international conference on education for …repo.stkip-pgri-sumbar.ac.id/id/eprint/8274/1/7....

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EDUCATION

FOR ECONOMICS, BUSINESS, AND FINANCE

DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS FACULTY OF ECONOMICS UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MALANG

ISSN (PRINT) 2540-8372 ISSN (ONLINE) 2540-7481

Table of Contents ICEEBF 2016

Malang, 15 September 2016

Welcome Note i

Organizing Committee ii

Table of Contents

iii

Retention: Policy Dilemma in Taxation Diploma

Santi Novita, Murdiyati Dewi

1-12

Effects of Learning Capability on the Management and the Marketing

Performance of the Organization

Saeed Allam Mousa

13-20

Analysis of Causality between the Rubbers and Cassava Exports from

Thailand to China and Agricultural Economic Growth of Thailand

Assistant Professor Dr. Thanet Wattanakul

21-27

Who Would Return to Malioboro? A Structural Model of Factors to

Influence Tourists’ Revisit

Elmia Nafisah, Usep Suhud

28-35

Implementation of Lesson Study on Introduction to Microeconomic Course

in Department of Economic Development, Faculty of Economics,

Universitas Negeri Malang

Sri Handayani, Dian Rachmawati

36-46

Level of Bank Soundness Analysis with CAMEL Model on Sharia Bank in

Indonesia Period 2010–2014 (Quantitative Study and Critique–Philosophy–

Rhetoric)

Dr. Yetty Murni, Tri Astuti, Chaerani Nisa

47-65

The Impact of Entrepremeur Orientation to The Performance of SMEs:

An Analysis from Gender Perspective

Tabroni, Rika Kaniati, Harimurti Wulandjani, Lailah Fujianti

66-81

The Development of Food and Beverage Products Micro Business

Budi Prihatminingtyas

82-87

The Model of Strengthening Sharia Financial Service Cooperative

Institution (KJKS) with Individual Characteristics Perspective in Padang

Linda Wati, Ice Kamela, Zeshasina Rosha

88-95

Fundamental Analysis to Access the Fair Value Based on Price Earning

Ratio (PER) and Dividend Discount Model (DDM) Approach as the basis

for Investment Decision Making (A Study on the Insurance Sub Sector

Listing in Indonesia Stock Exchange Period 2013-2015)

Lisa Rahayu Ningsih

96-106

Analysis The Impact of World Oil Price Fluctuations on Indonesia

Economic

Lysia Novarinda

107-113

Factor That Influences Customer Decision to Purchase Start-Up Company

Product: Case in An3lau Start-Up Company

Cep Bubun Burhanudin, Sudrajati Ratnaningtyas

114-125

Implementation of Collaborative Learning Process Based on Lesson Study

To Introduction Microeconomics

Rizky Dwi Putri

126-133

Spousal Employment and Women’s Decision Making Power Within

Households Evidence in Indonesia

Ana Ulfa Setiyaningroom

134-142

Analysis of Factor Affecting The Successful New Product Launch Through

Marketing Perspective

Puguh Yoga Wijaya, Leo Aldianto

143-154

Determinant of the Performance of Indonesian Airlines Toward Open Sky

Policy

Suwardi Bambang Hermanto, Anton Eko Yulianto

155-164

Maximazing Revenue and Competitive Advantage of Small And Medium-

Sized Enterprises in Binjai, Indonesia: A Community Service Study

Muhammad Bukhori Dalimunthe, Fitri Yani Panggabean

165-169

Strengthening Intellectual Character Using Tripartite Synergy to

Enhance Human Resources Competitiveness of Indonesia

Dwi Wahyuniati

170-181

Analysis of Religiosity and Responsibility of SMEs Loan Repayment

Agus S. Irfani, Florida Aryani, Cotoro Mukri, Lailah Fujianti

182-197

The Impact of Premium and Trust on Value and Their implication on

Loyalty and Retention: A Case of Customers at an Assurance Company Siti Mudrika, Usep Suhud

