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ISSN 2348 – 0319 International Journal of Innovative and Applied Research (2015), Volume 3, Issue (5): 48- 58
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Journal home page: http://www.journalijiar.com INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE AND APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Designing a Wearable Smart Bracelet Using CMF Analysis
Chung-Hung Lin1 and Ce Zhong
2
1. Department of Creative Product Design, I-Shou University, Taiwan.
2. School of Arts and Communication, Southwest Jiaotong University, China.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Abstract:
Wearable products are the new direction of high-tech interface development; these user-friendly wearable
accessories allow users to transmit information via cloud platforms. This study conducted the intelligent design of a
wearable device and explored a brand new type of human-technology interaction. The goal was to design a product
that provides customised and personalised services, such as sleep monitoring, GPS, and diet-related services.
Starting with the industrial design process, the investigators proposed to use CMF (color, material, and finishing)
analysis as the basis of the product design process, and results from market survey analysis and function positioning
from previous works were used to determine the direction of the design of a wearable smart bracelet. CMF analysis
was then conducted for the wearable smart bracelet to verify the product design process. The study used analytic
hierarchy process (AHP) to construct a three-layer (decision-making target, intermediate factors, and alternatives)
structure model based on the three dimensions of CMF of the wearable bracelet. Afterward, a judgment matrix was
applied to obtain the final weights. According to AHP results, industrial design results were generated.
Key Words: CMF analysis, wearable bracelets, analytic hierarchy process, design process, industrial design.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1. Introduction Wearable smart devices are advancing continuously in the academic and industrial fields (Lukowicz, Kirstein,
Tröster, 2004; Konstantas, 2012; Lymberis, Dittmar, 2007). Wearable devices (Alex Pentland) are a type of portable
devices that can be worn by the user as a part of the outfit or as an accessory. Wearable devices are not only a class
of hardware, but also a type of product possessing powerful functions supported by software and cloud interaction.
Wearable devices will significantly alter the way we live. Smart bracelets are a type of wearable smart device that
allow users to record details from everyday life, collect real-time information related to sleep and diet, synchronize
the information to their iPhone, iPad, or iPod Touch, and apply the information to attain healthier living.
1.1 Research background
Wearable technology is an innovative technology first developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
in the 1960s. With wearable technology, other technologies, such as multimedia, sensors, and wireless
communication, can be embedded into the clothes we wear and can support hand gestures, eye movement, and many
other types of communication. Wearable technology explores and creates clothing that can be directly worn by the
user or be integrated into the outfit, or accessories and devices equipped with scientific and technological functions.
Wearable products are also a new research and development direction for companies. Although there are currently
no uniformed specifications or regulations for the development processes of wearable devices, many smart devices
are already sold on the market with impressive sales performances.
1.2 Wearable technology
Mobile phone technology has advanced rapidly over the recent months, and in the domain of mobile internet,
those modern wearable devices have outshone smartphones. Wearable smart devices offer feasible solutions for
situations with restrictions (Dario Bonino, Fulvio Corno & Luigi De Russis, 2012). Wearable smart devices are
essentially a type of organic combination integrating conventional hardware with new interactive technologies (e.g.,
voice, gesture, and iris recognition, bone conduction technology) and cloud applications. Smart bracelets are a
perfect combination of advanced 3D G-sensors and other sensing technologies, various application software, and
traditional pedometer technology. In advanced countries, wearable products with physiological data measuring and
watch-related functions have already been launched onto the market. For example, Jawbone and Fitbit have made a
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big fortune from the wearable device market in the USA. In the future, the wearable smart device market for multi-
functional products, intelligent products, brainwave-controlled products, or chip implants will continue to expand
and eventually induce the next product revolution (Chen, 2013).
The feasibility of applying artificial intelligent into wearable devices has already improved. For example, a
unique feature of Amiigo, the world's first sport recognizing smart bracelet, is that the bracelet can correctly identify
the type of sport that the user is engaged in and monitor bodily reactions, which may differ depending on the sport
type (Figure 1).
Figure 1 Amiigo, the world’s first sport recognizing smart bracelet
Amiigo (Figure 1) has an infrared sensor, and the metal part can be used for measuring body temperature.
