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INTERNATIONAL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW
LLM TEACHING MATERIALS AND COURSE OUTLINE,
Revised 23/8/18; 17/9/2018; 1/2/2019; 14/2/2020; 19/2/2020
Prof Ben Sihanya, JSD & JSM (Stanford), Mentor & Public Interest Advocate
Scholar, IP, Constitutional Democracy, & Education Law
University of Nairobi Law School
Trainer on TRIPs, WTO’s Regional Trade Policy Course, University of Botswana
Parklands Law Campus, Room B 3
Box 1313, Sarit Centre, 00606 Nairobi, Kenya
Telefax (+254-20) 3741769; +254-20 2128272; +254726020082 (O)
email: [email protected]; [email protected] (use both);
[email protected]; www.innovativelawyering.com/blogs;
url:www.innovativelawyering.com
Facebook: Sihanya Mentoring & Innovative Lawyering
© Ben Sihanya, 1998-2000; 2004- 2011; 2012; 2013; 2014; 2015; 2016; 2017; 2018; 2019;
2020
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INTERNATIONAL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW
LLM TEACHING MATERIALS AND COURSE OUTLINE, 2018
© Ben Sihanya, 1998-2000; 2004-2011, 2012, 2013; 2014; 2015; 2016; 2017; 2018; 2019; 2020
Prof Ben Sihanya, JSD & JSM (Stanford), Mentor & Public Interest Advocate
Scholar, IP, Constitutional Democracy, & Education Law
University of Nairobi Law School
Trainer on TRIPs, WTO’s Regional Trade Policy Course, University of Botswana
Parklands Law Campus, Room B 3
Box 1313, Sarit Centre, 00606 Nairobi, Kenya
Telefax (+254-20) 3741769; +254-20 2128272; +254726020082 (O)
email: [email protected]; [email protected] (use both);
[email protected]; www.innovativelawyering.com/blogs;
url:www.innovativelawyering.com
Facebook: Sihanya Mentoring & Innovative Lawyering
(i) Copyright notice
Earlier versions of these materials were issued as Intellectual Property Law Teaching Materials
to the previous Classes; and have been revised for each successive LLB IV Class. The materials
are protected under Kenya’s and transnational copyright and intellectual property laws. These
materials and the earlier versions may not be copied, published, reproduced or distributed, or
otherwise dealt with in any form without the express written approval of the author. In any event
adequate acknowledgement and attribution of source must always be made.
(ii) Prefatory
My approach in this course appreciates the dynamic and practical context in which international
IP, innovation and ToT should be studied. It is informed by the increasing significance of
innovation and IP in Kenya, South Africa, Cameroon, Senegal, Uganda, Tanzania, the DRC,
ARIPO, OAPI, Ghana, Africa, the USA, China, Japan, India, EU and the rest of the world;
progressive liberalisation of the international political economy; regulatory reforms; and the
realities of African (and especially Kenyan) political economy. Indeed, the title that more
appropriately captures the issues is International Intellectual Property, Innovation and Transfer
of Technology to emphasise the practical and dynamic context.
These materials contain a comprehensive bibliography and reference materials to facilitate
understanding and appreciation of the issues, further research and informed discourse, cross
border IP practice and related interventions. They are based on my book, Intellectual Property
in Kenya and Africa: Transferring Technology for Sustainable Development, (2016). They take
into account my writings on IP and ToT as well as materials I relied on in my previous lectures
on: International IP, Copyright and Related Rights Law, Trade Mark Law, Telecommunications
Law, Cyber Law, Science and Technology (read ICT) Law, Intellectual Property Law and
International Economic Law (IEL). You may wish to consult these two as well as the materials I
have been using and which other lecturers use to teach Consumer Protection Law at the School
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(then Faculty) of Law, and Media and Entertainment Law (now Commentator Law) at the
School of Journalism and Mass Communication ( SOJMC), among others.
(iii) Objectives of the course and learning outcomes
My intention in these course materials and in the book is to enable the student lawyer, scholar,
litigant, disputant, corporate strategist, policy maker, policy implementer, administrator and
general reader to appreciate conceptual and analytical, as well as practical or pragmatic
parameters which undergird cross border application of IP, innovation and technology transfer
law, policy as well as transactions. The most immediate purpose is to foster appreciation of the
context in which IP, innovation and ToT law operate; and also to facilitate the development of
critical, creative, analytical and practical skills in IP, innovation and ToT law. This is
accompanied by the clear understanding of the Commonwealth, the Anglophone and the
Francophone practice.
The materials are largely justified by the fact that there is no single book that addresses all the
relevant issues. The scarcity of relevant materials was particularly pronounced at the beginning
of this project in 1998. There was no appropriate literature on IP, innovation and ToT in Kenya
and Africa in general. Indeed, most of the available literature was on UK and US IP. These
materials review the IP rules and provide the basic principles and rationale for understanding the
doctrinal, theoretical and conceptual issues in IP, innovation and ToT. To be sure, I started this
project partly because my students and I were quite frustrated by the sheer lack of relevant IP
materials in Kenya and Africa.
After reading these materials the student or reader should be able to handle matters regarding IP,
innovation and technology transfer which are becoming common, subtle, sophisticated, and
complex. The reader would also appreciate IP as an important tool for trade, entertainment and
development. The role played by cross border application of IP will also be clear to the reader at
the end of this course.
(iv) Coursework and Exams
Please see that accompanying Syllabus of Issues, Schedule of Classes, and Instructions on
Coursework and Exams(Revised after February 19, 2020)
(v) Textbooks and materials
Textbooks
The main textbook for this course will be Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property and
Innovation in Kenya and Africa: Transferring Technology for Sustainable Development,
Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring, Nairobi & Siaya.
The book extensively addresses the concerns of intellectual property, innovation and technology
transfer transactions in Kenya and Africa. The book also undertakes a comparative study of IP
regime in various countries across Africa. Appropriate readings are indicated; and the basic ones
will be supplied, subject to the relevant copyright laws. Other recommended complementary
books to help in comparative study include:
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1. Ben Sihanya (forthcoming 2020) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and
Africa: Cases and Materials, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring, Nairobi &
Siaya.
2. Prof Ben Sihanya (forthcoming 2020) Copyright and Creativity in Kenya and Africa:
Cultural Politics and the Political Economy of Transnational Intellectual Property (doctoral
dissertation, Stanford Law School, 2003).
3. Ben Sihanya (2016) “Traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions in
Kenya,” Vol 12, 2016 No. 2 LSK Journal 1-38.
4. Bankole Sodipo (2017) Copyright Law: Principle, Practice and Procedure, Swan
Publishers, Lagos, Nigeria.
5. Adejoke O. Oyewunmi (2018) Nigerian Law of Intellectual Property, University of
Lagos Press & Bookshop Ltd, Lagos.
6. John O. Asein (2012) Nigerian Copyright Law and Practice, Books and Gavel
Publishers, Abuja, Nigeria, 2nd ed.
7. Domnick A. Conde (2017) Intellectual Property Review, Law Business Research Ltd,
London, UK, 6th ed.
8. F. O. Babafemi (2007) Intellectual Property: The Law and Practice of Copyright, Trade
Marks, Patents and Industrial Designs in Nigeria, Justinian Books Ltd, Ibadan Nigeria.
9. Joseph jar Kur (2015) Intellectual Property and Entrepreneurialship in Nigeria:
Principles and Practice, Aboki Publishers, Benue State, Nigeria.
10. Owen Dean (2012) Handbook of South African Copyright Law, Juta, Cape Town.
11. Paul Goldstein and Marketa Trimble (2012) International Intellectual Property Law:
Cases and Materials, Foundation Press & Thomson Reuters, (3rd ed)
12. David I. Bainbridge (2012) Intellectual Property Pitman Publishing, London, 9th ed; Prof
David I. Bainbridge (2009) Intellectual Property Pitman Publishing, London, 6th ed. The
author teaches law at Aston University, UK.
13. William Cornish, David Llewellyn & Tanya Aplin (2013) Intellectual Property: Patents,
Copyright, Trade Marks and Allied Rights Sweet & Maxwell, London, 8th ed; Prof
William Cornish, David Llewellyn & Tanya Aplin (2010) Intellectual Property: Patents,
Copyright, Trade Marks and Allied Rights Sweet & Maxwell, London (esp. 5th ed.,
2003). Prof Cornish served as IP law professor at Cambridge, UK and visiting researcher
at Max Planck Institute of IP, Germany. See also 4th ed, 1999 and 3rd ed, 1993).
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14. William Cornish (2006) Cases and Materials on Intellectual Property Sweet &
Maxwell, London 5th ed. See also 3rd ed, 1999; 2nd ed 1996.
15. Paul Goldstein & R. Anthony Reese (2012) Copyright, Patent, Trademark and Related
State Doctrines: Cases and Materials on the Law of Intellectual Property, Foundation
Press, New York 7th ed; Prof Paul Goldstein and Prof R. Anthony Reese (2010)
Copyright, Patent, Trademark and Related State Doctrines, Cases and Materials of
Intellectual Property, Revised 6th edition. (Prof Goldstein has been teaching law at
Stanford since about 1973. See also 4th ed, 1999, 3rd ed, 1993).
16. Lionel Bently & Brad Sherman (2009) Intellectual Property Law Oxford University
Press, Oxford.
17. Dan L. Burk & Mark A. Lemley (2009) The Patent Crisis and How the Courts can solve
it, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
18. Paul Goldstein & R. Anthony Reese (2012) Unfair Competition, Trademark, Copyright
and Patent: Selected Statutes and International Agreements, Foundation Press, New
York.
19. Daniel Gervais (2012) The TRIPS Agreement: Drafting History and Analysis, Sweet and
Maxwell, London, 4th ed.
The foregoing readings are intended to focus on Kenyan, Nigerian, South African,
Cameroonian, Senegalese, Ugandan, Tanzanian, DRC, Ghananian, ARIPO, OAPI, and generally
African, national, transnational, comparative and international IP laws. Some readings focus on
UK, and to some extent European Union (EU), IP law. A few copies of non-African IP law are
available at Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring Library; I also made requests for the
School Library to procure the limited African and relevant non-African materials.
(a) Donald S. Chisum & Michael A. Jacobs (1998) Understanding Intellectual Property
Matthew Bender Co., New York.
(b) Arthur Miller & Michael Davis (2012) Intellectual Property – Patents, Trademarks and
Copyright in a Nutshell, West Academic Publishing, Minnesota, 5th ed. The foregoing
two are very good sources of US IP law.
(c) Darell A. Posey & Graham Dutfield (1996) Beyond Intellectual Property: Toward
Traditional Resource Rights for Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities IDRC,
Ottawa.
(d) Jennifer Davis (2012) Intellectual Property Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 4th
ed.
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(e) Paul Torremans (2013) Holyoak and Torremans Intellectual Property Law, Oxford
University Press, London, 7th ed.
(f) The Rt Hon. Sir Robin Jacob, Daniel Alexander & Lindsay Lane (2004) A Guidebook to
Intellectual Property: Patents, Trademarks, Copyright and Designs, Sweet & Maxwell,
London, 5th ed.
(g) Hector MacQueen, Charlotte Waelde, Graeme Laurie & Abbe Brown (2010)
Contemporary Intellectual Property: Law and Policy, Oxford University Press, Oxford,
2nd ed.
(h) Ben Sihanya (2018) “Intellectual property audit, valuation, commercialization,
securitisation and taxation in Kenya,” JKUAT Law Journal, 41-86.
(i) Ben Sihanya (2016) “Traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions in
Kenya,” Vol 12, 2016 No. 2 LSK Journal 1-38 (Being intergrated into Ben Sihanya
(forthcoming 2020) IPILKA, IL & SM).
(j) Ben Sihanya (2012) “Author Empowerment through Copyright in Kenya: Open
Scholarship, and Alternative Publishing” in African Innovation Research and Training
(Open AIR), University of Cape Town, Cape Town; Innovative Lawyering & Sihanya
Mentoring, Nairobi & Siaya.
(k) Peter Wasamba & Ben Sihanya (2012) “What do Kenyan artists get for their skill?
Reforming compensation under copyright,” 24:2 Journal of African Cultural Studies,
Routledge, London, pp 171-183, at
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13696815.2012.732303 (accessed
8/1/2015). Prof Wasamba is Associate Professor, Department of Literature and Associate
Dean, Faculty of Arts, University of Nairobi.
(l) Marisella Ouma & Ben Sihanya (2010) “[Access to Knowledge in Africa: The Role of
Copyright:] ‘Kenya,’” a study under the auspices of the African Copyright and Access to
Knowledge (ACA2K) project and International Development Research Centre (IDRC)
Acacia Initiative for Africa and Shuttleworth Foundation Intellectual Property Rights
programme in C. Armstrong, J. De Beer, D Kawooya, A Prabhala, T Schonwetter (eds) (This
book was launched on Saturday, July 31, 2010 at the University of Cape Town, South Africa
July 31, 2010).
(m) Ben Sihanya (2009) “Copyright in e-commerce and music industry in Kenya” in Prof
Moni Wekesa and Ben Sihanya (eds) Intellectual Property Rights in Kenya, Konrad-
Adeneur-Stiftung, Nairobi, pp. 133-176. Printed on October 23, 2009 and launched on
November 10, 2009, at Panafric Hotel, Nairobi.
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(n) Ben Sihanya (2009) “Combatting counterfeit trade in Kenya” in Moni Wekesa and Ben
Sihanya (eds) Intellectual Property Rights in Kenya; Konrad Ademaner Stifting, Nairobi,
pp. 207-266 (chap. 8).
(o) Ben Sihanya (2007) “Patents, parallel importation and compulsory licensing of
HIV/AIDS drugs in Kenya,” in Peter Gallagher, Patrick Low, and Andrew L. Stoler
(eds) Managing the Challenges of WTO Participation, Cambridge University Press,
London, pp. Chapter 19; a study under the auspices of the World Trade Organisation
(WTO) and Adelaide University.
(p) Ben Sihanya (2007) “Copyright law, teaching and research in Kenya,” East African Law
Journal, 28-62, at
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact
=8&ved=0CCwQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicinafrica.net%2Fsites%2Fdef
ault%2Ffiles%2FCopyright%2520Law%2520in%2520Kenya%2520-
%2520Prof%2520Ben%2520Sihanya.pdf&ei=qUyuVJjLM4PyUNrUgJAF&usg=AFQjC
NH_A-mTRDK73jP2Ly_aoBSvwp8dZQ&sig2=C30i6LM8SrmD1lwt5QjQYQ
(accessed 8/1/2015).
(q) Ben Sihanya (2007) “Intellectual property and innovation in Kenya: legal and regulatory
issues in business incubation,” Science and Technology Park Development for
Sustainable Industrial Growth, Proceedings of the National Workshop in
Commemoration of the Scientific Revival Day of Africa, June 2004, Kenya National
Academy of Sciences, pp. 41-58.
(r) Ben Sihanya (2007) “Patent law and practice in Kenya,” 38:6 International Review of
Intellectual Property and Competition Law (IIC), Journal of the Max Planck Institute for
Intellectual Property, Competition and Tax Law, Munich, pp. 648-658.
(s) Ben Sihanya (2007) “Kikoi and the commercial exploitation of geographical indications
and traditional knowledge,” The Advocate, the official refereed magazine of the Law
Society of Kenya.
(t) Ben Sihanya (2006) “Intellectual property for innovation and industrialisation in Kenya,”
Proceedings of 2006 JKUAT Scientific, Technological and Industrialisation Conference
on Harnessing Scientific and Technological Innovation and Rapid Industrialisation,
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya, October 26
& 27, 2006, pp. 38-57.
(u) Ben Sihanya (2003) “Patent wars raging over AIDS cure,” Opinion: Pandemic, Daily
Nation (Nairobi), Wednesday, December 17, 2003, at 9.
(v) Ben Sihanya (2002) Integrating Innovation and Intellectual Property into the Kenya
Constitution, Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA), Nairobi, at www.ieakenya.or.ke
(accessed 8/1/2014).
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(w) Ben Sihanya (2001) How can we Constitutionalise Innovation, Technology and
Intellectual Property in Kenya? African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS),
Nairobi, at www.atpsnet.org (accessed 8/1/2014).
(x) Ben Sihanya (2000) “Intellectual property confronts counterfeiting in Africa: Protecting
innovators and consumers in the cyber society,” in Wilhemsson, T. et al. (eds.)
Consumer Law in the Information Society, Kluwer Law International, London, pp. 329-
364 (This 37 page chapter was one of the mandatory readings; it captures most of the
issues in the course. It has been revised as Sihanya (2009) “Combatting counterfeit trade
in Kenya,” and Sihanya (2015) “Trade in Counterfeit and Pirated Products,” in Sihanya
Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa: Chapter 21).
(y) Ben Sihanya (1994) “Technology transfer, intellectual property rights and biosafety:
strategies for implementing the Convention on Biodiversity” 6:3 Agbiotech News and
Information, London.
(z) Ben Sihanya (2013) “Reflections of open scholarship modalities and the copyright
environment in Kenya,” in Jeremy De Beer, Chris Armstrong, Chidi Oguamanam &
Tobias Schonwetter, et al. (eds) (2013) Innovation & Intellectual Property Collaborative
Dynamics in Africa. UCT Press, Cape Town, (chapter 9).
(aa) Ben Sihanya & James Otieno-Odek (2006) “Regulating and mainstreaming ICT
in Kenya for socio-economic and cultural development,” in Dr George Outa, Dr Eric
Aligula, Dr Florence Etta (eds) Mainstreaming ICT in Kenya: Research Perspectives
from Kenya, IDRC and Mvule Africa, Nairobi.
(bb) Dr Calestous Juma & Ben Sihanya (1993) “Policy options for scientific and
technological capacity building,” in Dr W. V. Reid, et al. (eds.) Biodiversity Prospecting:
Using Genetic Resources for Sustainable Development World Resources Institute (WRI),
Washington DC, pp.199-221.
