous safe,

tranquility, by doing it together (acronym), Freedom.

The emails were on inquiries related to on which linguistic field; one could hold a discussion

about the pattern. Having retraced some printed and electronic literature available in some libraries

and e-libraries, I encountered a fact that the pattern can be accommodated in a special terminology or

a scope the-so-called "philanthropy” or namely “the language style of philanthropy”. It is so unique

that Fusari (2006) considered it to have a power to humanize humans by banishing their misery and

cultivating their love.

Although it has been set up the umbrella to accommodate the pattern, there is a bit

disappointment associated with the existing information in the literature. This dissatisfaction arises

because of two things. First, existing information about philanthropy language are very inadequate

and less comprehensive as they are only stated in articles of journals which of course less qualified to

answer the inquiries which explicitly aim at theoretical answers. Second, the literature is not really

connected to the topic since it mostly deals with social-humanitarian issues while the inquiries are

demanding linguistic academic answers.

Researchers studying the nature of philanthropy have been those of different disciplinary

backgrounds and, correspondingly, have attended to various aspects of philanthropy. There have

been a number of valuable studies of philanthropy as by Bhativa (1997), Bhatiava (1998), Connor

(1997), Connor and Wagner (1998), Crismore (1997), Lauer (1997), Myers (1997), Payton, Rosso,

and Paste (1991), Fusari (2005), Fusari (2006) and Amabile (2012). The studies portrayed

philanthropy in many communities through discourse analysis perspective. However, none of these

photographed philanthropy within the scope of theoretical linguistics. All of them related languages

in texts to philanthropic activities and aimed at social affairs which were about how to process

language so as to generate donations for philanthropic purposes. None of them studied the languages

independently.

One study that has little contact with linguistics is the study conducted by McCagg (1997)

which examined philanthropy through linguistics sphere. This study was still not able to answer the

inquiries since it merely discussed the moral values of metaphors in the discourse of philanthropy.

Since there have been literally no report documenting studies on philanthropy through linguistics

perspective (except by McCagg) attempts to disclose philanthropy through linguistics perspective are

warranted.

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Due to the time limitation to complete this article, the writer considers library study fits to all

procedures which must be undergone before arriving at the theory of philanthropy language. The

data were philanthropy expressions which came from some particular scientific articles about

political campaign discourses. Some of them were in the form of Jargons, and some of them were in

slogans. Since the type of this study was a library study, the method of data collection was Content

Analysis, with the basic techniques was tapping and the further technique was recording (Kotari,

2004). The instrument used to retrieve the data was the writer himself. The method of data analysis

was Correlation Method with Segmented-Element-Determinant-Technique. The determinant

elements were the discourses. Since there had never been a linguist who conducted researches on this

topic, the approach of this study was Bottom Up (grounded), which started from data and ended to a

theory. The data which had been collected and analyzed, at the end were formulated in the form of a

proposal theory.

Discussion

The Maxims of Philanthropy Language

Etymologically, the word philanthropy was derived from the Greek word 'philos' which

means love and ‘anthropos’ which meant human. The combination of the two words produced new

meaning "Love or to love human". In philosophical history, philanthropy was closely linked to the

spirit of human freedom. It was believed as a manifestation of the story of the god Zeus tyranny who

long time ago bind human in ignorance, fear, darkness, and helplessness, Then, there came a good

God named Prometheus who were willing to save mankind by giving them fire and hope.

In the story of Prometheus resistance, fire symbolized technology, skills, and knowledge,

while hope had always been associated with the spirit of improvement of the human condition. And

that was where the story of human civilization began. It was originated from the love "philanthropy"

of Prometheus to human kinds (http://ditpolkom.bappenas.go.id).

The word Philanthropy is often interpreted as "an expression of love to other human beings".

Webster's Dictionary does not impose limits to the disclosure of love, whether it is shown by sharing

money or materials to others, but rather it is "works or efforts that are intended to increase the sense

of love of neighborhood and of humanity".

