international journal of cell biology and cellular processes vol 2 issue 1
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International Journal of
Cell Biology and
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Dr. Ashok Kumar KulkarniDepartment of Physiology, MediCiti Institute of
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Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Himachal Pradesh,
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India
Dr. P Mary AnupamaDepartment of Biotechnology, ANITS,
Sangivalasa, Visakhapatnam (A.P.), India
Dr. Biswajit Majumdar Calcutta University Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research [IPGMER]
/University College of Medicine [UCM], Kolkata, India
Dr. Indraneel GhoshManager Systems Biology Department Sun Pharmaceuticals Advanced Research Centre
Limited, Vadodara (Gujarat), India
Dr. S Chidananda SharmaDepartment of Microbiology and Biotechnology
Bangalore University, Karnataka, India
Dr. Arvind Diwan(Marine Fisheries), ICAR Project Director
(Biotechnology), Mahatma Gandhi Mission Institute of Health Sciences (Deemed
University), Aurangabad (Maharashtra), India
Dr. Manoj Kumar Singh Animal Biotechnology Centre National Dairy
Research Institute Karnal (Haryana), India
Dr. Rajat BanerjeeDepartment of Biotechnology, University of
Calcutta, India
Dr. Devarakonda Srinivasa RaoDepartment of Biotechnology Acharya
Nagarjuna University, Guntur (DT), India
Dr. Venu Perla West Virginia State University Research &
Development Corporation, Washington, USA
Dr. Avinash Tiwari School of Studies in Botany, Jiwaji University,
Gwalior, India
Dr. Sanjay Mahendrakumar Dave Department of Biotechnology,
Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Gujarat, India
Dr. Sukhjeet KaurDepartment of Biotechnology, SUS College of Engineering and Technology, Tangori-Mohali,
India
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National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India.
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Aseel Mahmood AljamaliSurgery Department, College of Medicine,
Kufa University, Iraq
Dr. M. Anusuyadevi JayachandranMolecular Gerontology Laboratory,
Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. Guru PrasadBasavatarakam Indo-American Cancer Hospital
and Research Institute, Hyderabad, India
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From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the Second Volume of a new scholarly
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of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Cell Biology and Cellular
Processes issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the
validation of emerging technologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Cell Biology and Cellular
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at excellently, well-timed & successfully. International Journals of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes
focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Cell disruption, Cellular microbiology,
Prokaryotic cell, Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell, Cell communication, Cellular senescence?, Cell growth,
differentiation, migration, Signal transduction, Protein secretion and transport, Gene expression and
regulation, Cell-matrix interactions etc.
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It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Cell Biology and Cellular
Processes readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Cell Biology and Cellular
Processes.
Puneet Mehrotra
Managing Director
1. Relationship Between Evolution and Mass Extinction Saurav Majumdar 1
2. Coelomic Fluid (Vermiwash) of Earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae as Hormone Substitute in Callus Induction of Adhatoda vasica Nees D. Srinivasa Rao, K.R.S. Sambasiva Rao 4
3. Lysine Overproduction by S. cerevisiae – A Myth BusterK.S. Karthikeyan, K. Sivarama Sastry, M. Rajender, M. Shilpa 9
4. Cellular Senescence and Its Role in CancerShashasvi Gupta 12
5. Neural Development: ReviewTarun Sareen 15
Contents
IJCBCP (2016) 1–3 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Relationship Between Evolution and Mass Extinction
Saurav Majumdar* Sobhasariya Group of Institutions, Rajasthan Technical University, Sikar, Rajasthan, India
Abstract
Evolution is the process of inhibiting changes in the inherited characteristic traits of living
beings. It gives rise to diversity and causes variation in living organisms. Mass extinction is
also a gradual event that has a sudden burst out result. It can also be explained as an event
which gets triggered when a long-term pressure bursts due to a sudden dramatic pulse. It has
a catastrophic effect on the total biotic world and results in dying of more than 50% percent
of the world’s total living population of animals and trees.
Keywords: evolution, mass extinction, super dominance and super evolution
INTRODUCTION
In this paper I will introduce a
characteristic relation, the two different
biological events share, with respect to
their virtual and past effects. Evolution
backs variations which lead to such
diverse world in which we live. It is just
not evolution which makes the world far
different from the pre-historic one. These
great devastating mass extinctions have
great devastating effects on earth but is it
really as much devastating as it looks from
its killing figures. I do not think so, let us
see how?
Every bits and pieces of this world which
is made up of organic tissue possess a
supernatural potential of changing
themselves gradually according to their
need and it occurs over a long period of
time, that’s all what we know about
evolution but what is the cause behind it,
does it only depend on the animals
need?[1–3]
This makes a big question. Do we possess
such power that we could develop in such
a manner that it could make such a big
difference in our anatomical and
homological stats. From the birth of life on
earth it has travelled a fascinating journey
of 4.5 billion years. From the first single
cell body to a super body like human it has
faced many difficulties, such as five mega
extinction, and anyhow managed to retain
its existence by evolution. Till today it
looks like it is true and evolution favors
life as a friend, whereas mass extinction
plays a role of foe in nature’s community.