(cc) Prof Moni Wekesa & Dr Ben Sihanya (eds) (2009) Intellectual Property Rights in
Kenya, Konrad-Adeneur-Stiftung, Nairobi. Printed on October 23, 2009 and launched on
November 10, 2009, at Panafric Hotel, Nairobi.
(dd) Dr Calestous Juma & Ben Sihanya (1989) Towards Industrial Property
Protection in Kenya: Policy Options and Strategic Approaches Policy Paper for National
Council for Science and Technology (NCST); it constituted the basis for the Industrial
Property Act, 1989 and 2001, which make provision for promoting the social, innovator
and consumer interests in technology.(Consulted Prof JB Ojwang, Dr Ben Majisu).
(ee) Ben Sihanya (2008) “Intellectual property for innovation and industrialisation in
Kenya,” 4:2 Convergence, International Bar Association, London, pp. 185-213.
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(ff) Ben Sihanya (1995) Regulating and Transferring Telecommunications Technology in
Kenya: Corporate Responses to Development Challenges, University of Warwick,
Coventry, UK.
There are numerous instruments on IP, innovation and ToT, the following are the basic:
International Legal Instruments
Most important
1. Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, including Trade in
Counterfeit Goods, 1994 (TRIPs).
2. Berne Convention on Literary and Artistic Works, 1886 (Paris Text 1971).
3. Paris Convention on the Protection of Industrial Property, 1883 (still useful on trade mark,
unfair competition, utility model.
4. Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), 1970.
5. Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks, 1891.
6.
7. Protocol to the Madrid Agreement on the International Registration of Marks, 1989.
8. Nice Agreement on International Classification of Goods and Services.
9. Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks (2006) superseded Trademark Law Treaty
(TLT), 1994.
10. International Convention on the Protection of New Plant Varieties (UPOV), 1961, 1978,
1991.
11. Draft International Code of Conduct on Technology Transfer (UNCTAD, 1985 ended in a
stalemate in 1985).
Other International and Transnational IP Agreements
1. Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992.
2. International Convention on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.
3. Universal Copyright Convention, 1952.
4. Draft International Code of Conduct on the Transfer of Technology (UNCTAD, 1985).
5. Hague Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Industrial Designs, 1925.
6. Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the
Purposes of Patent Procedure, 1977.
7. Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International
Registration, 1958.
Regional Legal Instruments (these are important)
1. Agreement by the African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO) (1976, 1982,
2002).
2. Banjul Protocol on Marks, 1993 (came into force 1997) (Protocol to ARIPO).
3. Harare Protocol on Patents and Industrial Designs 1982 (Amended in 1987 and 1994)
(Protocol to ARIPO).
4. Swakopmund Protocol on Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Expression of Folklore,
2010 (Protocol to ARIPO)
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5. Lusaka Agreement establishing the (English-Speaking) African Regional Intellectual
Property Office, 1976.
6. Draft Statute of the Pan-African Intellectual Property Organisation (PAIPO), 2013.
7. Charter for African Cultural Renaissance, 2006.
8. East African Regional Community Intellectual Property Policy on the Utilisation of Public
Health-Related WTO-TRIPS Flexibilities and the Approximation of National Intellectual
Property Legislation, 2013.
9. Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) Policy on Intellectual Property
Rights, 2010.
10. Bangui Agreement Relating to the Creation of an African Intellectual Property Organization,
Constituting a Revision of the Agreement Relating to the Creation of an African and
Malagasy Office of Industrial Property (Bangui (Central African Republic), March 2, 1977)
(OAPI)
Kenyan Legal Instruments and Bills
Following are the basic Kenyan IP instruments. You may consult instruments from other
(African) states.
1. Constitution of Kenya, 2010.
2. Copyright Act, Cap 130, Act No. 3 of 1966 (Repealed).
3. Copyright Act, Cap 130, Act No. 14 of 1989 (Repealed).
4. Copyright Act, Cap 130, Act No. 12 of 2001.
5. Industrial Property Act, Cap 509, Act No. 3 of 2001.
6. Trade Marks Act, Cap. 506 amended by the Trade Marks (Amendment) Act, 2002.
7. Science, Technology and Innovation Act, 2013.
8. Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Cultural Expression Act, 2016.
9. Copyright Amendment Bill, 2017
10. Anti-Counterfeit Act, No 13 of 2008.
11. The Industrial Property Bill, 2016.
12. Trade Mark Bill, 2016.
13. Geographical Indication Bill, 2016.
Other Related Statutes
Contracts in Restraint of Trade Act, Cap. 24.
Competition Act, No. 12 of 2010.
Consumer Protection Act, No 46 of 2012.
Biosafety Act, Cap 321A, Act No. 2 of 2009.
Law of Contract Act, Cap. 23.
Seeds and Plant Varieties Act, Cap. 326, Act No 53 of 2012.
Industrial Property Act, Cap. 509, Act No. 19 of 1989 (covers patents, industrial designs, utility
models, technovations…) (repealed).
Films and Stage Plays Act, Cap 222.
Books and Newspapers Act, Cap 111.
Entertainment Tax Act, Cap 479.
Kenya Communications (Amendment) Act, No 1 of 2009.
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Rules and regulations under major IP Laws
Kenya Copyright Board’s Rules of Procedure (2001).
Copyright Regulations, 2004.
Industrial Property Regulations, 2002.
Industrial Property Tribunal Rules, 2002.
Trade Marks (International Registration) Rules, 2003.
Biosafety (Import, Export and Transit) Regulations, 2011.
Biosafety (Environmental Release) Regulations, 2011.
Biosafety (Contained Use) Regulations, 2011.
Biosafety (Labelling) Regulations, 2012.
Copyright Act Cap 130, No. 3 of 1966 and IPA 1989 (Cap 509) were used to determine various
IP cases. Thus, although repealed, they are important in appreciating the relevant court decisions
and transactions.
See also the following statutes based on African countries:
Nigeria
Copyright Act (Chapter C.28, as codified 2004) (2004)
Copyright (Amendment) Decree No. 42 1999 (1999)
Copyright (Amendment) Decree No. 98 1992 (1992)
Patents and Designs Act of 1971 (Chapter 344) (1990)
Trade Marks Act (Chapter 436) (1990)
South Africa
Intellectual Property Laws Amendment Act, 2013.
Intellectual Property Rights from Publicly Financed Research and Development Act, 2008.
Patents Amendment Act, 2005.
Patents Act 1978 (As amended by Patents Amendment Act, 2002).
Merchandise Marks Act, 1941 (As amended by Merchandise Marks Amendment Act, 2002).
Performers’ Protection Amendment Act, 2002.
Copyright Act, 1978 (As amended by Copyright Amendment Act, 2002).
Intellectual Property Laws Amendment Act, 1997.
Intellectual Property Laws Rationalisation Act, 1996.
Plant Breeders’ Rights Amendment Act, 1996.
Medicines and Related Substances Control Act (As amended in 1997)
Trade Marks Act, 1993.
“Vlaglied” Copyright Act, 1974.
Performers’ Protection Act, 1967.
“Stem Van Suid-Afrika” Copyright Act, 1959.
Copyright Amendment Bill, 2017.
Uganda
Trade Marks Act, 2010.
Trade Secrets Protection Act, 2009.
Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act, 2006.
Patents (Amendment) Act, 2002.
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Patents Act, 1993.
United Kingdom Designs (Protection) Act, 1937.
Cameroon
Law No. 2000/011 of December 19, 2000 on Copyright and Neighbouring Rights
Law No. 2016/007 of July 12, 2016, relating to the Penal Code (2016)
Ordinance No. 2009/001 of May 13, 2009, amending certain Provisions of Law No. 2002/4 of 19
April 2002 to Institute the Investment Charter of the Republic of Cameroon (2009)
Law No. 2008-1 of April 14, 2008, amending and supplementing some Provisions of Law No.
96-6 of January 18, 1996, amending the Constitution of June 2, 1972(2008)
Law No. 2002/004 of April 19, 2002, on the Investment Charter of the Republic of
Cameroon (2002)
Law No. 96/12 of August 5, 1996, on the Framework Law on the Environmental
Management (1996)
Law No. 94/01 of January 20, 1994, on the Regime of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries (1994)
Senegal
Law No. 2008-08 on the Electronic Transactions (2008)
Law No. 2008-11 on Cybercrime (2008)
Law No. 2008-10 on the Orientation Law on the Information Society (2008)
Law No. 2008-12 on the Protection of Personal Data (2008)
Customs Code (Law No. 87-47 of December 28, 1987) (1987)
Criminal Code (Law No. 65-60 of July 21, 1965) (1965)
Burundi
Law No. 1/13 of July 28, 2009 on Industrial Property in Burundi, 2009.
Law of August 20, 1964, on Patents, 1964.
Malawi
Copyright Act, 1989.
Trade Description Act, 1987.
Patents Act, Chapter 49:02, 1986.
Registered Designs Act, Chapter 49:05, 1985.
Trade Marks Act, Chapter 49:01, 1967.
Merchandise Marks Act, Chapter 49:04, 1966.
Tanzania
Zanzibar Industrial Property Act No 4 of 2008.
Zanzibar Copyright Act, 2003.
Protection of New Plant Varieties (Plant Breeders’ Rights) Act, 2002.
Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act, No 23 of 2002.
Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act, 1999.
Patents (Registration) Act, 1995.
Trade and Services Marks Act, 1986.
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Merchandise Marks Act, No 20 of 1963.
Cases
Some leading cases; See others under the relevant IP doctines.1
1. Communications Commission of Kenya, Attorney-General, Ministry of Information
Communications & Technology, Signet Kenya Limited, Pan African Network Group
Kenya Limited & Startimes Media Limited v. Royal Media Services Limited, Nation
Media Services Limited, Consumer Federation of Kenya (COFEK), Standard Media
Group Limited & West Media Limited, Supreme Court of Kenya Petition No. 14 of 2014
(Consolidated with Petitions Nos. 14A, 14B & 14C of 2014), at Nairobi (Coram: Phillip
Kiptoo Tunoi, Kalpana Hasmukhrai Rawal, Jackton Boma Ojwang’, Mohammed
Khadhar Ibrahim, Willy Munywoki Mutunga, Smokin C Wanjala, Susanna Njoki
Ndung’u, JJ.A.). (violation of the content producers intellectual property rights).
2. “G4S;” “Pep Tang”
3. A. Jonkoping-Vulcan I. v. EA Match Co. Ltd [1964] EA 62-70 (TM infringement/passing
off; sailing ship label v. device of steamship).
4. Anton Piller KG v. Manufacturing Processes Ltd. [1976] 1 Ch. 55.
5. Assabwalla v. Khadija Bint Gafoor & Others [1962] EA 571-9 (bona fide use of own
name in competition to registered trade mark upheld as not constituting infringement -
see s. 11 TM Act, Cap. 506, Kenya). Cf Policansky Bros Ltd v. L&H Policansky 1935
AD 89 – 1012 (where a business name has acquired a secondary meaning, another person
cannot use that name in connection with similar class of goods unless he makes it
perfectly clear to the public that he is not selling the goods of the original manufacturer).
6. Beecham Group Ltd. v. International Products Ltd. [1968] EA 398-406.
7. Beecham v. International Products [1968] EA 398-306 (patent licensing).
8. British American Tobacco K Ltd. v. Cut Tobacco Ltd. HCCC No. 354 of 1999 (The
EastAfrican April 19-25, 1999, p. 3: “Kenya cigarette makers in trademark dispute”)
“Sportsman v. Horseman.”
9. British Leyland Motor Corp. v. Armstrong Patents [1986] 2WLR 400.
10. Brooke Bond Kenya Ltd. v. Chai Ltd. [1971] EA 10-16 (TM, passing off).
11. Catnic Components Ltd. v. Hill & Smith Ltd. [1982] RPC 183; [1983] FSR 512.
12. Charles M. Maranga & Anor v. Kenya Shell Ltd. HCCC No. 643 of 1998.
13. Coca Cola Export Corporation v. Registrar of Trade Marks [1969] EA 677-80 (burden
of proof for registration; word (“splash”) refers to character of goods? Public
perceptions).
14. Compaq v. Dell Computers (1992) FSR 93 (cited in Bainbridge (2012), pp. 907).
15. Cut Tobacco v. BAT Ct of Appeal Civil Application No. 245 1999 (Nairobi, 96/99 UR)
16. E.A. Industries v. Trufoods [1972] EA 420-3 (also ToT; TM/passing off).
17. EABL v. Castle Brewing K Ltd. HCCC 848 of 1998.
1 Other cases are discussed and published in Ben Sihanya (2016) IPILKA: Transferring Technology for Sustainable
Development, IL & SM, Nairobi & Siaya; Ben Sihanya (forthcoming 2020) IPILKA II: Cases and Materials, IL &
SM, Nairobi & Siaya.
14
18. Electrolux v. Hudson [1997] FSR 312 (Bainbridge (2012), at 500 etc).
19. Feist Publications Inc. v. Rural Telephone Services 499 U.S. 340 (1991) US Supreme
Court.
20. Giella v. Cassman Brown [1973] EA 358-61 (also applied to trade secrets, ToT, etc.).
21. Improver Corp. v. Remington Consumer Products Ltd. [1990] FSR 181.
22. International Greetings v. Kenya Litho Ltd. 1 KAR 902-5.
23. Kalamazoo Ltd. & Anor v. Systems Africa Ltd. [1973] EA 242-5.
24. Kenya AIDS Society v. Prof. Arthur Obel HCCC No. 1079 of 1996.
25. Kiambu General Transport Agency Limited v. EABL, Court of Appeal of Kenya, Civil
Appeal No. 9 of 2000, at Nairobi (Coram: Gicheru, Akiwumi & Lakha, JJ.A.).
26. London Overseas Trading Co. Ltd v. The Raleigh Cycle Co. Ltd [1959] EA 1012-18
(“lale” and “raleigh”).
27. Maranga v. Kenya Shell High Court of Kenya Civil Case No. 643 of 1998, at Nairobi
(Coram: Mbogholi Msagha, J.).
28. McDonald’s Corporation v. Joburgers Drive-Inn Restaurant Supreme Court of South
Africa Case No. 547/95; LandRover in Brazil;
29. Microsoft v. Microskills (K) Ltd. HCCC No. 323 of 1999 (Nairobi
30. John Boniface Maina v. Safaricom Limited, High Court of Kenya Civil Suit No 808 of
2010, at Nairobi (Coram: G.K. Kimondo, J.).
31. Mothercare (UK) Ltd. v. Penguin Books Ltd. [1988] RPC 113 (in Bainbridge (2012) pp.
829, 860).
32. News Group v. The Mirror (The Sun masthead used in the Mirror…).
33. Nyakundi Nyamboga’s report on KBL cited under TM;
34. Parke Davis & Co. Ltd. v. Opa Pharmacy Ltd. [1961] EA 556-64.
35. Performing Rights Society Ltd. v. Grand Theatre Ltd. [1973] EA 576-84 (© assignment,
licence, subsistence of © in author).
36. Re An Application by Bourjois Ltd. [1964] EA 265-9 (proposed TM likely to deceive;
application declined).
37. Re An Application by the American Cyanamid Co. [1968] EA 270-73.
38. Sapra Studio v. Tip-Top Clothing Co. [1971] EA 489-92.
39. Saudi Arabian Airlines Corporation [SAAC] v. Saudi Kenya Enterprises Ltd. [SKEL]
(1982-88) 1KAR 917-28.
40. Drum Publications (EA) Limited & Jared Benson Kagwana v. Media 24 Limited, Nation
Media Group Limited, East African Magazines Limited, The Registrar of Trade Marks &
The Registrar of Books and Newspapers, High Court of Nairobi Civil Suit No 561 of
2004, at Nairobi (Anyara Emukule, J.).
These materials are organised so as to assist students appreciate and apply the subject, including
in the course work and final exams. They will also be useful to students working on
dissertations or thesis on related topics, or on other projects, as well as when they leave college
and engage in IP lawyering in one way or the other. Endeavour to read the essential readings,
including the handouts. Follow the discourse in the Nation, Standard, East African, Time,
Newsweek, Business Daily, The Economist, (from Kenya), African Business, African Business,
African Herald Express, Business Day, Business World Intelligence, Guardian, Liberty Report,
Lagos Business News, Royal Times (from Nigeria), Business Report, Business Day, Expatica
15
ZA, ITWeb, Mail and Guardian, Times, The (South Africa), Business in Ghana, Daily Graphic,
Business & Financial Times, Ghanaian Chronicle, Statesman (Ghana), Al-Ahram Weekly, Daily
News Egypt, The, Middle East Times (Egypt), Arusha Times, Express Online (Tanzania), New
Vision, Daily Monitor (Uganda) broadcast media, the Internet, and through observations. I use
these, as well as my blog spot, in my research and teaching.
(v) Evaluation: examinations, continuous assessment tests (CAT) and course work
The exam and course work or group presentations require clear appreciation of the issues
including the concept, doctrine, rule of law, transaction and the policy or political context. As
indicated, conceptual parameters, and the practical implications of the course, will undergird the
assessment and examinations. Conceptual and practical skills are important in appreciating,
practising, applying, administering and enforcing international IP, innovation and technology
transfer law. They are intended to replace a legalistic approach, and especially the cramming of
legal rules (out of context) for exam purposes.
(vi) Some Abbreviations and Acronyms
AGOA……………… African Growth and Opportunities Act, 2006
(US) (revised)
AEC………………… African Economic Community (proposed by OAU in
1980)
ARIPO....................... African Regional Intellectual Property Organisation
formerly ESARIPO: English-Speaking
(See Harare Protocol, 1982)
AU………………….. African Union
BITs………………… Bilateral Investment Treaties
Biz…………………… Business
CBD………………… Convention on Biodiversity, 1992
CERDS…………….. Charter on Economic Rights and Duties of States,
1974
CJEU………………. Court of Justice of the European Union
COCOM.……………. Co-ordinating Committee for Multilateral Export
Control
COMESA................. Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
(formerly Preferential Trade Area (PTA))
CP…………………… Consumer Protection
CPC ...................…… (European) Community Patent Convention
DRC………………… Democratic Republic of the Congo (ex Zaire)
EAC .……………….. East African Community (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi,
Rwanda)
ECJ…………………. European Court of Justice
ECOSOC……………. UN Economic and Social Council
ECOWAS …..……… Economic Community of West African States (cf.