198-206

Price Wars and Fox Tail Theory in Indonesia

Dominicus Edwinarto, Yosef Dedy Pradipto

207-217

Informality Trap Policy in Indonesia

Ismiriati Nasip, Yosef Dedy Pradipto

218-228

An Application of Problem Based Learning on Accounting Research

Methodology Course

Nanis Hairunisya

229-237

Relationship of The Development of Gold Thread Embroidery Toward The

Birth of Entrepreneurial Spirit At Coastal Minangkabau

Dasrizal, Zusmelia, Marleni, Rinel Fitlayeni, Elvawati

238-247

The Effect of Public Participation, Transparency, and Accountability on

the Efficiency of the Distribution of the School Operational Support Funds

(BOS) in Tebing Tinggi City (Case Study of Taman Siswa College)

Dr. Henry Aspan, Feby Milanie, Ayu Kurnia Sari

248-259

School Accountability Model Based on Archive

Nina Oktarina, Hengky Pramusinto

260-267

Auditor Quality Models of Local Government Inspectorate in Central Java

Lisa Kartikasari, Sutapa, Puji Harto, Abdul Rohman

268-279

Improving knowledge and skill of owners and managers of small and

medium size enterprizes by business incubator: an action research

Dr. Sunaryanto

280-287

Implementation of Values Education on Pancasila and Civic Education

Subjects In Elementary School; Study In Kota Padang

Harisnawati, Rini Vovriyenty

288-294

Risk Management and Taxpayers Compliance

Dr. Diana Sari

295-304

Critical Success Factors of SMEs’ Coopetition in Creative Industry Margani Pinasti, Hijroh Rokhayati, Agus Faturokhman

305-311

Consumerism Behavior, Consumerism of Student and Theory of Leak

(Case Study About Student of Trunojoyo University)

Dr. Abdur Rohman.S.Ag.M.EI

312-328

Factors That Influence Costumer to Purchase Intention Healthy Snack in

Bandung

Elok Kusuma Wardani, Evy Rachmawati

329-340

Comparative Analysis of Marketing Strategy Between Small and Medium

Enterprises–A Study of Food Package in Bandung

Putri Rahmawati

341-348

user

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Character Education Strategy through Learning with Mind Mapping to

Improve Students’ Understanding on the Basic Concepts of Office

Management

Sandy Arief, Hana Netti Purasani, Nina Oktarina, Ismiyati

349-360

Customer Preference and the Affecting Factors in Fashion Shopping

Media Using Young People Perspective in Indonesia

Erika Hening Pratiwi

361-370

Preparation of Village’s Socio-Economic Map As A Basis to Establish

Villlage-Owned Enterprise In Banyumas Regency

Agus Suroso, Margani Pinasti , Novita Puspasari, Ascaryan Rafinda

371-378

The Knowledge and Perception of Moslem University Students About

Islamic Economics

Dr. Dwi Wulandari, Bagus Shandy Narmaditya

379-386

Sensory Branding: Music Dominance as Enhancement of Brand Image and

Customers Positive Attitude on Cosmetics Commercial Video

Aisyah Dhia Ahsanti, Reza Azhari Nasution, Ph.D

387-404

The Role of Cooperative School to Fostering Entrepreneurship Students

(Case Study in The MAN 3 Malang)

Rizza Megasari, Yogi, Dwi Satrio

405-414

The Relationship Between Corporate Governance, Corporate Size,

Corporate Industry to Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure Size and

Stock Price

Ardiansyah Rasyid, I Cenik Ardana

415-429

Creating Better Human Development through Taxation

Thomas Soseco

430-436

Analysis Characteristics of Learning Styles VAK (Visual, Auditory,

Kinesthetic) Student of Banks and Financial Institutions Course

Menik Kurnia Siwi, Yuhendri L V

437-446

An Analysis About the Strategy of the Street Vendors (Pedagang Kaki Lima

or PKL) Existence at Pulosari, Malang

Prof. Dr. Sri Umi Mintarti, Syahrul Munir

447-456

When did the private cost of education and motivation influenced the

academic achievement of students?

