international conference on environmental sustainability...

International Conference on Environmental Sustainability and Resource Security (IC-ENSURES), 2019

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IC-ENSURES 2019

International Conference on Environmental

Sustainability and Resource Security, 2019

5th & 6th November 2019

Kuala Lumpur

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS


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PREFACE

The International Conference on Environmental Sustainability and Resource Security (IC-

ENSURES) 2019 aims to become the leading annual conference in fields related to

environmental sustainability, development and protection as well as resource security. IC-

ENSURES 2019 covers broad topics such as climate resiliency, water and energy security,

environmental health, ecosystem vitality, advanced treatment technology, cleaner production

and sustainable production and consumption. This conference provides a platform for

dissemination of environmental research and aiming to identify pathways towards a sustainable

society.

The main themes of the conference are Environmental Sustainability and Resource Security.

This book records the abstracts of full papers presented at the conference. The conference has

solicited and gathered technical research submissions related to all aspects of major conference

themes and tracks. Reviewing and initial selections were undertaken electronically. Align with

enhancing the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), the goal of IC-

ENSURES 2019 is to gather scholars from all over the world to present advances in the relevant

fields and to foster an environment conducive to exchanging ideas and information. This

conference also provides an ideal environment to develop new collaborations and meet experts

on the fundamentals, applications, and products of the mentioned fields.

Selected papers will be published under the Special Issue of the participating journals. The

conference embraces international keynote speakers from academia, industry and government

institution. The conference Committee is itself quite diverse and international, with

membership from different countries. We would like to thank the program chairs, advisor,

technical committees and other committees for their cooperation and efforts to make this event

a success. We hope that all the participants and other interested readers benefit scientifically

from the book of abstracts and also find it stimulating in the process. Lastly, we would like to

wish you success in your technical presentations and social networking.

With warmest regards,

The Organizing Committees

IC-ENSURES 2019

5th-6th November 2019

Kuala Lumpur


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Organizing Committees IC-ENSURES 2019

ADVISOR : Prof. Dr. Zulkifli Yusop

CHAIR I : Prof. Dr. Zainura Zainon Noor

CHAIR II : Prof. Dr. Azmi Aris

SCIENTIFIC CHAIR : Prof. Dr. Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan

SECRETARIES : Dr. Kogila Vani Annammala

Dr. Yong Ee Ling

Dr. Nor Zaiha Arman

Dr. Che Hafizan Che Hassan

TREASURER : Ms. Juhaizah Talib @ Harun

Ms. Siti Hanna Elias

TECHNICAL COMMITTEE : Prof. Ir. Dr. Md. Fadhil Md. Din

Prof. Dr. Kasturi Devi Kanniah

Prof. Dr. Pham Thi Hoa

Dr. Hesam Kamyab

Dr. Lakhveer Singh

Dr. Paiboon Sreearunothai

Dr. Ponraj Mohanadoss

Dr. Baljit Singh

Dr. Norazli Othman

Pn. Nithiya Arumugam

COMMITTEE MEMBERS : Dr. Nor Eliza Alias

Dr. Salmiati

Dr. Norelyza Binti Hussein

Dr. Myzairah Hamdzah

Dr. Zulfaqar Bin Sa’adi

Dr. Ihsan bin Wan Azelee

Dr. Cindy Lee Ik Sing

Dr. Neo Sau Mei

Mr.Mohd Faiz Foze

Ms. Nurliyana Mahpof

Ms. Zainab Mat Lazim

Ms. Ainul Syarmimi Rosli

Mr. Mohamad Amirul Fitry bin Mohd Bahar

Mr. Muhammad Wafiy Adli bin Ramli

Ms. Venmathy Samanaseh


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CONTENTS

Preface ii

Organzing Committee iii

Parallel Session 1

Determine Of Nutrient Status Of Coffee Trees In PNG

Kamal Kishore Goundar, Emma Kiup, Mark K Kenny, Ibuki Norihiko,

Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan and Sathiabama T. Thirugnana

5

Comparative Biodegredation Of PAHs In Used Engine Oil Betweeen Pseudomonas

Aeruginosa And Bacillus Licheniformis Isolated From Contaminated Soil Of

Mechanic Workshop In Sokoto Metropolis

Habiba Aminu, Yanah YM, and Elinge C.M

6

Analysis Of Static And Dynamic Factors Of The Gravitational Flow Sewer Pipe In

Malaysia

Afifa Safira A Gani, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan, Samira Albati Kamaruddin

and Nithiya Arumugam

7

Analysis Of Extreme Rainfall Trend Events In The Savanna Zones Of Nigeria

Ishiaku Ibrahim, Emigilati M.A, Ismail Usman Kaoje, and Aminu Zuni

8

A Mini Review: Artificial Intelligence Based Models For River Water Quality

Prediction For River In Tropical Climate

Ariani Dwi Astuti, Azmi Bin Aris, Mohd Razman Bin Salim, Shamila Binti

Azman, Mohd Ismid Bin Md Said and Salmiati

9

Progress On Environmental Sustainability Implementation For Palm Oil Production

In Malaysia

Siti Nur Atikah Binti Yahya, Norhayati Abdullah and Norasikin Ahmad Ludin

10

Parallel Session 2

Indoor Air Quality And The Risk Of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Among

Young Children In A Mediterranean Climate

Wesam A. Al Madhoun, Mohammad Khaled, Ashraf Eljedi, Hyunook Kim, Amanda

Pomeroy Stevens and Faizah Che Ros

12

Habitat Suitability Index For Melaleuca Cajuputi In Setiu, Terengganu

N. Zafirah Ab.lah, Zulkifli Yusop and Mazlan Hashim

13

Impact Assessment Of Traffic Emissions On The Respiratory System Of Non-

Smoking Traffic Policemen In Palestine

Wesam Al Madhoun, Emad Salem, Ashraf Eljedi, Hamza Ahmad Isiyaka and Faizah

Che Ros

14

Strategy Of Irrigation Security For Agricultural Land Sustainability

Hanipah, Hayati S. Hasibuan and Rudy P. Tambunan

15

A Review Of Regionalization Methods For Ungauged Watershed In Swat Model

Ainul Syarmimi Rosli, Azmi Aris, Salmiati and Mohd Ridza Mohd Haniffah

16

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dana_Thomson


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Assessment Of Physical-Chemical Water Quality In The Environment: Current

State, Understudied Area And The Way Forward: Case Study Of The Lower Johor

Straits, Malaysia

Y.Q. Liang, K.V. Annammala, P.Martin, E.L. Yong, L.S. Mazilamani, M.Z.M. Najib

17

Parallel Session 3

Strategic Framework For Managing Sustainability Into The Construction

Industry Sector In Developing Countries

Ayman Ahmed Hassan

19

Comparative Assessment Of Artificial Neural Network Based Baseline Energy

Model To Quantify Energy Savings Of Chiller System In Commercial Building

Wan Nazirah Wan Md Adnan, Nofri Yenita Dahlan and Ismail Musirin

20

Hedonic Price Regression For Stratified Green Residential Building In Johor Bahru

Nur Amira Aina Zulkifli, Shazmin Shareena Ab. Azis, Nurul Hana Adi Maimun,

Muhammad Najib Razali and Ibrahim Sipan

21

Rainwater Harvesting Dynamic Financial Model For Residential Properties

Muhammad Najib Razali, Shazmin Shahreena Ab Azis, Nurul Hana Adi Maimun

and Zulkifli Yusop

22

Concrete Cloth Development For Canal Linings

Mariam Imran, Marium Ikhlas, Ayesha Imam and Fizza Batool

23

Green Biosynthesis Of Silver Nanoparticles Using Muntingia Calabura Leaf

And Its Effectiveness Against Pathogenic Bacteria

Mohd Azlan Ahmad and Salmiati

24

Not In My Backyard! A Hedonic Analysis On Heavy Industrial Site Proximity

Impacts On Malaysian House Prices

Nuratikah Karunzaman, Nurul Hana Adi Maimun, Shazmin Shareena Ab. Azis,

Muhammad Najib Razali, Azizah Ismail, Zakri Tarmidi And Sufi Pisol

25

Parallel Session 4

Ultrafine Palm Oil Fuel Ash As Stabilizer In Compressed Earth Brick

Yvonne W. T., Abdul K. M. and Hidayati A.

27

Characterization Of Eco-Processed Pozzolan As Pozzolanic Material

Raihana Farahiyah Abd Rahman, Hidayati Asrah, Ahmad Nurfaidhi Rizalman

and Abdul Karim Mirasa

28

Carbonization Of Excess Sewage Sludge By Using Super-Heated Water Vapor

To Make Fuel

N.A. Haridan, H. Yoshida, M.A.M. Salleh and S. Izhar

29

Defining The Biogas Generation Potential And The Kinetics Of Biogas Generation

For House- Hold Generated Rice Cooking Wastewater

S M Shabab Islam, Umme Farah Shakin Neha and Nadim Reza Khandaker

30

A Critical Review On The Current Technologies For Recovery Of Precious Metals

From Industrial Wastes

31


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Santhana Krishnan, Nor Syahidah Zulkapli, Ooi Theam Yiew, Mohd Fadhil Md

Din, Zaiton Abd Majid, Iwao Kenzo, Yo Ichikawa, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan,

Hesam Kamyab Briquetting Of Millet Stalk And Sheanut Shell As A Tool For Agro-Waste

Management

Yanah YM, Elinge C.M and Ogunleye A.O.

32

Parallel Session 5

Carbon Storage Of Hybrid Acacia Plantations In The Southern Of Vietnam

Tran Thi Ngoan and Nguyen Tan Chung

34

Above-Ground Biomass And Carbon Sequestration Value Of Rhizophora Apiculta

Blume At Ca Mau, Viet Nam

Nguyen Thi Ha, Vien Ngoc Nam, Tran Quang Bao, Van Nu Thai Thien and

Nguyen Thi Hoa

35

A Novel Approach For Measuring Urban Form Sustainability: A Study Of Kano

Traditional City, Nigeria

Abubakar Siddiq Usman, Dr. Wan Mohd Zakri Bin Wan Abdullah

36

Sustainable Development Concept Awareness Among Students In Higher Education

Florianna L. Michael, Helmi Sumilan, Nur Fatihah A. Bandar, Hana Hamidi,

Sheilla L. O. Lim, Siti M. Abdullah, Abg Izhar A. Ahmad, Victoria Jonathan and Nik

Norsyamimi M. Nor

37

A Structural Equations Modelling Approach To Measuring Urban Form

Sustainability: Conceptual Foundations And Methodological Framework

Abubakar Siddiq Usman and Dr. Wan Mohd Zakri Bin Wan Abdullah

38

Parallel Session 6

Examination Of Malaysian River Water Quality Index By Some Selected Physico-

Chemical Parameters

Suzanna Rosli Wong, Brittny Chars and Pak Yan Moh

40

Enhancement The Biodegradation Of Benzene By Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

Through Ultraviolet-Induced Mutation

Fahruddin Fahruddin

41

Life Cycle Assessment Of Green Diesel Production

Che Hafizan, Zainura Zainon Noor and Norelyza Hussein

42

Quality And Environmental Conservation Of Coastal Ecosystems In Purworejo

Regency, Central Java, Indonesia

Widodo B., Lupiyanto R., Nugrahayu Q., Widyastuti A, Harmawan F. and Fauzi

FM., Galis A.

43

The Effect Of Type Of Boarding House On Solid Waste Generation And

Composition As A Model Of Solid Waste Management In Indonesia: A Case Study

Of Yogyakarta Province

Kasam, Eko Siswoyo and Fajri Mulya Iresha

44

Occurrence And Behaviour Of Antibiotics In Conventional Sewage Treatment Plant

C. X. Chen, A. Aris, E. L. Yong and Z. Z. Noor

45

Parallel Session 7


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Food And Wood Waste Composting: Operational Perspective At Landfill

Yusouf Latif, Zamri Abdul Rahman,, Hashim Wahab, Mohd Faizi Abu and Yusof

Hassan

47

Optimization Of Municipal Solid Waste Conversion Technology Using Process

Network Synthesis

R.A. Ali and N.N.L. Nik Ibrahim

48

Gracilaria changii: Seaweed Adding Value To Heavy Metals Removal From

Leachate

Nithiya Arumugam, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan, Zamri Abdul Rahman,

Sathiabama T. Thirugnana, Imran Ahmad, Santhana Krishnan & Mohd Fadhil Md

Din

49

Triclosan Removal By Combination Of Waste Biomass Activated Carbon And

Nylon 6,6 Membrane

Nor Khoriha Eliysa Mohd Khori, Salmiati and Zulkifli Yusop

50

An A2O-MBR System For Simultaneous Biological Nitrogen And Phosphorus

Removal From Brewery Wastewater At Various Nitrate Recirculation Ratios

Van Nu Thai Thien, Dang Viet Hung, Nguyen Thi Thanh Hoa, Nguyen Thi Ha and

Tran Thi Huong

51

Parallel Session 8

Sequential Operation Of Acetogenic Followed By Aerobic Sequential Batch

Reactors For Textile Wastewater Treatment

Nadim Reza Khandaker, Faisal Fahad Rio, Lina Sarkar and Ayesha Sharmin

53

Kinetics Study Of Phosphate Adsorption Onto Waste Mussel Shell

Nur Atikah Abdul Salim, Mohd Hafiz Puteh, Noorul Hudai Abdullah, Mohamad Ali

Fulazzaky, Mohd A’ben Zulkarnain Rudie Arman, Mohd Hairul Khamidun, Abdull

Rahim Mohd Yusoff and Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini

54

Phytoremediation, Vermiremediation And Soil Dynamics On Ecotoxicity Of

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Contaminated Wastewater Using Artificial

Wetland System In Okpoka Creek, Niger-Delta, Nigeria

Fawole Charles, Prof. D.A Dashak and Prof. S.J Salami

55

Start-Up Performance Of Modified Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (MABR) For The

Treatment Of Landfill Leachate

Imran Ahmad, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan, Norazli Othman, Norhayati Abdullah,

Nithiya Arumugam & Zamri Abdul Rahman

56

Development Of Aerobic Granules For Actual Low-Medium Strength Domestic

Wastewater Treatment Under The Effect Of Static Mixer

Angel Chyi En We, Azmi Aris and Nor Azimah Mohd Zain

57

Parallel Session 9

Influence Of Magnetic Field On Sludge Bulking Under Long Sludge Retention

Time

Nur Syamimi Zaidi, Khalida Muda, Johan Sohaili, Liew Wai Loan and Norelyza

Hussein

59


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Determination Of Mass Transfer Resistance Of Boron Removal From Wastewater

By Electrocoagulation

Ezerie H. Ezechi and Khalida Muda

60

Mass Transfer Resistance Of Textile Dye Decolorization On Magnetic Activated

Carbon Aerobic Granules

Khalida Muda, Ahmad H. Omar, Ezerie H. Ezechi and Mohd H. Khamidun

61

Adsorption Of Phenol From Aqueous Solution Using Chitosan From Pessu River

Crab Shell: Isotherm And Kinetics Study

Asokogene Oluwadayo Francis, Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini, Idris Misau

Muhammad, Surajudeen Abdulsalam and Usman Aliyu El-Nafaty

62

Enhancement Of Activated Sludge Process With Low Dissolved Oxygen Using

Electromagnetic Field

Nulhazwany Abdul Malik, Khalida Muda, Nur Syamimi Zaidi and Mohamad

Darwish

63

Isotherm, Kinetics And Thermodynamics Study Of Methylene Blue Adsorption

Onto Modified Crab Shell Chitosan

Asokogene Oluwadayo Francis, Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini, Idris Misau

Muhammad, Surajudeen Abdulsalam and Usman Aliyu El-Nafaty

64

Removal Of Some Heavy Metals Using Fibrous Radiation Grafted Adsorbent

Containing Sulfonate Moiety

Myzairah Hamdzah, Zaini Ujang, Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef, Teo Ming Ting