Like many times when reality differs from
the actual in these major events of life too
this seems to be right. To know how these
are related and what are their respective
effects on our life.
Life started its journey on earth with very
first single celled body somewhere around
or inside water body. This single celled
organism was the primitive one which
resulted in such complex organisms,
known as Homo sapiens. Throughout the
journey from primitive to supermative, has
seen five mass extinction events, which
almost consumed life but somehow, we
managed to survive and not only survive
IJCBCP (2016) 4-8 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 4
International Journal of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Coelomic Fluid (Vermiwash) of Earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae as
Hormone Substitute in Callus Induction of Adhatoda vasica Nees
D. Srinivasa Rao*, K.R.S. Sambasiva Rao
Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract
Adhatoda vasica belongs to the Acanthaceae family. Extracts of its leaves are extensively
used in treating various respiratory ailments like cough, asthma, bronchitis and allergy. The
pharmaceutical value of Adhatoda vasica is associated with levels of two important alkaloids,
namely vasicine and vasicinone. The amounts of these alkaloids in the plant are too low to
exploit commercially. Hence, a plant technological approach has been tried to enhance the
vasicine and vasicinone content. The callus was induced by leaves in MS medium
supplemented with the coelomic fluid of Eudrilus eugeniae and in commercially available
growth hormones IAA and 2,4-D for comparison. The results indicated that the growth and
alkaloid content in the callus culture of A. vasica was higher in medium having coelomic
fluid (2.0 ml l-1
) of E. eugeniae than media having IAA and 2,4-D.
Keywords: Adhatoda vasica, coelomic fluid, Eudrilus eugeniae, growth hormones
Abbreviations: 2,4-D,2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; IAA, indole-3-acetic acid; MS,
Murashige and Skoog
INTRODUCTION Adhatoda vasica, a plant native to India, is
popularly known by its name vasaka. It
has been recommended for the treatment
of various respiratory diseases.[1]
In the
indigenous system of medicine, A. vasica
is included as an expectorant in many
proprietary of cough remedies
manufactured in the country.[2]
The main
advantage of these herbal preparations is
that they are virtually free from side
effects unlike allopathic medicine.[3]
The
pharmacological activities of the two main
alkaloids, namely vasicine and vasicinone,
in A. vasica are claimed to have
therapeutic value. Vasicine has been
reported to produce bronchodilatation,
relaxation of tracheal muscles and
protection against histamine-induced
bronchospasm.[4]
Herbal medicines are
used both in developed and developing
countries for the last few years for primary
health care because of better cultural
acceptability, better compatibility and
lesser side effect, than the synthetic
drugs.[5]
Alkaloids are classified as
secondary metabolites of plants and serve
basically to compact infections.[6]
In terms
of cellular economic secondary
metabolites are generally metabolically
expensive to produce and accumulate, and
therefore they present in plants in much
smaller quantities than the primary
metabolites.[7]
Plants are of medicinal
value for the secondary metabolites
accumulated in different tissues. They
contribute to specific physiological
functions in human body. The more
important of these substances are
alkaloids. Alkaloid production as has been
IJCBCP (2016) 9-11 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 9
International Journal of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Lysine Overproduction by S. cerevisiae – A Myth Buster
K.S. Karthikeyan,* K. Sivarama Sastry, M. Rajender, M. Shilpa
Department of Microbiology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
Abstract Contrary to popular belief that yeast can be used for the industrial production of basic amino
acid lysine. This work has totally disproved and has shown that only Corynebacterium
glutamium – which is the standard organism used for many years – is the best organism.
Keywords: C. glutamicum, Gln40
and Gln50
, S. cerevisiae
INTRODUCTION Lysine is one of the essential amino acids
which need to be used in our daily diet.
The sole industrial production organism to
do this is Corynebacterium
glutamicum.[1,2]
However, due to the fact
that Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be
grown easily in the laboratory using
minimal conditions and is used as
chromium supplement, and due to the
unusual mode of lysine production in yeast
it was thought worthwhile to investigate if
it could be possible to use S. cerevisiae
strain NCIM3555 for lysine
overproduction. Several approaches were
tried and proved to be unsuccessful, and it
has been proved beyond doubt that S.
cerevisiae is unfit for this purpose.
MATERIALS AND METHODS All chemicals used were that of Merck
(AR) grade. Two strains were obtained
from NCIM Pune (NCIM 3555 &3558)
and used.[3]
The usual media used was that
of YEPD (Yeast Extract = 1%, Peptone =
2% Dextrose = 2%) for routine
subculturing weekly and for all
experimental purposes Watson’s Minimal
media[4]
was used. N-source being 1 mM
ammonium sulfate and C-source being 1%
glucose.
The strain of S. cervisiae NCIM 3558 was
used by growing on successive high
concentrations of L-glutamine (since it is
the precursor for L-lysine synthesis, details
not mentioned herein) and the maximum
concentrations that were suitable were 50
and 40 mM for the strain.
Now the strains were routinely subcultured
on such slants (these were –N and –C
wherein the N and C source was L-
glutamine only).