Efni Cerya

457-464

The Role of Self Efficacy of The Professionalism of Accountants, Auditors

Individual Cultural Relations With Government Quality Investigative

Audit (Study on Auditor BPK Government In Jakarta) Suratno, Syahril Djaddang, Shinta Budi Astuti, Bambang Supriatno

465-479

Coso Framework: An Internal Audit & Effectiveness Analysis of Banking

Internal Control on Credit Investment Aspect

Mahsina, Asmie Poniwati, Khusni Hidayati

480-494

The Development Strategy of Ecopreneurship-Based Tourism Village (The

Development Research of The Tourism Village In Desa Wonomerto

Kecamatan Wonosalam Kabupaten jombang)

Dwi Wahyuni, Prof. Dr. Wahjoedi, Prof. Dr. Bambang Banu Siswoyo, Dr. Mit

Witjaksono,

495-500

Acceleration of Licensing in Banyuwangi to Support the Growth of Local

Investment

M. Wasil, M. Ikhsan Setiawan, Sri Wiwoho Mudjanarko

Annotations Genius Loci Coastal Community as efforts to strengthen

identity on local economic Banyuwangi Dr. Mit Witjaksono, Emma Yunika Puspasari

501-512

513-523

Batik Gajah Oling as One of Business Opportunities and Regional Cultural

Recognition (Case study Brand Batik Banyuwangi)

Ni’matul Istiqomah

524-530

Fiscal Decentralization Policy and Regional Financial Management In East

Java Province Dr. Sugeng Hadi Utomo

531-542

Financial Assesment of Alco Engine Restoration Rushandoko Cahyo Saputro, Dr. Subiakto

543-559

Analysis Merger of Petrochina Company Limited and Sinopec Limited

Using Discounted Cash Flow Method

Marissa Ramadhana, Subiakto Soekarno

Developing Entrepreneurship Skill for Society for Emporing Family

Welfare Fostering

Dr. Grisvia Agustin

Study on the Impact of Economic Development Abdul Rachman Saleh

Airport

Dr. Hadi Sumarsono

560-577

578-583

584-599

The Effect of Parents’ Socioeconomic Status and Family’s Economic

Education toward Financial Literacy and Lifestyle and Its Impact to the

Rationality of Consumption

Yohanes Hadi Soesilo, Nur Anita Yunikawati

600-608

Time Banking as The Deployment of Caring Economics: A Preliminary

Literature Research

Mit Witjaksono 609-628

International Conference on Education For Economics, ISSN (Print) 2540-8372 Business, and Finance (ICEEBF) 2016 ISSN (Online) 2540-7481

238

Relationship of The Development of Gold Thread

Embroidery Toward The Birth of Entrepreneurial Spirit

At Coastal Minangkabau

Dasrizal1, Zusmelia2, Marleni3, Rinel Fitlayeni4, Elvawati5

1. Program Studi Pendidikan Geografi, STKIP PGRI SUMBAR,Indonesia

dan Ketua Yayasan PGRI Sumatera Barat

2. Program Studi Pendidikan Sosiologi, STKIP PGRI SUMBAR,Indonesia

dan Ketua STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat

3. Program Studi Pendidikan Sosiologi, STKIP PGRI SUMBAR, Indonesia



E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The focused of this study was the relationship of the development of gold thread

embroidery toward the birth of entrepreneurial spirit at coastal Minangkabau. The

existence of gold threads embroidery industry in the coast of Minangkabau, especially in

Kota Pariaman affected by geography and historical factors. The birth of the spirit of

entrepreneurship with embroidery business started from individual businesses (one man

enterprise) to family (family enterprise), and then developing into micro, small and

medium enterprise. Gold thread embroidery industry strongly contributed to the society

economically, socially and culturally. It appealed both local and international tourists.

The craft industry has become one of the cultural icons of tourism in West Sumatra.

Keywords: gold thread embroidery, entrepreneurship, coastal Minangkabau

I. Introduction

Industry is all the economic activity that processes raw materials and

industry resources to produce goods that have added higher value and benefits,

including industrial services. Additionally, industry is one of the employment

opportunities in Indonesia, which aims not only to improve the welfare of the

people in the city or village but also to limit unemployment. Specifically, small

industry and home industry indirectly has a great potential on the economy of the

community. Based on the law No. 3 in 2014 about Industry, article 9 Master Plan

National Industrial Development prepared by considering the potential of the

resource industry, culture industry and local wisdom that grow in the community,

the potential and the socio-economic development region, as well as the

development of industry and business well nationally and internationally.