65

Parallel Session 10

Assessment Of Heterogeneous Mixing Of Meteorological Parameters On PM10

Concentration In Equatorial Region

Hamza Ahmad Isiyaka, Wesam A. Al Madhoun and Faizah Che Ros

67

Potential Use Of Plant-Based Natural Coagulants For Water Treatment

Nur Shahidah Aftar Ali, Khalida Muda, Ummu Nusaibah Abdullah and Ahmad

Bazli Sahir

68

The Potential Of Napier Grass Leaves Fibre As An Acoustic Absorber

Z. Haron, K. Yahya, T. N. F. T. Mat, N. M. Fasli, N. Darus, W.A. W. A. Rahman,

E.M. Taiwo and N. Che Din

69

Effectiveness Of Macrocomposites In Treating Public Wet Market Wastewater In

Pekan Pagoh, Johor

Mohamed Zuhaili Mohamed Najib, Kogila Vani Annammala, Mohamad

Darwish, Erwan Hafizi Kasiman, Muhamad Hanafi Samsuri, Mohd Arif Rosli

and Zarizi Awang

70

Fouling Control Approaches In Recent Advance Membrane Bioreactor Systems

Treatingwastewater

Rabialtu Sulihah Binti Ibrahim, Zainura Zainon Noor, Nurul Huda Baharuddin, and

Noor Sabrina Ahmad Mutamim

71

Comparison Of Biosorbent Pretreatment Methods Of Bjerkandera Adusta On

Colour Removal

Ariani Dwi Astuti and Khalida Muda

72

Parallel Session 11


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Toxicity Of Silver Nanoparticle And Its Removal By Pytoremediation System In

Water Environment: An Overview

Zainab Mat Lazim, Salmiati, Abdul Rahman Samaluddin, Mohd Razman Salim

and Nor Zaiha Arman

74

Thermal Activation On Gonggong Shell Waste As An Adsorbent Material For

Cadmium Removal In Water

Eko Siswoyo, Ciptaning Rini, Fiorizka Marisha Hadi and Kasam

75

The Development Of MIWABS Towards Water Demand Management In Malaysia

Nurul Sa’dah Bahar, Zainura Zainon Noor, Azmi Aris and Nurul Ashikeen Binti

Kamaruzaman

76

Estimating Water Footprint Of Palm Oil Production: Case Study In Malaysia

Noor Salehan Mohammad Sabli, Zainura Zainon Noor, Kasturi Devi A/P

Kanniah, Siti Nurhayati Kamaruddin, Nurul Sa’dah Bahar

77

Modelling Of Prevailing Water Distribution Network In Putrajaya, Malaysia

Nur Diyana Mohamad and Zulfa Hanan Ash’aari

78

Parallel Session 12

Trends Of Water Use Efficiency In Industrial Consumption

Siti Nurhayati Kamaruddin, Zainura Zainon Noor, Che Hafizan Che Hassan Noor

Salehan Mohammad Sabli, Nurul Sa’adah Bahar

80

Optimal Power Generation Mix Using Hybrid Dynamic Programming For

Improved Multi-Objective: Malaysia Electricity Supply Industry Case

Siti Mariam Mohd Shokri, Nofri Yenita Dahlan and Mohamad Fani Sulaima

81

Effect Of Physico–Chemical Characteristic Of Water In Sub-Critical Condition

Towards Structural Conversion Of Mesocarp Fiber

Sanggithapriya Mahandran, Hiroyuki Yoshida, Nordin Sabli and Shamsul Izhar

82

Combustion And Viability Properties Of Briquettes Produced From Groundnut

Shell And Coconut Shell Admixture

Elinge, C.M, BirninYauri, U.A., Muhammad, A.B., Musa, M. and Ogunleye, A.O.

83

Performance Of Sandwich Membrane In Reclamation Of Water From Final

Discharged POME

Nurul Ain Mazlan, Khairul Faezah Md Yunos, Azhari Samsu Baharuddin and

MohdNazli Mohd Naim

84


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Disclaimer: The works reported in this book of abstracts were reviewed based on

technical content, without extensive English editing


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ENVIRONMENTAL

SUSTAINABILITY

Parallel Session 1


5

DETERMINE THE NUTRIENT STATUS OF COFFEE TREES IN

PNG

Kamal Kishore Goundar*1, Emma Kiup2, Mark K Kenny2, Ibuki Norihiko1,

Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan3, Sathiabama T. Thirugnana3

1, MG Corporation, Shinjuku Park Tower N-30th 3-7-1, Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo,

JAPAN 2 Research & Grower Services Division, Coffee Industry Corporation, EHP, PAPUA NEW

GUINEA 3 Department of Engineering, Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Level 7, Menara

Razak UTM, 54100 Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA

*[email protected]

ABSTRACT

In Papua New Guinea (PNG) the population in the coffee growing area is growing faster

than the area under cultivation. As a result, land use is being intensified and soil nutrient

depletion may occur, resulting in nutrient deficiencies of coffee crops. Research focused on

adequate nutrition of plants is essential in modern coffee production to increase yield. The

purpose of this work is to estimate nutrient content of coffee crops to manage fertilizer

application for sustained coffee production. ICP-OES was used to determine the

concentration of several nutrients in coffee leaves. The samples from CIC plantation was

found to have the highest level of nutrients compared to the other three plantations and this

could be attributed to factors such as amount of fertilizer input, soil moisture and the ability

of the coffee tree roots to absorb nutrients from the soil. However, the foliar nutrient level

may vary depending on the time of leaf sampling because some nutrients can be translocated

to other parts of the plant depending on the stage of the plant development cycle. Hence to

better understand the nutritional requirements of the coffee tree, the leaf sampling should be

done over a complete cycle of the crop development.

Keywords: Coffee crops, Nutrient deficiencies, foliar nutrient level, cultivation

mailto:[email protected]


6

COMPARATIVE BIODEGREDATION OF PAHs IN USED ENGINE

OIL BETWEEEN Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Bacillus Licheniformis

ISOLATED FROM CONTAMINATED SOIL OF MECHANIC

WORKSHOP IN SOKOTO METROPOLIS

Habiba Aminu*1, Yanah YM1 and Elinge C.M2

1Department of Biochemistry, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Kebbi State

NIGERIA

[email protected], [email protected]

2Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology,

Aliero, Kebbi State NIGERIA

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

The ability of used engine oil degrading Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Bacillus

Licheniformiswas compared in this study. The bacteria were isolated from the contaminated

soil of mechanic work shop in sokoto state of Nigeria, they were characterised base on their

morphological, biochemical and genetic characteristic. They were subjected to biodegradation

of PAHs in used engine oil as their soul carbon source for the period of three months. Different

standard of colony forming unit (cfu) was used at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0. The result of

gravimetric analysis shows that in all the different cfu of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, more than

50% of the oil was degraded with highest seen at 3.0 cfu which is 55.74%. whileBacillus

Licheniformiswas only able to degrade 40% of the oil in all the cfu with highest seen at 3.0 cfu

as well with 48.87%. The result of the gc-ms shows that only at 1.0 cfu of P. Aeruginosathat

there was a significant difference in the concentration of pahs metabolite when compared both

within the group and outside the group at p- value less than 0.05, this confirm that at a medium

concentration P. Aeruginosacolony forming unit, the bacteria can degrade pahs in used engine

oil to a significant level. Therefore it can be employed in the process of bioremediation of pahs

contaminated soil in the environment.

Key word: Bioremediation, contaminated soil, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.



7

ANALYSIS OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC FACTORS OF THE

GRAVITATIONAL FLOW SEWER PIPE IN MALAYSIA

Afifa Safira A Gani*1,2, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan2, Samira Albati Kamaruddin2

and Nithiya Arumugam2

1 Planning and Engineering Department, Indah Water Konsortium Sdn. Bhd., No.44, Jalan Dungun,

Damansara Heights, 50490 Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA

*[email protected] 2 Department of Engineering, Razak Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi

Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Closed-circuit television (CCTV) inspection was used to observe the structural defect in 225,

300 and 375 mm vitrified clay pipe (VCP) and 450 and 500 mm reinforced concrete pipe

(RCP). These defects were classified using the Pipeline Assessment Certification Program

(PACP) grading system before categorization into Grade 1 to 5. A total of 36.6 km of

gravitational flow sewer pipe has been investigated with 703 defects have been detected. An

average of 19 defects was found for every 100 m length for all the pipe type. The Category 1

to 9 were the combination of primary parameters of static and dynamic conditions, which 225

mm diameter VCP with less than 5,000 PE, 300 mm diameter VCP with less than 5,000 PE,

300 mm diameter VCP with between 5,000 to 10,000 PE, 375 mm diameter VCP with between

5,000 to 10,000 PE, 375 mm diameter VCP with between 10,000 to 20,000 PE, 450 mm

diameter RCP with between 5,000 to 10,000 PE, 450 mm diameter RCP with between 10,000

to 20,000 PE, 500 mm diameter RCP with between 10,000 to 20,000 PE, and 500 mm diameter

RCP with more than 20,000 PE, respectively. The probability weights were calculated based

on the defect fraction obtained from the pipe depth, pipe gradient and pipe service period. The

failure factor comprised the remaining factors of pipe size, pipe material and sewage flow.

Key words: Gravitational flow, sewer pipe, static and dynamic factors





8

ANALYSIS OF EXTREME RAINFALL TREND EVENTS IN THE

SAVANNA ZONES OF NIGERIA

Ishiaku Ibrahim1, Emigilati M.A2, Ismail Usman Kaoje3, and Aminu Zuni 4

1, 3, 4 Department of Geography Federal University Birnin Kebbi, NIGERIA

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2 Department of Geography Federal University of Technology Minna, NIGERIA

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

This study analysed the trends in extreme rainfall from twelve (12) synoptic stations in the

savanna zones of Nigeria for the period of 35 years (1981-2015). Daily rainfall data was

acquired from Nigeria Meteorological Agency and converted into indices (heavy, very heavy,

extremely heavy rainfall days, one day annual maximum rainfall amount and five days annual

maximum rainfall amount). Statistical tests of Mann-Kendall Test (MK), based on a non-

parametric approach was used to evaluate the possible trend in the derived indices. Results

showed both significant and insignificant increasing trends in the five indices in some stations

across the study areas. The significant and insignificant increasing trends were also detected in

the indices across other station. The finding also indicated consistent significant increasing

trends in Kano rain gauge station while consistent decreasing trends was detected in Yelwa rain

gauge station. Generally, the results show an increase in the occurrence of heavy rainfall events

in the selected five variables. The increase trends are possible pointer to climate change and

this could trigger meteorological hazard.

Key words: Rainfall Trends, Extreme, Mann-Kendall, Savanna




9

A MINI REVIEW: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BASED MODELS

FOR RIVER WATER QUALITY PREDICTION

FOR RIVER IN TROPICAL CLIMATE

Ariani Dwi Astuti1,3, Azmi Bin Aris1,2, Mohd Razman Bin Salim1,2, Shamila Binti

Azman1,2, Mohd Ismid Bin Md Said1,2 and Salmiati1,2

1Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of

Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, MALAYSIA

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected] 2 Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Universiti Teknologi

Malaysia, Johor Bahru, MALAYSIA 3 Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Landscape Architecture and

Environmental Technology, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, INDONESIA

ABSTRACT

Precise forecast of the water quality time series can provide guidance for early warning of

water pollution and water resource management decision-making. This prediction can

estimate the proclivity of characteristic water quality following the latest water quality, shift,

and transformation rule of pollutant in the river watershed. Predictability of traditional

models was restricted owing to the uncertainty of water quality information including size

and variability, complexity, obscurity, inaccuracy and non-stationary, and the non-linear

interaction of water quality parameter. Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods have been able

to bridge the gaps since the middle of the 20th century, simulate this behavior and

complement the deficiency, and enhance the precision of the forecast models in terms of

multiple analysis measures for better planning, design, application, and handling of multiple

engineering systems. This article discusses the state-of-the-art application of AI in water

quality prediction, concentrating on data-driven AI approaches, sort of AI approaches,

techniques studied include knowledge-based system, as well as literature and their potential

future implementation in water quality modeling and prediction. This mini-review also

explores and presents for further advancement for several future directions for studies.

Keywords: Water quality simulation, Artificial intelligence, knowledge-based system, review





10

PROGRESS ON ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

IMPLEMENTATION FOR PALM OIL PRODUCTION IN

MALAYSIA

Siti Nur Atikah Binti Yahya1, Norhayati Abdullah*2 and Norasikin Ahmad Ludin3

1, 2 Environment and Green Technology, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology

(MJIIT), Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA 3Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, MALAYSIA

[email protected], *[email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Malaysia started to dominate the world in palm oil production due to Europeans voluntary

commitments to use biofuel as a renewable energy source to replace fossil fuels to generate

vehicles. Acquiring 39% of world production and 44% of the world export, Malaysia palm

oil industry realized the importance of producing certified sustainable palm oil. Malaysia

began introducing several sustainability practices including participation in the National Life

Cycle Assessment (LCA) Project 2006 to support a national eco-labelling program and

fulfilling the requirements of foreign legislation that demands stringent measures to reduce

environmental impact of products and services throughout their life cycles. The voluntary-

based action correlates with the government's aim to achieve United Nation's Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs) 12 and 13 which are responsible consumption and production

and climate action in reducing carbon footprint while using processes that are

environmentally friendly. The current practise of LCA is still not fully support the global

perception of palm oil production in Malaysia which indicates the implementation of LCA

in the palm oil sector should be reviewed and the policy makers should consider further

possibilities in putting LCA as one of mandatory policy instruments to assist in future

decision making.

Key words: Palm oil production, sustainability, Life Cycle Assessment and policy instruments

mailto:[email protected]*


11

ENVIRONMENTAL

SUSTAINABILITY

Parallel Session 2


12

INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND THE RISK OF LOWER

RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION AMONG YOUNG CHILDREN

IN A MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE.

4Hyunook Kim ,3 , Ashraf Eljedi3, Mohammad Khaled1,2Al Madhoun*Wesam A. 2Ros Che ,Faizah 5Stevens Pomeroy ,Amanda

1Civil Engineering Depertment, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, 32610 Seri Iskandar,

Perak Darul Ridzuan, MALAYSIA 2Department of Environmental Engineering & Green Technology, Malaysia-Japan International

Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, 54100 Kuala Lumpur,

MALAYSIA

*[email protected] 3Earth and Environment Science Department, The Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza, PALESTINE

4Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, Korea 5JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc., USA

ABSTRACT

A cross-sectional descriptive study was performed to investigate the indoor air quality (IAQ)

exposure of children under 6 years with lower respiratory tract infection in Gaza, Palestine.

The study population included 83 children out of 90 cases who were diagnosed with lower

respiratory tract infection and were admitted to Al Aqsa hospital. A modified questionnaire

of the American Thoracic Society (1978) was computed by guardians, and a study technician

measured relative humidity, temperature, CO2 and CO in a home visit. Air quality

measurements were carried out at each dwelling for a minimum of a half-hour in the morning

while the windows of the dwelling were closed. Mean relative humidity was 69.3% which

exceeded the standard of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-

Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). The mean temperature of 20.1oC and carbon monoxide

level of 3.51 ppm complied with the ASHREA standards Questionnaire results revealed that

60.2% of the children lived in households with 5-10 family members, and 22.9% lived in

households of more than 10 residents. These households had many risks for lower

respiratory tract infections including 50.6% with smokers present, 68.7% with mold or fungi,

39.8% located by the roadside, and 24.1% used wood stove in winter for heating.

Key words: Humidity, Indoor Air, Lower Respiratory Tract Infection, Temperature.