Aside from the bracelet, there is also a shoe clip which can be used separately. The bracelet is used for measuring
physical activity data for the upper body, while the shoe clip focuses on the lower body. Combining the two, the user
can more accurately obtain the amount of physical activity completed and the calories consumed (as well as other
data). The principle behind Amiigo is similar to Xbox’s hand gesture recognition technology. Hundreds of bodily
movements can currently be recognized, including extension of the limbs, jumping, push-ups, and pull-ups. In
addition, the Amiigo bracelet contains multiple sensors and an infrared sensor for measuring heart rate, blood
oxygen content, and other physiological information as well as physical movement. The metal part on the bracelet
measures body temperature. For portability and storage, the shoe clip can be directly clipped onto the bracelet when
it is not in use to prevent misplacement. Amiigo also has a paired mobile application where users can use Bluetooth
or Wi-Fi to upload their activity data to network communities. This study used CMF analysis to find a design
approach suitable for wearable smart bracelets.
2. Literature Review and Design Requirement Analysis There are only a few studies currently available on wearable smart products; Google, Microsoft, and Apple
have done related product research, and over a decade ago, there were relevant studies on mathematic or
psychological application. According to the actual product design requirements, the wearable smart device proposed
in this study was designed as a bracelet that can form a perfect system with the applications on cell phones, tablet
computers, desktop/laptop computers, TVs, and other smart terminals. Regular use of this product can help users
improve their quality of life. In order to conduct quantitative observation and tracking of progress and share
activities with others, the key functions of this product include monitoring of physical activities and sleep, and smart
vibrating alarm clock functions. These can provide the user with obtain quantitative personal data from various daily
conditions so they can develop more accurate fitness and diet plans. In addition, the application software on smart
terminals allows the user to access various data, while the GPS installed on cell phones enable more accurate
calculation of speed, distance, and stride length. The bracelet can be used to track the user’s sleep state to calculate
the effective sleep time and other related parameters. The bracelet also has a vibrating function can be paired with
application software to set an alarm and standing time. The target populations for the smart bracelet are young
people, and how to satisfy their needs to create better user experience is the key emphasis in this study.
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2.1 CMF Analysis for Wearable Smart Bracelets
The appearance of a product is closely linked to its colors and materials. A product’s style (Shah, 1991) is
mainly presented to consumers through its surface treatment, the materials used, and colors. As industrial
technology advances, a specific branch dedicated in researching the colors, materials, and fabrication process has
arisen from industrial design, and this new branch is called CMF design.
This study used CMF analysis to explore the directions of materials, colors, and surface treatment for a
wearable smart bracelet. Competitors' product design experiences were included for comparison to analyze the
feasibility of the creative design results. CMF analysis for a competitor’s wearable smart bracelet is shown in Figure
2 and Figure 3.
Figure 2 CMF Analysis I for Competing Figure 3 CMF Analysis II for Competing
Wearable Smart Bracelet Wearable Smart Bracelet
CMF design analysis for competing products shows that colors and materials are the focus of the research and
design of wearable devices during the product development stage, and the goal is to use new materials and
innovative color coordinations to catch the attention of the target population. For design features, coordination of
colors with a high-tech feeling and the use of healthy and environmental friendly materials can further enhance the
health and technological value of the product.
2.2 Design Requirement Analysis
The wearable smart device developed in this study takes the form of a wristband/bracelet that also can connect with
application software in cell phones, tablet computers, desktop/laptop computers, TVs, and other smart terminals.
Past research has defined three types of smart bracelets: casual, fitness, and sport. Each type is further divided into
men's and women's styles; the main differences between these styles lay in the appearance of the bracelets and the
threshold values of built-in parameters. Because it was the investigators' first time developing a bracelet, one of the
three types mentioned above was chosen based on its suitability for research and development and for a better
control of the cost, product risks, and product branching. It was also hoped that this could help designers expand the
wearable smart bracelet market and establish a foundation for subsequent product lines. Functional positioning for
the three product series is shown in Figure 4.
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Figure 4 Possible Design Directions of Wearable Smart Bracelets
3. Research Methods 3.1 Introduction
The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was proposed by T.L. Saaty, a professor of University Pittsburgh in the
mid-1970s. The basic idea is to break down a complex problem into various factors, which are then classified to
form an orderly hierarchical structure. YAAHP (Yet Another AHP) is a type of AHP software providing functions
including convenient hierarchical modeling, judgment matrix data collecting, calculation for weighted ranking, and
exporting the computed data. YAAHP was designed to be flexible and easy-to-use, so users only need basic AHP
knowledge, rather than fully understanding all details related to AHP computation, in order to use AHP for decision
making.