According to Article 9 of Law No. 3 of 2014 potential resource of

industry, culture industry and local wisdom that grow in the community is very

important for the development in Indonesia. Cultural industry proposed by

Frankfurt is shaping the masses tastes and trends so that they have awareness by

growing their desire for false needs. The main characteristics are the

standardization and individualisms apparent that cultural products are

commodities produced by the culture industry even though democratic,

mailto:[email protected]

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individualistic and diverse but in fact authoritarian, conformist and highly

standardized (Suyanto, 2013: 114-115). This is because the culture can be seen as

national identity that should be respected, retained and preserved so that our

culture is not lost. Moreover, it can be a legacy to our next generation as a cultural

resistance. The pride of cultural diversity becomes the challenge for all the

Indonesian to retain the local culture from being lost or stolen by other nations.

The potential of Indonesian culture significantly has a high value, for

instance industrial sector of clothing, embroideries, and hand embroideries with

high cultural value. This is strongly expected to be continued by the next

generation. In tourism, handicraft products notably give happiness and memories

that can evoke the desire of tourists to visit the village of artisans mainly

forembroidery(Feryanto,2011:2).

A Japanese researcher, Tskuyoshi Kato on his article entitled "Rantau

Pariaman: World Merchant of Minangkabau Coastal in Nineteenth Century",

acknowledged that ethnic Minangkabau is one of Indonesian ethnic that can be

compared with the Chinese. Historically, successful entrepreneurs come from

local Minangkabau Pariaman, both macro and micro enterprises. Pariaman society

which is known as a social entrepreneur with their strong character.

Entrepreneurship (entrepreneurial spirit) is an important factor in building

competitiveness and durability in poverty alleviation and regional economic

development (Sumodiningrat, 1998).

The handicrafts such as embroidery are widely known in public, one of

them is embroidered with gold thread. Gold thread embroidery is one of the iconic

craft in West Sumatra, Minangkabau, comes from coastal areas, precisely in the

Naras village, North Pariaman District in Pariaman city. Gold thread embroidery

products are well known for producing products such as Minang Pelaminan

complete with traditional dress, which became one of the ethnic symbols of

Minangkabau culture in ceremony. Gold thread embroidery is produced by micro

businesses, small and medium enterprises. Some of the studies indicated that

micro businesses, small and medium enterprises play an important role in the

economy of the community and able to drive the domestic economy. This

condition became the background of the researcher to discuss the relationship of

gold thread embroidery development toward the birth of entrepreneurial spirit on

the coast of Minangkabau. This research is immensely expected to contribute to

regional development and the community, both locally and nationally.

II. Theoretical framework

Entrepreneurship was originally a concept that was developed in the

tradition of sociology and psychology. At the beginning of the 18th century,

Richard Cantillon, a large Irish-born scholar in France, stated that

entrepreneurship is a function of risk bearing. A century later, Joseph Schumpeter

introduced the innovation functions as a formidable force in entrepreneurship.

Since then, the concept of entrepreneurship is an accumulation of functions

courage bear the risk and innovation (Siswoyo, 2009).

Entrepreneurship an entrepreneurial spirit that built aims to bridge between

the science with the ability of the market. Entreprenuership is the process of

identifying, developing, and bringing a vision into life. The vision may be an

innovative idea, an opportunity, a better way to run a business thing (Zusmelia et


240

al, 2012: 127). To understand how the linkage of gold embroidered with the birth

of entrepreneurship on the coast of Minangkabau use Max Weber's theory of

social action. When viewed from the orientation, actions can be divided into two

kinds, namely (1). Non-social actions, the actions undertaken by a person but not

oriented to the other party, (2). Social action, ie, actions by perpetrators oriented

to another party (Ritzer, 2003).

In addition, this is the following types to look at ways and purposes why

the action done by the people. Clearly, it can be divided into four types of action,

namely:

1. Rational-instrumental action is an action carried out by considering the

compatibility between ways and purposes. In this case, the actor computes

about efficiency and effectiveness of a number of courses of action.

2. Actions value-oriented related to basic values in society, consequently, the

actor is no longer concerned about the purpose of the action but in ways.

3. Traditional action is an action that does not take into rational consideration.

This action is carried out based on the consideration of habit and customs.

4. Affective actions are actions performed by actors based on feelings

(affection).