13

HABITAT SUITABILITY INDEX FOR MELALEUCA CAJUPUTI

IN SETIU, TERENGGANU

N. Zafirah Ab.lah*1, Zulkifli Yusop2 and Mazlan Hashim3

1, 2 Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA) , Universiti Teknologi

Malaysia, Johor Bahru, MALAYSIA

*[email protected], [email protected] 3 RISE, Johor Bahru, MALAYSIA

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

The Melaleuca cajuputi species (known in Malaysia as Gelam) is well known globally of its

significant in supporting local economy and its role in coastal environment which been

highlighted in many previous papers. In Terengganu, Setiu has the largest Gelam forest in

Peninsular Malaysia and there has been reported the Gelam forest being degraded due to

anthropogenic activities and unmonitored. This species has been described as highly resilient

and can grows in various environment conditions, thus understanding the relationship

between landscape, climate properties and M. cajuputi locations is limited. This paper

presents the Gelam species distribution in Setiu, the species habitat suitability response to

the environmental variables. This species distribution map could help in forest management

and coastal management to produce the species distribution map with better accuracy.

Key words: Melaleuca cajuputi, Species Distribution Model, Habitat Suitability.




14

IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF TRAFFIC EMISSIONS ON THE

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF NON-SMOKING TRAFFIC

POLICEMEN IN PALESTINE

Wesam Al Madhoun*1,2, Emad Salem3, Ashraf Eljedi3, Hamza Ahmad Isiyaka4,

Faizah Che Ros2

1*Civil Engineering DepartmentUniversiti Teknologi Petronas, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul

Ridzuan, MALAYSIA

*[email protected]

2Department of Environmental Engineering & Green Technology, Malaysia-Japan International


MALAYSIA 3Earth and Environment Science Department, The Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza, PALESTINE

4Department of Geography, Faculty of Earth and Environment Sciences, Kano University of

Science and Technology, Wudil, NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of prolonged exposure of non-smoking

traffic police men to vehicular emission within the northern Gaza Governorate-Palestine.

Samples of atmospheric pollutants such as PM10, CO and CO2 were collected alongside

respiratory data involving lung function, chest and respiratory status and direct physical

examination. This was done in order to understand the level of association between

respiratory status such as effect on breathing, upper respiratory tract irritation, frequent

cough and eye irritation. Chi-square statistical techniques and descriptive statistics were

applied in the datasets. The result shows that there is a strong association between air

pollution and respiratory disease with a p-value 0.027 at significance of alfa 0.05. The

statistical result shows that about 20 non-smoking traffic policemen have upper respiratory

tract infection, 15 with frequent cough symptom, 6 with shortness of breathing and 25 with

eye irritation. This study is an indication that vehicular emission within the study area is a

primary source of pollution that possesses a risk in exposing non-smoking policemen to

series of respiratory diseases. Government agencies and other stakeholders should provide

preventive measures in either reducing the number, concentration and sizes of pollutants

emitted or provide protective measures to reduce the level of exposure of traffic policemen

and other habitants.

Key words: Chi-square, Non-smoking Policemen, Respiratory Tract Infection, Traffic Emissions.



15

STRATEGY OF IRRIGATION SECURITY FOR AGRICULTURAL

LAND SUSTAINABILITY

Hanipah1, Hayati S. Hasibuan*2 and Rudy P. Tambunan3

1,2 School of Environmental Science, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, INDONESIA

[email protected], *[email protected] 3 Department of Geography, University of Indonesia, Depok, INDONESIA

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

In Karawang, the urbanization and industrialization took place on productive agricultural

lands. Besides converting the agricultural lands, the industrial activities also cut water

supply for agricultural irrigation. This is due to the same water source usage and lack of

control on the usage and retrieval of water. The purpose of this article is to determine

the status of irrigation water security and find out the strategy for sustaining water supply

for agricultural irrigation. The study area is in Telukjambe Barat, Karawang Regency,

an area that was once known as a rice barn. The method of this research use spatial

analysis, and correlation analysis. Data obtained including land use maps and irrigation

channel distribution. It was found that the high pressure of water use for industrial

commercial activities made water supply irrigation debits smaller. The strategy of

increasing irrigation discharge for agriculture from the main water source is by calculating

the optimization irrigation discharge.

Key words: landuse change, irrigation security, wetland irrigation, water usage




16

A REVIEW OF REGIONALIZATION METHODS FOR UNGAUGED

WATERSHED IN SWAT MODEL

Ainul Syarmimi Rosli*1, Azmi Aris 1,2, Salmiati1,2 and Mohd Ridza Mohd

Haniffah1

1 School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310,

UTM Johor Bahru, MALAYSIA 2Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Universiti Teknologi

Malaysia, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, MALAYSIA

*[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

There are various ongoing researches on topics related to ungauged watershed to overcome

challenging issues in hydrology and water quality modelling. One of the approaches in

making estimates at ungauged watersheds is regionalization. Regionalization is a process of

transferring hydrological responses data from gauged (donor) to ungauged (receiver) or

poorly gauged watersheds to compute several hydrological processes taking place within the

ungauged watersheds. In this paper, we provide an overview of regionalization approaches

(i.e. spatial proximity, physical similarity methods, regression methods, and ratio method)

that have been developed and practised in simulating model parameters in ungauged

watersheds. This includes the discussion of different regionalization approaches and

identifies the best performance in regionalization approaches to transfer the model

parameters. The reliability of regionalization approaches are different in different areas due

to the effect of regional climate, the scale of the watershed, watershed attribute, and human

intervention. The catchment attributes that are usually used in regionalization studies are

meteorological information and physiographic attribute. Finally, we highlight the best

performance for each regionalization approaches to predict ungauged watershed in various

regions that depend on the variability of regional climate and physical attributes.

Keywords: SWAT model, ungauged watershed, Regionalization Methods




17

ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL WATER QUALITY IN

THE ENVIRONMENT: CURRENT STATE, UNDERSTUDIED AREA

AND THE WAY FORWARD: CASE STUDY OF THE LOWER

JOHOR STRAITS, MALAYSIA

Y.Q. Liang1, K.V. Annammala1,2*, P.Martin3, E.L. Yong1, L.S. Mazilamani1,

M.Z.M. Najib1

1, Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, 2, Centre of Environmental Sustainability & Water Security (IPASA)

3Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University

*[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Fresh water is regarded as a limited resource and surface fresh water resource management

and protection are very crucial. Different anthropogenic activities are carried out along the

Johor River due to urban population expansion, consequently bringing potential risk to fresh

water quality. The aim of this study is to quantify the physical-chemical water quality and

heavy metal concentration at 11 sampling sites along the Johor River. Nine water quality

parameters were determined and 10 selected heavy metals were determined by Inductively

Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The findings revealed that TSS

concentration and pH of the water samples satisfied Class II outlined in the National Water

Quality Standards for Malaysia (NWQSM). However, the range of certain elements such as

Fe (1.75 ppm to 6.90 ppm), Cu (0.06 ppm to 1.34 ppm) and As (0.01 ppm to 0.29 ppm) were

found to exceed the Class II standard at all stations. The strong relationships between TSS,

As and Cu concentrations that were found may be due to Cu and As carried along by

suspended sediment from the anthropogenic sources into this catchment. The results indicate

that the river water quality is very sensitive to the local landuse and practices.

Key words: Water Quality, Heavy Metal, Water Quality Index



18

RESOURCE

SECURITY

Parallel Session 3


19

STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR MANAGING SUSTAINABILITY

INTO THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY SECTOR IN

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

PHD Student-Architect / Ayman Ahmed Hassan*1, MBA, B.Sc. A.

1 Azman Hashim International Business School, UTM, Johor Bahru, MALAYSIA

*[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Sustainability/Sustainable Development is continuous ongoing set of processes targeting to

achieve best use of current resources and sustain them without affecting the chance of future

generations. Sustainable Development based on three pillars, Economic Development,

Social Development and Environmental Protection. Construction Industry is one of

complicated industries; its internal/external processes are interacting with the three pillars

in different aspects and levels, it has important role in economy of Developed/Developing

Countries, and is one of largest consumers of energy, material resources, water consumption,

and considered one of main sources of pollution. The 2030 agenda declared/published by

UN in Sept. 2015 is a plan of action for people; planet and prosperity, where all Countries

signed the agenda will work to shift World onto a sustainable resilient path by 2030. The

purpose of the paper is to highlight the importance of having framework for managing

sustainability into Construction Industry in Developing Countries, and to provide knowledge

on the proposed framework elements/variables. The paper depended on quantitative data

collection method, based on information gathered in earlier stage. The results of the paper

can be summarized in the knowledge provided for the frame work elements/variables, and

how they are interacting together. The conclusion reveals the importance and benefits of

having sustainable construction industry, managed by a certain frame work to ensure

sustainability processes are applied.

Keywords: Sustainability, Construction Industry, Developing Countries.


20

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL

NETWORK BASED BASELINE ENERGY MODEL TO QUANTIFY

ENERGY SAVINGS OF CHILLER SYSTEM IN COMMERCIAL

BUILDING

Wan Nazirah Wan Md Adnan*1, Nofri Yenita Dahlan2 and Ismail Musirin3

1 Faculty of Engineering and Life Sciences, Universiti Selangor, Selangor, MALAYSIA

*[email protected] 2, 3 Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor,

MALAYSIA

[email protected] [email protected]

ABSTRACT

This paper proposes an accurate baseline energy model of a chiller system for the

Measurement and Verification (M&V) activity. The baseline energy has been modelled

using linear regression (LR) in finding the correlation between input and output variables.

Linear regression model is less suitable for non-linear characteristics systems. Therefore, a

more accurate M&V baseline energy model was proposed using the Artificial Neural

Network (ANN). Three optimization techniques, Evolutionary Programming (EP), Particle

Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) are hybridized with ANN in

optimizing the training process and selecting the optimal values of ANN initial weights and

biases. The coefficient of correlation (R) was used as an objective function to minimize the

training error. Three inputs that were affecting the energy consumption of a chiller system

are selected; which were operating time, refrigerant tonnage and differential temperature.

Meanwhile, the output was energy consumption of the building’s chiller system. These three

Hybrid ANN (HANN) techniques were then compared with ANN and LR. The results

revealed that Artificial Bee Colony Hybrid with ANN (ABCHANN) offered better accuracy.

This ABCHANN was further used to quantify the chiller system retrofitting energy saving.

The avoided energy obtained from ABCHANN model was 165,478.46 kWh.

Key words: Artificial Neural Network, Measurement and Verification, Evolutionary Programming,

Particle Swarm Optimization, Artificial Bee Colony.

mailto:@unisel.edu.my



21

HEDONIC PRICE REGRESSION FOR STRATIFIED GREEN

RESIDENTIAL BUILDING IN JOHOR BAHRU

Nur Amira Aina Zulkifli1, Shazmin Shareena Ab. Azis*2, Nurul Hana Adi

Maimun3, Muhammad Najib Razali4, Ibrahim Sipan5 and Roshelmy Md Shariff6

1,2,3,4,6Real Estate, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,

81200 Skudai, Johor, MALAYSIA 5,4Center for Real Estate Studies (CRES), Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti

Teknologi Malaysia, 81200 Skudai, Johor, MALAYSIA

[email protected], *[email protected], [email protected], [email protected];

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Green building is designed for the purpose of saving energy and resources, and eventually

minimize the emission of toxic substances of a building and also to improve the quality of

human life whilst maintain the capacity of the ecosystem. Green building coveys tremendous

economic, environment and social benefits. From economical aspect, studies have proved

green residential value are higher than non-green residential value. However, studies that

were conducted in Malaysia mainly relies on perception data to identify the individual effect

of green attributes on green building value. Therefore, this study aims to statistically

measure the effect of each green attribute on green residential value using empirical data.

This study is conducted on few selected stratified green residential buildings in Johor Bahru.

This study adopted hedonic price regression analysis. The finding shows the value of

stratified green residential building is 24% higher than stratified non-green residential

building. The study has empirically proved the integration of green roof and green wall

provide positive value increment at 13% and 43% respectively. This study is significant for

Malaysia valuation industry as it provide information and monetary evidence in valuing the

worth of green building.

Key words: green building, hedonic pricing, green components, value






22

RAINWATER HARVESTING DYNAMIC FINANCIAL MODEL FOR

RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES

Muhammad Najib Razali1, Shazmin Shahreena Ab Azis1, Nurul Hana Adi

Maimun1, Zulkifli Yusop1

1 Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor

MALAYSIA

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT

This study attempts to develop a dynamic financial model for rainwater harvesting by taking

into account economic factors. Rainwater harvesting is considered to be an efficient

alternative to the freshwater supply for sustainable growth. This is due to the high demand

of water contributed by many factors such as high population, climate change, natural

disasters and pollution. Therefore the demand for alternative water resources in order to

meet the current and future demand is highly necessary. Based on the case study in

Pengerang Malaysia, the financial aspects of rainwater harvesting has been examined to

highlight the dynamic financial model. This is important as it highly correlates with system

operations and maintenance as well as return on investment (ROI). The methodology is

based on the attributes that need to be identified from the water asset economy aspect. Data

related to construction costs of the asset is based on the per cost item. The findings of this

study will inform stakeholders in terms of the decision making process to ensure that

sustainably goals are able to be achieved from the financial point of view.

Key words: Dynamic, Financial, Malaysia, Rainwater, Harvesting, Pengerang





23

CONCRETE CLOTH DEVELOPMENT FOR CANAL LININGS

Mariam Imran1, Marium Ikhlas2, Ayesha Imam3 and Fizza Batool4

1-4 Textile Engineering Department, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi,

PAKISTAN

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Pakistan is an agricultural country and facing shortage of water. Reserving water using canal

system for agricultural purpose is inefficient as most of it is absorbed by soil. The installation

of concrete cloth as canal linings can be a solution to this problem. A concrete cloth is a

three-dimensional fiber matrix having dry concrete mixture with PVC backing on one side

preventing water absorption from its surface. On the other side, hydrophilic fibers helps in

hydration of cloth by drawing water into the mixture when water is sprayed on it. Analyzing

commercially available concrete cloth, it was found that the actual warp knitted spacer fabric

is made on doublé needle bar Raschel machine but that was unavailable. This primary raw

material was found in local car seat covers and was also imported for concrete cloth sample

development. Since the development phase was based on hit and trial method, different

concrete mixtures in different ratios were used to attain durability and hardness in 24 hours

as desired. The developed samples were evaluated for strength and bending properties by

carrying different testing methods. The values found concluded that the development

process of concrete cloth locally would be feasible for the country.

Key words: Concrete cloth, canal lining, spacer fabric, concrete, warp knitted





24

GREEN BIOSYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING

MUNTINGIA CALABURA LEAF AND ITS EFFECTIVENESS

AGAINST PATHOGENIC BACTERIA

Mohd Azlan Ahmad1 and Salmiati1,2*


Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA 2Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Research Institute for

Sustainable Environment (RISE), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor,

MALAYSIA

*[email protected]

ABSTRACT

A green and simple method in biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles via phytochemicals in

plants extract has been proven to be potential as the new alternative to replace the

conventional physical and chemical methods. The most interesting metal nanoparticles that

were synthesised via reported phytochemicals are Au, Cu and Ag for various applications

such as electronic devices, medical and cosmetics. In this work, the tropical Muntingia

calabura leaf extract obtained by boiling at 60 °C for 30 min was used in biosynthesis of Ag

nanoparticles. The AgNPs formation and development was monitored using UV-Vis

spectrophotometer. The maximum surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for AgNPs was

detected at 425-430 nm. Characterisation of AgNPs size and shape were observed by TEM,

while the elemental analysis was conducted using XRD. The microbial inhibition test on

E.coli and Bacillus subtilis showed that the muntingia leaf-mediated AgNPs has positively

inhibited the growth of these bacteria, indicated by the formation of halo zone around the

AgNPs paper disc. The average inhibition zone for E.coli is 10.3±0.5 mm and for Bacillus

subtilis at 9.5±0.6 mm. Microscopic results showed that the synthesised AgNPs has

spherical form with average size of 22–37 nm. Hence, the synthesised AgNPs can potentially

be applied for water treatment and medicinal purposes.