3.2 Research Methods
After decades of development, the mathematics- and psychology-based systemic approach has been widely
used in many academic studies (Satty, 1980). The study took industrial design as the starting point to carry out a
comprehensive development of a wearable smart bracelet. Then, AHP analysis methods were adopted for weighted
analysis of the colors, materials, and surface treatment of the wearable smart bracelet to obtain final results (Saaty,
2008). An expert panel consisting of the director of the research center, a project manager, and ID and DP designers
was founded. The panel had at least three levels: the overall target of the problem at the top, multiple indicators at
the middle layer, and the decision-making project at the bottom (Chuang & Huang, 2009). Since the target of this
study is evaluable (Albayrak, 2004), the investigators started creating the hierarchical structure modeling.
Afterward, the expert panel conducted a professional analysis and used their practical experience to determine the
total hierarchical factors. The composition of the decision-making expert panel of the study is shown in Table 1.
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Table 1 The Composition of Decision-making Expert Panel
3.2.1 Hierarchical Structural Modeling
The director of the research center was involved in the expert panel and was responsible for coordinating the
entire project. Firstly, the expert panel summarized information related to the project, and then the director
coordinated the entire CMF analysis to provide the members of the expert panel with thoughts and ideas for decision
making. The project manager responsible for CMF analysis convened brainstorming meetings with ID and DP
designers. At each meeting, participants reviewed information from the previous stage summarized by DP designers
and CMF brainstormed for three minutes on wearable smart bracelets. Lastly, ID designers summarised results from
the meeting and prepared a design report accordingly for members in the expert panel. Next, an expert panel
conference was convened to determine the decision-making target, the intermediate factors, and the content of the
alternatives (Figure 5).
Figure 5 AHP-based Hierarchical Structural Modeling
The theme of the decision-making target is designing a wearable smart bracelet using basic CMF analysis. The
middle layer factors had two structural components. For colors, seven mainstream warm colors for wearable devices
were considered according to results from the expert panel. For the actual design, materials were treated as a
component across the entire design process (Hodgson & Harper, 2004). Wearable devices must well fit the curve of
the part of the human body that is wearing them, and thus soft materials were preferred. For the cost of materials,
high-end and low-end materials were used in combination, so that during matrix analysis, market positioning of the
materials and the product can be more comprehensively and accurately analyzed. This also meant that more material
samples could be chosen and applied (Van Kesteren, 2008). Silicone materials have a good biocompatibility; it is
non-irritating, non-toxic, non-allergic, and causes few rejection reactions. Moreover, silicone materials have good
physical and chemical properties, while the material cost is relatively low. Medical grade rubber is non-toxic and
chemically inert, and those rubber products used inside the body should be non-pathogenic and non-allergic, cause
no damage to neighboring tissues, and resist deterioration. However, this type of material tends to be more
expensive. Memory rubber, a newly emerged material, can find a man-machine form that best matches the human
body based on an individual’s curvature. As a result, it is an ideal material for concept development and high-end
products. For surface treatment, the expert panel preferred the IMF (in-mold decoration) technology because of the
properties of the chosen materials. Moreover, this technology has been already extensively used bracelets. This
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treatment can increase the lifespan of the bracelet by making the bracelet more resistant to abrasion and scratches
while keeping the color vivid without fading. Pad printing, on the other hand, was mainly applied in printing words
and patterns on the surface of bracelets.
3.2.2 Judgment Matrix Analysis
After determining the hierarchical model of the wearable smart bracelet, the pair-compared data were analyzed
and the judgment matrix was created. Expert panel results were directly inputted into the judgment matrix. Because
of the complex nature of objective CMF factors and human subjectivity, it is difficult to immediately obtain a
judgment matrix satisfying the consistency requirements; many adjustments and corrections may be required. When
inputting the judgment matrix data, the software shows the consistency ratio of the judgment matrix according to
changes in the data. Adjustment is made according to the actual condition until same matrix consistency is reached
(Figure 6).
Figure 6 Consistency of Judgment Matrix
3.2.3 Judgment Matrix Analysis Results
According to the computation and analysis of judgment matrix, one can analyze the weight of each hierarchical
matrix in hierarchical structure modeling. Then, the wearable smart bracelet design can be determined according to
weighted analysis results. A project or option with a greater weight of advantages in the weighted analysis is seen as
having more importance (Table 2).
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Table 2 AHP Results of Three Projects
According to AHP results, an alternative with a greater weight is relatively more important in the overall rating.
This is how the basic design requirements were determined for the design of the wearable smart bracelet in this
study. We were certain that the three CMF factors in AHP and their corresponding weight for wearable smart
bracelet development can provide useful guidelines for prototyping at the later stage of product development. A
comparison of the weight of CMF intermediate target for the wearable smart bracelet and the target weight for non-
underlying factors (secondary target of CMF) is presented in Figure 7.