ECOMOG)
E(E)C……………….. European (Economic) Community (cf. EU)
16
EDI…………………. Electronic Data Interchange
EOI………………… Export Oriented Industrialisation
EPC.........................… European Patent Convention
ESAF…………….….. Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (see SAPs)
EU…………………… European Union
FCN ………………… (Treaty of) Friendship, Commerce and Navigation
FDI………………….. Foreign Direct Investment
G8…………………… Governments of eight leading advanced economies (include
Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom,
United States); also called G7 plus Russia
GATS..................….... General Agreement on Trade in Services, April 15,
1994
GATT …………….… General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (47, 94)
IACL ……………….. International Association of Consumer Law
ICSID………………. International Centre for the Settlement of Investment
Disputes
IGAD..………………. Intergovernmental Authority on Development
(formerly IGADD- Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and
Development)
IPA…………………. Industrial Property Act (Kenya)
ISI …………………... Import Substitution Industrialisation
ITO…………………. (stillborn) International Trade Organization
JV……………………. Joint Venture
KIPI…………………. Kenya Industrial Property Institute
KIPO...................….. Kenya Industrial Property Office (defunct; see KIPI)
KEPHIS.................... Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service
LDCs……………….. Least Developed Countries (Cf BRICS- emerging national
economies; Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa)
MAI…………………. (OECD’s) Multilateral Agreement on Investments
MIA............................ (stillborn?) Multilateral Investment Agreement
MFN………….…….. Most Favoured Nation Treatment
MNC.......................... Multinational Corporation (Cf. TNC)
NAFTA……………… North American Free Trade Area
NATO………………. North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (Cf Warsaw Pact-defunct)
NIEO……………….. New International Economic Order
NTBs...………….…… Non-Tariff Barriers
OAU…………..…….. Organisation of African Unity (now AU)
OAPI …...…............... Organisation africaine de la propriete intellectuelle
OECD…………….…. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development
PAIPO....................... Pan African Intellectual Property Organisation (Still in the draft
stage; PAIPO shall be a specialized agency of the African Union)
PCT……..................... Patent Co-operation Treaty (under WIPO)
PIL………………….. Public Interest Lawyering
PTA………………….. Preferential Trade Area (see COMESA, SADC…)
17
R & D……………….. Research and Development
SADC...……………… South African Development Community (formerly
SADCC)
SA…………………… Strategic Alliance
SAL……………….… Social Action Lawyering; Social Action Litigation?
SAPs………………… Structural Adjustment Programmes (cf. ESAF)
TDF………………… Transborder Data Flow
TNC……………..….. Transnational Corporation (Cf MNC)
TRIMs......................... Trade Related Investment Measures, April 15, 1994.
TRIPs.......................... Agreement on Trade Related aspects of Intellectual Property
Rights, including Trade in Counterfeit Goods April 15, 1994
(Marrakesh)
UCC ...........…........... Universal Copyright Convention, 1952
UDEAC…………….. Union Douaniere et Economic de L’Afrique Centrale
(Economic and Customs Union of Central Africa)
UDHR……………….. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948
UN…………….……. United Nations
UNCITRAL………… United Nations Centre for International Trade Law
UNCLOS……………. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982
UNCTAD…….….…. UN Conference on Trade and Development
UNCTC……………... United Nations Centre for Transnational Corporations2
UPOV .……………… International Convention for the Protection of New
Plant Varieties (1961; 1978; 1991)
WCT…………………. WIPO Copyright Treaty 1996
WIPO....................….. World Intellectual Property Organisation (specialised
UN agency)
WPPT……………….. WIPO Performance and Phonograms Treaty, 1996
WTO ....….................. World Trade Organisation
1. Nomenclature and Conceptualisation of International IP, Innovation and ToT: Kenya
and African context
“What is in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell just as sweet,”
William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet. Was Shakespeare right? In poetry? In IP?
Why address nomenclature in IP, innovation and ToT?
-to identify and define terms and phenomena
-to develop a common vocabulary
-to facilitate discourse
-To foster IP, innovation and ToT transactions (hence clauses on definition, interpretation).
-to facilitate recognition, protection, promotion, administration and enforcement of IP,
innovation and ToT (these depend to a large measure on definition of terms - what's
copyright?…)
2 See its publications on TNCs & UNTAD’s on ToT.
18
The distinction among IP, IPR, IPP, IPPR, etc.
-Recall examples of misuse of terminology in IP, innovation and ToT (Land Rover; Diana:
patenting of image hits a snag? Patent a book?...
Distinction among discovery, innovation, invention, creativity…..
IP is interdisciplinary: It implicates constitutional and administrative law; contract (eg licensing,
assignment, contract in restraint of trade; franchising - eg Kiambu General Transport Agency
Limited v. EABL; contractual licensing in IP, innovation and ToT); employment or labour law
(eg protecting employed authors, inventors, breeders…); competition (unfair competition;
contracts in restraint of trade; IP, innovation and ToT have characteristics of and relate to
exclusion and monopolistic practices (eg. s. 69 of IPA 2001, s. 92 IPA, 1989); minerals and
natural resources environmental and climate law (eg climate change mitigation v. climate change
adaptation; the debate on patenting GMOs and GMFs; biotech v. biodiversity; concerns for
protecting and rewarding traditional knowledge); corporate law (eg IP is a business or corporate
asset; an issue to be considered in asset inventorying and valuation; in balance sheets; in daily
business transactions; in securitisation; in taxation; during mergers and acquisitions (M&A));
gender (how to protect female innovators is crucial esp. in the context of traditional knowledge
v. patenting; folklore v. copyright; human rights law (IP is a property right, and part of human
rights; see Art. 27 UDHR which balances individual rights with social benefit from the
innovation; innovations for adapting to and mitigating climate change; tax law (taxing IP is an
emerging field - cf. Prof. Karrer’s case); consumer law (some consumer lawyers argue IP is anti-
consumer protection… consider trade in counterfeit products…); etc.
Readings
Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa: Transferring
Technology for Sustainable Development, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring,
Nairobi & Siaya, Chaps. 1 & 2.
Bainbridge, D. (2012) “Glossary,” in Intellectual Property, lx-lxv; Bainbridge, D. (2009)
“Glossary,” in Intellectual Property, iii-iv.
Bainbridge, D. (2012) “Introduction,” in Intellectual Property, Part One; Bainbridge, D. (2009)
“Introduction” in Intellectual Property Chap. 1.
Sherwood, R.M. (1990) “What intellectual property is” Chap. 2 of Sherwood, Intellectual
Property and Economic Development, pp. 11-40.
D.J. Dudek, R.B. Stewart, & J.B. Wiener, (1993) “Technology-based approaches versus market-
based approaches,” in P. Sands, (ed.) Greening International Law, Chap. 11, pp. 182-209.
Saggi Kamal, “Technology transfer and economic development,” in Hoekman. B et al (eds)
Development, Trade and the WTO, 351-358.
Ben Sihanya (1997) The State of Consumer Law in Kenya, PLI, Nairobi.
19
Ben Sihanya (1998) “Enhancing consumer participation and representation in Kenya” Paper
presented at the 44th Annual Conference of the American Council of Consumer Interests (ACCI),
Georgetown University Conference Center, Washington, DC.
WCED (1987) Our Common Future, OUP, New York, esp. Chap. 2, pp. 60-5; Chap. 3, pp. 87-
90.
Ben Sihanya (2008) “Intellectual property and mentoring for innovation and industrialization in
Kenya,” University of Nairobi Law Journal, Vol. 4 issue 1, 2008, pp. 20-46.
Ben Sihanya (2009) “Intellectual property and mentoring for innovation and industrialization in
Kenya,” Law Society of Kenya Journal, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 29-57.
Ben Sihanya (2008) “Intellectual property for innovation and industrialisation in Kenya,” Vol 4. No.
2, Convergence, pp. 185-213, Journal of the International Bar Association, London.
Ben Sihanya (2006) “Intellectual property and innovation in Kenya: legal and regulatory issues in
business incubation,” in Prof Bernard Aduda (ed) Science and Technology Park Development for
Sustainable Industrial Growth, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology,
Proceedings of the National Workshop in Commemoration of the Scientific Revival Day of Africa,
June 2004, Kenya National Academy of Sciences (KNAS), Nairobi, pp. 41-58.
B. Bowonder, & T. Miyake, (1994) “Technology development and Japanese industrial
competitiveness,” in E. Rhodes, & D. Wield, (eds.) Implementing New Technologies: Innovation
and the Management of Technology NCC Blackwell, Oxford, pp.53-74 [see also other
contributions in the volume].
The candidate should also internalise political economy of IP, innovation & ToT in Cameroon,
Nigeria, South Africa and Senegal.
The talking points in this regard cover the following themes and more.
The political economy of IP, innovation and ToT law is crucial to put the issues in context; it
also helps connect various sub-issues, narratives or anecdotes. (NB: law operates in a social,
political, technological and economic context). Eg: debates of the 1980s: Revise Paris
Convention? Place IP in GATT?
The subtopics include:
Brief history and development of IP (this is important in understanding the political economy on
IP and ToT)
(i) Technology and innovation in classical and neo-classical theory; cf. Schumpeterian
innovation.
(ii) Technological change and convergence: IP, innovation and ToT issues (bioinformatics,
telematics, nanotechnology, ...).
(iii) Technology and environmental governance or the green or gene movement.
(iv) Endogenous technological capability and informalisation of the economy.
(v) The human rights discourse in IP, technological development and innovation & ToT.
20
(vi) Technology and the [rise] of the consumer movement.
(vii) Postmodern and game theoretic analyses of innovation, IP and ToT transactions.
The candidate should also appreciate the conceptual parameters of IP, innovation and ToT. Some
of the key issues include:
(i) Is the subject IP or IPR, etc. (see Nomenclature, supra).
(ii) The case against IP.
(iii) Justifying IP, innovation and ToT.
(iv) Efficient management of IP, innovation and ToT.
(v) Theories of IP: natural or human rights; utilitarian or economic theories related to
incentives and rewards…
(vi) Forms of incentives and rewards in Kenya, Camerron, Senegal, South Africa and Nigeria
vis a vis European Union
- direct financial payments
- certificates of recognition or achievement …
- tax incentives
- Government procurement (including jua kali innovations and sheds…)
- appropriate policy
- Development plans; sessional papers
- Regulatory, legislative and judicial framework
- IP statutes and enforcement (e.g. KAS v. Prof Obel, infra)
- Innovative measures (cross cutting)
(vii) Development of transnational innovation, IP and ToT law
- The UN regime: WIPO (Paris, Berne, Madrid, Singapore Trademark Treaty, WIPO
Internet Treaties of 1996;
- TRIPs;
- ARIPO/OAPI
- EAC? COMESA? SADC? CMEA? UDEAC?
Government Policy
Republic of Kenya (2009) Vision 2030: A Globally Competitive and Prosperous Kenya,
Government Printer, Nairobi
Republic of Kenya (1996) Sessional Paper No. 2 of 1996 on Industrial Transformation to the
Year 2020, Government Printer, Nairobi.
Republic of Kenya (1992) Sessional Paper No. 2 of 1992 on Small Enterprise and Jua Kali
Development in Kenya, Government Printer, Nairobi.
The student should also consider and compare Government policies in the following countries
and regions: Uganda, Camerron, Congo, Senegal, south Africa and the EU.
21
Readings
Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa: Transferring
Technology for Sustainable Development, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring,
Nairobi & Siaya. Chaps. 1 & 2.
Ben Sihanya (2011-2015) “The economics of Intellectual Property” Intellectual Property Law
Teaching Notes & Materials, University of Nairobi Law School, LLB IV.
Ben Sihanya (1999) “Negotiating IP in Seattle and beyond: strategies for protecting Southern
Trade and development interests,” Working paper presented at the Southern Seminar for the
WTO Millennium Round, MS-Training Centre for Development Co-operation (MS-TCDC),
Arusha, October 18-22, 1999; revised and published in EcoNews Africa, Nairobi.
K.E. Maskus, “Benefiting from Intellectual Property Protection” in B. Hoekman et al. (eds)
Development Trade and the WTO, pp 369-381.
Bankole Sodipo (2017) Copyright Law: Principle, Practice and Procedure, Swan Publishers,
Lagos, Nigeria.
2. The development of the TRIPs Agreement and its Provisions; IP and innovation in
Regional Trade Agreements IP and innovation in Economic Partnership Agreements
(EPAs)
- From GATT to WTO TRIPs
- TRIPs provisions: core provisions on key IP doctrines: patent & TS? Or knowhow, TM
& UC, ©
- TRIPs challenges and prospects
- ARIPO - development
- ARIPO - core instruments
- OAPI- development & core instruments
- Regional Trade Arrangement (RTA) - various categories: treatment of IP and Innovation
- EPA- various categories; treatment of IP and innovation. Cf RTA
3. Patent and Related Doctrines (including comparison with utility models, PBRs, and
traditional knowledge)
(i) Definition - a certificate; a property right or juridical relationship
(ii) Status of patent in IP “hierarchy”
(iii) Development of patent law in Kenya Cf. Camerron, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa -
problems of the dependent system; WIPO Model law
Patentability - novelty (IPA, 2001 s. 23; Cf. Patents (Amendment) Act of Uganda, 2002, Law
No. 2000/011 of December 19, 2000 on Copyright and Neighbouring Rights (Cameroon), Law
No. 1/13 of July 28, 2009 on Industrial Property in Burundi, 2009, Patents Act, Chapter 49:02,
1986 (Malawi), South African Patents Act 1978 (As amended by Patents Amendment Act,
2002).
- inventive step (who is PHOSITA?) (IPA, 2001 s. 24)
-industrial applicability (industrial and commercial ... utility) (s. 22 & s. 25)
22
-excluded subject matter (ss. 21 & 26 IPA, 2001); temporary exclusion (s. 26)
Readings
Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa: Transferring
Technology for Sustainable Development, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring,
Nairobi & Siaya. Chaps 1 & 2.
Adejoke O. Oyewunmi (2018) Nigerian Law of Intellectual Property, University of Lagos Press
& Bookshop Ltd, Lagos, Part 3: Chapters 9-13.
Paul Goldstein and Marketa Trimble (2012) International Intellectual Property Law: Cases and
Materials, Foundation Press & Thomson Reuters, (3rd ed)
Bainbridge, D. (2012) “Patent law – background, basic principles and practical aspects” (chap.
11), “Requirements of patentability, Chap.12;
Bainbridge (2009) “Patent law, background, basic principles and practical aspects” (chap. 11),
“Requirements of patentability, Chap.12.
Bainbridge, (1996) Intellectual Property, “Requirements for patentability and ownership of
patents,” Chap. 13 of Intellectual Property, pp. 292-326.
Cornish, Llewellyn & Aplin (2013) Chap. 3: “Growth and purpose of patents.”; Cornish,
Llewelyn & Aplin (2010) Chap. 3: “Growth and purpose of patents.”
Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa: Transferring
Technology for Sustainable Development, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring,
Nairobi & Siaya. Chap. 3: “Patentability in Kenya and Africa.”
Domnick A. Conde (2017) Intellectual Property Review, Law Business Research Ltd, London,
UK, 6th ed.
Jide Babafemi (2007) Intellectual Property: The Law and Practice of copyright, Trade Marks,
Patents and Industrial Designs in Nigeria, Justinian Books Ltd, Ibadan, Nigeria.
3.1 Patent and related doctrines: International patenting procedure and regulations
Cf. Industrial Property Act, Kenya, 2001 s. 23; Patents (Amendment) Act of Uganda, 2002;; Law
No. 1/13 of July 28, 2009 on Industrial Property in Burundi, 2009; Patents Act, Chapter 49:02,
1986 (Malawi); South African Patents Act 1978 (As amended by Patents Amendment Act,
2002); Nigeria’s Patent and Designs Act.
-request, etc. (s. 34 IPA)
-exam as to form (s. 41 IPA)
-exam as to substance (s.44 IPA)
-what if application is rejected? (Tribunal…) (s. 47); cf. patent interference
proceedings- Cf. Camerron’s Law No. 2016/007 of July 12, 2016.
23
Readings
Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa: Transferring
Technology for Sustainable Development, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring,
Nairobi & Siaya. Chapters 3 (Patent Systems and Patentability in Kenya and Africa) & 4 (Patent
Procedures, Ownership, Rights and Obligations in Kenya and Africa).
Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa: Transferring
Technology for Sustainable Development, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring,
Nairobi & Siaya. Chap. 4: “Patent procedures, ownership, rights and obligations in Kenya and
Africa.”
Adejoke O. Oyewunmi (2018) Nigerian Law of Intellectual Property, University of Lagos Press
& Bookshop Ltd, Lagos, Part 3: Chapters 9-13.
Cornish, Llewellyn & Aplin (2013) Chap. 4: “The Patent: Grant and Content,” Chap. 5:
“Validity”; Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin (2010) Chap. 4 “The patent: grant and content,” Chap. 5:
“Validity”
Bainbridge, D. (2009) “Patent law – background, basic principles and practical aspects” (chap.
11); Bainbridge (2009) “Patent law, background, basic principles and practical aspects”
Domnick A. Conde (2017) Intellectual Property Review, Law Business Research Ltd, London,
UK, 6th ed.
Jide Babafemi (2007) Intellectual Property: The Law and Practice of copyright, Trade Marks,
Patents and Industrial Designs in Nigeria, Justinian Books Ltd, Ibadan, Nigeria.