III. Research methods

This research was a sociology study with economic sociology. This study

used a qualitative approach with case study because it can control social problems

being studied. Furthermore, the research conducted is related to events or

phenomenon in real life (Yin, 1996) .Techniques of data collection were

observation and in-depth interviews. Information obtained from observations and

interviews will be written in field notes. There were two kinds of field note;

objective and reflective field notes. Eventually, the researchers tested the validity

of the data by using triangulation of methods and sources, in order to obtain the

valid data.

According Sartono (1992: 156-160) paradigm used have led researchers to

use a number of methods. This study was known as multi-method. They are;

1). Methods of sociological history and historical sociology done by approaching

of life history studies that are intended to see; 1) where gold embroidery exist

in Pariaman city and how the process of transferring the soul of

entrepreneurship both value and knowledge whether it is in nuclear family

and extended family.

2). Hermeneutic interpretative method. It is intended to try to interpret the facts;

the texts, to see phenomena that occur behind the realities. This stems from

the assumption that the activities of artisans gold thread embroidery is a

reality that influenced by factors such as socio-cultural, so that, it is highly

required a different method in approaching the phenomenon.

The data was analyzed by using an interactive model supported by Miles

and Huberman. The data analysis was done when the data collection takes place

period. During the interview, the researchers analyzed of the answers given by the

informant. If the answer was not satisfactory, then the question will be continued

to a certain extent to obtain real data. According to Miles and Huberman (in

Sugiyono, 2012), activity in the analysis of qualitative data is done interactively


241

and continuously till the data is already saturated. Briefly, activities were data

collection, data reduction, display, and conclusion and verification.

IV. Results and Discussion

The Profile of Golden Thread Embroidery in Coastal Minangkabau.

Historically, embroidery has been known in Indonesia since the 16th

century. At the beginning, embroidery was only used as an ornament royal family.

Entering the 20th century, the embroidery began to be applied rapidly on kebaya

(women’s blouse the front of which is pinned) , wedding decorations, and

building interior. Craft embroidery was done by hand. It was inherited from

generation to generation of women. Craft embroidery in Indonesia was influenced

by several foreign cultures such as China, Europe, Turkey, and India. It has been

found in Sumatra since the 18th century, which was used for cloth robes and

wedding gifts (Adisti, 2015: 1). In West Sumatra it was recently documented

since the 17 century. The documented elucidated that, the most gorgeous

embroidery was in Kubang, Agam, Sungai Pagu, Silungkang, Pandai Sikek dan

Lima Puluh Koto (Oki, 1986:117). Subsequently, Pariaman with embroidery, lace,

and gold thread embroidery and Payakumbuh with plaiting rattan.

West coast of Sumatra was located in the world's trade lanes in the era of

Dutch colonial. One of the commodities which were exchanged at that time was

the fabric from China, Gujarat and Europe. The goods were exchanged with gold

and iron ore, as well as natural products from the land of Sumatera. Consequently,

this condition affected the art of embroidery and weaving in Indonesia.

Minangkabau was an area with the most stores repertoire of embroidery art. There

were 21 kinds of art embroidery (specifically for terawang embroidery) in

Minangkabau. For instance seni sulam kepala peniti, kepala samek, sulam

aplikasi bayang, sulam keran-cang, sulam timbul, sulam suji cair, sulam

kalengkang, sulam benang emas kapalo samek, sulam benang emas pakai kaca,

sulam bayang tusuk dan suklam tikam jejak. They immensely still retained their

art traditions accepted from one generation to the next. It was doubtful that

Minangkabau not only can be seen from the traditional dances, landscapes and

culinary, but also can be seen from the embroidery. The main reason was the most

meaningful creativity born form “ Alam Takambang Jadi Guru” was the art of

embroidery. Women from different regions of the Minangkabau also taught to

learn embroidery skills.

Gold thread embroidery was one of the famous embroidery of West

Sumatra located in the city of Pariaman. Gold thread embroidery not only created

economic potential, but also supported the development of tourism in West

Sumatra, especially in Pariaman. In the 1920s, Pariaman have encountered

women with needlework, crochet and embroider. However, the presence of

beautiful Naras embroidery was unclear.