Philanthropy definition recently develops itself into two boundaries, namely action, and

concept. The first boundary is still deeply entrenched in societies and can be viewed in a variety of

containers of humanitarian movements such as the Philantropic Will Company, Duafa Wallet, Zakat

House, BSMI (Indonesian Red Crescent), and so forth. In this boundary, philanthropy is interpreted

as the acts of someone who loves donating his/her wealth to his/her associates. In everyday situation,

philanthropy is practiced as alms, custody/parenting of orphans, charity, benevolence, donation, and

other actions which have similar purposes. Philanthropy in this boundary is also interpreted as a

http://ditpolkom.bappenas.go.id/

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http://ijhcschiefeditor.wix.com/ijhcs 2

"voluntary acts of transferring resources for the purpose of community or social charity which

consist of two main forms; utilization of social grants and of social construction."

The second boundary, although it stills a minor flow, is gradually increasing to appear along

with the emerging of many discourses containing philanthropy. This boundary shifts from the

original form of philanthropy which are actions, into rather abstract (here we call it as a concept)

which orients to "goals of love and compassion for others,” whether they are performed solely or in

groups. Since the second is in the form of concept, it mostly behaves like adjectives, so that the word

philanthropy can be attached to other words (nouns) to form new entities. Thus, based on this new

concept, later we know some new terms such as philanthropy literature, philanthropy arts,

philanthropy drama, philanthropy style, philanthropy language and other kinds of philanthropy. In

the second boundary, we can see a fundamental shift from the original definition of philanthropy

which deals with a concrete action of groups of people, or works for the sake of humanity, into a

broader area which is the concept of love and individual/group affection. This definition also shifts

retro on materialistically, since philanthropy was actually originated from the Greek definition of

intangible abstract feeling of a Greek good God, then turned into concrete activities to deliver

tangible material given freely to others for a good cause, then moves back again into an abstract

concept which is attached closely to nonspecific entries of language (nouns).

Using the definition of philanthropy of the first boundary to discuss languages as indicated by

the electronic mails is clearly not appropriate. The first branch of philanthropy has no relation at all

to the topic of the e-mails. Here are four factors that cause the topic of the e-mails cannot be put in

the first boundary: (1) The first branch is more likely under the shade of social realm, humanitarian

and religious, while the topic only focuses on the realm of language, (2) the first branch discusses

concrete products that can be used for humanitarian purposes, whereas the topic discusses the

language products that contain human love and compassion, (3) the first branch discusses human

actions, while the topic discusses human expressions, (4) the first branch discusses how to empower

people to be beneficial to others, while the topic discusses how language can be empowered so as to

indicate the charge of love, affection and compassion.

Philanthropy that we discuss in this article is the philanthropy in the second boundary. The

definition of Philanthropy language that we use as a parameter of discussions in this article is "the

style of language that shows expression of love for human beings." From the definition above, we

can see that the definition raises two maxims namely, maxims of proposition, and maxims of

affection.

Philanthropy language contains particular information that is love, compassion and

generosity. Although it has different sentence structures, as long as the sentences contain the three

propositions above, the sentences can be put in the category of philanthropy. This is how the Maxim

of Proposition appears. There are six characteristics that distinguish philanthropy language with

other types of languages based on the first maxim. Those are; the language must: (1) show the

feelings of love and affection, (2) show the subject matter covered as a shared property, (3) put the

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makers and readers of a discourse in the same brotherhood, (4) not attack the face of the others so

that no philanthropy language hurts other feelings, (5) add invitation to reform something but the

invitation must not violate the solicitation of 1st, 2

nd, 3

rd, and 4

th character. (6) give something to

others even though it is only in the form of a hope. The examples of discourses that contain

proposition maxim can be seen as follows:

Table 1. The Examples of Discourse that Contain the Maxim of Proposition

N

o

The Example of Discourse

(in bahasa Indonesia)