4. Rights and obligations of patentee
(i) -Rights - s. 53 IPA, s. 17, S&T Act; ss. 16, 35-38… IPA- Ownership of and dealing with
patent - employment scenario etc. (s. 17 S&T Act; s. 32 IPA 2001, s. 17 S&T Act; s. 17 IPA;
s. 15 IPA; s.16 IPA
(ii) Commercial aspects of patent.
(iii) Duration and renewal or maintenance of patents (s. 60 IPA).
(iv) Infringement, defences and remedies.
(v) Sectoral focus of patents and related doctrines.
Cf. Patents (Amendment) Act of Uganda, 2002; Law No. 1/13 of July 28, 2009 on Industrial
Property in Burundi, 2009; Patents Act, Chapter 49:02, 1986 (Malawi); South African Patents
Act 1978 (As amended by Patents Amendment Act, 2002; Camerron’s Law No. 2016/007 of
July 12, 2016.
Readings
Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa: Transferring
Technology for Sustainable Development, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring,
Nairobi & Siaya. Chaps. 3 (Patent Systems and Patentability in Kenya and Africa), 4 (Patent
24
Procedures, Ownership, Rights and Obligations in Kenya and Africa) & 5 (Patent Infringement,
Defences and Remedies).
Adejoke O. Oyewunmi (2018) Nigerian Law of Intellectual Property, University of Lagos Press
& Bookshop Ltd, Lagos, Chapters 11-13.
Paul Goldstein and Marketa Trimble (2012) International Intellectual Property Law: Cases and
Materials, Foundation Press & Thomson Reuters, (3rd ed)
Cornish, Llewellyn & Aplin (2013) Chap. 6: “Scope of monopoly,” Chap. 7: “Property rights
and exploitation.”; Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin (2010) “Scope of monopoly” (Chap.6), Chap.7:
“Property rights and exploitation”
Bainbridge, D. (2012) “Ownership, dealing with patents, safety and security, and crown use”
(chap. 13); Bainbridge (2009) Chap. 13 “Ownership, dealing with patent, safety and security, and
crown use”
Bainbridge, D. (2012) “Patents – infringement, remedies and criminal offences” (chap. 14);
Bainbridge (2009) Chap. 14 “Patents- infringement remedies and criminal offences”
Bainbridge, D. (2012) “Patents – defences, groundless threats and revocation” (chap. 15);
Bainbridge (2009) Chap. 15 “Patents –defences, groundless threats and revocation”
Kimani, D. (199) “Kenyan firms contest the right to sell drug” The East African
(Nairobi) October 4-10, p. 4 (on alleged baseless threat of infringement; defence of patent
expiry: manufacture and sale of branded and generic drugs …)
Joseph Jar Kur (2015) Intellectual Property Law and Entrepreneurship in Nigeria: Principles
and Practice, Aboki Publishers, Abuja, Chapter 8.
Case law
Beecham Group Ltd. v. International Products Ltd. [1968] EA 398-406.
Electrolux v. Hudson (1997) FSR 312 (Bainbridge (2012), at 500 etc)
Hygiene Bins Limited v. Sanitam Services (E.A) Ltd [2015] Eklr.
Faulu Kenya Deposit Taking Microfinance Limited v. Safaricom Limited [2012]Eklr
For more cases and analysis, see Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property & Innovation Law:
Transferring Technology for Sustainable Development, IL & SM , Nairobi & Siaya; Ben Sihanya
(forthcoming 2020) IPILKA: Cases and Materials, IL & SM, Nairobi & Siaya.
12. Patenting life forms: biopatents v. traditional knowledge [We consider biopatents here).
Utility models and the patentability of computer programs (under copyright) are relevant
here. Relate to: Political Economy: Tech change; and Enviro mov’t).
- biotech v biodiv: biopatents (GMOs, cloning…) (s. 26 & 29 IPA; Art. 27 (3) (b) TRIPs
- ethical/moral (consider cloning, genetic engineering, genetically modified foods etc)
25
- religious (humans playing God?)
- political (the decision is political; sovereignty debate; political fall out - sleepless in
Seattle…)
- economic issues
- social/legal- marginalisation; only individuals have rights?
- traditional knowledge
- pharmaceutical industries and biopiracy/traditional knowledge: protection and
exploitation of traditional knowledge
Cf. Arts 3, 8(j), 15, 16 and 19 CBD - harmonizing the legal issues
The Role of the Patent and Trade Mark Attorney
Cf. Patents (Amendment) Act of Uganda, 2002; Law No. 1/13 of July 28, 2009 on Industrial
Property in Burundi, 2009; Patents Act, Chapter 49:02, 1986 (Malawi); South African Patents
Act 1978 (As amended by Patents Amendment Act, 2002; Camerron’s Law No. 2016/007 of
July 12, 2016.
Readings
Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa: Transferring
Technology for Sustainable Development, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring,
Nairobi & Siaya, Chapter 3 (Patent Systems and Patentability in Kenya and Africa), Chapter 4
(Patent Procedures, Ownership, Rights and Obligations in Kenya and Africa), Chapter 5 (Patent
Infringement, Defences and Remedies) & Chapter 7 (Plant and Animal Breeder’s Rights in
Kenya and Africa: Appropriate IP for Genetic Resources and Biodiversity).
Ben Sihanya (1994) “Technology transfer, intellectual property rights and biosafety: strategies
for implementing the Convention on Biodiversity” Agbiotech News and Information (London)
vol. 6 No. 3, 53N-60N.
Adejoke O. Oyewumni (2015) Nigerian Law of Intellectual Property, Unievrsity of Lagos Press
and Bookshop Ltd, Lagos, Chapters 9-13.
Anne Njoki Kingiri (2010) “Experts to the rescue? An analysis of the role of experts in
biotechnology regulation in Kenya,” Journal of International Development, 22, 325-340.
Ann Njoki Kingiri & Seife Ayele (2009) “Towards a smart biosafety regulation: The case of
Kenya,” Environ. Biosafety Res. 8 (2009), 133-139.
Shiva, Vandana (1994) “Farmers’ rights and the Convention on Biodiversity” Biodiplomacy
Chap. 6, pp. 107-118.
Wangwe, S.M. (1991) Industrial property protection and technological innovation: A case study
of the United Republic of Tanzania UNCTAD, Geneva, (13 pp).
Mehrotra, N.N. (22.8.1987) “Indian Patents Act, the Paris Convention and self-reliance”
Economic and Political Weekly, pp. 1461-65.
26
Kerubo, Yvonne (1999) Genetically modified foods: discourse on biosafety, international trade
and intellectual property LLB dissertation, University of Nairobi.
Juma, C. et al. (1993) “State innovation policies,” in The Adaptive Economy: Economic Crisis
and Technological Innovation ACTS, Nairobi, Chap 7, pp. 155-86. (NB: in certain sections, this
work calls for an IP Act in terms which had been enacted in 1989).
Juma, C. (1989) The Gene Hunters: Biotechnology and the Scramble for Seeds Zed Books,
London (esp. Chap. 5: “Life as intellectual property,” pp. 149-78).
Gopo, Joseph & Patricia Kameri-Mbote (2005) “Biotechnology: a turning point in development
or an opportunity that will be misiled,” in Trading in Genes.
6. Copyright and Related Rights
6A. Copyright nomenclature
(i) Definition of copyright and related rights
(ii) Historical dev. of © law
- Brief history of copyright law from the invention of the printing press to date. Why
from then?
- link between UK law and Kenya’s © Act
- sources of copyright law (Cap. 130 of 1966; Copyright Act No 12 of 2001, Cap 130;
Judicature Act)
- difficulties with s. 51© Act... i.e. © subsists only under Act or other written law
- Cf. South Africa, Nigeria, Ghana, Malawi, Cameroon, Senegal, Uganda
(iii) Copyrightability: Original; Original; Material, tangible or fixed form, aesthetics, quality;
quantity, proceeds v. de minimis (in the intellectual or creative, sense v. in terms of volume);
points of attachment: on nationality or citizenship (national treatment); where protection is
claimed…; idea expression dichotomy
(iv) Subject matter of © - primary v. related works (secondary? derivative?), etc. esp. s. 22 and
s. 2 ( see s. 3 and s. 2 of Cap 130)
(v) Duration of copyright - Cf. De Wolfe copyright of a “rendition” of the Kenyan national
anthem.
(ii) International development of © and related rights
- Berne 1886 (Paris Text 1971)
- Universal Copyright Convention 1952 (UCC)
- International Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms
and Broadcasting Organizations, aka the Rome Convention 1961
Other conventions on related rights
- European Convention Relating to Questions on Copyright Law and
Neighbouring Rights in the Framework of Transfrontier Broadcasting by Satellite
- Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms
against Unauthorized Duplication of Their Phonograms
27
- TRIPs 1994
- WCT 1996
- WPPT 1996
- Africa - no transnational regime (cf. ARIPO, OAPI)
Readings
Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa: Transferring
Technology for Sustainable Development, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring,
Nairobi & Siaya, Chapter 8 (Copyright and Related Rights in Kenya and Africa).
Bankole Sodipo (2017) Copyright Law: Principle, Practice and Procedure, Swan Publishers,
Lagos, Nigeria.
Adejoke O. Oyewunmi (2018) Nigerian Law of Intellectual Property, University of Lagos Press
& Bookshop Ltd, Lagos, Chapter 2-8.
John O. Asein (2012) Nigerian Copyright Law and Practice, Books and Gavel Publishers,
Abuja, Nigeria, 2nd ed.
‘Jide Babafemi (2007) Intellectual Property: The Law and Practice of Copyright, Trade Marks,
Patents and Industrial Designs in Nigeria, Justinian Books Ltd, Ibadan, Nigeria, Chapters 1-4.
Bainbridge, D. (2012) Chap. 2: “Copyright and related rights” pp. 31-39 & Chap. 3:
“Subsistence of copyright” pp. 41-89; Bainbridge (2009) Intellectual Property, Chap. 2
(Background basic principles) & chap. 3 (Subsistence of copyright), at 31-80.
Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin (2013) Intellectual property: Patents, Copyright, Trade Marks and
Allied Rights, Sweet & Maxwell, London, Chap. 10 “Range and aims of copyright,” pp. 387-425
& 11 “Subsistence of copyright”, at 427-465.
Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin (2010) Intellectual property: Patents, Copyright, Trade Marks and
Allied Rights, Sweet & Maxwell, London, Chapters 10 “Range and aims of copyright” & 11
“Subsistence of copyright”, at 399-476.
Xavier Greffe (2006) Managing Creative Enterprises, Creative industries- Booklet No. 3, World
Intellectual Property Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland.
WIPO (2007) Rights, Camera, Action!: IP rights and the film making process, Creative
industries – Booklet No. 2, World Intellectual Property Organisation, Geneva Switzerland.
WIPO (2013) Managing Intellectual Property in the Book Publishing Industry: A Business-
Oriented Information Booklet, Creative industries – Booklet No. 1, World Intellectual Property
Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland.
28
David Stopps (2013) How to make a living from music, Creative industries – Booklet No. 4,
World Intellectual Property Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland, 2nd ed.
WIPO (2013) Managing Intellectual Property in the advertising industry, Creative industries –
Booklet No. 5, World Intellectual Property Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland.
WIPO (2011) From Script to Screen: The Importance of Copyright in the Distribution of Films,
Creative industries – Booklet No. 6, World Intellectual Property Organisation, Geneva,
Switzerland.
David Greenspan (2013) Mastering the game: Business and legal issues for video game
developers, Creative industries – No. 8, World Intellectual Property Organisation, Geneva,
Switzerland.
Gordon V. Smith & Vladimir Yossifov (2013) Monetization of Copyright Assets By Creative
Enterprises, Creative Industries – Booklet No.7, World Intellectual Property Organisation,
Geneva, Switzerland.
Audio Visual Networks in East Africa (2009) Audio Visual Guide East Africa, Film Africa
Kenya Ltd, Nairobi.
WIPO (2013) Monetization of Copyright Assests by Creative Enterprises, Creative industries-
Booklet No. 7, World Intellectual Property organisation, Geneva.
D.C. Rotich and K.S. Buigutt (eds) (2008) Contemporary Publishing and Book Trade in Kenya,
Moi university Press, Eldoret, Kenya.
WIPO (2007) National Studies on Assessing the Economic Contribution of the Copyright-Based
Industries, Creative industries- Booklet No. 4, World Intellectual Property organisation, Geneva.
Dickson Nyariki, Oliver Wasonga, Calleb Otieno, Erik Ogadho, Charles Ikutwa and Julius
Kithinji (2007) “The economic contribution of copyright-based industries in kenya” in WIPO
(2007) National Studies on Assessing the Economic Contribution of the Copyright-Based
Industries, Creative industries- Booklet No. 4, World Intellectual Property organisation, Geneva,
25-94.
National Council for Administration of Justice (Ke) (2014) Enforcement Manual to Combat
Illicit Trade in Kenya, National Council for Administration of Justice, Nairobi, Kenya.
6B. Authorship and ownership of copyright
(i) Authorship s. 31 (cf. s. 13 of Cap 130 1966…)
Meaning and significance of authorship:
29
(ii) Who is an author? anonymous, pseudonymous; significance of authorship
(iii)Meaning and significance of ownership.
(iv) Overlap, fragmentation in authorship and ownership
-employment or under contract of service; commission or consultancy; government or
NGO/religious organisations? or international body; reporters or editors; lecture or
dictation scenarios; supervision
6C. Rights conferred by ©; dealing in © or exploitation of © (ss. 26-29; 33; etc)
(i) Defining moral and economic rights
(ii) Generic rights in copyright:
(a) right to voluntary registration
(b) Right to use copyright work
(c) Right to licence, assign …
(d) Right to import copyright work
(e) Right to transfer
(f) Right to exclude others from copyright use
(g) Right to abuse or misuse copyright subject to police (or the state’s regulatory)
powers
(h) Rights under a compulsory licence
(iii) Rights based on the specific subject matter of copyright.
(iv) Duration: extension, revival; public domain.
(v) © administration (consider the role of the copyright office (like Kenya © Board,
the private organizations including the CS (or collective management
organisations) such as Music Copyright Society of Kenya, the Reprographic
Organisation of Kenya (KOPIKEN), Performers Rights Society of Kenya
(PRSK), the Kenya Association of Music Producers (KAMP) .... What is their
role in administration of copyright and related rights? Where do they draw their
authority from? (ss. 46, 48)
-Copyright management and administration:
-registration (process, cost...)
-Collecting Society or Collective Management Organisations (CMOs)
-Competent Authority (“Copyright Tribunal”)
-KECOBO
- Collective copyright litigation: rules, procedure and evidence etc. What courts have what
jurisdiction? especially in light of the Constitution of Kenya, 2010.
-IP/copyright in Constitution 2010 (cf Uganda, S.A, Nigeria, Egypt) “Faction” cf Stanford
Lawyer Magazine; fun v. fan fiction and related copyright issues
-Reforming Competent Authority, Cf. Nigeria, UK, South Africa, Ghana, USA; Industrial
Property Tribunal, etc.
Cf. the relevant statutes and provisions in Nigeria, Senegal, Cameroon, and South Africa.
Cf. De Wolfe copyright of a “rendition” of the Kenyan national anthem.
30
Readings
Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa: Transferring
Technology for Sustainable Development, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring,
Nairobi & Siaya, Chapter 8 (Copyright and Related Rights in Kenya and Africa), Chapter 9
(Copyright Infringement, Defences and Remedies), Chapter 10 (Digital Copyright in Kenya and
Africa), Chapter 11 (Rights in a Performance in Kenya and Africa).
Ben Sihanya (forthcoming 2020) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa:
Cases and Material, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring, Nairobi & Siaya.
Bankole Sodipo (2017) Copyright Law: Principle, Practice and Procedure, Swan Publishers,
Lagos, Nigeria.
Adejoke O. Oyewunmi (2018) Nigerian Law of Intellectual Property, University of Lagos Press
& Bookshop Ltd, Lagos, Chapters 2-8.
John O. Asein (2012) Nigerian Copyright Law and Practice, Books and Gavel Publishers,
Abuja, Nigeria, 2nd ed.
‘Jide Babafemi (2007) Intellectual Property: The Law and Practice of Copyright, Trade Marks,
Patents and Industrial Designs in Nigeria, Justinian Books Ltd, Ibadan, Nigeria, Chapters 1-4.
Bainbridge, D. (2012) Chap. 4: “Authorship and ownership of copyright” pp. 91-125; Bainbridge
(2009), Chap. 4: “Authorship and ownership of copyright;” Bainbridge (2009) chap. 5:
“Author’s rights.”
Bently & Sherman (2009), Chap. 5 “Authorship and first ownership”; Bently & Sherman (2009),
chap. 6: “Nature of right”; chap. 11: “Exploitation and use of copyright,” chap. 12: pp. 278-302.
Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin (2013) Intellectual property: Patents, Copyright, Trade Marks and
Allied Rights, Sweet & Maxwell, London, Chap. 11 “Subsistence of copyright,” pp. 427-465;
Chap. 14: “Copyright particular cases,” pp. 553-587; Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin (2010), “Limits
of exploitation,” Chap. 11: “Subsistence of copyright,” pp. 439-476; Chap. 13: “Property rights
and exploitation,” pp. 529-561; Chap. 14: “Copyright particular cases,” pp. 563-598.
6D. Infringement of ©
Administration or ex officio measures. Civil remedies (injunction, damages, delivery up, account
of profits) v. criminal sanctions… (ss. 35, 38)
Defences: © does not subsist; fair dealing; public interest… (NB: ss. 26-29©Act 2001; ss. 7-12
Cap 130); Add: British Leyland v. Armstrong Patents: ©, and design rights do not grant
monopoly rights (take into account consumer interests); to say there is infringement would allow
a party to derogate from a grant (have their cake and eat it) - i.e. others should be able to repair
the exhaust pipe …
31
See cases from Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Ghana, Senegal, Cameroon, in Sihanya’s books
and other sources (below).
Readings
Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa: Transferring
Technology for Sustainable Development, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring,
Nairobi & Siaya.