Key words: Green, Biosynthesis, Silver nanoparticles, Plant extract


25

NOT IN MY BACKYARD! A HEDONIC ANALYSIS ON HEAVY

INDUSTRIAL SITE PROXIMITY IMPACTS ON MALAYSIAN

HOUSE PRICES

Nuratikah Karunzaman1, Nurul Hana Adi Maimun*2, Shazmin Shareena Ab. Azis3,

Muhammad Najib Razali4, Azizah Ismail5, Zakri Tarmidi6 and Sufi Pisol7

1, 3, 4, 5Department of Real Estate, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti

Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, MALAYSIA

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2Centre for Real Estate Studies, Institute for Smart Infrastructure and Innovative Construction,

Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru,

MALAYSIA

[email protected] 6Department of Geoinformation, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti

Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, MALAYSIA

[email protected] 7MAP2U Sdn. Bhd., PT 9951, Jalan BBN 1/3k, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan,

MALAYSIA

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Environmental pollution, obstruction of view and traffic congestion caused by heavy

industrial sites adversely impact on the health and well-being of humans. Thus, heavy

industry areas are less desirable for occupation and investment and reflected in house price

discounts. Despite the growing body of literature examining heavy industry area impact on

house prices, the scarcity of Malaysian based studies raises question of whether heavy

industry area have impact on house prices and if so, what is the magnitude of impact? To

address the research gap, this research aims to investigate the impact of heavy industry area

on house prices in Pasir Gudang, one of highly polluted areas in Johor, using Multiple

Regression Analysis model (MRA). A regression performed on 999 house observations

demonstrate the evidence of distance decay impact of heavy industry area. The price impact

established in this study is beneficial for valuation and investment related decisions and

extends the body of knowledge on the impact of heavy industry area on Malaysian house

prices. Future studies may continue the research debate by examining other property market

sectors, considering multiple heavy industry areas and using a more accurate measure of

distance.

Key words: Industrial Site, Multiple Regression Analysis, Valuation, House Price


26

RESOURCE

SECURITY

Parallel Session 4


27

ULTRAFINE PALM OIL FUEL ASH AS STABILIZER IN

COMPRESSED EARTH BRICK

Yvonne W. T.*1, Abdul K. M.2 and Hidayati A.3

1,2,3 Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, MALAYSIA

*[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Compressed Earth Bricks (CEB) are made of clay soil, sand and water. In order to stabilize

the soil mix, a stabilizer such as cement is added into the mixture to enhance the strength

and durability properties of CEB. However, cement contributes to environmental pollution

due to the fact that the production of cement releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Hence, many studies have been carried out to replace cement in the construction industry

with waste material. Palm oil fuel ash (POFA) is a waste material produced by palm oil mills

and has been popularly used in studies as a pozzolanic material for a sustainable construction

material. Nevertheless, the fineness of POFA affects its pozzolanic properties. Studies have

proved that the high fineness of POFA improved its pozzolanic properties. This paper is a

study on the potential use of Ultrafine POFA as waste material in the production of CEB. It

is used as a partial replacement for cement to produce a sustainable CEB. The effects of

Ultrafine POFA (UfPOFA) on the strength activity index and compressive strength of CEB

showed positive results where the incorporation of 10-30% of UfPOFA can be effectively

used as OPC replacement. It is anticipated that UfPOFA could be used as eco-friendly

stabilizers.

Key words: Ultrafine Palm Oil Fuel Ash, Compressed Earth Brick, Pozzolanic Material, Soil

Stabilizers


28

CHARACTERIZATION OF ECO-PROCESSED POZZOLAN AS

POZZOLANIC MATERIAL

Raihana Farahiyah Abd Rahman*1, Hidayati Asrah2, Ahmad Nurfaidhi

Rizalman3 and Abdul Karim Mirasa4

1,2,3,4 Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, MALAYSIA

*[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Waste products with pozzolanic properties have been widely used as cement replacement

materials. Eco-processed pozzolan (EPP) which is the product of extraction of spent

bleaching earth (SBE) from palm oil refineries has also been used as a cement replacement

material recently. The residual waste from a palm oil refinery can be used in the construction

industry instead of sending them to landfills which causes more environmental degradation.

This study intends to determine the physical, chemical and microstructural properties and

strength activity index of EPP. The chemical and microstructural properties of EPP were

analysed by means of x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM),

respectively. Mortars with 20% of EPP as cement replacement were prepared. The

pozzolanic reactivity of EPP was evaluated by conducting the strength activity index test.

The main component in the chemical composition of EPP is SiO2 and the total amount of

SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 is 68.98%, which is more than 50% as specified in ASTM C618.

The micrograph image from SEM of EPP showed some irregularly shaped, some relatively

spherical and agglomeration of its particles. The compressive strength of mortar containing

20% of EPP as cement replacement was higher than the control specimen at 7 and 28 days.

The strength activity indices of EPP at 7 and 28 days were 114.4% and 104.2% respectively.

Key words: Eco-processed Pozzolan, Pozzolanic Material, Cement Replacement




29

CARBONIZATION OF EXCESS SEWAGE SLUDGE BY USING

SUPER-HEATED WATER VAPOR TO MAKE FUEL

N.A. Haridan1, H. Yoshida2, M.A.M. Salleh1, S. Izhar*1

1 Dept. Chem. & Environ. Engg, Fac. of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, MALAYSIA

2 Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, JAPAN

*[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Excess sewage sludge was converted to carbonized material using superheated water

vapor for use as fuel. The superheated water vapor carbonized the sewage sludge using

a bench-scale rotary kiln setup at temperatures between 200°C to 500°C and reaction

time of 60 min. The treatment temperature was lower and more rapid than that using N2,

CO2, and air. The yield of carbonization decreased when the temperature of

carbonization increased. SEM images revealed that the macroscopic structure of

carbonized materials strongly depended on the original compositions. The CHNS

elemental analyzer and bomb calorimeter were used to measure the heating value of the

carbonized products. The heating value of the carbonized material was higher after

carbonization. Thus, this study has shown that instead of landfill, excess sewage sludge

can be utilized using superheated water vapor for conversion to fuel.

Keywords: Excess sewage sludge, Superheated water vapor, Carbonization, Fuel

mailto:shamizhar@


30

DEFINING THE BIOGAS GENERATION POTENTIAL AND THE

KINETICS OF BIOGAS GENERATION FOR HOUSE- HOLD

GENERATED RICE COOKING WASTEWATER

S M Shabab Islam, Umme Farah Shakin Neha and Nadim Reza Khandaker*

Department of Civil Engineering, North South University

*[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Rice is the staple of all families of South Asia and South East Asia. It is cooked at least twice

daily in most households. The process of cooking rice involves boiling the rice in water

which leaves a byproduct of decanted liquid. The research showed that the wastewater

generated from cooked rice (Bhaather Maar) could be used to generate biogas with a biogas

generation potential of 190 ± 46 mL/g BOD5 (5.38 ± 0.75 L of biogas/per L of Maar) with

the methane content of 78 %. First order reaction defines the kinetics of biogas production

with the intent of fitting between modelled and observed data (r2) of 0.961. The first order

kinetics constant “k” was determined to be 0.2 d-1. We further determined that a family of

four produces 1.0 L of starch rich wastewater per day that has the potential to produce 5.38

L of biogas with 78 % methane content. This clearly shows the potential for the use of starch

rich wastewater (Bather Maar) in an urban setting to augment the energy needs for cooking.

Key words: Biogas generation potential, cooked rice decant wastewater, kinetics



31

A CRITICAL REVIEW ON THE CURRENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR

RECOVERY OF PRECIOUS METALS FROM INDUSTRIAL

WASTES

Santhana Krishnan1, Nor Syahidah Zulkapli1*, Ooi Theam Yiew1,2, Mohd Fadhil Md

Din1*, Zaiton Abd Majid1,2, Iwao Kenzo3, Yo Ichikawa3, Shreeshivadasan

Chelliapan4, Hesam Kamyab4

1Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security, UTM Sustainability Campus,

Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi

Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, MALAYSIA

[email protected], *[email protected], [email protected], *[email protected] 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru,

Johor, MALAYSIA

[email protected] 3Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya City, 466-8555 JAPAN

[email protected], [email protected] 4Engineering Department, Razak Faculty of Technology & Informatics, Universiti Teknologi

Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA


ABSTRACT

Challenges of sustainable development, particularly ‘living within limited infinity’ and

‘scarcity of natural resources’ have urged scientific community to develop innovative

processes that integrate into complex technology and reduce ecological disturbances.

Massive amount of industrial wastes being generated annually and majorly being treated via

landfills and incineration which eventually leads to environmental challenges. As a result,

the treatment methods for industrial waste such as reuse, remanufacturing and recycling

have received much attention. The present studies provide a state of art review on the current

technologies existing for the recovery of precious metals from industrial wastes. Various

different metal recovery processes including physical, pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy,

electrometallurgy and biometallurgy are discussed. The current challenges of

pyrometallurgy, modification on the hydrometallurgy, introduction to electrometallurgy and

development of advanced technology of bioprocessing were emphasized. Compared to

pyrometallurgical methods, hydrometallurgical methods are becoming a well-established

and efficient method for recovering metals from raw materials. Although there have been

many proposed or currently applied recovery processes, majority of them are effective only

in recovering certain metals from the industrial wastes. Extensive studies mainly on the

metal recovery from wastewater badsorption, cementation, chemical precipitation, ion

exchange, membrane filtration and ion flotation were briefly discussed.

Keywords: Metal recovery, industrial wastes, metallurgical process











32

BRIQUETTING OF MILLET STALK AND SHEANUT SHELL AS A

TOOL FOR AGRO-WASTE MANAGEMENT.

Yanah YM1* , Elinge C.M2 and Ogunleye A.O.3

1Department of Biochemistry, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Kebbi

State NIGERIA

[email protected]


Aliero, Kebbi State NIGERIA

[email protected] 3Department of Chemistry, Federal College of Education (Technical) Bichi, Kano State, NIGERIA

[email protected]

*[email protected]

ABSTRACT

In an effort to provide a cheap and available alternative to firewood in rural household, and

to reduce agricultural residues, this study was carried out to produce bio-briquettes from

sheanut shell and millet stalk using a simple extruder briquetting machine. Different samples

of briquettes were produced by blending varying ratios of the wastes in the ratio of 100:0;

80:20; 70:30; 60:40; 50:50 using cassava starch as binder. The result of the proximate

analyses showed that sheanut shell briquettes had a moisture content of 2.50% and millet

stalk 3.50%; ash content of 2.50% and 4.50%; volatile matter of 16.0% and 11.0% while

fixed carbon content of 79.0% and 81.50% respectively. The viability test results showed

that sheanut shell briquettes had a higher density 0.60g/cm3 and compressive strength of

2600Mpa than the millet stalk briquette with 0.31g/cm3 and 880MPa respectively. It took

the sheanut shell briquettes 20mins to boil 2 litres of water with calorific value of 7.50ms/kg

while it took the millet stalk briquettes 22mins to boil same quantity of water with calorific

value of 6.88mj/kg.An efficient fuel has been produced and land pollution nuisance

minimized.

Keywords: Briquettes, Biomass, Sheanut Shell, Millet Stalk, Firewood.



33

ENVIRONMENTAL

SUSTAINABILITY

Parallel Session 5


34

CARBON STORAGE OF HYBRID ACACIA PLANTATIONS IN THE

SOUTHERN OF VIETNAM

Tran Thi Ngoan1 and Nguyen Tan Chung2

1Vietnam National University of Forestry at Dong Nai province, VIET NAM

[email protected], 2Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Nong Lam University Ho Chi Minh City

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Acacia hybrid plantations are popularly grown in the Southeast region of Vietnam. In addition

to their economic value, Acacia hybrid plantations are highly capacity to absorb carbon source

in the air. This research aimed to estimate ability of carbon accumulation in the above-ground

biomass of plantations in order to propose scientific basis for forest management and

calculation of payment for forest environmental services. The above-ground biomass of

plantations was determined by basing on an average tree method that was collected from 162

sample plants of Acacia hybrid plantations from 2 to 10 years old. The density of Acacia hybrid

plantations was determined from 81 sample plots with their sizes of 1,000 m2. The above-

ground biomass of plantations was determined by combining the density function and the

biomass function at the average tree level. Appropriate biomass functions were tested by 5

different functions of Korf, exponent, Korsun - Strand, Drakin - Vuevski, and Gompertz.

Carbon storage in above-ground biomass was calculated according to IPCC (2006). Research

results have shown that the above-ground carbon stock for Acacia hybrid plantations at ages of

2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 is 6.1; 26.0; 57.7; 89.3 and 113.6 tons / ha, respectively.

Key words: Acacia hybrid plantation, Above-ground biomass, Carbon storage.



35

ABOVE-GROUND BIOMASS AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION

VALUE OF RHIZOPHORA APICULTA BLUME AT

CA MAU, VIET NAM

Nguyen Thi Ha1, Vien Ngoc Nam2, Tran Quang Bao3, Van Nu Thai Thien4 and

Nguyen Thi Hoa5

1,4,5Vietnam National University of Forestry - Southern Campus, Dong Nai Province, VIET NAM

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 3Vietnam National University of Forestry, Ha Noi Capital, VIET NAM

[email protected] 2Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, VIET NAM

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

The author conducted the research on determining the above-ground biomass and carbon

sequestration value of Rhizophora apiculata Blume forest due to different diameter and age

groups at Ca Mau province. Set up 56 sample plots in the field, in each sample plot set up 5

sub-plots with area 10 x10 m and cut down 63 trees in different diameter and age groups for

measuring the fresh biomass. The analysis of dry biomass and carbon content was conducted

by oven method at 1050C and TOC/TN HT 1300 machine respectively. The results show the

average of above ground biomass and accumulated carbon of individual and forest due to

different age and diameter classes differed significantly. The above-ground biomass and

carbon sequestration ratio of the population as well as the major of mangroves are within

the trunk. The total above-ground biomass and carbon stocks have a strong variation

between different diameter and age class, total above-ground biomass and Carbon

accumulation population increases with diameter and age groups. Total dry biomass of the

population was 237 tons/ha, ranging from 92.1 to 351.8 tons/ha. The amount of carbon

concentration of forest reached 117.4 ton/ha. The amount of CO2 absorption reach the

highest point at 692.4 ton CO2/ha, which was achieved with a mean diameter of 11.7 cm, a

density of 2,580 trees/ha. The value of accumulated carbon depends on the growth of the

forest.

Key words: Above-ground biomass, Carbon, Rhizophora forest, Accumulation, Ca Mau province





36

A NOVEL APPROACH FOR MEASURING URBAN FORM

SUSTAINABILITY: A STUDY OF KANO TRADITIONAL CITY,

NIGERIA

Abubakar Siddiq Usman1*, Dr. Wan Mohd Zakri Bin Wan Abdullah2

1 Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying,

University Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA

*[email protected] 2 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, University Teknologi

Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

The rapid rate of urban growth and its impact on the urban built environment although a

global phenomenon is unprecedented in developing countries of the world especially

Nigeria. Sustainable urban form is commonly adopted as a panacea for promoting urban

sustainability. Yet, what constitutes the most sustainable urban form remains unresolved.

This is in part due to the application of different methods, models, and assessment tools for

sustainable urban form measurement. It has been advocated, however, that appropriate

policies and strategies for sustainable urban development depends on an accurate assessment

of sustainable urban form. This study is an attempt to fill that gap. It is a mixed-method

approach that utilizes structural equation modelling (SEM) as the main analytical tool. Three

endogenous lifestyle variables of economic, social and environmental sustainability, and 17

exogenous variable – urban form components make up the SEM assessment model. A case

study of Kano traditional city in Nigeria demonstrates the validity of the assessment model.

The study posits that the model could be effective in promoting sustainable urban

development through urban form by recognizing the importance of sustainable lifestyle

variables and as planning tools. It, therefore, calls for the adoption of lifestyle variables in

sustainable urban design and planning paradigm.

Key words: Sustainable urban form, Structural equation modelling, Lifestyle, Nigeria.