English Translation

1

.1 Mari kita wujudkan

Indonesia yang mandiri dan

sejahtera, Rakyat harus terlepas dari

belenggu penderitaan, kemiskinan

dan ketidakadilan tanpa

membedakan suku, ras dan golongan

(Azhar, 2009)

Let us realize Indonesia as

an independent and prosperous

country, The people must be free

from the shackles of misery,

poverty and injustice regardless of

ethnicity, race and class (Azhar,

2009) 1

.2 Mari Berkarya Bersama

Rakyat (Azhar, 2009) Let us produce something

Together with the People (Azhar,

2009) 1

.3 Bersama Kita Bisa (Azhar,

2009) Together We Can (Azhar,

2009)

The three data above are included in the category of philanthropy language since they contain

proposition maxim. Example 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3 clearly show the love to others (as it is the 1st

characteristic of the maxim of preposition). Example 1.1 shows the love to Indonesia and to the

people, while example 1.2 shows the love to work for the people and the love to always be together

in doing something. The three examples above posses the characteristic of maxim of proposition

number 2 because ‘Indonesia’, ‘the people’ and togetherness are the topics that are commonly shared

by group of people and not by an individual. The three examples above meet the 3rd

characteristic

due to the fact that the discourses invite the readers to build friendship not separation. The three

examples above also meet the characteristics number 4 because they do not attack others’ face and

do not make others angry. The three examples above meet the characteristics number 5 since they

invite the readers to change the status quo in society yet the forms of the expressions are not

aggressive because they attack none. The three examples above meet the characteristic of maxim of

proposition number 6 because they give hope to others in the form of reformation and improvement

in the future.

The second maxim is the Maxim of Affection. Affection in this context is defined as the

response of the reader or the listener towards philanthropy discourse by feeling comfortable, calm,

and happy. There are at least three characteristics within the scope of this maxim that readers

respond to the discourses by: (1) complying the proposition to apply positive attitudes, (2) following

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proposition not to apply negative attitude, and (3) not doing anything to avoid negative and

aggressive attitude. As examples of the Maxim of Affection can be seen in the following discourses:

Table 2. The Examples of Discourse that Contains Maxim of Affection

N

o

The Example of Discourse (in

bahasa Indonesia)

English Translation

2

.1

Menjelang pagi dan malam

Tuhan membuka dan menutup jendela

bumi. . . kemudian, TUHAN melihatku,

lalu bertanya. Apa yang engkau

inginkan? Kemudian, akupun

menjawab, SAYANGI orang yang

membaca tulisan ini selamanya, AMIN

(Sulistyaningtyas, 2009)

Right before dusk and dawn,

God opens and closes the window of

the earth. . then, the Lord sees me,

then He asks: What do you want?

Then, I answer, give mercy to the

people who read this writing forever,

AMEN

2

.2

Impianmu impianku impian kita

Bersama (Sulistyaningtyas, 2009) Your dream and my dream are

our dreams 2

.3

Bersih itu damai

(Sulistyaningtyas, 2009) Clean is peaceful

The three discourses above are included in group of philanthropy language because they

contain the maxim of affection. Example 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3 are clear to the reader that they give

comfortable feeling. Example 2.1 provides a comfortable feeling for the reader since the reader will

feel that he/she is being loved by the maker of the discourse. Example 2.2 provides a comfortable

feeling to the reader because the readers are considered friends who have similar dreams by the

discourse makers. Example 2.3 provides a comfortable feeling to the reader that although there is a

weep-cleaning activity, yet the activity is still in the corridors of peace.

Lexical and Structural peculiarities of Philanthropy Language

Besides having maxims, philanthropy language also has a tendency to form typical of

statements and solicitations (whether affirmative or negative). However, imperative or interrogative

sentence construction can also contain philanthropy as long as the proposition also characterizes

philanthropy.