Ben Sihanya (forthcoming 2020) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa II:
Cases and Materials, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring, Nairobi & Siaya.
Shirley Arlentrice Gulenywa (2018) Regulating Ringtone Technology in Kenya, LLM Thesis,
University of Nairobi.
Bankole Sodipo (2017) Copyright Law: Principle, Practice and Procedure, Swan Publishers,
Lagos, Nigeria.
Adejoke O. Oyewunmi (2018) Nigerian Law of Intellectual Property, University of Lagos Press
& Bookshop Ltd, Lagos, Chapter 2-8.
John O. Asein (2012) Nigerian Copyright Law and Practice, Books and Gavel Publishers,
Abuja, Nigeria, 2nd ed.
‘Jide Babafemi (2007) Intellectual Property: The Law and Practice of Copyright, Trade Marks,
Patents and Industrial Designs in Nigeria, Justinian Books Ltd, Ibadan, Nigeria, Chapters 1-4.
Bentley & Sherman (2009) Chap. 8: “Infringement,” Chap. 9: “Defences”
Bainbridge, D. (2012) Chap. 6: “Rights, infringement and remedies” pp. 154-209; Bainbridge
(2009) Chap. 6: “Rights, infringement and remedies,”
Bainbridge, D. (2012) Chap. 7: “Defences to copyright infringement and the permitted acts” pp.
211-253; Bainbridge (2009) Chap.7 “Defences to copyright infringement and the permitted acts”
Cf fair dealing, private use, criticism or review – section 26 of the Copyright Act No 12 of 2001.
Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin (2013), Chap. 12: “Infringement of copyright and moral rights,” pp.
467-517; Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin (2010), Chap. 12: “Infringement of copyright and moral
rights,” pp. 477-527.
Mihaly Ficsor (2002) Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights, World
Intellectual Property Organisation, Geneva.
Cases
Republic v. Kenya Association of Music Producers (KAMP), Performers rights Society of Kenya,
Kenya Copyright Board & Prof Ben Sihanya, High Court of Kenya Judicial Review Case No 335
of 2013, at Nairobi (Coram: G. V. Odunga, J.).
32
Cellulant Kenya Limited v. Music Copyright Society of Kenya Limited High Court of Kenya
Civil Case No 154 of 2009, at Nairobi (Coram: L. Kimaru, J.).
6C. Digital Copyright: Protecting and Promoting ICT through Copyright
(a) Copyright and IP for computer software and e-commerce innovations [detailed
discussion in S&T - hardware v. software (work with Benkler-Lessig model: ©, patent, trade
mark, commons, proprietary)
- what is patentable and what is copyrightable? Source code, functionality?
“To patent or to copyright, that is the question.” Or apply trade secrets law?
Discourse:
-Intellectual effects are not patentable; industrial effects are
- patent provides strong protection, but:
- difficulty of determining prior art
- disclosure of source code may be required
- infringement could be difficult to establish
- length of time to obtain a patent (about 3 years) makes it inappropriate for software developers
- patents have stronger exclusive or, “ monopoly” characteristics (good and bad?)
- copyright - long duration of protection
- protection of business methods
- under the TRIPs Agreement 1994 - software protectable as literary work under Berne.
- US, Australia - patentable; in Jan 1999, the US Patents and Trademarks Office (USPTO)
granted the Quick Install Process Patent (QIPP) to an American who claimed to have invented a
“process [which] does not suffer from any of the limitations all other Y2K tools have, [and]
which works on everything, installs much faster than other methods and does not require a lot of
costly programmers to use or install.”
see Rep of Kenya (1999) Special Gazette Notice No. 7560 of 30.12.1999 on Y2K Guidelines
- UK - not quite patentable, see Merrill Lynch case (electronic securities trading system
patentable in US, not UK, now debatable in UK).
- Kenya – patentable (Industrial Property Act, 2001 doesn’t exclude computer software or
algorithm unlike 1989 Industrial Property Act); copyrightable (s. 2) © Act, 2001) but where are
the details? Copyright for source code? Object code? Applications? Operating system?
(b) Copyright in the internet
(c) Copyright in social media readings
(d) Copyright issues in artificial intelligence, 3D printing, Mpesa and related financial
technologies.
Readings
Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa: Transferring
Technology for Sustainable Development, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring,
Nairobi & Siaya.
Ben Sihanya (forthcoming 2020) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa:
Cases and Materials, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring, Nairobi & Siaya.
33
Ben Sihanya (2009) “Copyright in e-commerce and music industry in Kenya” in Prof Moni
Wekesa and Ben Sihanya (eds) Intellectual Property Rights in Kenya, Konrad-Adeneur-Stiftung,
Nairobi, pp. 133-176. Printed on October 23, 2009 and launched on November 10, 2009, at
Panafric Hotel, Nairobi.
Ben Sihanya (2012) “Digital copyright in Kenya (2012)” Vol 8 No.1 Law Society of Kenya
Journal 119-148.
Ben Sihanya (2015) “Copyright and Broadcasting in the Digital Environment: Challenges and
Opportunities” presented at the ARIPO National Roving Seminar on Making Better Use of
Intellectual Property for Business Competitiveness and Development in Africa: Protection and
Promotion of Copyright and Related Rights, organised by the African Regional Industrial
Property Organisation & the Kenya Copyright Board held on March 16 2015 to March 17, 2015
at Sarova Stanley Hotel, Nairobi Kenya.
Cases
Cariou v. Prince, 714 F.3d 694 (2d Cir. 2013)
Modern Dog Design Company v. Target Corporation et al, case number 2:11-cv-01816
Fairey v. Associated Press, No. 09-01123 (S.D.N.Y. 2010)
See other cases and analysis in Ben Sihanya’s IPILKA I & II.
7. Trade Mark, Trade Names and Related Doctrines
Trade Mark Nomenclature, development, Purposes: Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa and
Africa
(i) What are TMs?: Trade mark law addresses the question, what is in a name?
-TM, SM, trade names, certification marks, collective marks, passing off, uc…
(ii) Historical dev of TM
-Paris, TRIPs, WIPO TM Treaty 1996 Cf Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks
-UK and Kenyan law (1938, 1994 UK Acts; amendments to Kenyan Trade Marks Act, Cap 506)
(iii)Purposes or objectives of TM
(iv) Registration and registrability in Kenya and Africa: distinctive v. capable of
distinguishing; (confusion and association: Wagamama)
(v) Trade mark use as a basis of protection and promotion (bona fide use; use in TM sense…
mother case)
(vi) TM v. passing off (cf. s. 5 TM Act)
(vii) Protection and promotion of notorious marks (s. 15A TM Act; Art. 6 bis of Paris)
Key National Legislation from selected African and other countries
1. Trade Marks Act, Cap. 506 amended by the Trade Marks (Amendment) Act, 2002-
Kenya.
2. Trade Mark Rules and Regulations.
3. Trade Marks Act, 2010- Uganda
4. Trade Marks Act, Chapter 49:01, 1967- Malawi
34
5. Trade Marks Act, 1993- South Africa.
Key International Instruments
1. Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, including Trade
in Counterfeit Goods, 1994 (TRIPs).
2. Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks, 1891.
3. Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks (2006) superseded Trademark Law
Treaty (TLT), 1994.
4. Protocol to the Madrid Agreement on the International Registration of Marks, 1989.
5. NICE Agreement concerning the international classification of goods and services.
6. Paris Convention, 1883 (well known marks, Art. 6 bis; service marks need not be
registered? Art. 6 sexies); GATT TRIPs Code, 1994; WIPO Trademark Law Treaty
(adopted 1994 and entered into force 1996).
7. Agreement by the African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO)
(1976, 1982, 2002).
8. Banjul Protocol on Marks, 1993 (came into force 1997).
9. Bangui Agreement Relating to the Creation of an African Intellectual Property
Organization, Constituting a Revision of the Agreement Relating to the Creation of
an African and Malagasy Office of Industrial Property (Bangui (Central African
Republic), March 2, 1977)
7B. Rights conferred by TM and dealing with TM, infringement, defences, remedies and
reforms
(i) Trade mark rights
(ii) Trade mark dealing and transactions
(iii)Revocation: e.g. genericisation, eg thermos, aspirin, “a Tusker”…, “Zainer” “toss it in,”
“Otonglo Faulu,” “Amina Faulu” – Faulu Bank “googling” (impact of advertising;
competition’s sale or marketing, and consumer practices …)
Cf. “Hakuna matata” trade mark registration in the US.
(iv) Infringement
(v) defences - Mother Care/Other Care... not used in a TM sense, etc; Beirsdorf (Nivea v.
Niveline...)
(vi) Remedies for TM reforms- injunction, damages, expunction, self help …
(vii) Trade mark reforms
Readings
Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa: Transferring
Technology for Sustainable Development, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring,
Nairobi & Siaya. Chap 13 (Trade Mark Law and Registration in Kenya and Africa) & Chap 14
(Trade Mark Proprietorship, Infringement, Defences and Remedies in Kenya and Africa).
Adejoke O. Oyewunmi (2018) Nigerian Law of Intellectual Property, University of Lagos Press
& Bookshop Ltd, Lagos, Chapters 17-20.
‘Jide Babafemi (2007) Intellectual Property: The Law and Practice of Copyright, Trade Marks,
Patents and Industrial Designs in Nigeria, Justinian Books Ltd, Ibadan, Nigeria, Chapters 9-15.
35
Paul Goldstein and Marketa Trimble (2012) International Intellectual Property Law: Cases and
Materials, Foundation Press & Thomson Reuters, (3rd ed)
“Trade mark law in Kenya” - untitled; clause by clause analysis of TM Act, Cap. 506.
“Diana’s estate loses fight to patent (sic) her face” International Express (London) 9-15 Feb
1999, p. 5.
Ben Sihanya (2000) “Intellectual property confronts counterfeiting in Africa….”
“McDonald’s Corporation” from Hoover’s Handbook of American Business, 1995
Anecdote on Land Rover in Brazil (4 pieces in the Financial Times, 1991)
Lux, G. (1998) “Parallel imports: whom should trade marks protect?” Consumer Policy Review
Nov/Dec 1998 vol. 8 No. 6, pp. 222-4.
Bainbridge, D. (2012) Chap. 19: “Trade marks – introduction and background” pp. 687-700;
Bainbridge, D.I. (2009) “Trade marks - background and prior law” Intellectual Property, Chap.
19, pp. 625-636.
Bainbridge, D. (2012) Chap. 21: “The UK trade mark – rights, infringements, defences, remedies
and criminal offences” pp. 776-835; Bainbridge, D.I. (2009) Intellectual Property, Chap. 21:
“The UK Trade mark rights, infringement, limitations and defences, remedies and criminal
offences,” pp. 708-752.
Goldstein & Reese (2010), pp. 167-401, “Trade mark law.”
Cornish, Llewellyn & Aplin (2013) Chap. 18: “Registered Trade marks.” pp. 693-790; Cornish
& Llewelyn & Aplin (2010), Chap. 18: Registered Trade marks,” pp. 707-814.
Bentley & Sherman (2009), Chapters 42: “Exploitation and use of trade marks,” pp. 959-974
Sihanya (2016) IP and Innovation in Kenya and Africa,
Chudnovsky, D. (1979) “Foreign trademarks in developing countries” World Development pp.
663-82.
Schechter, F. “The rationale of trademark protection” 40 (1927) Harvard Law Review 813-33.
Nyakundi Nyamboga (1998) “KBL duped me to sign contract, says MP” EA Standard (Nairobi)
September 24, Thursday, p. 8.
Case law
A. Jonkoping-Vulcan I. v. EA Match Co. Ltd [1964] EA 62-70 (TM infringement/passing off;
sailing ship label v. device of steamship).
36
Re An Application by the American Cyanamid Co. [1968] EA 270-73.
London Overseas Trading Co. Ltd v. The Raleigh Cycle Co. Ltd [1959] EA 1012-18 (“lale” and
“raleigh”).
Coca Cola Export Corporation v. Registrar of Trade Marks [1969] EA 677-80 (burden of proof
for registration; word (“splash”) refers to character of goods? Public perceptions).
Assabwalla v. Khadija Bint Gafoor & Others [1962] EA 571-9 (bona fide use of own name in
competition to registered trade mark upheld as not constituting infringement - see s. 11 TM Act,
Cap. 506, Kenya).
Re An Application by Bourjois Ltd. [1964] EA 265-9 (proposed TM likely to deceive; application
declined).
Saudi Arabian Airlines Corporation [SAAC] v. Saudi Kenya Enterprises Ltd. [SKEL] (1982-88)
1KAR 917-28.
Brooke Bond Kenya Ltd. v. Chai Ltd. [1971] EA 10-16 (TM, passing off).
EA Industries Ltd. v. Trufoods Ltd. [1972] EA 421-23 (passing off; - but also TM).
Parke Davis & Co. Ltd. v. Opa Pharmacy Ltd. [1961] EA 556-64.
British American Tobacco K Ltd. v. Cut Tobacco Ltd. HCCC No. 354 of 1999 (The EastAfrican
April 19-25, 1999, p. 3: “Kenya cigarette makers in trademark dispute”). “Sportsman v.
Horseman;”
Mothercare (UK) Ltd. v. Penguin Books Ltd. [1988] RPC 113 (in Bainbridge pp. 449, 467, 485).
Drum Publications (EA) Limited & Jared Benson Kagwana v. Media 24 Limited, Nation Media
Group Limited, East African Magazines Limited, The Registrar of Trade Marks & The Registrar
of Books and Newspapers, High Court of Nairobi Civil Suit No 561 of 2004, at Nairobi (Anyara
Emukule, J.).
“Sportsman v. Horseman;”“G4S;” “Pep Tang”...
7C. Domain Name in Kenya and Africa
(i) Nomenclature and conceptualisation of domain name in Kenya and Africa
(j) Juridical regime and administration of domain name in Kenya, South Africa,
Senegal and USA.
- Domain name regulation
- Kenya Network Information Centre (KeNIC)
- Internet Corporation for for Assigned names
(k) Registration of domain names
(l) Rights and obligations under domain name system
37
(m) Infringement of domain names
- Cyber squatting
- Cyber piracy
- Typo squatters
- Confusing use
- Meta-tagging
- Word stuffing, blacking and cloaking
- Spamming
(n) Defences, Remedies and Sanctions
(o) WIPO’s Uniform Domain Name Dispute resolution policy
(p) Challenges, opportunities and reforms to domain name system in Kenya and
Africa.
Readings
Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property and Innovation Law in Kenya and Africa:
Transferring Technology for Sustainable Development, IL & SM, Nairobi & Siaya. Chapter 16.
Ben Sihanya (forthcoming 2020) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa:
Cases and Materials, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring, Nairobi & Siaya.
Ben Sihanya (2009) “Copyright in e-commerce and music industry in Kenya” in Prof Moni
Wekesa and Ben Sihanya (eds) Intellectual Property Rights in Kenya, Konrad-Adeneur-Stiftung,
Nairobi, pp. 133-176. Printed on October 23, 2009 and launched on November 10, 2009, at
Panafric Hotel, Nairobi.
Ben Sihanya (2012) “Digital copyright in Kenya (2012)” Vol 8 No.1 Law Society of Kenya
Journal 119-148.
Ben Sihanya (2015) “Copyright and Broadcasting in the Digital Environment: Challenges and
Opportunities” presented at the ARIPO National Roving Seminar on Making Better Use of
Intellectual Property for Business Competitiveness and Development in Africa: Protection and
Promotion of Copyright and Related Rights, organised by the African Regional Industrial
Property Organisation & the Kenya Copyright Board held on March 16 2015 to March 17, 2015
at Sarova Stanley Hotel, Nairobi Kenya.
Sally M. Abel (1999) “Trademark issues in cyber: The brave new frontier,” 5 Mich. telecomm.
Tech. L. Rev 91.
Sheldon Burshtein (2005) “Is domain name property,” Vol. 1 No. 1, Journal of Intellectual
Property Law and Practice, 59.
WIPO Secretariat (2001) “Internationalised Domain Names: Intellectual property
considerations,” WIPO Briefing Paper, presented at the Multilingual Domain Names: Joint
ITU/WIPO Symposium, December 6 and 7, Geneva.
38
Dickson Nyariki, Oliver Wasonga, Calleb Otieno, Erik Ogadho, Charles Ikutwa and Julius
Kithinji (2007) “The economic contribution of copyright-based industries in kenya” in WIPO
(2007) National Studies on Assessing the Economic Contribution of the Copyright-Based
Industries, Creative industries- Booklet No. 4, World Intellectual Property organisation, Geneva,
25-94.
Cases
London Overseas trading Co. Ltd v. The Raleigh Cycle Co. Ltd [1959] EALR 1012-18.
Parke Davis v. Opa Pharmacy [1961] EALR 556.
Beirsdorf Ag. v. Emirchem Products Ltd [2002] eKLR.
Kenya Airways v. Caroline Kariemu (2000) ICANN Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution
case No. AF-0313.
Daly & Figgis Advocates v. Dwayne Tilleman (2011) Case No. D2011-0153.
Barclays Bank PLC v. Jambo Cus (2010), WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Centre Case No.
D2010-0271.
8. Performer’s Rights, Rights of the Producers of Sound Recordings and Rights of
Broadcasting Organisations (of character merchandising; protecting and securing benefits from
the image of celebrities, etc
a) Definition of performer’s rights
rights of a performer s. 30 © Act 2001). Cf. Copyright Act of Uganda, Copyright and Related
Rights Act of Nigeria.
-rights in performance
-endorsement
-sponsorship
-character merchandising
b) Historical development of performer’s rights
c) Protection and administration of performer’s rights in Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa.
-civil & criminal aspects (ss. 35, 38)
d) Rights and obligations under performer’s rights legal regime
-rights of the producer of sound recordings s. 28. The producer of the sound recording has the
exclusive right to control the reproduction, distribution of copies, hiring, loaning and
communication to the public or broadcasting of any part or the whole of the sound recording.