Now these cultures were transferred to
liquid media 10 mL in 50 mL conical
flasks growth monitored for 24 hours and
such cultures were centrifuged at 6000
rpm for 30 min at 30°C and lysine
estimated by Vogel and Shimura method[5]
in the supernatant for the extracellular
lysine content, if any.
The “cell crop” was tolueneized and with 5
mL of toluene for three successive times
and the toluenized supernatant was washed
with double distilled water twice
successively and lysine content analyzed.
IJCBCP (2016) 12-14 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 12
International Journal of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Cellular Senescence and Its Role in Cancer
Shashasvi Gupta*
Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, U.P., India
Abstract
Cells persistently encounter pressure and distress from exogenous and endogenous sources,
and their reactions range from complete recuperation and healing to cell death. Cells that
are in the proliferating stage after reaching a certain stage in the cell cycle can receive
certain signals that can make them achieve a state of permanent cell cycle arrest, also termed
as cell senescence. Understanding the causes and outcomes of cell senescence has given
novel bits of knowledge into how cells respond to stress, particularly genotoxic stress, and
how this cell reaction can influence complex organismal procedures, for example, the
occurrence of cancer and ageing.
Keywords: cell death, ageing, cancer, senescence
A BRIEF REPORT
Senescence is not a general phenomenon.
It was once believed that senescence did
not happen in single-celled living beings
that duplicate through the procedure of cell
mitosis Recent examination has uncovered
a more complicated scenario.[1–3]
Single
cells do experience age-related
impairment. On mitosis the debris and
waste material is not equitably separated
between the new cells. Rather it goes to
one of the cells leaving the other cell
perfect. With progressive eras the cell
populace turns into a mosaic of cells with
half ageless and the rest with fluctuating
degrees of senescence.[4–7]
Besides, cell senescence is not seen in a
few organisms, including perennial plants,
sponges, corals, and lobsters. In those
species where cell senescence is seen, cells
in the long run get to be post-mitotic when
they can no more duplicate themselves
through the procedure of cell mitosis; i.e.,
cells experience replicative senescence.[7–
10] How and why a few cells get to be post-
mitotic in a few animal categories has been
the subject of much research and theory,
yet it is at times proposed that cell
senescence has advanced as an approach to
keep the onset and spread of malignancy.
Substantial cells that have separated
ordinarily will have accumulated DNA
changes and would in the long run pose as
a risk factor for development of cancer.[3–7]
Accordingly, it is getting to be evident that
senescent cells experience transformation
to an immunogenic phenotype that
empowers them to be cleared out by the
immune system.
Of late, the part of telomeres in cell
senescence has stirred general interest,
particularly with a perspective to the
conceivable hereditarily unfriendly
impacts of cloning. The progressive
shortening of the chromosomal telomeres
with every cell cycle is likewise accepted
to constrain the quantity of divisions of the
cell, in this way adding to maturing.[11,12]
There have, then again, likewise been
reports that cloning could change the
IJCBCP (2016) 15-16© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 15
International Journal of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Neural Development: Review
Tarun Sareen* Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, U.P., India
Abstract
Nerve cells, or neurons, are one of the most specialized cell types. A neuron has a
phenomenal structure, with a long axon and diverging dendrites linking it through synaptic
joints to different cells. A major task of neural development is to describe how the axons and
dendrites develop, and create a fully functional system with the help of synapse.
Keywords: axon, dendrite, neurons, neural development, synapse
INTRODUCTION
Neural development signifies the
procedure that creates, shape, and reshapes
the nervous system, from the initial phases
of embryogenesis to the last years of life.
The investigation of neural advancement
expects to define the procedure of brain
development and to address different
mechanisms. The study of neural
development is further assisted by the core
areas of neuroscience and developmental
biology that helps in further understanding
of the complex cellular and molecular
mechanisms that aid in the development of
the nervous system as a whole. Faults in
neural development can further lead to
cognitive and motor damage, along with
neurological disorders, for example, Rett
disorder, and intellectual disability.[1–3]
A few points of interest of neural
development incorporate the birth and
differentiation of neurons from
undifferentiated stem cells, the passage of
immature neurons from their place of
origin in the developing fetus to their late
stages, outgrowth of axons and dendrites
from neurons, direction of the motile
development cone through the incipient
organism towards postsynaptic
accomplices, the era of neurotransmitters
between these axons and their postsynaptic
accomplices, lastly the long lasting
changes in neural connections, which are
thought to underlie learning and
memory.[1,3,4]
Regularly, these neurodevelopmental
procedures can be extensively isolated into
two classes: activity-independent
mechanisms and activity-dependent
mechanisms.[2,5]
Action independent mechanisms are for
the most part accepted to happen as
hardwired procedures controlled by
hereditary programs played out inside
individual neurons. These incorporate
differentiation, migration and axon
direction to their underlying target regions.
These procedures are considered as being
autonomous of neural action and tactile
experience. When axons achieve their
targeted areas, activity-independent
mechanisms become possibly the most
important factor. Despite the fact that
synapse formation is an action independent
mechanism, alteration of synapses and
synapse disposal requires neural
movement.[6,7]
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