Philanthropy language has lexical peculiarities. The construction of philanthropy can not only

be identified through the compliance of its maxims, but also can be identified through its lexical

choice. Particular lexicons such as: love, compassion, peace, prosperity, friendship, unity, truth,

equality, friendship, happiness, prosperity, unity, for human, for peace, equality, and many others are

the markers of philanthropy language. Additionally, pronouns such as; us, all of us, you and I, are

also encountered in the construction of philanthropic language.

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The structure of philanthropy language also has a specific feature in it that is the structure

may: "violate grammar rules to avoid saying something cruel to others, as it is suggestible". As an

example of the typical philanthropy structure of a style language can be seen as follows:

Tabel 3: The Examples of Discourse that Contains Philanthropy Maxim

N

o

Discourses that Contain

Philanthropy Maxims

Discourses that do not

Contain Philanthropy Maxims

3

.1

Jika orang benar bertambah

(tidak menyebutkan nama),

bersukacitalah rakyat. Jika orang

fasik memerintah (tidak

menyebutkan nama) berdukacitalah

rakyat (Azhar, 2009)

When the righteous increases

(not mentioning any names), the

people rejoice. When the wicked

rules (not mentioning any names)

the people bereaved

Jika orang benar bertambah

(seperti Bapak A), bersukacitalah

rakyat. Jika orang fasik memerintah

(seperti bapak B) berdukacitalah

rakyat

When the righteous increase

(as Mr. A), the people rejoice. When

the wicked rule (like Mr. B) the

people bereaved.

3

.2

Jangan lihat orangnya, lihat

yang telah diperbuat

(Sulistyaningtyas, 2009)

Do not see who the person is,

see what he has done

Jangan lihat orangnya (yaitu

bapak/ibu A), lihat yang telah

diperbuat (melakukan A atau B)

Do not see who the person is

(i.e Mr. A/Ms.A), see what he has

done (done A or done B)

The form of linguistic unit above is a sentence (example 3.1) or a combination of sentences

(3.2). The two discourses above break grammatical rules (even pragmatic-semantic rules) because it

does not mention any names, a little vague, since it can be anyone. The violation aims to not to say

something painful that may cause division. In 3.1, "when the righteous increase, the people rejoice,"

There is the-so-called “divertis" that is the avoidance to directly mention the righteous (names that

are considered stand in the right path). If the name is mentioned, the impression that arises is

negative (cocky, arrogant, pretentious) both in the so-called, and on which is not called. Likewise,

the expression "If the wicked rule, the people bereaved" also does not mention the name of the

persona that has a wicked nature. If the name is mentioned, of course, will make the person offended.

Likewise, at 3.2 "do not see the person, see who has done" also tries to divert persona name to avoid

negative effects. Avoidance to mention good deeds that have been done by a person also minimizes

negative effects.

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September 2015




The Application of Philanthropy Language Construction Theory

The theory of philanthropy language in the previous section according to the limitation of this

study is focused on data which relate to political discourses. From the above explanation, the theory

is applicable in this context. The question is; can this theory be used to analyze other types of

discourse?

In practice, it turns out that this philanthropy language theory can also be used to distinguish

discourse, such as the four lyrics in table 4 below. In the table it can be seen that there are four lyrics.

Two lyrics use philanthropy language (because it meets two philanthropy language maxims), while

the other two, do not contain philanthropy language maxims and therefore cannot be regarded as

philanthropy language discourses.

Tabel 4: the comparison of philanthropy language and nonphilanthropy language

N

o

Philanthropy Lyrics Nonphilanthropy Lyrics

4

.1

(a)

heal the world, make it a better

place, for you and for me, and the entire

human race, there are people dying, if

you care enough, for the living, make a

better place, for you and for me

(sumber:,

http://lirikdansair.blogspot.com)

(b)

Dirty Diana, nah, Dirty

Diana, nah, Dirty Diana, no, Dirty

Diana, Let me be! Sumber:

(http://www.rizkyonline.com)

4

.2

(c)

('cause we all live under the

same sun, We all walk under the same

moon, Then why, why can't we live as

one) (http://lirik.kapanlagi.com)

(d)