-rights of the broadcasting organizations s. 29. The broadcasting organisation has the right to
control the fixation and the rebroadcasting of the broadcast. The right of a broadcasting
organisation shall include the right to control the taking of still photographs there from.
e) Infringement
f) Remedies and sanctions
Reforms to the performer’s rights regime in Kenya and Africa.
39
Readings
Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa: Transferring
Technology for Sustainable Development, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring,
Nairobi & Siaya, Chapter 11 (Rights in a Performance in Kenya and Africa) & 15 (Character
Merchandising, Endorsement and Sponsorship in Kenya and Africa).
Ben Sihanya (2015) “Character merchandising, endorsement and sponsorship in Kenya and
Africa,” University of Nairobi Law Journal, University of Nairobi, Nairobi.
Ben Sihanya (2013) “Rights in a performance in Kenya” South African Intellectual Property
Law Journal 59-85, (SAIPLJ), L. Tong and C. Ncube (eds), Juta Co Ltd (November) (Chapter
8).
Bainbridge, D. (2012) Chap. 9: “Rights in performance” pp. 321-341; Bainbridge (2009) Chap.
9: “Rights in performances” see also: “Subsistence of copyright,” “Authorship and ownership of
copyright” “Moral rights” “Infringement and remedies” Chaps. 3, 4, 5, 6 of Intellectual Property.
Bainbridge, D. (2009) “Authorship and Ownership of Copyright,” and “Infringement and
Remedies,” Intellectual Property pp. 65-85; 108-143.
Bently & Sherman (2009) Chap. 13: “Related rights: performers’ rights, database right,
technological protection measure, rights managed information, public lending right, and droit de
suite intel”
Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin (2013) Chap. 14: “Copyright: Particular cases”; Cornish, Llewelyn
& Aplin (2010) Chap. 14: “Copyright: particular cases”
Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin (2013) Intellectual Property Sweet & Maxwell, London, Chaps. 9,
10, 11, 12, 13.
Cornish & David Llewelyn (1996) Intellectual Property Sweet & Maxwell, London, Chaps. 9,
10, 11, 12, 13.
Audio Visual Networks in East Africa (2009) Audio Visual Guide East Africa, Film Africa
Kenya Ltd, Nairobi.
World Intellectual Property organisation (2013) Monetization of Copyright Assests by Creative
Enterprises, WIPO, Geneva, Creative Industries Booklet No. 7.
D.C. Rotich and K.S. Buigutt (eds) (2008) Contemporary Publishing and Book Trade in Kenya,
Moi university Press, Eldoret, Kenya.
Dickson Nyariki, Oliver Wasonga, Calleb Otieno, Erik Ogadho, Charles Ikutwa and Julius
Kithinji (2007) “The economic contribution of copyright-based industries in kenya” in WIPO
(2007) National Studies on Assessing the Economic Contribution of the Copyright-Based
40
Industries, Creative industries- Booklet No. 4, World Intellectual Property organisation, Geneva,
25-94.
Wambugu, B. (2012) “Safaricom seeks out-of-court deal in copyright dispute,” in Business Daily
on Tuesday, September 18, 2012, at http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Corporate-
News/Safaricom-seeks-out-of-court-deal-in-copyright/-/539550/1511258/-/noayaaz/-/index.html
(accessed 26/3/2013).
Breyer, S. (1970) “The uneasy case of copyright: a case study of copyright in books,
photocopies, and computer programs” vol. 84 No. 2 Harvard Law Review 281-351.
Kuloba, R. (1987) Principles of Injunctions, pp. 124-152 (contains materials and local case law
on ©, TM…).
McFarlane, G. (1986) Copyright through the Cases Waterlow Publishers Ltd., London.
Chege, J.W. (1978) Copyright Law and Publishing in Kenya Kenya Literature Bureau, Nairobi
(esp. chap. 3: “Copyright law in colonial and independent Kenya,” pp. 97-123)
Kumar, U. (1991) “Copyright law and its application in Lesotho: principles of copyright and
fields covered by copyright” (folklore addressed at pp 23-28?)
Githaiga, J.W. (1998) “Intellectual property law and the protection of indigenous folklore and
knowledge,” vol. 5 No. 2 E Law - Murdoch University Electronic Law J’nl.
Ben Sihanya (2006) “Copyright and related rights and their economic potential to performing
artists” paper presented to the Training Workshop for Performing Artists organised by the Kenya
Copyright Board and the Society for Performing Artists of Kenya (SPAK), The Kenya National
Theatre, Nairobi, April 20, 2006.
Nagla Rizk-Ben Sihanya debate & interview on “Reflections of open scholarship modalities and
the copyright environment in Africa,” debate at the Open Air conference on the launch of South
African Intellectual Property Law Journal (IPLJ), L. Tong and C. Ncube (eds) 2013, Juta Co Ltd
based on Nagla Rizk “From de facto commons to digital commons? The case of Egypt’s
independent music” 171-202 (chapter 8) and Ben Sihanya “Rights in a performance in Kenya”
203-330 (Chapter 9).
Legal instruments
Copyright Act No. 12 of 2001; Nigerian Copyright Act, 1990 as amended in 1992; 1999
(stronger on © administration and enforcement; e.g. inspectors have warrants. Act has details on
software and folklore.
Berne Convention, 1886; Rome Convention, 1961 (on performer’s rights).
WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT), 1996; WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, (WPPT),
1996.
Case law
41
Feist Publications Inc. v. Rural Telephone Services US Supreme Court 1991.
Sapra Studio v. Tip-Top Clothing Co. [1971] EA 489-92.
Kalamazoo Ltd. & Anor v. Systems Africa Ltd. [1973] EA 242-5.
Systems Africa Ltd. v. Kalamazoo Ltd. [1974] EA 21-31.
Microsoft v. Microskills (K) Ltd. HCCC No. 323 of 1999 (Nairobi).
John Boniface Maina v. Safaricom Limited, High Court of Kenya Civil Suit No 808 of 2010, at
Nairobi (Coram: G.K. Kimondo, J.).
NB. On authorship and ownership: (cf. work for Gov’t or international bodies, employee and
employer, consultant and client, reporter v editor/dictator v. speechmaker): in case of anonymous
(name not disclosed, or simply Anon, e.g. Primary Colors, a fiction novel later adapted into a
film) and pseudonymous (e.g. pen names, like poet Henry Barlow who began writing as Y.S.
Chemba; Yusuf Dawood?), the first owner is the publisher or entrepreneur. But once the identity
of author is known, author becomes owner, unless there is a contract to the contrary (see ss.
23(4), 25, 31).
9. Traditional Cultural Expression (TCE), or Folklore
1. What is TCE? What are the differences? What are the similarities?
Cf. Local knowledge, what is TK? indigenous knowledge, folklore or traditional cultural
expressions? traditional resource rights..
2. Historical development of TCE in Kenya and Africa
3. Criteria for protection of TCE
4. Documentation and administration of TCE in Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa
5. Rights and obligations under TCE legal regime
6. Infringement to TCE rights
7. Defences
8. Remedies and sanctions: Administrative, ADR, TDR, Civil, Criminal.
9. Reforms
N/B- proposed amendment of Copyright Act, 2001 of Kenya in 2015, 2016, 2017.
There are concerns about protecting and promoting TCE or folklore, and orate innovators (who
may not reduce innovations into tangible media through writing, tape recording, etc. This is due
to the unauthorized exploitation of folklore by “foreigners”). Cf Rights of performers under
Section 30 of the Copyright Act No. 12 0f 2001.
-What is folklore and why should it be protected and promoted?
- Is the current IP framework suitable for the protection or promotion of folklore?
- Traditional knowledge approach (eg under international instruments on cultural heritage;
WIPO/UNESCO’s Model Provisions for National Laws on the Protection of Expressions of
Folklore against Illicit Exploitation and Other Prejudicial Actions, 1982; UN Working Group on
the Rights of Indigenous (and Aboriginal?) Sui generis approach.
- © Act’s approach (definition of folklore (ss. 2 and 49 IPA 2001. cf. s. 18 1966 Act); A-G may
make regulations on use of folklore (i.e. determine the terms…) “except by a national public
entity for non-commercial purposes, or the importation of any work abroad which embodies
folklore” (i.e. these are excluded from A-G’s regulatory remit);
42
- in Ghana, folklore vests in the state and is protectable and promoted (for the people’s benefit)
in perpetuity; any person intending to use folklore must pay fees which are administered by the
Gov’t; is this a viable model? in the context of popular struggles for constitutional democracy,
allegations of official corruption, and Ghana’s and Kenya’s experience (e.g. with management of
public resources or national (cultural heritage)? NB. Kenya has a ministry responsible for
national heritage, and culture … is it only the commercial angle that is missing? Research this
issue ….
- Significance of folklore and challenges to dev of Kenya's cultural or folklore industry [eg. dev.
of tech to record and market it, but such tech may also be used to bootleg or counterfeit folklore;
problem of regulatory inertia; etc.]
Readings
Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa: Transferring
Technology for Sustainable Development, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring,
Nairobi & Siaya, Chapter 12 (Folklore - “Copyright” made in Kenya and Africa?).
Ben Sihanya (forthcoming 2020) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa:
Cases and Materials, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring.
Ben Sihanya (2016) “Traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions in
Kenya,” Volume 12, 2016 No. 2 LSK Journal (1-38).
Adejoke O. Oyewunmi (2018) Nigerian Law of Intellectual Property, University of Lagos Press
& Bookshop Ltd, Lagos.
‘Jide Babafemi (2007) Intellectual Property: The Law and Practice of Copyright, Trade Marks,
Patents and Industrial Designs in Nigeria, Justinian Books Ltd, Ibadan, Nigeria, Chapter 5.
Paul Kuruk (1998) “Protecting folklore under modern intellectual property regimes: a reappraisal
of the tensions between individual and communal rights in Africa and the United States,” Am.
UL Rev., 48, 769.
Paul Goldstein and Marketa Trimble (2012) International Intellectual Property Law: Cases and
Materials, Foundation Press & Thomson Reuters, (3rd ed)
Durell Posey (1994) “International agreements for protecting indigenous knowledge”
Biodiplomacy Chap. 7, pp. 119-37 (see also 2 Chaps: “Are intellectual property rights useful?”
and “Can communities develop their own system for protecting traditional resource rights?” in
Posey & Dutfield (1996) Beyond Intellectual Property IDRC, Ottawa, Chaps. 8 and 9, pp. 75-
100.
A. Subramnain “Proprietary Protection of genetic resources and traditional knowledge” in
Hoekman. B et al. (eds) Development Trade and the WTO pp. 382-389.
43
Traditional knowledge (focus on the TK questions-TK v. IP...)
10. What is traditional knowledge (TK)?
Cf. Local knowledge, indigenous knowledge, folklore or traditional cultural expressions?
traditional resource rights.. What is TCE? Folklore? What are the similarities? Differences?
11. Historical development of TK
12. Criteria for protection of TK
13. Registration and administration of TK in Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa
14. Rights and obligations under TK legal protection regime
15. Infringement to TK rights
16. Defences
17. Remedies and sanctions: administrative, ADR, TDR, civil, criminal
18. Reforms
Readings
Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa: Transferring
Technology for Sustainable Development, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring,
Nairobi & Siaya, Chapter 1 & 12 (Folklore - “Copyright” made in Kenya and Africa?).
Bankole Sodipo (2017) Copyright Law: Principle, Practice and Procedure, Swan Publishers,
Lagos, Nigeria.
Adejoke O. Oyewunmi (2018) Nigerian Law of Intellectual Property, University of Lagos Press
& Bookshop Ltd, Lagos.
Paul Goldstein and Marketa Trimble (2012) International Intellectual Property Law: Cases and
Materials, Foundation Press & Thomson Reuters, (3rd ed)
Ben Sihanya (2016) “Traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions in
Kenya,” Volume 12, 2016 No. 2 LSK Journal (1-38).
Durell Posey (1994) “International agreements for protecting indigenous knowledge”
Biodiplomacy Chap. 7, pp. 119-37 (see also 2 Chaps: “Are intellectual property rights useful?”
and “Can communities develop their own system for protecting traditional resource rights?” in
Posey & Dutfield (1996) Beyond Intellectual Property IDRC, Ottawa, Chaps. 8 and 9, pp. 75-
100.
A. Subramnain “Proprietary Protection of genetic resources and traditional knowledge” in B.
Hoekman et al. (eds) Development Trade and the WTO pp. 382-389.
Legal instruments including statutes
Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Cultural Expressions Act, Kenya
Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act, Uganda
Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act, Cameroon
African Model Legislation for the Recognition and Protection of the Rights of Local
Communities, Farmers and Breeders, and for the Access to Biological Resources.
44
Paris Convention, 1883; Harare Protocol, 1982; TRIPs, 1994.
Case Law Kenya
Nigeria
DRC
Ghana
Cameroon
Uganda
11. Utility Model Kenya, South Africa, Nigeria, DRC, Cameroon, Senegal, Uganda and
Africa
(a) Utility Model, petty or utility patent [relate to political economy: informalisation of the
economy - jua kali sector]
-cf. Paris; Art. 4; TRIPs Art. 2(1) applies Arts 1-12 of Paris [includes utility models but no clear
guidelines on same; emphasis on patents, TM…)
1. - Definition of UM
2. - Historical development of UM in Kenya, Africa, European Union and relevant European
states.
3. - Criteria for protection and promotion of UM
4. -Registration of UM:
-focuses on utility in agric, industry, education, enviro conservation (s. 25 IPA) (cf.
patent, ©…)
-relates to shape, structure or assemblage of articles (ss. 81, 82, 83) (cf. industrial designs,
design rights).
Non registrable (s. 82(1): not novel (cf. patent)
- s. 34(5): if it is obvious to one having "ordinary technical knowledge in the field…"
- s. 46 in the context of patenting
- presumption of national novelty
5. Procedures:
-the first to file secures protection (s. 48)
-(if 2 apply same day, they either agree on who gets or neither gets; KIPO/KIPI not to
resolve dispute; is this fair? or administrative/regulatory inertia?)
-details and identity of inventor: name, nationality, date of submission, title of model (s.
34(3))
-specification (cf. patents): title of model; explanation of drawings & model; scope of
model
-request for exam of an application to the Managing Director (s. 66); who may request;
within what period; withdrawal of application
-rejection of application; examiner to give reasons (s. 67)
-publication, exam, registration fees payable (s. 65)
-utility model registration and certificate to be published (s. 63, s. 64)
45
Scale down (s. 51) (patent application may be converted into utility model application; may be
there is no inventive step; cf. scale up in Japan or Germany….
(EC Directive of 1997 meant to harmonise utility model protection in Europe; it created a new IP
in the UK; it came into force 31/12/1999. See Bainbridge, Intellectual Property Pitman
Publishing, London (4th ed., 1999) p. 439; cf. Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin (2010), pp. 140-143
Rights and duties (see also under patents)
-right to exclusively produce, use, sell, import or distribute the articles commercially or
industrially (s. 52(2))
-duty to seek licence where use would conflict with patented invention or protected
model (s. 52(3)).
Exploitation of right
-non-exclusive licence (s. 54; 55; 58; 60) (eg to several furniture shops…); eg where one
is already exploiting model in good faith at time of invalidation.
-compulsory licensing similar to patents (s. 56, 59)
Duration (s. 57) (5-12 yrs); cf. IP Bill, 1999 (a flat 10 yrs), IP Act of 2001
Infringement (s. 53)
-trial by examiner and appeal on various issues, e.g. to invalidate registration; confirm
scope; grant nonexclusive licence (s. 68; s. 69, s. 70)
-appeal (s. 71)
6. - Rights and obligations of UM rights holder
7. - Administration of UM
8. - Infringement of UM
9. - Defences to UM infringement
10. - Remedies
11. - Reforms to UM legal regime
Readings
Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa: Transferring
Technology for Sustainable Development, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring,
Nairobi & Siaya, Chapter 6 (Utility, Petty or Design Model in Kenya and Africa: Jua Kali or
Informal Sector Innovation).
Adejoke O. Oyewunmi (2018) Nigerian Law of Intellectual Property, University of Lagos Press
& Bookshop Ltd, Lagos.
Paul Goldstein and Marketa Trimble (2012) International Intellectual Property Law: Cases and
Materials, Foundation Press & Thomson Reuters, (3rd ed)
Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin (2013), Chap. 3: “A second-tier right for Europe?” pp. 140-143;
Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin (2010), pp. 11; 140-143: “A second-tier right for Europe?”
Calestus Juma et al. (1993) “State innovation policies,” in Calestous Juma, Cleophas Torori &
C.C.M. Kirima The Adaptive Economy: Economic Crisis and Technological Innovation, ACTS
Press & K-REP Nairobi, pp.155-186 (Chap.7).
46
Calestus Juma & JB Ojwang (1989) Innovation and Sovereignty: Patent Debate in African
Development ACTS, Nairobi.
Odhiambo Omondi, Austin (1992) LL.B. dissertation on jua kali.
Dan Prud’homme (2014) “Creating a “model” utility model patent system: A comparative
analysis of the utility patent systems in Europe and China” IP Key Project Working Paper Series,
Beijing, China.
Commission of the European Communities (1995) “Green paper on protection of utility models
in the single market” European Commission, Brussesls.
Annelise Holme (2012) “Strategic use of utility models in European Countries” World IP Review
Journal, September/October 2012.
I. Rutenberg Lilian Makanga (2016) “Utility model protection in Kenya: The case for substantive
examination” 19 The African Journal of International Communication, 19-37.
Uma Suthersanen (2016) “Utility models and innovation in developing countries” International
Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Geneva.
Kenya Industrial Property Institute (2007) Guidelines for the Examination of Patents, Utility
Models, and Industrial Designs, KIPI, Nairobi, Kenya.