37

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT AWARENESS AMONG

STUDENTS IN HIGHER EDUCATION

Florianna L. Michael*, Helmi Sumilan, Nur Fatihah A. Bandar, Hana Hamidi,

Sheilla L. O. Lim, Siti M. Abdullah, Abg Izhar A. Ahmad, Victoria Jonathan and Nik

Norsyamimi M. Nor

Faculty of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development, Kota Samarahan, MALAYSIA

*[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

As higher education is given a primary role as knowledge producer, it serves as a powerful

means to help create a more sustainable future which involves educating students on the

necessity of sustainable development. The purpose of this case study was to survey the

students’ awareness, attitudes and actions in regard to sustainable development. The study

was conducted in one of the public universities in Malaysia located in Kota Samarahan.

Questionnaire used was developed based on learning objectives provided by UNESCO. A

total of 79.2% (N=507) of students from the same programme participated in the study.

Results indicated that 40.7% (N=239) students have insufficient knowledge on sustainable

development. Using ANOVA test, it was found that there are significant differences between

students’ year of study and their sustainability awareness, attitudes, and actions. Further

findings revealed that the final year students have the highest level of sustainability

awareness (M=3.918, SD=.517), attitudes (M=4.349, SD=.514) and actions (M=4.365,

SD=.538) as compared to Year 1 and 2. Improvising the current higher education curriculum

is required to effectively equip the students with the knowledge and understanding, skills

and attributes in embedding sustainability into their daily activities.

Key words: Sustainable development, Awareness, Higher Education










38

A STRUCTURAL EQUATIONS MODELLING APPROACH TO

MEASURING URBAN FORM SUSTAINABILITY: CONCEPTUAL

FOUNDATIONS AND METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK

Abubakar Siddiq Usman*1; Dr. Wan Mohd Zakri Bin Wan Abdullah2

1, 2 Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying,

University Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA

*[email protected]/[email protected] 2, 3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, University Teknologi

Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Two-thirds of the world’s population is expected to be urban by 2030. Virtually all this

growth is expected to be accommodated in the developing world. Urban development

stakeholders need to come up with sustainable ways to accommodate this growth. However,

much discourse on sustainable urban form measurement centres on cities of the developed

world, with little or no consideration to the developing world with its distinct urban form (in

terms of history, tradition and identity). There is the need for a sustainable urban form

measurement framework that evaluates urban form sustainability, taking cognizance of its

peculiarity and residents. This research is an attempt in that direction. It is a desk research

that seeks to contribute to the pertinent discourse on sustainable urban form. The paper posits

that effective understanding of urban form and its relationship with urban sustainability

could minimize the impacts of urbanization by providing the basis for sustainable urban

development. It suggests that an acceptable and more responsive sustainable urban form

assessment is desirable in promoting urban sustainability. Conclusions are drawn on the

robustness of the framework, with areas requiring further development highlighted.

Key words: Sustainability, Structural equation modelling, Urban form, Methodological framework.


39

ENVIRONMENTAL

SUSTAINABILITY

Parallel Session 6


40

EXAMINATION OF MALAYSIAN RIVER WATER QUALITY

INDEX BY SOME SELECTED PHYSICO-CHEMICAL

PARAMETERS

Suzanna Rosli Wong1,2, Brittny Chars1,2, Pak Yan Moh1,2*

1 Water Research Unit, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan

UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, MALAYSIA 2 Industrial Chemistry Programme, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia

Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, MALAYSIA

*[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Malaysian Water Quality Index (WQI) is based on National Water Quality Standards

(NWQS) developed by the Department of Environment since 1982. Sensitivity of the WQI

however, is doubtful. Several limitation has been revealed mainly related to the

inconsistency of the weightage used between the six WQI parameters and the suitability of

the selected parameters which are highly correlated to each other. The results in this study

revealed that current WQI is irrelevant as the provided river-water classes does not reflects

with the physical observation. Laboratory scale analysis data further proved that parameters

such as COD, BOD and TSS are correlated, which account 73% of the total weightage in

the Malaysian WQI. pH and NH3-N indeed, are correlated as well. Therefore, a formulation

with non-significantly related physico-chemical parameters should be proposed to avoid bias

in the WQI determination. Based on the statistical analysis data, NH3-N, colour, EC and

PO43--P are independent and could be used as determining parameters in the assessment of

river water quality inconsideration to the easiness, time consume and cost of analysis. A

more relevant water quality output was obtained when the four parameters were applied in

the most stringent formulation, Canadian Water Quality Index (CWQI). This study implies

that elimination of the correlated parameters in WQI calculation can precisely determine the

river water quality status and significantly reflects the physical appearance of the river.

Key words: Water Quality Index; River; Physico-chemical parameters; Correlation.


41

ENHANCEMENT THE BIODEGRADATION

OF BENZENE BY Pseudomonas aeruginosa THROUGH

ULTRAVIOLET-INDUCED MUTATION

Fahruddin Fahruddin

Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University,

Makassar, INDONESIA

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Mutagenesis can increase the capacity of bacterial metabolism to degrade pollutants. Two

bacteria mutan strains (ISM1) obtained from the UV mutagenesis of Pseudomonas

aeruginosa (ISP) is a parental bacteria isolate. Mutants strain isolate were applied to a

groundwater microcosm containing a benzene of 125 ppm. For were incubation is carry out

an observation includes: analysis of benzene, CO2, and bacterial population. The result

shows that benzene degradation to of 11.82 ppm of 87.8 percent for the ISM1 mutant strain

whereas in the presence of parental bacteria a benzene of 38.8 ppm of 60 percent at the initial

concentration of 125 ppm in 120 h. Degradation of benzene has followed the increase of the

bacterial population and increase of CO2 produced.

Keywords: biodegradation, benzene, parental, mutant


42

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF GREEN DIESEL PRODUCTION

Che Hafizan*1, Zainura Zainon Noor2, Norelyza Hussein3

1, 2, Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Universiti Teknologi

Malaysia, Skudai, 80990 Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA

*[email protected], [email protected] 3 School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, 80990 Johor Bahru, Johor,

MALAYSIA

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

The global transportation sector is one of the major fuel consumers and contributes directly

to greenhouse gas emissions. To reduce the environmental burden of fuel usage, new diesel

blending formulations that consist of biofuels were developed. The objective of the study is

to assess the environmental performance of the five new diesel blending formulations with

the existing diesel blending formulation by using Life Cycle Assessment method. In term of

LCA result within midpoint categories, Blending 5 has shown the most potential compared

to other fuels including B5 blending due to better environmental performance in most

categories except for ozone depletion and urban land occupation impacts. In conclusion,

Blending 5 has scored the least weighting values as compared to other diesel blending

formulations including B5 thus indicating its potential as an alternative to the existing diesel

blending formulation.

Key words: Life Cycle Assessment, Biodiesel, Biofuel, Renewable Energy



43

QUALITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION OF

COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS IN PURWOREJO REGENCY, CENTRAL

JAVA, INDONESIA

Widodo B.*1, Lupiyanto R.2, Nugrahayu Q.3, Widyastuti A4, Harmawan F.5 and

Fauzi FM.6, Galis A.7

1, 3 Department of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta,

INDONESIA

*[email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2,4,5 Karunia Sejahtera, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA

6,7Center for Environmental Study, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

The quality of coastal ecosystems in Purworejo - Central Java which is closed to Yogyakarta

International Airport tends to degrade due to pollution and environmental degradation.

Environmental quality identification is essential for conservation. This study aims to identify

indicators, including soil ecosystem, water quality, wastewater, and seawater quality. The

methods include geo-electrical survey, field observation, and laboratory test. The results

show that the area is polluted and degraded. Salinity distribution varies between 0.01 and

0.13 due to geological factors and seawater intrusion. Another finding shows that TSS

reaches 1000-13.000 mg/L with 162-551 mg/L BOD, 2.24-4.77 mg/L Sulfide, and 0.61-2.06

mg/L Nitrite allegedly caused by shrimp farming activities. Clean water sources are polluted

as total coliforms reach 46x103 – 195x103 MPN/100 ml. Seawater quality is also degraded

with 8.96 pH. Pb, Cd, Cr, and Hg exceed the standard. This study recommends that, for a

sustainable coastal area, shrimp farming should apply the best practice management with a

wastewater treatment plant. Such area requires sanitation facilities to minimize pollution by

coliforms. Firm control should be performed on industrial activities that contaminate

seawater with heavy metals. Clean water pumping through wells should not exceed 16.82 m

of depth to anticipate seawater intrusion.

Key words: Pollution, degradation, conservation, coastal area





44

THE EFFECT OF TYPE OF BOARDING HOUSE ON SOLID

WASTE GENERATION AND COMPOSITION AS A MODEL OF

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA: A CASE STUDY

OF YOGYAKARTA PROVINCE

Kasam*1, Eko Siswoyo2 and Fajri Mulya Iresha3

1,2 Department of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

*[email protected], [email protected] 3 Department of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

The type of boarding house (student rented room) in Indonesia is grouped into two different

types, namely non-exclusive and exclusive boarding house. The different types of boarding

house will affect the generation of solid waste. This study aims to determine the waste

management system of both types of boarding houses which includes: solid waste

generation, composition, and characteristic of residents. The research activity began with

waste generation sampling in the boarding houses around campus in the Yogyakarta region.

While the resident characteristic was identified by using questionnaires. The volume of

waste generated from exclusive boarding house is slightly larger than non-exclusive

boarding house namely 2.38 and 2.07 liter/person/day, respectively. Significant difference

occurs for organic waste (17.41% and 9.14%) and plastic waste (31.70% and 40.79%) for

the non-exclusive and exclusive boarding house. Even though the level of knowledge of

residents about waste management is same, however, the level of participation for non-

exclusive boarding house residents is higher than the exclusive boarding house with a score

of 61% and 41%, respectively. The result of this study is important to be considered in the

development of the model of boarding house regarding waste management system in

Indonesia.

Key words: Boarding house, solid waste generation, solid waste management



45

OCCURRENCE AND BEHAVIOUR OF ANTIBIOTICS IN

CONVENTIONAL SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

C. X. Chen1, A. Aris1,2, E. L. Yong1, Z. Z. Noor2,3


Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA 2Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Universiti Teknologi

Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA 3Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of

Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA


ABSTRACT

Antibiotics are widely used in the society with significant quantities of these chemical

ending up being discharged into sewage treatment plant (STP). However, most of the

antibiotics are not completely removed by conventional STP processes and eventually

discharged into the environment. In this study, the concentration and type of four selected

antibiotics namely, ampicillin (AMP), ciprofloxacin (CIP), erythromycin (ERY), and

sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in six STPs in Johor Bahru district were investigated. The types

of STPs investigated in this study consists of Imhoff tank (IT), Extended Aeration (EA) and

Hi-kleen (HK). In addition, the removal efficiency of common wastewater quality

parameters (COD, BOD, TSS, Total Nitrogen, Ammonia, Nitrate, Nitrite and Total

Phosphorus) were evaluated. The results show that only one EA plant was capable to remove

COD and BOD with efficiencies of more than 70%. Others plants achieved removal of all

parameters with efficiencies less than 70%. All antibiotics were detected in the influent,

effluent from secondary treatment and final effluent samples of all STPs. The concentration

of occurrence antibiotics ranged from 2.87 to 606.85 ng/l, 3.98 ng/l to 276.11 ng/l and 2.10

to 171.85 ng/l in influent, secondary effluent and final effluent samples, respectively. AMP

and SMX were highly removed with efficiencies ranging from 47% to 100% and 39% to

100% in all processes, respectively. ERY have high removal variability with overall removal

efficiency ranging from 5% to 100% in all processes. CIP was the least removed antibiotic,

with removal efficiency up to only 52%.

Key words: Ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole, municipal wastewater,

CEC, LC-MS.





46

RESOURCE

SECURITY

Parallel Session 7


47

FOOD AND WOOD WASTE COMPOSTING:

OPERATIONAL PERSPECTIVE AT LANDFILL

Yusouf Latif*1, Zamri Abdul Rahman2, Hashim Wahab3,

Mohd Faizi Abu4 and Yusof Hassan5

1,2,3 Worldwide Landfills Sdn Bhd, Shah Alam, MALAYSIA

*[email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 4,5 Worldwide Holdings Berhad, Shah Alam, MALAYSIA


ABSTRACT

There are several proprietary processes to make compost from organic materials. Takakura

method applies direct mixture of fermentation solution to organic media, typically rice husk

and food waste. Rice husk was once available at landfill but having its own market recently.

Substitution of rice husk by wood waste was carried out in a separate trial as an attempt to

find alternative carbon source. The compost was later applied to plant bed and after awhile

mite trails were observed suggesting mite attack on the dried and decomposed wood waste.

Thus, this paper discusses the results of composting batch made without rice husk

substitution. The macro and micro-nutrient content met general requirement, only the C:N

ratio and final compost pH suggested longer composting period to produce fully matured

compost. It was also learned that the fermentation solution can be applied to waste pile as

foul odor remover. This aspect can be further explored so the multiple applications could

upheld compost making at landfill that suit the daily operation and being beneficial to the

environment as well.

Keywords: Food waste, Wood waste, Fermentation, Compost, Landfill operation





48

OPTIMIZATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE CONVERSION

TECHNOLOGY USING PROCESS NETWORK SYNTHESIS

R.A. Ali*1 and N.N.L. Nik Ibrahim2

1, 2 Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang,

MALAYSIA

*[email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The number generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) is increasing year by year all

around the world including Malaysia. For now, it still a big concern in Malaysia since we

only dispose our MSW on landfills. Process Network Synthesis (PNS) is a tool to optimize

technologies conversion of MSW. This study optimizes MSW conversion technologies

using PNS tool which is Process Graph (P-Graph). Four highest composition (food waste,

agriculture waste, paper and plastics) of MSW generated in Malaysia are optimized using P-

graph. Two types of technologies conversion are considered which are biological conversion

(Anaerobic Digestion) and thermal conversion (Pyrolysis and Incinerator). All these

technologies conversion is compared with common method used; landfill. 100 feasible

structure have been generated using P-graph. These optimization models allowed analysis

of economic performance and environmental impact of MSW conversion technologies. Out

of 100, 9 feasible structures have been analysed. Two feasible structures are selected based

on maximum economic performance and minimum environmental impact

Key words: Optimization, P-Graph, Municipal Solid Waste Conversion Technology



49

GRACILARIA CHANGII: SEAWEED ADDING VALUE TO HEAVY

METALS REMOVAL FROM LEACHATE

Nithiya Arumugam1*, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan1, Zamri Abdul Rahman2

Sathiabama T. Thirugnana1, Imran Ahmad3, Santhana Krishnan4, Mohd Fadhil Md

Din4

1Department of Engineering, Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi

Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, MALAYSIA

*[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 2Worldwide Landfills Sdn Bhd, Shah Alam, MALAYSIA

3Malaysia Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan

Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA

[email protected] 4Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security, UTM Sustainability Campus,

Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi

Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, MALAYSIA

ABSTRACT

Treatment of landfill leachate often involves technologies to reduce toxicity to meet

environmental standards prior to discharge into water bodies. The malignant of generating

landfill leachate primarily depends on the source of waste dumped at the landfill site. Heavy

metals are one of the major pollutants in leachate. Due to their harmful nature towards the

ecosystem, specifically, when exceeded the regulatory standards, authorities are in the urge

of finding a solution to reduce the severity. In that purpose, many types of treatment methods

practised. However, the choice of treatment techniques exclusively depends on the nature

and composition of leachate. Adsorption technique has received significant interests and

several types of adsorbents being researched. However, alternatives for existing adsorbents

are necessary by the fact to replace costly, non-environmental friendly and sophisticated

production and operations of adsorbents. Therefore, this paper aims to introduce Gracilaria

changii, a seaweed species based adsorbent which found abundantly in nature. This

adsorbent was used to remove Cr6+ and Fe2+ from leachate via a laboratory batch study.

Leachate with synthetically added heavy metals concentrations of 20, 40, 60, 80 and

100mg/L tested with optimum pH of 5, 10g seaweed dosage and stirrer speed of 50 for time

intervals 10-60min. Adsorption of metal ions onto seaweed found to be influenced by

contact time and initial concentration of metal ions. In general, the rapid removal occurred

in the first 30min, and decreasing removal rate observed after that. It reached maximum

removals of 60% and 98% for Cr6+ and Fe2+ respectively at t=30min and initial concentration

of 100mg/L. In conclusion, Gracilaria changii potentially an environmental friendly

adsorbent in removing Cr6+ and Fe2+ from leachate.