Figure 7 CMF Weighted Analysis Results
Figure 8 shows that surface treatment was weighted the highest for wearable smart bracelets. In other words,
the prototype engineer should put a key emphasis on surface treatment of the product. For color selection, orange
had the greatest relative weight, and thus it is prioritized. The other five colors had a smaller relative weight, and
thus they are placed at the back to be considered with the basic style. Aside from having different functional
demands, products should also make the user feel happy (Van Kesteren, Stappers & de Bruijn, 2007). For material
selection, silicone is a better choice of material based on cost control and user experience. For surface treatment,
IMF is the best choice. After choosing the casual style as the theme of this wearable smart bracelet design project,
the next step is to rank the weight of non-underlying factors according to AHP to determine the color for the casual
style and validate the appropriateness of the material and the surface treatment. Weighted analysis results for non-
underlying factors are shown in Figure 8.
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Figure 8 CMF Target Weight
According to weighted analysis results for the colors, materials, and surface treatment of the casual wearable
smart bracelet, the colors to be coordinated for the product were orange, light gray, blue, and red. The use of silicone
as the material for the bracelet was also confirmed, while IMF was the main method for surface treatment. Next, the
expert panel convened a midterm project conference to discuss AHP results. DP designers presented summarized
results from the meeting which were given to the director, the project manager, and ID designers. The project
manager then convened another brainstorming meeting with ID designers to conduct creative thinking regarding the
requirements from the midterm conference to integrate them into the entire design sketch. Creative design sketches
were created according to the brainstorming results, followed by an in-depth discussion on the obtained sketches to
come up with a more comprehensive sketch for the project. Afterward, a two-dimensional sketch on paper was
scrutinized to generate the best two-dimensional plan. Lastly, 3-D construction, modeling, and rendering were
implemented.
3.3 Brainstorming
The goal of brain storming is to gather all ID designers to convene the project conference. The project manager
clearly explained the results of AHP as well as important issues to all ID designers. The conference was conducted
in a relaxing atmosphere. After determining the colors, materials, and surface treatment for the wearable smart
bracelet, ID designers started the industrial design process based on CMF conditions and restrictions. The casual
wearable smart bracelet is positioned for sports, sleep monitoring, and smart vibrating alarm clock so that the user
can obtain quantitative personal data from various daily activities in order to create more accurate fitness and diet
plans. Main results from brainstorming combining CMF analysis results showed the following product styling
features. First, the design semantics of the product should be simple and light, and the silhouette should be handled
in a way that satisfies the ergonomic principle. Second, for the design method, the intellectual stimulation method
and the combination method should be in combination to integrate style and function. Third, for the style, emphasis
should be placed on a sleek and round look, i.e., combining a smooth and round silhouette with sturdy and firm lines
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to highlight the style and characteristics of the product. Keywords for product design were also generated from
during brainstorming (Figure 9).
Figure 9 ID Design Keywords
After brainstorming to reiterate design ideas, ID designers not only developed the wearable smart bracelet
(from the CMF perspective), but also gained overall an understanding of the entire product design approach and
style. At this point, the design of the wearable smart bracelet was completed. Individual differences make each of us
unique, and different ID designers would present the product differently, creating multiple possibilities for the final
product from the design.
4. Conclusion and Suggestions 4.1 Design Results
Combining the brainstormed design direction and characteristics of young consumers such as caring about
quality of life and enjoying sharing with others, the study did the first-stage sketching for more than ten design
plans. A youth- and health-oriented evaluation system was adopted to select one of the first-stage design sketches.
Computer Aided Industrial Design (CAID) helped to create a 2-D line drawing using Coreldraw, while the 3-D
modeling was created using Rhino software. Finally, a design sketch was generated for the casual wearable smart
bracelet (Figure 10).
Figure 10 Design Sketch for the Casual Wearable Smart Bracelet
This study used the existing aesthetic framework, definitions, and design language and also adopted modern
sociocultural semantics (Dell’Era & Verganti, 2007) to create a bracelet with a perfectly merged appearance and
functions. CMF analysis for product design reveals the advantages and disadvantages of surface treatment of a
specific design from the CMF perspective. This is critical for the product to surpass those of competitors. People
have become more demanding of the quality of products they wear. The classic light gray, the high-tech blue, the
passionate red, and the energetic orange are mixed and matched to target a younger population between 18 and 35
years of age. Men’s and women’s color schemes are also combined to cover both genders. A couple’s design can
further increase sales and highlight the features of the product; this is one way for the product to stand out in a
competitive market. The design results obtained in this study include the following:
(1) For the use of color, light gray, blue, red, and orange were chosen, and these four colors belong to a trendier
color system and have been more commonly used. Moreover, these four colors make people feel energetic and
sporty. As a result, they are good for the smart bracelet. In addition, these colors also allow the bracelet, a wearable
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device, to easily match modern outfits. The multicolor design of the smart bracelet suits young people's taste. They
show the user's distinctive personality while satisfying the desire for pursuing unique products.