12. Industrial Design and Design Rights
(i) What is industrial design? Cf. design rights; mask works and various designs…): s. 84(1)
IPA 2001 1989: s. 72 (1) an industrial design “means any composition of lines or colours
or any three dimensional form whether or not associated with lines or colours, provided
that such composition or form gives a special appearance to a product of industry or
handicraft and can serve as a pattern for a product of industry or handicraft.”
(ii) Registrability and registration in Kenya: IPA does not protect “anything in an industrial
design which serves solely to obtain a technical result” (i.e. not merely functional? This is
the realm of design right?)3 (s. 84(2), s. 85 IPA 2001 IPA 1989: s. 72(2); s. 73).
(iii) Works not registrable: works of sculpture, architecture, painting, engraving, enamelling,
embroidery and photography and other inventions of a purely artistic nature.4 (Is it
because these are copyrightable?) inventions contra public order, safety… etc.; designs
whose features correspond to or are determined by the functions to be performed by the
products; designs that consist solely in a change in the colour of designs already
registered e.g. from green to blue….
(iv) Rights conferred and duties imposed by registered (industrial) designs (eg the exclusive
right to exploit the design; to sell or cause to be sold for commercial and industrial
3 Patent? UM? 4 or not aesthetic? But they can be aesthetic _ See Sat Nation? Std May 26/2012
47
purposes the goods in which the design is incorporated…” s. 85 (i) IPA 2001(s. 73(1)
IPA 1989.
(v) Rights and exploitation, licensing, assignment and transfer of industrial design: cf. ss.
81/82 IPA 1989
(vi) Duration of protection. ss. 88 IPA 1989; IPA 1989: s. 75 five years from deposit &
renewable for 2 five year terms?).
(vii) Infringement
(viii) Defences.
(ix) Reliefs and remedies (enforcement ss. 92 & 93 IPA 2001; cf. ss. 81, 82 IPA 1989)
(x) Protection of designs under copyright? Copyright Act 2001.
Readings
Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa: Transferring
Technology for Sustainable Development, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring,
Nairobi & Siaya, Chapter 18 (Industrial Design in Kenya and Africa).
Adejoke O. Oyewunmi (2018) Nigerian Law of Intellectual Property, University of Lagos Press
& Bookshop Ltd, Lagos, Chapter 14-16.
Paul Goldstein and Marketa Trimble (2012) International Intellectual Property Law: Cases and
Materials, Foundation Press & Thomson Reuters, (3rd ed)
Bainbridge, D. (2012) Chap. 16, 17 and 18: “What is a design?” “Registered designs,” and
“Design right,”; Bainbridge (2009) Chaps. 16, 17, and 18: “What is a design?” “Registered
designs,” and “Design right,” respectively
Cornish Cases and Materials, Chap. 4
Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin (2013) Chap. 15: “Industrial design,” pp. 589-623; Cornish,
Llewelyn & Aplin (2010) “Industrial design,” Chap. 15 pp. 599-634.
Cornish, W. (1996) Intellectual Property Chap. 14: Industrial Design
Jacob, R. & D. Alexander (1993) A Guidebook to Intellectual Property: Patents, Trade Marks,
Copyright and Designs Sweet & Maxwell, London.
Case law
Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Ghana, DRC, Cameroon, Senegal, Uganda
British Leyland Motor Corp. v. Armstrong Patents [1986] 2WLR 400 (a © and design right case.
See Bainbridge, (4th ed., 1999) pp. 168/9 for a re-evaluation of this case, esp. the (judicial)
opinion to the effect that the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act provides statutory
defences and “non derogation from grant” or implied right or licence to repair the exhaust pipe…
must be treated with caution.
Sapra Studio v. Tip-top Clothing Co. [1971] EA 489-92.
48
13. Trade Secret or Technical Know-how and Confidential Information-
Cf Trade Secrets Act of Uganda; TRIPS Agreement; Competition Act, Kenya;
(i) What is a trade secret (TS)? - the parameters or ingredients: confidential; there is an
intention or obligation to keep the info confidential; it has commercial value… (e.g.
Diana's letters? And EABL’s unmalted barley beer processing technology?) the
protection of technical know-how transferred through management contracts… (NB
methods of doing biz not patentable but TS protectable)
(ii) TS, technical know-how and confidential information as property.
(iii) Requirement for protection; Confidentiality, have commercial value due to
confidentiality and proper measures should be taken to safeguard the secret, for example,
signing of confidentiality documents. Article 39 of TRIPs Agreement
(iv) Trade secrets vis-à-vis other IPs (e.g. patents) in terms of nature or scope of protection…
(cf. Coca Cola…)
(v) The confidential obligation (the role of contract, and business practice) TS and the work
relationship.
(vi) Rights conferred and duties imposed by TS (eg duty on TS owner to keep the info
secret…; compulsory licensing of know-how? State use of TS?)
(vii) Duration
(viii) Infringement
(ix) Defences (e.g. it wasn’t a secret? There was no confidential obligation or relationship?)
(x) Reliefs and remedies (enforcement)
(xi) Reforming TS law
Readings
Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa: Transferring
Technology for Sustainable Development, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring,
Nairobi & Siaya, Chapter 19 (Trade Secret in Kenya and Africa).
Bankole Sodipo (2017) Copyright Law: Principle, Practice and Procedure, Swan Publishers,
Lagos, Nigeria.
Adejoke O. Oyewunmi (2018) Nigerian Law of Intellectual Property, University of Lagos Press
& Bookshop Ltd, Lagos.
Paul Goldstein and Marketa Trimble (2012) International Intellectual Property Law: Cases and
Materials, Foundation Press & Thomson Reuters, (3rd ed)
Bainbridge (2012) Chap. 10: “The Law of breach of confidence,” pp. 345-385;
Bainbridge (2009) Chap. 10: “The Law of breach of confidence,” pp. 321-360
Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin (2010) Intellectual Property, Chap. 8: “Confidential Information,”
pp. 329-367; Chap 9: “Personal privacy,” pp.369-396
Goldstein & Reese (2010) “Trade secrets,” pp.77-122
Case Law and Anecdotes
Kenya, Uganda, Nigeria, South Africa, Cameroon, Senegal, Uganda
49
Aniello Giella v. Cassman Brown [1973] EA 358-61
EABL v. Castle Brewing Kenya Ltd. HCCC 848 of 1998
The Diana letters (to Major James Hewitt) (64 letters in issue)
Beckham sms
Tiger Woods
Statutes
-Trade Secrets Act, Uganda
The defend Trade secrets Act, 2016 of USA
Economic Espionage Act, 1996 of USA
14. IP as a Business Asset
14.1 valuation IP assets
14.2 Audit of IP assets
14.3 Commercialisation of intellectual property assets
14.4 Securitisation of intellectual property assets
14.5 Taxation of IP assets.
14.6 Competition and Consumer Aspects of IP: Comparative/misleading advertising: unfair
competition; injurious falsehood, trade libel. cf TM? Trade in Counterfeit protection?
(i) Is unfair competition an IP issue? (Art. 10 bis and 10 ter of Paris): protect traders or
innovators against unfair competition; i.e. competition contra honest practices - e.g. acts
which cause confusion… false allegations; those which discredit competitors' products…
allegations which mislead as to the nature, manufacturing characteristics, suitability for
purpose, quantity…. These are also economic torts.
(ii) State of competition and consumer law in Africa: competition from corporate perspective
v. consumer perspective (relate to political economy discussions).
(iii) Misleading v. comparative advertising: are they IP or Consumer Protection issues?
should they be regulated?
(iv) Pros and cons of (comparative) advertising: See class notes; persuasive or informative
ads; ad expenses in Africa exceed investment in R&D in Africa (per Chudnovsky, etc; cf.
Coca Cola…); ad limits or levels indicated by franchisor/IP owner (as percentage of
sales, profits…); franchisee keen to develop product or goodwill…; questions of brand
loyalty enhanced or attacked by ads; ads inform; give alternatives; ads sometimes take
into a/c local nuances or culture (issue of social or ethnic marketing) eg “Obey your
thirst” is “Vingi huigua. Kiu haigui; tii kiu yako” in TZ; ad industry facilitates tech
transfer (franchising or skill acquisition by locals); ad industry provides jobs; industry is
source of tax revenue; ads facilitate exploitation and transfer of tech eg TM or IP owner
exploits IP through ads….
(v) State v. self-regulation of advertising in Africa or Kenya: Issues in dev/regulation of ad
industry is a delicate balancing act and include:
-IP (eg TM exploitation/infringement); genericization; consumer concerns (eg health); revenue;
labour/employment (see Pros & cons above/class discussions/notes).
50
Institutional framework on dev/reg of ad: state and interstate cooperation: various gov’t agencies
or ministries (eg KEBS…); KIPI, etc; ARIPO, WIPO, etc. Self reg: individual media houses;
Marketing Society of Kenya; Int. Ad Association….
(vi) Reforming the regime on IP commercialisation.
Readings
Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa: Transferring
Technology for Sustainable Development, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring,
Nairobi & Siaya, Chapter 2 (Conceptualisation and Political Economy of IP and ToT in Kenya
and Africa), Chap 13 (Trade Mark Law and Registration in Kenya and Africa) & Chap 14 (Trade
Mark Proprietorship, Infringement, Defences and Remedies in Kenya and Africa).
Bainbridge (3rd ed.): Chap. 21: “Passing off” (pp. 575-6 in 4th ed., 1999); “Passing off and
malicious falsehood,” pp 771-822 (2009) (7th edition; Chap 23)
Chudnovsky, D. (1979) “Foreign trademarks in developing countries” World Development pp.
663-82.
Dean, O.H. (Oct 1995) “Intellectual property and comparative advertising,” at http://www.spoor-
co.za/lib/iec.html. (Very important; comparative ad from TM, ©, etc. perspectives; 8 pages).
Mbato, R.N. (1999) Comparative advertising: IP Perspectives Unpublished University of
Nairobi LLB dissertation.
Nehf, J. (1999) “The advertising and marketing mandates of the A-G tobacco settlement,” Paper
presented at IACL Conference, Helsinki.
WIPO (2007) Rights, Camera, Action!: IP rights and the film making process, Creative
industries – Booklet No. 2, World Intellectual Property Organisation, Geneva Switzerland.
WIPO (2013) Managing Intellectual Property in the Book Publishing Industry: A Business-
Oriented Information Booklet, Creative industries – Booklet No. 1, World Intellectual Property
Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland.
David Stopps (2013) How to make a living from music, Creative industries – Booklet No. 4,
World Intellectual Property Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland, 2nd ed.
WIPO (2013) Managing Intellectual Property in the advertising industry, Creative industries –
Booklet No. 5, World Intellectual Property Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland.
51
WIPO (2011) From Script to Screen: The Importance of Copyright in the Distribution of Films,
Creative industries – Booklet No. 6, World Intellectual Property Organisation, Geneva,
Switzerland.
David Greenspan (2013) Mastering the game: Business and legal issues for video game
developers, Creative industries – No. 8, World Intellectual Property Organisation, Geneva,
Switzerland.
Gordon V. Smith & Vladimir Yossifov (2013) Monetization of Copyright Assets By Creative
Enterprises, Creative Industries – Booklet No.7, World Intellectual Property Organisation,
Geneva, Switzerland.
Ben Sihanya (2018) “Intellectual property audit, valuation, commercialization, securitisation and
taxation in Kenya,” JKUAT Law Journal, 41-86.
Ben Sihanya (2018) “Intellectual property and innovation audit, valuation, and
commercialisation in Kenya,” University of Nairobi Innovation Research Symposium held on
March 6, 2018 at the University of Nairobi.
Audio Visual Networks in East Africa (2009) Audio Visual Guide East Africa, Film Africa
Kenya Ltd, Nairobi.
WIPO (2013) Monetization of Copyright Assests by Creative Enterprises, Creative industries-
Booklet No. 7, World Intellectual Property organisation, Geneva.
D.C. Rotich and K.S. Buigutt (eds) (2008) Contemporary Publishing and Book Trade in Kenya,
Moi University Press, Eldoret, Kenya.
WIPO (2007) National Studies on Assessing the Economic Contribution of the Copyright-Based
Industries, Creative industries- Booklet No. 4, World Intellectual Property organisation, Geneva.
Dickson Nyariki, Oliver Wasonga, Calleb Otieno, Erik Ogadho, Charles Ikutwa and Julius
Kithinji (2007) “The economic contribution of copyright-based industries in kenya” in WIPO
(2007) National Studies on Assessing the Economic Contribution of the Copyright-Based
Industries, Creative industries- Booklet No. 4, World Intellectual Property organisation, Geneva,
25-94.
National Council for Administration of Justice (Ke) (2014) Enforcement Manual to Combat
Illicit Trade in Kenya, National Council for Administration of Justice, Nairobi, Kenya.
Ben Sihanya (2004) “Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya: Legal and Regulatory Issues
in Business Incubation,” a paper presented to the National Workshop in Commemoration of the
Scientific Revival Day of Africa, organised by the Kenya National Academy of Sciences, June
2004.
52
Jerome, F. “Trade practices and sales methods,”
Intellectual Property and Comparative advertising, at http://www.spoor.co.za/lib/iec.html
Draft Media Bill 1998 (drafted by B. Sihanya & L. Mute for KUJ & FES)
Model Law for Consumer Protection in Africa, 1996, Art. 16, “Regulation of advertising”
EC Directive 97/55/EC (6/10/1997) amending Directive 84/450/EEC concerning misleading
advertising so as to include comparative advertising.
Case law
Compaq v. Dell Computers (1992) FSR 93 (cited in Bainbridge (2012), pp. 907).
News Group v. The Mirror (The Sun masthead used in the Mirror…).
Traditional knowledge (cf. Indigenous Knowledge), Traditional Cultural Expression (TCE),
Genetic Resources and The IP regime
- TK and TCE have become topical issues in the IP arena especially due to their
contribution to the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
- The case of CSIR, the San and KoiKoi on the Hoodia plant. The San and Koi Koi
people of southern Africa have used the hoodia plant for eons to stave off hunger.
CSIR isolated the active ingredient and came up with an anti-obesity drug which they
have patented and licensed a UK firm to manufacture. CSIR and the San people came
to an agreement on benefit sharing of the profits to be made from the drug.
- Issue of patentability, does the above fulfil the criteria for patentability?
- Issues of benefit sharing
- Biotechnology enhances the value of TK and genetic resources
- Conservation of the genetic resources is important
- Public goods
- Distinction between TK and genetic resources
- Protection of TK under the existing IP regime or through a sui generis system?
Readings
Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa: Transferring
Technology for Sustainable Development, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring,
Nairobi & Siaya, Chapter 2 (Conceptualisation and Political Economy of IP and ToT in Kenya
and Africa), Chap 13 (Trade Mark Law and Registration in Kenya and Africa) & Chap 14 (Trade
Mark Proprietorship, Infringement, Defences and Remedies in Kenya and Africa).
Peter Wasamba & Ben Sihanya (2012) “What do Kenyan artists get for their skill? Reforming
compensation under copyright,” 24:2 Journal of African Cultural Studies 171-183.
Ben Sihanya (2018) “Intellectual property audit, valuation, commercialization, securitisation and
taxation in Kenya,” JKUAT Law Journal, 41-86.
Ben Sihanya (2018) “Intellectual property and innovation audit, valuation, and
commercialisation in Kenya,” University of Nairobi Innovation Research Symposium held on
March 6, 2018 at the University of Nairobi.
53
A. Subramanian (2002) “Proprietary Protection of Genetic Resources and Traditional
Knowledge,” Hoekman, B. et al. (eds) in Development, Trade and the WTO World Bank,
Washington DC, pp. 382-402.
D. Posey and G. Dutfield (1996) Beyond Intellectual Property: Toward Traditional Resource
Rights for Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (1996) IDRC, Ottawa, Chapter 3 pp. 33-
41, Chapter 8, pp.75-92.
15. Trade in Counterfeit Products and Parallel Importing
(i) Parallel importing: what is it? Issue of exhaustion of IP; TRIPs (Art. 6); Kenyan
legislation (cf. IPA 2001) … rationale (innovator/corporate v. consumer arguments)
(ii) Regional, international and national exhaustion
(iii) Case study on parallel importing: the Silhouette case; HIV/AIDS drugs in S. Africa,
Thailand… [parallel importing v. traditional IP infringement or infraction]
(iv) What's counterfeiting or trade in counterfeit products?
-forms of counterfeiting (the products; the package or label; misleading allegations of
potency, etc.…; all or a combination of these…)
-counterfeit trade. v. traditional IP infringement v. passing off
-pros of counterfeit trade (supporters of Robin Hood)
-cons of counterfeit trade
(v) Addressing counterfeit trade in Africa/Kenya
-criminal and civil law
-traditional IP (s. 38(2) IPA- border measures under TRIPs; IP administration
-sui generis measures
Readings
Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa: Transferring
Technology for Sustainable Development, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring,
Nairobi & Siaya, Chapter 20 (Parallel Importation in Kenya and Africa) & 21 (Trade in
Counterfeit Products in Kenya and Africa).
Ben Sihanya (2009) “Combatting counterfeit trade in Kenya” in Moni Wekesa and Ben Sihanya
(eds) Intellectual Property Rights in Kenya; Konrad Ademaner Stifting, Nairobi, pp. 207-266
(chap. 8).
Ben Sihanya (2005) “Patents, parallel importation and compulsory licensing of HIV/AIDS drugs
in Kenya,” in Peter Gallagher, Patrick Low, and Andrew L. Stoler (eds) Managing the
Challenges of WTO Participation, Cambridge University Press, London, pp. Chapter 19; a study
under the auspices of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and Adelaide University.
Sihanya (2000) “Intellectual property confronts counterfeiting in Africa: protecting innovators
and consumers in the cybersociety” in T. Wilhemsson, et. al. (eds.) Consumer Law in the
Information Society Kluwer Law International, London.
54
WIPO (2013) Managing Intellectual Property in the Book Publishing Industry: A Business-
Oriented Information Booklet, Creative industries – Booklet No. 1, World Intellectual Property
Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland.