Keywords: Leachate; heavy metals; seaweed; adsorption; adsorbent





50

TRICLOSAN REMOVAL BY COMBINATION OF WASTE

BIOMASS ACTIVATED CARBON AND NYLON 6,6 MEMBRANE

Nor Khoriha Eliysa Mohd Khori1, Salmiati1,2,*, Zulkifli Yusop1,2

1Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of

Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, MALAYSIA 2Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Research Institute for

Sustainable Environment (RISE), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor,

MALAYSIA

[email protected], *[email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Triclosan (TCS) is a biocide used as antibacterial and antifungal agent. It was used in

many personal care and health care products. However, TCS can cause health and

environmental problems such as environmental pollutions, acute toxicity and others. The

aim of this study was to investigate the removal of TCS from aqueous solution by

combination of coconut pulp waste (Cocos nuciefera) activated carbon (AC) and nylon

6,6 membrane. The effects of physico-chemical parameters, adsorption kinetics,

adsorption isotherms and physical-chemical characteristics of the nylon 6,6 membrane

were studied. The nylon 6,6 membrane [14 wt.%] was prepared by using electrospinning

machine. A flat sheet membrane test machine at pressure 1.0 bar was used in this

experiment. The characteristics of the membrane were analysed by using FESEM and

FTIR test. The analysis show that the removal of TCS by using nylon 6,6 membrane

follow Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order model. The nylon 6,6 membrane

can remove 90.2 % of TCS within 5 minutes and increased to 100 % removal in less than

5 minutes after combined with AC. This study proved that the combination of AC and

nylon 6,6 membrane can increase the removal of TCS in water.

Key words: Triclosan; Coconut pulp waste activated carbon; Nylon 6,6 membrane; Adsorption;

Filtration




51

AN A2O-MBR SYSTEM FOR SIMULTANEOUS BIOLOGICAL

NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL FROM BREWERY

WASTEWATER AT VARIOUS NITRATE RECIRCULATION

RATIOS

Van Nu Thai Thien*1, Dang Viet Hung 2, Nguyen Thi Thanh Hoa3,

Nguyen Thi Ha4, Tran Thi Huong5

1 Institute for Environment and Resources, Vietnam National University – Ho Chi Minh City,

VIETNAM

*[email protected]

2 University of Technology, Vietnam National University – Ho Chi Minh City, VIETNAM

[email protected] 3 Ho Chi Minh City University of Natural Resources and Environment, VIETNAM

[email protected] 4,5 Vietnam National University of Forestry, Southern Campus, VIETNAM


ABSTRACT

Anaerobic/Anoxic/Oxic – Membrane BioReactor (A2O-MBR) system was used to

enhance simultaneous removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from brewery wastewater. The

model of A2O-MBR system made from polyacrylic with the capacity of 49.5 liters was

operated with organic loading rate of 0.75 kgCOD/m3.day. Nitrate recycling ratio was

increased from 100 to 300% while sludge recirculation ratio was maintained at 100%. The

results showed that for the nitrate recycling ratios of 100, 200, 300%, average NH4+-N

and total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiencies of the model were 95.7 and 72.4, 99.2 and

86.7, 99.3 and 89.6%, respectively. The removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand

(COD) and total phosphorus (TP) were over 90 and 75%, respectively, regardless of

nitrate recirculation ratio. The output values of COD, NH4+-N, TN and TP were within

the limits of Vietnam National Technical Regulation on Industrial Wastewater (QCVN

40:2011/BTNMT), column A throughout the experiments.

Key words: A2O-MBR system, brewery wastewater, nitrogen removal, phosphorus removal





52

RESOURCE

SECURITY

Parallel Session 8


53

SEQUENTIAL OPERATION OF ACETOGENIC FOLLOWED BY

AEROBIC SEQUENTIAL BATCH REACTORS FOR TEXTILE

WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Nadim Reza Khandaker1*, Faisal Fahad Rio1, Lina Sarkar2,

And Ayesha Sharmin3

1Department of Civil Engineering, North South University, 2Military Institute of Science and

Technology, 3Department of Chemistry, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology,

*[email protected]

ABSTRACT

This paper reports on the efficacy of textile wastewater treatment using series operation of

acetogenic sequential batch reactor followed by aerobic sequential batch polishing reactor.

The experimental protocol was conducted using wastewater obtained from the equalization

basin of a composite textile wastewater treatment plant. The experimental reactors were

operated at the bench level under controlled conditions. The acetogenic reactor was

maintained in a washout mode with daily shock aeration and the aerobic reactor was

constantly aerated. Both acetogenic lead reactor and aerobic polishing reactor influent and

effluent water were monitored for color, COD, BOD5, TDS, and pH. The reactor HRT, TSS,

F/M ratio, and temperature, were also monitored and controlled. The treatment train was

operated till steady state operation was ensured and the data analyzed to determine the

efficacy of the treatment system with respect to textile wastewater treatment. The results

indicated that after a period of culture acclimation high rates of wastewater stabilization was

achieved by the system. The color, BOD5, COD, removal efficient were greater than 95%.

The experimental program confirmed that acetogenic pretreatment followed by aerobic

polishing is a viable option for treating textile processing wastewater.

Key words: Textile wastewater, Acetogenic/Aerobic, Treatment



54

KINETICS STUDY OF PHOSPHATE ADSORPTION ONTO WASTE

MUSSEL SHELL

Nur Atikah Abdul Salim*1, Mohd Hafiz Puteh1,2, Noorul Hudai Abdullah3, Mohamad

Ali Fulazzaky4 , Mohd A’ben Zulkarnain Rudie Arman1, Mohd Hairul Khamidun5,

Abdull Rahim Mohd Yusoff6 and Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini7

1 School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor

Bahru, MALAYSIA

*[email protected] 2 Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security, Research Institute for Sustainable

Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, MALAYSIA

[email protected] 3 Centre For Diploma Studies, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia,

Muar, MALAYSIA

[email protected] 4 Department of Postgraduate Studies, Djuanda University, INDONESIA

[email protected] 5 Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia,

Batu Pahat, MALAYSIA

[email protected] 6 Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, MALAYSIA

[email protected] 7 School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, MALAYSIA

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

In this study, removal of phosphate (PO43−) from aqueous solutions using waste mussel shell

(WMS) was examined. The physicochemical characteristics of WMS were identified. In the

batch experiments, the effects of contact time and adsorbent dosage (m) on the PO43−

adsorption by the WMS were scrutinised. The maximum PO43− removal efficiency (E) was

72.2% at 120 h contact time for WMS dosage of 20 g. A comparison of kinetic models

applied to the adsorption of PO43− onto WMS was evaluated for pseudo-first-order (PFO)

and pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic models. The correlation coefficient (R2 > 0.988) for

pseudo-second-order model was higher than that (R2 > 0.969) for pseudo-first-order

model.The experimental data fitted well with the PSO kinetic model suggesting that

chemisorption is involved during the adsorption process. The results indicate that WMS has

a good potential to adsorb PO43− from water and thus can improve environmental quality.

Key words: Adsorption, Phosphate, Waste mussel shell, Pseudo-first-order kinetic, Pseudo-second-

order kinetic



55

PHYTOREMEDIATION, VERMIREMEDIATION AND SOIL

DYNAMICS ON ECOTOXICITY OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC

HYDROCARBONS CONTAMINATED WASTEWATER USING

ARTIFICIAL WETLAND SYSTEM IN OKPOKA CREEK, NIGER-

DELTA, NIGERIA

Fawole Charles*, Prof. D.A Dashak and Prof. S.J Salami

Chemistry Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria

*[email protected], [email protected],, [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Petroleum contaminated wastewater and soil samples were characterized for Polycyclic

Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). 17PAHs consisting of the US EPA 16 priority pollutants

[16PAHs] were identified using Gas chromatograph with Mass spectrometric detection of

Agilent Technologies 7890A in accordance with standard analytical method of US EPA

8270;625. The raw petroleum-contaminated wastewater sample result showed presence of

Naphthalene [2.6000mg/l], Acenaphthylene [8.0000mg/l], Fluorene [9.0008mg/l], O-

Terphenyl [5.0200mg/l], Fluoranthene [1.1000mg/l], Pyrene [8.0000 mg/l], Benz[a]anthracene

[1.0900 mg/l], Benzo[b]fluoranthene [10.0000mg/l], Benzo[e]pyrene [0.0000mg/l], Dibenzo

[a,h] anthracene [4.0100mg/l], Indeno[1,2.3-cd]pyrene [9.2000mg/l] and Benzo[g,h,i]perylene

[3.0000mg/l]. The results also indicated that some of the 17PAHs constituents were extensively

above the PAHs World Health Organization [2003] Maximum Permissible Limits (MPL) in

drinking water. The I7PAHs including all 16 PAHs were also detected in the raw petroleum-

contaminated soil sample with total concentration 77.11 mg/kg of ∑16PAHs. According to the

European classification system of soil concentration, > 1.00 mg/kg indicates heavy

contamination. This implies studied soil was also heavily PAHs contaminated before

employing the combination processes of phytoremediation and vermiremediation using

artificial wetland reactor for PAHs decontamination.

Key words: Phytoremediation, Vermiremediation, Polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbons [PAHs],

Petroleum-contaminated wastewater.




56

START-UP PERFORMANCE OF MODIFIED ANAEROBIC

BAFFLED REACTOR (MABR) FOR THE TREATMENT OF

LANDFILL LEACHATE

Imran Ahmad1*, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan2, Norazli Othman2, Norhayati

Abdullah1, Nithiya Arumugam2, Zamri Abdul Rahman3

1Malaysia Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan

Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA

*[email protected] 2Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya

Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA

3Worldwide Landfills Sdn Bhd, Shah Alam, MALAYSIA

ABSTRACT

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the start-up performance of the MABR using

granular sludge treating landfill leachate. Anaerobic reactor start-up is a complex process as

it depends on the substrate characteristics, operating conditions, inoculum and reactor

configuration. Reduction of the time necessary for the start-up and improved operational

control of the anaerobic processes are key factors required to increase the efficiency and the

competitiveness of the high-rate anaerobic systems. Sludge granulation concept was a

significant milestone in anaerobic wastewater treatment and has greatly enhanced the

efficiency and applicability of the technology. It has many advantages such as high efficient

microbial proliferation, continuous operation beyond normal washout rates, generation of a

reactor effluent with low suspended solids and manipulation of growth rates independent of

the dilution rate. Each anaerobic granule is a functional unit comprising of all the different

micro-organisms necessary for the methanogenic degradation of organic matter. Results

from this study showed a successful start-up of the MABR at an organic loading rate (OLR)

of 0.0875 kgCOD/m3/d and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of and 4 days. During this period

the COD removal efficiency was 99 % and the gas production increased steadily from 0.013

L/d to 0.021 L/d.

Keywords: landfill leachate, modified anaerobic baffled reactor (MABR), granular sludge


57

DEVELOPMENT OF AEROBIC GRANULES FOR ACTUAL LOW-

MEDIUM STRENGTH DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT

UNDER THE EFFECT OF STATIC MIXER

Angel Chyi En We1, Azmi Aris*1,2 and Nor Azimah Mohd Zain2,3

1 Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of

Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA

[email protected] 2 Centre of Environmental Sustainability and Water Security, Research Institute for Sustainable

Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA

*[email protected], [email protected] 3 Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM

Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA

ABSTRACT

Aerobic granulation technology is considered as a superior alternative for treatment of actual

domestic wastewater. It is generally known that the aerobic granules are less likely to be

formed in low-medium strength wastewater due to the high OLR required for the formation

of aerobic granules. Furthermore, hydrodynamic shear force has been proved to be essential

for formation of aerobic granules. However, hydrodynamic shear force in sequential batch

reactor (SBR) which is usually provided by high aeration rate is not sustainable in view of

operating cost. Thus, static mixer was suggested to be the new alternative to provide the high

hydrodynamic shear force. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the feasibility

of aerobic granulation for actual low-medium strength domestic wastewater treatment

despite the unstable and low OLR and to examine the effect of static mixer on the formation

and removal capability of aerobic granules. The results showed that aerobic granules can be

successfully formed in actual low-medium strength domestic wastewater. The addition of

static mixer was proved to enhance the settleability and compactness of the aerobic granules

due to the higher hydrodynamic shear force provided. However, the static mixer did not

cause significant improvement on the removal of organic and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-

N).

Key words: Aerobic granules, domestic wastewater, static mixer

mailto:angelwe1996@hotmail.



58

RESOURCE

SECURITY

Parallel Session 9


59

INFLUENCE OF MAGNETIC FIELD ON SLUDGE BULKING

UNDER LONG SLUDGE RETENTION TIME

Nur Syamimi Zaidi*1, Khalida Muda2, Johan Sohaili3, Liew Wai Loan4 and

Norelyza Hussein5

1, 2, 3, 5School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310

UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA

*[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 4Centre for Degree Program, UTM School of Professional and Continuing Education

(UTMSPACE), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Sludge retention time (SRT) is an important factor affecting the treatment performances.

Long SRT has been reported in inducing filamentous microorganisms, thus causing sludge

bulking. When bulking occurs, the removal performances are decreased due to the failure of

aggregation by the floc-formers. Approach of sufficiently minimizing the SRT had been

taken most of the times. This approach, however, eliminated the floc-formers although it

was found to inhibit the bulking. The aim of the present study, therefore, is to investigate

the potential of magnetic field application as an alternative approach for controlling sludge

bulking. Two sequencing batch reactors, Reactor A (SBRA) and Reactor B (SBRB), were

operated in long SRT to induce the bulking. SBRA was subjected to 88.0 mT magnetic field

intensity while SBRB served as a control system. The findings showed that the magnetic

field was able to enhance the aggregation of the biomass under an adverse effect of long

SRT thus, led more stable flocs been formed. This had resulted with consistent high removal

of SBRA compared to SBRB even under long period of SRT. Consequently, this approach

minimizes the occurrence of sludge bulking.

Key words: Magnetic field, Sludge bulking, Sludge retention time, Aggregation, Removal

performances



60

DETERMINATION OF MASS TRANSFER RESISTANCE OF BORON

REMOVAL FROM WASTEWATER BY ELECTROCOAGULATION

Ezerie H. Ezechi*1 and Khalida Muda2

1, 2 Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Universiti

Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, MALAYSIA

*[email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT

This study evaluated boron removal from aqueous solution by electrocoagulation in batch

mode and determined the mass transfer resistance. Various initial boron concentrations of

10, 20 and 30 mg/L were used. Experiments were conducted under optimized conditions of

pH and current density. The modified mass transfer factor (MMFT) model was applied to

the experimental data to determine the mass transfer resistance. The results show that boron

removal decreased from 98% to 82.6% with increasing boron concentration from 10 mg/L

to 30 mg/L. Analysis of mass transfer resistance shows that the driving force (B) increased

from 0.2607 to 0.9491 mg/g while the affinity between the adsorbate and the electro-

coagulants increased from 1.164 to 1.1901 g.h.mg with increasing initial boron

concentration from 10 mg/L to 30 mg/L. The variations of global [kLa]g, film mass transfer

[kLa]f and porous diffusion [kLa]d relative to the percentage of outflow demonstrates that the

mass transfer resistance of boron could depend on film mass transfer. This study

demonstrates that electrocoagulation is a suitable technology for boron removal from

wastewater at optimum combination of variables.