(2) For materials, it is important to consider consumer needs when selecting materials for a specific product
(Ljungberg & Edwards, 2003). Because the bracelet will come into direct contact with the skin, the main body of the
bracelet was made of silicone, which is an extensively applied and matured material. Non-toxic and odorless,
silicone is not soluble in water or any other solvent. Moreover, silicone has a good thermal and chemical stability
and excellent mechanical strength. Lastly, for color coordination of the product, applying color to silicone is simple
and more options are available. Therefore, if the bracelet has direct and close contact with the human body, it is
better to choose silicone as the material. To enhance the quality of the product, the end of the bracelet is embellished
using aluminum to give the product a high quality and high-tech appearance. This aluminum part is not only for
decoration but also functional: it is also a cap for covering the communication terminal of the bracelet.
(3) For surface treatment, IMF technology gives the wearable device a good tactile quality, making people
instinctively want to touch the product because of its appearance. Lastly, during processing, the circuit board for the
bracelet was fixed onto a steel board and bent into a specific shape. Low pressure injection was used to inject TPE to
produce an in-mold coated chip that has high flexibility, high strength, and high resilience. Paired with the steel
board, the bracelet shape is finished and it is easy to put on and take off. The surface of the in-mold was covered by
silicone to make the bracelet more comfortable to wear. The aluminum cap at the end of the bracelet was die cast for
precise product dimensions. The surface of the cap was processed using sandblasting and anodizing for a silver gray
color to realise the concepts set for the product: chic, high-tech, sporty, and healthy.
4.2 Suggestions
During the product design process, ID designers tried to start the design without a fuzzy product perception
process. Modern product design still heavily relies on designers' subjective emotional, instinctive, or inspirational
experience (S.W. Hsiao Fuzzy, 1998). Moreover, there is no quantitative product analysis before concrete design.
The present study proposes to integrate CMF analysis into DP design to generate design outcomes. With AHP, the
colors, materials, and surface treatment of this wearable smart bracelet were defined in this study.
After definition, hierarchical structure modeling calculated the weight of the alternatives to the overall target
and the weight of the non-underlying factors to the intermediate factors to determine the CMF options for the
product. The sense-based design perception was quantified into concrete and readable figures for the investigators to
comprehensively and effectively select a concrete decision according to the non-underlying factors. With the weight
of intermediate factors to the decision-making target, the investigators found critical issues to be aware of during
prototyping of the product. This step-by-step approach to weighted analysis ensures the correctness of CMF
selection.
Meanwhile, determining the CMF of the developed product can effectively guarantee a good cost control and
minimize risks associated with product development. This consumer- and market-centered CMF analysis can
effectively increase the design value of the product and validate its effectiveness, feasibility, and selling points,
which are important for building a solid foundation for the next steps: prototyping and design.
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The Biography of authors:
Chung-Hung Lin is a professor of the Department of Creative Product Design, I-Shou University, Taiwan. He
studied his master’s degree at the Pratt Institute, New York, USA, which majored in Industrial Design from 1986-
1988. After 11 years, he attended the University of Central England in Birmingham, UK, where he studied his Ph.D.
degree. His doctoral dissertation is “Developing a Design Process for Museum Exhibition Design. His doctoral
dissertation is “Establishing a Development Process for Science Museum Exhibition Design”. His current research
interests include product design, design aesthetics, and museum exhibition design. Contact address: Department of
Creative Product Design, I-Shou University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Syuecheng Rd., Dashu District, Kaohsiung City 84001,
Taiwan, ROC. Email: [email protected]
Ce Zhong is a post-graduate student of the School of Arts and Communication, Southwest Jiaotong University,
China. He focuses his study in industrial design in his post-graduate programme. He has completed many product
concepts which have won many design awards, such as IF, Red Dot and IDEA competitions during the past few
years. Contact address: Southwest Jiaotong University, Western high-tech, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province,
611756, China. Email: [email protected]