(Here I am, Will you send

me an angel, Here I am, In the land

of the morning star)

(http://lirik.kapanlagi.com)

Example 4.1 (a) and 4.1 (b) are the chorus of the two Michael Jackson's song (4.1 (a) heal the

world, 4.1 (b) dirty Diana). The second chorus of the song though it is also the chorus of Michael

Jackson song, but it has different language style. 4.1 (a) contains philanthropy language maxims

whereas 4.1 (b) does not. 4.1 (a) meets the maxim of proposition. Likewise, 4.2 (c) and 4.2 (d), the

two such discourse are the chorus of the song sung by Scorpion. Although they are produced by the

same group, they have different language styles. In 4.2 (c) the language contains philanthropy

language whereas 4.2 (d) does not.

In the context of maxim of proposition, example 4.1 (a) and 4.2 (c) show the love to the

world and to others. World and concern for others are topics that belong to common people and not

to individuals. The discourses above also invite the readers to respect companionship not to

http://lirikdansair.blogspot.com/

http://www.rizkyonline.com)/

http://lirik.kapanlagi.com/

http://lirik.kapanlagi.com/

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September 2015




separation. Example 4.1 (a) and 4.2 (c) above also do not attack other people's faces and do not make

the people angry. In addition, 4.1 (a) and 4.2 (c) invites the public to change for the betterment. 4.1

(a) and 4.2 (c) also give hope to others by initiating the existence of changes in the future. On the

other hand, 4.1 (b) and 4.2 (d) do not contain any of philanthropy maxims. 4.1 (b) and 4.2 (c) do not

contain any expression of love to the world and to the others. Even, the two discourses above are

quite personal because they use pronouns "me” and “I" as the subject of the sentence. The

propositions also do not refer to shared topic since they are individualistic and do not talk about

everyone’s problem. Although they do not attack others’ face, they do not give any hope to people

about betterment in the future.

In the context of maxim of affection, example 4.1 (a) and 4.2 (c) provide comfortable feeling

for the reader since they are put on the equal level and are invited to collaborate with the writer to

improve the future, both by protecting the world and by maintaining friendship. Example 4.1 (a) and

4.2 (c) also provide comfortable feeling to the reader because the reader feels that the discourse

makers care about the problems of the world (which he/she feels that it is also his/her problem) such

as peace, friendship, world preservation and many more. While in 4.1 (b) and 4.2 (d), these two

discourses do not contain maxims of affective. Although the readers do not feel threatened, but the

readers do not feel comfortable either because he/she is not involved in the topics discussed.

Conclusion

Philanthropy language is "the style of language that shows expression of love for human

beings." From the definition above, we can see that the definition raises two maxims namely,

maxims of proposition, and maxims of affection.

Maxim of proposition has six characteristics: (1) show the feelings of love and affection, (2)

show the subject matter covered as a shared property, (3) put the makers and readers of a discourse

in the same brotherhood, (4) not attack the face of the others so that no philanthropy language hurts

other feelings, (5) add invitation to reform something but the invitation must not violate the

solicitation of 1st, 2

nd, 3

rd, and 4

th character. (6) give something to others even though it is only in the

form of a hope.

The second maxim is the Maxim of Affection. There are at least three characteristics within

the scope of this maxim that readers respond to discourse by: There are at least three characteristics

within the scope of this maxim that readers respond to the discourses by: (1) complying the

proposition to apply positive attitudes, (2) following proposition not to apply negative attitude, and

(3) not doing anything to avoid negative and aggressive attitude.

Philanthropy language has lexical peculiarities. The construction of philanthropy not only can

be identified through the compliance of its maxims, but also can be identified through its lexical

choice. Particular lexicons such as: love, compassion, peace, prosperity, friendship, unity, truth,

equality, friendship, happiness, prosperity, unity, for human, for peace, equality, and many others are

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September 2015




the markers of philanthropy language. Additionally, pronouns such as; us, all of us, you and I, are

also encountered in the construction of philanthropy language.

References

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