Key words: Boron, Electrocoagulation, Mass transfer resistance, Electrode, Concentration


61

MASS TRANSFER RESISTANCE OF TEXTILE DYE

DECOLORIZATION ON MAGNETIC ACTIVATED CARBON

AEROBIC GRANULES

Khalida Muda*1, Ahmad H. Omar2, Ezerie H. Ezechi3 and Mohd H. Khamidun4

1, 2,3 Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Universiti

Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, MALAYSIA

*[email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 4 Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, MALAYSIA

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

This study evaluated the mass transfer resistance of dye decolorization on magnetic activated

carbon aerobic granules (MACAG). MACAG was formed by two ways; first, the mixture

of dye wastewater and sludge was magnetized at a static magnetic field (SMT) intensity of

15 mT and second, magnetic activated carbon (MAC) was added to the mixture in a

sequencing batch reactor (SBR). A control bioreactor was operated with aerobic granules to

compare the dye decolorization efficiency. Air bubbles were supplied into the reactors using

air compressor at superficial air velocity of 1.49 cm/s. Results show that MACAG achieved

higher dye decolorization than the control bioreactor. Dye decolorization in the MACAG

and control bioreactor were 82% and 65%, respectively. Evaluation of mass transfer

resistance shows that the driving force (B) of dye compounds was higher in MACAG

(0.9473 mg g-1) than the control bioreactor (0.9385 mg g-1). The affinity of the dye for

biodegradation was 3.0454 g h mg-1 and 3.8201 g h mg-1 in MACAG and control bioreactor,

respectively. The variations of [kLa]g, [kLa]f and [kLa]d demonstrates that the resistance of

mass transfer of dye on MACAG could depend on film diffusion.

Key words: Textile wastewater, Biogranules, Magnetic activated carbon, Static magnetic field,

Mass transfer, Resistance

mailto:[email protected],%[email protected]




62

ADSORPTION OF PHENOL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING

CHITOSAN FROM PESSU RIVER CRAB SHELL: ISOTHERM AND

KINETICS STUDY

Asokogene Oluwadayo Francis*1,2, Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini2, Idris Misau

Muhammad3, Surajudeen Abdulsalam3 and Usman Aliyu El-Nafaty3

1Department of Mineral and Petroleum Resources Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Auchi, Edo

State, NIGERIA

*[email protected] 2Centre of Lipid Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu-Sina Institute for Scientific

and Industrial Research (ISI-SIR), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor,

MALAYSIA

[email protected]

3Department of Chemical Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi,

Bauchi State, NIGERIA


ABSTRACT

Synthesized chitosan aggregate (300 µm) from Pessu river crab shells was used for the

adsorption of phenol from simulated wastewater. Synthesized chitosan was characterized

for surface chemistry and textural properties. Fourier transform infrared spectrum revealed

characteristics primary and secondary amine/amide groups of the chitosan with specific

surface area of 226 m2/g. The effects of initial concentrations and contact time were also

studied. Maximum adsorption capacity of synthesized chitosan was 54.7 mg/g. Mesopore

filling and ionic interaction were possible adsorption mechanism. Sips isotherm model

showed best fit to experimental data at experimental conditions (R2 = 0.976), thereby

suggesting heterogeneous adsorption process. Pseudo first-order kinetics model best

described the adsorption process and controls the rate mechanism.

Key words: Chitosan, adsorption, kinetics, thermodynamics, phenol


63

ENHANCEMENT OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS WITH

LOW DISSOLVED OXYGEN USING ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD

Nulhazwany Abdul Malik1, Khalida Muda1*, Nur Syamimi Zaidi1, Mohamad

Darwish1

1 School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor

Bahru, MALAYSIA

[email protected], *[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Activated sludge (AS) system is a biological treatment process that is widely applied in

municipal wastewater treatment. Concentration of the dissolved oxygen (DO) is one of the

important parameters that may influence the performance of AS system. However, the

energy consumption of aeration stage represents approximately 50% of total demand of AS

system. Therefore, reducing aeration energy would improve the feasibility of AS process.

This study investigated the enhancement of AS process under low DO condition using

electromagnetic field (EMF). The AS was exposed to EMF at intensity of 3 mT with DO

concentrations of 1 and 2 mg/L for 24 hours. The impact of EMF on the biomass

concentration, as well as removal of ammonia nitrogen and COD, were investigated. The

results indicated high accumulation of biomass concentration. Besides, the reactor exposed

to EMF under 2 mg/L of DO showed the highest removal efficiency of COD (80%) and

ammonia (97%). Furthermore, it was proved that EMF could enhance the settleability of the

AS in the treatment system.

Key words: Municipal wastewater, Electromagnetic field, Activated sludge, Ammonia nitrogen





64

ISOTHERM, KINETICS AND THERMODYNAMICS STUDY OF

METHYLENE BLUE ADSORPTION ONTO MODIFIED CRAB

SHELL CHITOSAN

Asokogene Oluwadayo Francis*1,2, Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini2,

Idris Misau Muhammad3, Surajudeen Abdulsalam3 and Usman Aliyu El-Nafaty3

1Department of Mineral and Petroleum Resources Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Auchi, Edo

State, NIGERIA

*[email protected] 2Centre of Lipid Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu-Sina Institute for Scientific

and Industrial Research (ISI-SIR), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor,

MALAYSIA

[email protected]

3Department of Chemical Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Bauchi

State, NIGERIA


ABSTRACT

Synthesized chitosan from crab shell was sieved to 300 µm and modified with oxalic acid

in the presence of activated neem leave to form chitosan-activated neem leave (CANL)

composite. The composite was characterized for surface texture. Results revealed specific

surface area of 258 m2/g. Effects of initial concentration, contact time and temperature were

studied. CANL demonstrated maximum adsorption capacity (Qm) of 92.5 mg/g in which

ionic interaction and mesopore filling were the possible adsorption mechanism. Redlich

Peterson model showed best fit to equilibrium data, thereby suggesting heterogeneous

adsorption. Kinetics data was best described by intraparticle diffusion model, indicating the

coexistence of film diffusion, intrapartcle diffusion and surface adsorption. Thermodynamic

study revealed spontaneous adsorption nature, less favourable at higher temperature and

endothermic with increased randomness at solid/solution interface.

Key words: Synthesized, Chitosan, neem leave, adsorption, methylene blue


65

REMOVAL OF SOME HEAVY METALS USING FIBROUS

RADIATION GRAFTED ADSORBENT CONTAINING SULFONATE

MOIETY

Myzairah Hamdzah1, Zaini Ujang2, Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef3, Teo Ming Ting4

1Research Institute of Sustainable Institute (RISE), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM

Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA

[email protected] 2 Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, MALAYSIA

[email protected] 3Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 32610 Perak, MALAYSIA

[email protected] 4Radiation Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

ABSTRACT

The removal of some heavy metal ions such as Ni(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II) was investigated

using sulfonated adsorbent obtained by radiation induced grafting of glycidyl methacylate

(GMA) onto polyethylene (PE) nonwoven sheets followed by functionalization with sodium

sulfite. The efficiency of the adsorbent was evaluated by the percentage of heavy metal ions

removal under different ranges of concentrations. The effects of various parameters on the

metal ion adsorption on the sulfonated adsorbent such as metal ion concentration, pH and

contact time were studied. Adsorption isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics were studied

to elucidate the adsorption of behavior of the metal ions. It was found that the percentage

adsorption increased with the increase in metal ion concentrations and contact time.

Particularly, experimental results showed that the removal efficiencies of both Ni(II) and

Zn(II) were above 90% while that for Pb(II) was found to be variable during the entire

experimental work.

Key words: Heavy metal ions; response surface methodology; functionalized graft-PE

adsorbent sheets.




66

RESOURCE

SECURITY

Parallel Session 10


67

ASSESSMENT OF HETEROGENEOUS MIXING OF

METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS ON PM10 CONCENTRATION

IN EQUATORIAL REGION

Hamza Ahmad Isiyaka1, Wesam A. Al Madhoun*2,3

,Faizah Che Ros3

1Department of Geography, Faculty of Earth and Environment Sciences, Kano University of

Science and Technology, Wudil, NIGERIA

[email protected], *[email protected] 2Civil Engineering Deparetment, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul

Ridzuan, MALAYSIA 3 Department of Environmental Engineering & Green Technology,Malaysia-Japan International


MALAYSIA

ABSTRACT

This study applies multivariate techniques to understand the concentration, seasonal

variation and sources of PM10 in Perak, Malaysia under a tropical climate. The dry southwest

monsoon season (June to September) from 2010 to 2011 shows a high level of homogeneity

in the dendrogram indicating a peak level of PM10 concentration. This is caused by high

temperature, clear skies, less humidity and weak wind. The northeast monsoon season

account for a relatively less pollutant concentration with a high dissimilarity due to heavy

downpour, high humidity and strong wind. A discriminant function with correct assignation

of 66% using standard, forward stepwise and backward stepwise mode shows that all the

observed parameters play significant role in determining the concentration of PM10. The

major sources of PM10 in Perak were linked to vehicle emission, suspension of soil dust,

transboundary and industrial emission. Furthermore, a scatter gram plot was also developed

based on the two monsoon season. The results show that the southwest monsoon season

(June, July and August) have the highest concentration of PM10. This finding shows that

PM10 concentration exhibits a complex relationship when in contact with meteorology, and

multivariate technique has the capability to reveal the hidden characteristics that exist

between the variables.



68

POTENTIAL USE OF PLANT-BASED NATURAL COAGULANTS

FOR WATER TREATMENT

Nur Shahidah Aftar Ali1, Khalida Muda*2, Ummu Nusaibah Abdullah3, Ahmad

Bazli Sahir4

1, 2,3,4 Department of Water and Environmental, School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi

Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bharu, Johor, MALAYSIA

[email protected] , *[email protected], [email protected],

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

This study was aimed to investigate the ability of six plant-based natural coagulants (Carica

Papaya seeds, Nephelium Mutabile seeds, Euphoria Malaiense seeds, Pandanus leaves,

Centella Asiatica leaves and Cymbopogon Citratus leaves) to replace chemical coagulants

for water treatment. A series of Jar test were performed using raw water from Sultan Ismail

water treatment plant. The effects of pH and coagulant dosage were evaluated based on the

turbidity removal and coagulation activity. Of all plants that have been examined, the Carica

Papaya seeds appeared to be the best coagulants for water treatment. An optimum dose of

130 mg/L of this coagulant resulted in 95.5% of turbidity removal and 94% of coagulation

activity, at optimum pH= 7.5. Overall, the results suggest the potential of plant-based natural

coagulants in water treatment.

Key words: Natural Coagulants, Turbidity, Coagulation Activity, Carica Papaya seeds, Water

treatment.





69

THE POTENTIAL OF NAPIER GRASS LEAVES FIBRE AS AN

ACOUSTIC ABSORBER

Z. Haron1*, K. Yahya2, T. N. F. T. Mat3, N. M. Fasli4, N. Darus1, W.A. W. A.

Rahman5, E.M. Taiwo6 and N. Che Din7

1-4 Department of Structures and Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru,

MALAYSIA

*[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected] 5Department of Polymer Engineering

[email protected] 6 Federal Polytechnic, Ede, NIGERIA

[email protected] 7Faculty of Built Environment, University Malaya, MALAYSIA

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Acoustic panels were introduced to treat poor acoustic enviroment in rooms. However, many

of the available acoustic panels in the market are composed of hazardous materials. Thus,

there are demands for the use of sustainable materials in the production of acoustic panels.

This research investigated the sound absorption potential of grass leaves fibres i.e. Napier

grass as material for acoustic panels. Various bound Napier grass fibre samples with

different thickness were prepared and tested by using an impedance tube test to obtain the

sound absorption coefficient (SAC). The results revealed that 5mm and 20mm fibres

respectively, when bonded with UF samples with thickness of 30mm, produced a relatively

high SAC for frequencies of 500 Hz, 1000 Hz and 2500 Hz, and thus resulting in a high

average NRC value of 0.59. This exceeded the value for synthetic fibre glass and similar to

rockwool. This study concluded that non-toxic Napier grass fibres can be used in the

production of sustainable acoustic panels.

Keywords: Napier grass, Sound absorber, Natural fibre, Sound absorption coefficient






70

EFFECTIVENESS OF MACROCOMPOSITES IN TREATING

PUBLIC WET MARKET WASTEWATER IN PEKAN PAGOH,

JOHOR

Mohamed Zuhaili Mohamed Najib*1, Kogila Vani Annammala2, Mohamad

Darwish3, Erwan Hafizi Kasiman4, Muhamad Hanafi Samsuri5, Mohd Arif Rosli6,

Zarizi Awang7

1,2,3,4 Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering,

Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA

*[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], 5,6,7 Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology,

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 84600 Pagoh, Johor, MALAYSIA


ABSTRACT

Public wet market effluent in Malaysia frequently associated with their large quantity of

discharge daily and adverse impacts to the environment in terms of odour problem, water

pollution and waterborne diseases. Due to few wastewater treatment facilities built at the

markets, poor water effluent will flow and pollute several water sources especially the river.

To improve its quality, the macrocomposites was implemented as alternative green and low-

cost wastewater treatment technology. This study was purposely to measure its effectiveness

in treating the wastewater collected at public wet market in Pekan Pagoh, Johor. Using field

and laboratory testing, the efficiency of macrocomposites in treating wet market wastewater

was demonstrated based the optimized parameters on COD, colour and TSS removal

affecting adsorption under different flow rates using Thomas and Yoon-Nelson model

analysis. The final results showed that the best flow rate was 7 mL/min which achieved the

highest removal efficiency of COD, color and TSS. As the flow rate decreased, the contact

time between the sorbent (macrocomposites) and sorbate (wastewater) increased whereby

more sorbate can be retained and occupy within the particles during this interaction period.

Key words: wet market wastewater, macrocomposites, Thomas and Yoon-Nelson model








71

FOULING CONTROL APPROACHES IN RECENT ADVANCE

MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR SYSTEMS TREATING

WASTEWATER

Rabialtu Sulihah Binti Ibrahim1, Zainura Zainon Noor1,2*, Nurul Huda

Baharuddin3 and Noor Sabrina Ahmad Mutamim4

1 School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi

Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, MALAYSIA

[email protected], *[email protected] 2 Centre of Environmental Sustainability and Water Security, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,

81310, Skudai, Johor, MALAYSIA 3 School of Professional and Continuing Education (UTMSPACE), Universiti Teknologi

Malaysia,81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA

[email protected] 4 Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering,

Universiti Malaysia Pahang, LeburayaTun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang,

MALAYSIA

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Membrane bioreactors (MBR) is an efficient technology for treating wastewater to a very

high quality. Of all the sustainable water reuse technologies, MBR is the most feasible and

has been employed in real applications. However, MBRs also have several challenges or

limitation that affect the quality of treated wastewater. Accumulation of soluble and

particulate components onto and into the membrane resulting to fouling problem. Recent

research and development trends of MBR technology has shifted from process optimization

and economic evaluation to installation of new process providing system for membrane

fouling mitigation. This paper aims to provide a consolidated review on the current state of

research for the advance MBR system in fouling control treating wastewater. Advance MBR

such as forward osmosis , anaerobic MBR and MBR with microbial fuel cell for fouling

mitigation are summarized. MBR with biofouling reducers such powder or granular

activated carbon, biocarriers, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) beads, quorum quenching

beads, bamboo charcoal (BC), fluidized glass bead, and aerobic granular sludge (AGS) are

discussed. From this review, it shows that there are numerous approach to produce

sustainable control of membrane fouling since it is one of the top priorities in enhancing

MBR performance.

Key words: Membrane bioreactor, wastewater treatment, membrane fouling



72

COMPARISON OF BIOSORBENT PRETREATMENT METHODS

OF BJERKANDERA ADUSTA ON COLOUR REMOVAL

Ariani Dwi Astuti1,2 and Khalida Muda1


Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, MALAYSIA

[email protected], [email protected] 2Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Landscape Architecture and Environmental

Technology, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, INDONESIA

ABSTRACT

The textile industry generates large amounts of wastewater with heavy BOD/COD and salt

load, which is often discovered dark in color. One alternative treatment is biosorption, i.e.,

passive organic and inorganic compound uptake including dye or their derivatives using

non-growing/living microbial mass. The techniques of biosorbent pretreatment, autoclaving

and autoclaving combined with chemical process were explored. In the method of

biosorption using Bjerkandera adusta in synthetic textile wastewater, the impacts of pH,

contact time, weight and size of biosorbent were examined and designed using response

surface methodology (RSM). When pH was 4, contact time was 90 minutes, biosorbent

weight was 3000 mg/L, and the biosorbent size was 0.4 mm, the optimum removal

conditions were determined. The experimental laboratory proved 53.55 % and 81.3 % color

removal; while the experimental results and model predictions were well agreed. In the

optimization, the quadratic model estimated both R2 and Radj2

correlation coefficients quite

satisfactorily as 0.988, 0.977, 0.926 and 0.783 respectively. Combining autoclaving with

chemical processes is more effective than just autoclaving. The two-sided t-test was used to

identify any important variations in preparation techniques for biosorbents with p < 0.05.