Audio Visual Networks in East Africa (2009) Audio Visual Guide East Africa, Film Africa
Kenya Ltd, Nairobi.
D.C. Rotich and K.S. Buigutt (eds) (2008) Contemporary Publishing and Book Trade in Kenya,
Moi university Press, Eldoret, Kenya.
National Council for Administration of Justice (Ke) (2014) Enforcement Manual to Combat
Illicit Trade in Kenya, National Council for Administration of Justice, Nairobi, Kenya.
Sihanya (1999) “Negotiating IP in Seattle and beyond”….
Lux (1998) “Parallel imports…” (cited under TMs).
Mutuku, F. (1999) Regulating Counterfeit Trade in Kenya: The Challenge of IT and Trade
Liberalisation unpublished University of Nairobi LLB dissertation.
Chudnovsky (1979) “Foreign trademarks in developing countries” (under TMs).
Bainbridge “Parallel imports”, pp. 215-17 (pp. 589-92 in 4th ed., 1999).
Statutes and case law
Beecham v. International & Another (cited under patents).
Counterfeit Bill 2005, 2007 (Kenya)
Anti-Counterfeit Act, 2008 (Kenya)
16. Technology Transfer in Africa: conceptual parametres
(i) North-South divide (digital divide?); N-S debate on differential dev; tech in dev;
technology and resource transfer/resource use.
(ii) Does intellectual property aid or inhibit technology transfer?
(iii) NIEO; CERDS
(iv) UNCTAD and Development of ToT Code and Code of Conduct on TNCs (OECD
working on draft, 2000)
-major elements of ToT Code: Competition (mkt) v. development or consumer approach
- West, South, East issues…
17. Transfer of Technology: Forms of ToT
(i) Consensual or market oriented approach (including by operation of law): Assignment;
contractual licensing, (international) subcontracting, franchising, FDIs, JVs/SAs; turnkey
or push button contracts….
55
(ii) Involuntary, statist forms: compulsory licensing; “crown” use … (cf. public interest
limitation to protection of innovations….: Peter Wright’s Spycatcher; Mary Bell's Cries
Unheard; D. Mailu’s & C. Mangua’s After 4. 30; Son of Woman…, respectively);
compulsory licensing on what basis? Refusing to license; licensing on unreasonable
terms; not working the innovation (i.e. industrially and commercially availing the product
in satisfactory quantity or prices… (ss. 17 © Act; 56/59, 95-101 IPA); crown or state use
products or processes of vital importance for defence, economy, health, S&T
advancement not available, or other overriding public interest (war…).
NB: Innovator still must be paid reasonable sum; licensee must comply with terms of
licence; compulsory licence may only be transferred “within the industrial undertaking”
and with the consent of the Tribunal.
Readings
Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa: Transferring
Technology for Sustainable Development, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring,
Nairobi & Siaya, Chapters 22 (Technology Transfer in Kenya and Africa & 23 Technology
Transfer in Health and Security in Kenya and Africa.
Edwin Mansfield (1994) “Intellectual property protection, foreign direct investment, and
technology transfer” World Bank & International Finance Corporation, Discussion paper No.
19.
Roffe, P. (1977) “International Code of Conduct on Transfer of Technology” JWTL vol. 11 (2),
186-191.
Roffe, P. (1980) “UNCTAD: Code of Conduct on the Transfer of Technology: progress and
issues under negotiation” JWTL 160-172.
Roffe, P. (1984) "UNCTAD: Transfer of Technology Code: fifth session of the UN Conference,”
JWTL vol. 18(2), 176-182.
Roffe, P. (1985a) “Transfer of Technology: UNCTAD's Draft Code of Conduct” International
Lawyer vol. 19 (2) 689-707.
Roffe, P. (1985b) “UNCTAD: Code of Conduct on Transfer of Technology: sixth session of the
UN Conference” Vol. 19(6) JWTL, pp. 669-672.
C. Yeutter (1988) “Negotiating Intellectual Property Rights Protection” in C. Walker and M.
Bloomfield, (eds) (1998) Intellectual Property Rights and Capital Formation in the Next
Decade, Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
Ayamunda, J. (1999) Intellectual Property as a Corporate Asset: Issues in IP Valuation in Kenya
Unpublished LLB dissertation, University of Nairobi.
56
Wairimu Kariuki, B. (1999) The Anti-trust Barrier to Technology Transfer: Africa in Context
Unpublished LLB dissertation, University of Nairobi.
UNCTAD (1990) Recent Developments in the Areas of Technology to the Negotiations on the
Draft Intentional Code of Conduct on the Transfer of Technology TD/CODE TOT/55,
UNCTAD.
UNCTAD (2001) Transfer of Technology,UNCTAD series on issues in international investment
agreements, United Nations, UNCTAD/ITE/IIT/28.
Daniel W. Elfenbein (2009) “Contract structure and performance of University-Industry
technology transfer agreements,” Social Science Research Networks.
Albert N. Link, Donald S. Siegel & Barry Bozeman (2007) “An empirical analysis of the
prosperity of academics to engage in informal university technology transfer,” Vol. 16 Industrial
and Corporate Cahange, Issue 4, 641-655.
James T. Tsai (2008) “Not tripping over the pebbles: Focusing on overlooked TRIPS Art. 66 for
technology transfer to solve Africa’s AIDS crisis,” 11 Michigan State University Journal, 447.
Suerie Moon (2008) “Does TRIPS Art. 66(2) encourage technology transfer to LDCs? An
analysis of country submissions to the TRIPS Council (1999-2007)” International Center for
Trade and Sustainable Development.
Cameron Hutchison (2006) “Does TRIPS facilitate or impede climate change technology transfer
into developing countries?” 3 University of Ottawa Law and Technology Journal, 517.
Bernard M. Hoekman, Keith E. Maskus & Kamal Saggi (2004) Transfer of technology to
development countries: Unilateral and multilateral policy options, World Bank.
Daniel Gervais (2005) “Traditional knowledge & intellectual property: A TRIPS-compatible
approach,” Michigan State Law Review.
Sahar Aziz (2003) “Linking intellectual property rights in developing countries with research and
development, technology transfer, and foreign direct investment policy: A case study of Egypt’s
pharmaceutical industry,” International Law Students Association Journal of International and
Comparative Law.
Mombert Hoppe (2005) “Technology transfer through trade,” Social Science Research Networks.
See materials on exploitation of rights under the other headings, e.g. those relating to assignment,
(contractual) licensing, etc.
Case law & anecdotes
Nyakundi Nyamboga’s report on KBL cited under TM;
57
McDonald’s Corporation v. Joburgers Drive-Inn Restaurant Supreme Court of South Africa
Case No. 547/95; LandRover in Brazil;
Saudi Arabian Airlines Corporation [SAAC] v. Saudi Kenya Enterprises Ltd. [SKEL] (1982-88)
1KAR 917-28 (under TM).
Maranga v. Kenya Shell High Court of Kenya Civil Case No. 643 of 1998, at Nairobi (Coram:
Mbogholi Msagha, J.).
Beecham v. International Products [1968] EA 398-306 (patent licensing).
Performing Rights Society Ltd. v. Grand Theatre Ltd. [1973] EA 576-84 (© assignment, licence,
subsistence of © in author).
International Greetings v. Kenya Litho Ltd. 1 KAR 902-5.
Draft International Code of Conduct on the Transfer of Technology (UNCTAD, 1985).
IPA 2001: Part x (ss. 64-79)- “contractual licences,” Part XI (ss. 80-83): “ Exploitation of
patented inventions by Govt or by third persons authorised by the Govt.” cf. IPA, 1989, ss. 92-
106; Copyright Act (ss. 14, 17); TM Act (ss. 25-28: For the avoidance of doubt, a TM is a
transferrable assignable or licensable in connection with the goodwill of a business or not (s.25).
see also TRIPs Agreement
Foreign Investments Protection Act (FIPA), Cap. 518.
Companies Act, Cap. 486
Law of Contract Act (and general contract law).
18. IP Prosecution, Administration and Enforcement (see also specific chapters)
Case Study in Technology Transfer (to be circulated; students to be referred)
Important areas include: ToT in health (e.g. HIV/AIDS); agriculture and food security
(irrigation; access to food; food safety); environmental protection and the conservation and
sustainable use of biodiversity; ToT in ICT/e-commerce: security, defence or military
technology. [On agric, biodiv and food security, see Sihanya, “Technology transfer, IP…
strategies for implementing CBD” (handout).] We focus on security technology.
Transferring security or military technology in Africa (Cf: military industry, university
complex....)
(i) What is security, defence, military technology? Typology of peace and security
challenges in Africa.
(ii) Dual nature of security tech: may be used for war/peace or other dev purposes (e.g. high
tech such as telecoms, computer tech, chemicals and nuclear tech. Nuclear tech used to
generate energy; arms used for defence and aggression).
(iii) Typology of needs for security, defence or military technologies; who needs security
tech? for what?
(iv) Suppliers or sources of security technology (eg McDonnell Douglas, General Dynamics,
Lockheed Martin (USA), Sandline (UK); SA; ammunition factory in Eldoret? (to serve
who?); any other established sources? robbing police stations/military installations….
Acquirers of security tech: states; security firms; cyberwarriors; terrorists; petty criminals
(see (i) supra).
(v) Significance of regulation of security tech in a unipolar, post Cold War world undergoing
liberalisation: the issue of export control of security tech; constructed advantage, etc.;
role of UN arms embargoes in: Angola; apartheid S. Africa (led to dev of indigenous
58
armament industry in SA); Sierra Leone, etc. NATO's role… What's the role of the
following in security tech transfer? Geneva Conventions? AU?/IGAD? EAC, COMESA,
ECOWAS/ECOMOG?
(vi) Deregulation of military/security tech (part of liberalization of political economy/ToT…)
(eg arguments by TZ gov’t). The case for managed trade/ToT in security tech - what are
the regulatory issues?
The foregoing are related to the following:
(i) Typology of peace and security challenges in Africa, historically and currently;
(ii) Security and economic competitiveness
(iii) Acquisition/Supply of Security tech
NB: Consider the modes used in transferring security tech to and in Africa.
(a) Hardware.
(b) Software .
(iv) Who is transferring security tech (eg selling arms, transferring software …)?
.(v) Regulating and liberalising transfer of security tech
Readings
Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa: Transferring
Technology for Sustainable Development, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring,
Nairobi & Siaya, Chapters 24 (IP and Innovation Administration in Kenya and Africa) & 25 (IP
and Innovation Lawyering and Enforcement in Kenya and Africa).
Ben Sihanya (forthcoming 2020) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa:
Cases and Materials, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring, Nairobi & Siaya.
Stephan, III, P.B. et. al. (1993) International Business and Economics: Law and Policy “The US
- Japanese FSX fighter aircraft dispute”, 1st ed., 1993: pp.2-3; “National security intellectual
property”, pp. 421-36 especially pp. 421-3); (see also pp. 2-6, and 522-25 of the 2nd ed., 1996).
Agina, B. (2000) “EAC to combat small arms flow” East African Standard (Nairobi) Tue.
14/3/2000.p. 32 (1 p.).
Brew, J. (1996) “South Africa: Sale of Arms for Survival,” Africanews, at
http://peacelink.it/africanews/8_issue/p3.html
Dallmeyer, D.G. (1992) “The problem of extraterritoriality in US export control policy”, pp.
148-68.
Buwembo, J. (1996) “Technology, not armed men, in Uganda” EastAfrican (Nairobi), Feb. 12-
18, p. 6. (1 page).
Anglican Communication News Service (ACNS) (1997) “South Africa: Church speaks out on
arms sales,” at http://www.quest.org.uk/acns/acns1318.html
59
East African Standard (Nairobi) (1997) “Another French firm seeks deal with Iran,” Thursday,
Oct. 2, p. 9.
Mail & Guardian (1999) "Outcry over arms trade in Tanzania" Mail & Guardian (Jo’burg) June
4, at http://www.mg.co.za/mg/news/99jun1/4jun-tanzania.html (read it; 3 pp).
Batchelor, P. (1988) "Arms and the ANC" Bulletin, Sept/Oct Vol. 54, No. 5 at
http:/www.bullatomsci.org/issues/1998/so98/so98batchellor.html (this is serious! 9 pp)
Kivaa, A. (1999) Transferring military technology in Africa: The quest for international peace
and security Unpublished LL.B. dissertation, University of Nairobi.
Muga, C. (1999) Defence in the legal framework of regional integration: East African
Cooperation (EAC) and European Community (EC) in Context Unpublished LL.B. dissertation,
University of Nairobi.
Legal and Policy Instruments
Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)
Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START)
Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Production, Stockpiling and Transfer of Anti-
personnel Mines and on their Destruction, came into force 1/3/99 (Also known as Mine Ban
Treaty)
Helms Burton Law (US)
Ominibus Trade and Competitiveness Act, 1988 (US; esp. super 301; cf. its efficacy in the
context of WTO’s multilateralism).
19. Reliefs & Remedies: IP Innovation and ToT administration and enforcement
These have been dealt with under the substantive topics. Our interest here is in the generic or
crosscutting administration and enforcement issues:
-IP & ToT administration in Africa/Kenya: State v. innovator initiatives
-Capacity in the Bar
-Capacity in the Bench
-Attitudes of various interest groups (e.g. “theft” of IP not as serious as stealing a soda bottle?
bottle of soda?)
- TRIPs Agreement Part III
- Dispute settlement under TRIPs
Case Law
Giella v. Cassman Brown [1973] EA 358-61 (also applied to trade secrets, ToT, etc.)
E.A. Industries v. Trufoods [1972] EA 420-3 (also ToT; TM/passing off)
Cut Tobacco v. BAT Ct of Appeal Civil Application No. 245 1999 (Nairobi, 96/99 UR)
Anton Piller KG v. Manufacturing Processes Ltd. [1976] 1 Ch. 55
Microsoft v. Microskills (K) Ltd. HCCC 323 of (1999) (Nairobi).
60
Maranga v. Kenya Shell HCCC No. 643 of 1998.
20. Reforming IP Innovation and ToT in Kenya and Africa
(i) Reforms in the political economy generally (international & national)
(ii) Constitutional reforms
(iii) Legislative reforms
(iv) Policy & institutional reforms
Reading
Ben Sihanya (2018) “Teaching Intellectual Property and Innovation Law in Kenya and Africa,
Syllabus Content, Methodology and Reforms” paper presented at the WIPO-WTO Regional
Colloquium for IP Teachers and Researchers at the University of South Africa in Pretoria, South
Africa from April 9-12, 2018 and the IP Scholars Africa Conference on April 13, 2018.
Ben Sihanya (2018) “Intellectual Property, Innovation, Transfer of Technology and Licensing in
Kenya and Africa,” paper presented at the WIPO-WTO Regional Colloquium for IP Teachers
and Researchers at the University of South Africa in Pretoria, South Africa from April 9-12,
2018 and the IP Scholars Africa Conference on April 13, 2018.
Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa: Transferring
Technology for Sustainable Development, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring,
Nairobi & Siaya, Chapter 26 (Reforming IP, Innovation, and ToT in Kenya and Africa:
Emerging Issues).
Ben Sihanya (forthcoming 2020) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa:
Cases and Materials, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring, Nairobi & Siaya.
Adejoke O. Oyewumni (2015) Nigerian Law of Intellectual Property, Unievrsity of Lagos Press
and Bookshop Ltd, Lagos, Chapters 21-25.
Bankole Sodipo (2017) Copyright Law: Principle, Practice and Procedure, Swan Publishers,
Lagos, Nigeria.
Joseph Jar Kur (2015) Intellectual Property Law and Entrepreneurship in Nigeria: Principles
and Practice, Aboki Publishers, Nigeria.
Some of the very good CAT essays from the previous years are being circulated. Exam will have
5 questions.
Exam Guidelines:
1. Write legibly, even if it means in CAPITAL letters.
2. Cite authority as appropriate - e.g. academics, writers, case law, statute or transnational legal
instruments; evaluate the authority eg do you agree? Why (not?)
3. Provide practical context - e.g. anecdotes i.e. indicate experience and practice. This and the
previous guideline indicate that cramming is not a virtue.
61
4. You may use common or notorious abbreviations or acronyms (IP, ©, TRIPs, ARIPO,
KIPI…).
5. In legal opinion or advisory questions, consider whether a suit, appeal… is necessary; what
of ADR? And why? and what the legal issues are; how the party should address them; you
may anticipate the other party’s case… Relate the answer closely to the hypothetical.
6. Brevity is a virtue! To attract or retain attention/interest and to delineate the issues you may
use a brief intro: In this question I will address the following 3 issues: first… Second, third…
(without details, then embark on discussion. See some of the past CAT essays.
*** the discourse continues in appropriate fora5 ***
THE PEOPLE REST (their case)
I have enjoyed discussing with you the issues (including your comments). To adapt poet Yusuf
Kassam’s work, “the drummer inspired the dancers; [then] the dancers inspire[d] the
drummer.” Let’s make Kenya and Africa work through IP, innovation and technology transfer
(ToT). Success in your exams and happiness in life.
Prof Ben Sihanya, JSD & JSM (Stanford), Mentor & Public Interest Advocate
Scholar, IP, Constitutional Democracy, & Education Law
University of Nairobi Law School
Trainer on TRIPs, WTO’s Regional Trade Policy Course, University of Botswana
Parklands Law Campus, Room B 3
Box 1313, Sarit Centre, 00606 Nairobi, Kenya
Telefax (+254-20) 3741769; +254-20 2128272; +254726020082 (O)
email: [email protected]; [email protected] (use both);
[email protected]; www.innovativelawyering.com/blogs;
url:www.innovativelawyering.com
Facebook: Sihanya Mentoring & Innovative Lawyering
Revised 23/8/2018; 17/9/2018; 8/2/2019; 14/2/2020; 19/2/2020
5 See my work in books, articles, conferences, workshops, website, blog spot, and in other print, electronic and
social media.