The findings achieved are supported by biosorbent analysis using scanning electron

microscopy (SEM) and chemical characterization using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)

spectroscopy.

Keywords: Bjerkandera adusta, synthetic textile wastewater, biosorbent, Response Surface

Methodology, the colour removal efficiency.



73

RESOURCE

SECURITY

Parallel Session 11


74

TOXICITY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLE AND ITS REMOVAL BY

PYTOREMEDIATION SYSTEM IN WATER ENVIRONMENT: AN

OVERVIEW

Zainab Mat Lazim1, Salmiati2* Abdul Rahman Samaluddin1, Mohd Razman

Salim2 and Nor Zaiha Arman2

1School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bharu,

MALAYSIA 2 Institute Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Johor Bharu,

MALAYSIA

[email protected], *[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The widespread use of silver nanomaterial potentially harms ecosystem health and the

aquatic environment. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the washing machine, colloidal

silver medicine and other AgNPs containing product are directly released into the

environment. Review from ecotoxicological studies and the prediction of the future

environmental concentrations (PEC), reported that the presence of the toxic level of AgNPs

in the surface water and its effect and risks to aquatic organisms. However, the silver

nanoparticles transport behavior and transformation in the natural environment and how this

behavior poses a risk to human and ecosystem health has not known, thus, an urgent issue

that needs to be tackled. This study also had reviewed the potential of using macrophytes to

remove AgNPs in aqueous solution. The impact of AgNPs in water environments, their

toxicity to aquatic organisms and the phytoremediation function will be discussed.

Keywords: Silver nanoparticle, macrophyte, phytoremediation, surface water




75

THERMAL ACTIVATION ON GONGGONG SHELL WASTE AS

AN ADSORBENT MATERIAL FOR CADMIUM REMOVAL IN

WATER

Eko Siswoyo*, Ciptaning Rini, Fiorizka Marisha Hadi and Kasam

Department of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta,

INDONESIA

*[email protected]

ABSTRACT

The increase of consumption of gongong, one of scallop in Indonesia, remains a problem of

shell waste generation. The shell waste is mostly disposed together with municipal solid

waste to landfill and only a limited use for handy craft. The purpose of the current study was

to investigate the ability of shell waste for adsorbent material after thermal activation in

order to remove cadmium ion in water. Some parameters such as temperature of hitting,

mass of adsorbent, pH of solution, contact time, and initial cadmium concentration were

investigated to know the adsorption capacity of gonggong shell. After 15 minutes of shaking,

the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent based on gonggong shell before and after activated

on 550ºC was 16.39 and 27.04 mg/g respectively. The optimum pH was from 6 to 8. The

quick adsorption process and high adsorption capacity of the adsorbent should be considered

as a low cost adsorbent material for cadmium removal in the real application.

Key words: adsorption, cadmium, gonggong shell, thermal activation.


76

THE DEVELOPMENT OF MIWABS TOWARDS WATER DEMAND

MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA

Nurul Sa’dah Bahar1, Zainura Zainon Noor2, Azmi Aris3 and Nurul Ashikeen

Binti Kamaruzaman4

1 Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, MALAYSIA

[email protected] 2,3 Centre for Environment Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Universiti Teknologi

Malaysia, Johor Bahru, MALAYSIA

[email protected], [email protected] 4 National Water Services Commission (SPAN)

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Industrialization is one of the drivers for development as it will shift one country towards

urbanization and economic expansion. Although industrialization increases productivity,

jobs and better income, valuable resources such as water is at risk to accommodate the water

demand based on the population growth. Along with the sustainable development goal

initiated by United Nation, manufacturing water demand will increase 400% by 2050. Since

Malaysia is among the top 20 ranking of manufacturing countries, it is crucial to consider

water conservation and efficiency in manufacturing. This is to ensure that the water demand

can meet the production and do not disrupt other sectors since the water resources are shared

among all sectors. This paper demonstrates an indicator framework known as MIWABS that

has been developed as a scorecard tool to monitor the performance of manufacturing water

use in Malaysia. Result shows that factories can improve in their water recycling and

dependency to potable water by water utility company. These efforts of manufacturing and

policy direction by the government and water stakeholders can help towards a better water

demand management in Malaysia.

Key words: Manufacturing water use, water demand management, MIWABS, water recycling,

water utility.



77

ESTIMATING WATER FOOTPRINT OF PALM OIL

PRODUCTION: CASE STUDY IN MALAYSIA

Noor Salehan Mohammad Sabli1,2, Zainura Zainon Noor1,2*, Kasturi Devi A/P

Kanniah3, Siti Nurhayati Kamaruddin1,2, Nurul Sa’dah Bahar4

1Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Research Institute of

Sustainable Environment (RISE), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor Darul

Takzim, MALAYSIA

*[email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi

Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, MALAYSIA 3Department of Geoinformation, Faculty of Geoinformation & Real Estate, Universiti Teknologi

Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, MALAYSIA

[email protected] 4Faculty of Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Technology Malaysia, 81310

Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Malaysia is currently facing the issues in fulfilling high demand in palm oil production thus

inevitably led to rapid expansion of palm oil industry in Malaysia. Therefore, water-related

problems have become a major concern in environmental and social issues associated to

palm oil industries. Inevitably, water consumption in this sector is very important to be

analyzed. Water footprint is one of the methods that can be used as a tool for the sustainable

appropriation of freshwater resources. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate water

footprint at palm oil mill from fresh fruit bunches to the production of crude palm oil. Water

footprint concluded that the main potential impacts within the system boundary were

dominated by water usage at the process through producing crude palm oil and waste water

effluent. In this stage, total water input mainly come from the nearest water resources such

as river and lake. Meanwhile, from the result, it shows that total WF at selected mills is

18.55 m3/ton. At the end of this paper, strategies to optimized the use of water in palm oil

mill will be proposed.

Key words: Agricultural Industry, Water degradation, Water footprint, ISO 14046, Sustainable Palm

Oil Plantation



78

MODELLING OF PREVAILING WATER DISTRIBUTION

NETWORK IN PUTRAJAYA, MALAYSIA

Nur Diyana Mohamad1, Zulfa Hanan Ash’aari*1,2

1 Department of Environmental Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, MALAYSIA

[email protected], *[email protected] 2 Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang,

MALAYSIA

ABSTRACT

Water is a basic need for every human being, which is used for numerous activities such as

drinking, cleaning, sanitation, etc. This indicates the fact that how vital it is to make water

accessible for resident’s need, industries and other commercial organizations. Since water

demand is increasing day by day, the source of water becomes limited. To solve this

problem, the design of new or improvement of existing water distribution network is

obligatory in order to ensure the availability of sufficient amount of decent quality of water

in accordance with the demand. Hence this study is based on the assessment of existing

water distribution network in Putrajaya using EPANET 2.0 software and out of all the tools

offered, EPANET turn out to be the most popular and convenient for effective design of

complex pipe networks. The pipe network and junction network system is simulated to

comprehend its behaviour with different inputs using EPANET 2.0. Simulation has been

perform for hydraulic factors such as head, pressure and flow rate. The results achieved

proved that the pressures at all junctions and the flows with their velocities at all pipes are

practical enough to provide adequate water to the network of study area.

Key words: Water distribution network, EPANET, Pipe, Junction


79

RESOURCE

SECURITY

Parallel Session 12


80

TRENDS OF WATER USE EFFICIENCY IN INDUSTRIAL

CONSUMPTION

Siti Nurhayati Kamaruddin*1, Zainura Zainon Noor2 , Che Hafizan Che Hassan3

Noor Salehan Mohammad Sabli4, Nurul Sa’adah Bahar5

1,2,4 School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi

Malaysia, Johor, MALAYSIA

*[email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2,3 Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Universiti Teknologi

Malaysia, Johor, MALAYSIA

[email protected] 5 School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor,

MALAYSIA

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Freshwater is currently scarce in certain places over the globe due to agricultural, industrial

and domestic usages. The amount of water used increasing each years by 64 billion m3. In

that case, numerous organisations either governments or non-governments committed to

reduce large water consumption related activities in the affected areas. The industrial

activities consumed around 23% of the freshwater among the other usages with over 70%

of it used by manufacturing and energy production industry, and estimated this 23% to be

doubled in next two decades. Therefore, it is important to assess the trends of water use

efficiency in industrial consumption and efforts that had been taken to improve it. The

different production in industries require different processes and amount of water need.

Thus, this paper is aims to provide as guidance in future in order to reduce the water demands

and optimize water use in industrial context. Water use efficiency basically can be divided

into quantity and quality of water where the quantity can be reduced with usages of water-

saving technologies. While in other types of industry, different quality of water can be used

in the process based on its characteristics.

Key words: Water Use Efficiency, Water Saving, Industrial Consumption



81

OPTIMAL POWER GENERATION MIX USING HYBRID

DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING FOR IMPROVED MULTI-

OBJECTIVE: MALAYSIA ELECTRICITY SUPPLY INDUSTRY

CASE

Siti Mariam Mohd Shokri*1, Nofri Yenita Dahlan2 and Mohamad Fani Sulaima3

1, 2 Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450, Shah Alam,

Selangor, MALAYSIA

*[email protected], [email protected] 3 Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), 76100, Hang

Tuan Jaya, Melaka, MALAYSIA

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

This paper presents development of Hybrid Dynamic Programming (HDP) technique to

improve multi-objective optimization in dealing to the power generation mix problem. The

role of Dynamic Programming (DP) is to find the optimal long-term multi-objective

generation mix which simultaneously optimizes the total cost, total carbon emission and

reliability index. On the other hand, artificial intelligence (AI) technique is implemented via

Weighted Sum Method (WSM) approach within the HDP framework to find the optimally

weighted coefficient by minimizing a weighted sum called the multi-objective index (MOI).

The weighted coefficient attributes to the importance of the objective function in power

generation mix planning. Four AI techniques were applied in HDP framework. The proposed

HDP multi-objectives yielded a better solution in term of providing the lowest MOI as

compared to the non-optimal WSM DP model. Thus, among the four HDP models, the

simulation results showed that the HDP with Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) provided the best

result in obtaining the lowest MOI. In this study, the results showed that Malaysia’s optimum

generation mix at the end of simulation year i.e. year 18 is 45.11% from gas, 35.34% from

coal, 9.82% from RE and 9.73% from hydro.

Key words: Multi-Objective Optimization, Power Generation Mix Planning, Hybrid Dynamic

Programming, Artificial Bee Colony, Weighted Sum Method.



82

EFFECT OF PHYSICO–CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF

WATER IN SUB-CRITICAL CONDITION TOWARDS

STRUCTURAL CONVERSION OF MESOCARP FIBER

Sanggithapriya Mahandran, Hiroyuki Yoshida, Nordin Sabli and Shamsul Izhar*

Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Putra Malaysia, MALAYSIA

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],

*[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Water at subcritical state was studied as an alternative way to breakdown oil palm mesocarp

fiber (OPMF). The complex structure of cellulose causes difficulty in breaking down the

palm oil cell using physical industrial scale method. The decomposition of OPMF using

subcritical water (Sub-CW) method has been carried out at reaction temperatures ranging

from 200oC to 300oC with a constant reaction time of 5 minutes using batch stainless-steel

tube as the reactor. The solid samples were viewed under SEM and found that surface of

solid sample of 240oC is occupied by opened pores. The breakdown cell wall in form of

monosaccharide contributes to increase in yield of total sugar from 5.81mg g-1 OPMF

sample (200oC) to 22.17mg g-1 OPMF sample (240oC). However, yield of tar increase from

5.05mg g-1 OPMF sample (200oC) to 187.61 mg g-1 OPMF sample (300oC) due to pyrolysis

process. Thus, particle size of OPMF after Sub CW reaction temperature elevated to 240oC

to ease hydrolysis process and reduce as the sample degrade as temperature gets higher.

Key words: Oil Palm Mesocarp Fibre, Extraction, Hydrolysis, Pyrolysis, Subcritical water

mailto:%[email protected]




83

COMBUSTION AND VIABILITY PROPERTIES OF BRIQUETTES

PRODUCED FROM GROUNDNUT SHELL AND COCONUT SHELL

MIXTURE

*Elinge, C.M1., BirninYauri, U.A.2, Muhammad, A.B.3, Musa M4 and Ogunleye, A.O5


Aliero, NIGERIA

*[email protected] 2.3Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, UsmanuDanfodiyo University Sokoto, NIGERIA

[email protected], [email protected] 4Energy Research Centre, UsmanuDanfodiyo University Sokoto, NIGERIA

[email protected] 5 Department of Chemistry, Federal College of Education (Technical) Bichi, Kano, NIGERIA

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Agriculture is the main occupation of most Nigerians. Nigeria has abundant supplies of

biomass resources, particularly agricultural residues and municipal solid wastes, whose

potentials are yet to be fully harnessed especially for the generation of energy. In this study,

briquettes were produced from a mixture of groundnut and coconut shells at varying

proportions using cassava starch as binder. The briquettes were analyzed for their

combustion and viability characteristics using standard procedures. The results obtained

showed that the coconut shell briquettes have a higher moisture content, fixed and total

carbon than the groundnut shell briquettes. The viability properties of the groundnut shell

briquettes are slightly higher than those of the coconut shell while there is a significantly

higher combustion properties for the coconut shell briquettes than its groundnut shell

counterpart. It was observed that as the proportion of coconut shell increases in the mixture,

these variables also increased. The coconut shell briquettes have more positive attributes of

biomass fuel than the groundnut shell briquettes.

Keywords: Briquettes; Combustion; Coconut shell; Groundnut shell; Viability properties.





84

PERFORMANCE OF SANDWICH MEMBRANE IN RECLAMATION

OF WATER FROM FINAL DISCHARGED POME

Nurul Ain Mazlan*1, Khairul Faezah Md Yunos2, Azhari Samsu Baharuddin3, Mohd

Nazli Mohd Naim4

1,2,3,4Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra

Malaysia, Selangor, MALAYSIA


ABSTRACT

Performance of sandwich configurations of paired ultrafiltration membranes in reclamation

of water from final discharged POME were evaluated extensively. Two membranes were

sandwiched together in different configurations without spacer. Two types of membrane

were used in this study which were PES and RC with MWCO 5kDa. The sandwich

configurations were known as SS-Sandwich, SB-sandwich, where S indicates that the skin

layer faces the feed and B indicates that support layer faces towards the feed. The result of

single membrane was compared with both sandwich arrangement. SS-sandwich

configuration shows the best permeate quality for PESMWCO 5kDa. The pollutant reduced

range up to 80%-90% compared to single membrane which were 60%-70% range. The

quality of permeate obtained for total dissolved solid (TDS), suspended solid (mg/L),

turbidity, BOD5, COD, were 535 mg/L, <25 mg/L, 0.88 NTU, BOD5 23.3 mg/L, and 48

mg/L. The quality of permeate from SS-sandwich membrane of 5 kDa was beyond reuse

standard and approaching drinking water standard for TSS, TDS and turbidity. Therefore it

can be concluded that, water reclaimed from treating final discharged from palm oil mill

effluent using ultrafiltration technique with right sandwich configuration at optimum

operating conditions was successfully complied with WHO reuse water standard.

Keywords: Ultrafiltration, Sandwich Membrane, Reclamation, Permeate, Quality


85

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