Based on Golden Thread Embroidery Industry profile of Koperindag,

Pariaman in 2009. It was found that the gold thread embroidery originated from

indigenous traditions and society weddings in Naras Pariaman, around 50 years

ago. Gold thread embroidery was an attempt from ancestors and perpetrator

history. It was estimated that around 1875, gold thread embroidery was done by

women in Naras III Koto Pariaman (Koperindag, 2009). Another source, (Rini,

2003: 21) states that since 1950, women in Naras , Pariaman increasingly


242

working on embroidery. However, the business management, lack of experience,

creativity for business development and marketing of products was not good or

unexpected. Time by time this business was still run as it was.

According to Maniar, 83 year old, (interviewed on May 16, 2015), one of

the oldest generation of the golden thread embroidery; the beautiful embroidery

has existed since the Dutch era. She stated that the needlework has been

developed since 1960s. This is consistent to one source stating that the golden

thread embroidery in Pariaman started to develop in 1960, after the outbreak of

PRRI (Tanjung, 2006: 183). Nurhayati, 55 year old (interviewed on May 16,

2015), a teacher and a craftswoman of the golden thread embroidery, realizes the

business potential but feels the weakness of the business management in order to

develop the business. In 1979 (date unknown), Nurhayati proposed the issue to the

village authority. The problems were followed up and discussed in a village

meeting attended by the Head of the Village (Muslim), Niniak Mamak-the

elders/leaders (Mak Uniang Aya), Cerdik Pandai-the scholars (Pak Angkuak),

Alim Ulama-the Islamic leaders (Tuanku M. Zaidi), the craftswomen and

entrepreneurs of golden thread embroidery, as well as some districts’ apparatus (at

the time, there was no Pariaman city. The entire region was still within the

administrative of Padang Pariaman District).

The results of the meeting were, first, forming the union of the beautiful

golden thread embroidery craftswomen in Nareh Hilir. Second, cooperating the

relevant agencies that can provide counseling. These talks were proceeded to the

Regional Department of Trade and Industry, Level II, Pariaman, and welcomed by

the relevant authorities. The support triggered Nurhayati to establish Sulaman

Indah Tiga Putri (Three Princess Beautiful Embroidery) in 1982. The business

accommodated other craftswomen to work here.

At the beginning of the development, the beautiful embroidery craft in

Nareh Hilir was generally done by the women as the side job, while the men

worked as the fishermen. Initially, it was used by the women in order to meet the

needs of family clothing. It grew eventually as one of the occupations and

livelihood (Suryati, 59 year old, interviewed on May 16, 2015). Along with the

development, the increase of the good productivity, the marketing area was

broadened to the outer parts of West Sumatra. The materials for production were

purchased in Bukittinggi (the center of grocery of confection materials in West

Sumatra), as from Umar Said and Sumber Agung stores. Other than proposing the

loan for capital, Usaha Tiga Putri also purchased the products of the women

produced independently at home (small-scale home industries).

In the context of the rural economy, such condition possibly happens; an

economic form that consists of many sources. This means that the family income

in general does not only derive from a single business sector but also from some

other businesses. A father, as the family leader, cannot guarantee to always be

responsible to the needs of his family. Although in principle the family members

are in the same consumptions, but the production is decomposed from each family

member. The realization was that each family member focuses on a specific task

in making a living. However, along with the Pariman embroidery development,

the business became the main source of income of the Nareh community (Abah,

58 year old, interviewed on April 2, 2015).


243

The development can be seen from the amount of production, skilled

labor, marketing and the role of the craft itself on the community economic.

Before 1980s, the Nareh Hilir communities embroidered by hand or Not Machine

looms (handloom). After 1980s, the border or machine looms appeared.

Gradually, the people of Nareh Hilir used them so that the development was

arisen (Suryati, interviewed on 16 April 2015). The type of the goods produced on

the golden thread embroidery was a set of wedding package/bridal dais including

its curtain and ceiling ornaments, bridegroom and bride clothes, shoes/sandals,

seat cushions, shawls, adult and children dance clothes as well as some souvenirs

(Suryati, 49 year old, interviewed on 16 April 2015).

In the context of the rural economy, this thing can be happened because

economic consisted of many sources. This means that family income in general

did not come from one business, but some effort. The father as head of the

household was not guaranteed to be responsible for his family's needs every time.

Although in principle both were in the same consumption, but production

decomposed on each family member. Realization of each member of the family

should be focused on work and specific tasks that earning money. But, the

development of beautiful Nirah embroidery Pariman became the main source of

income in Naras (Mardin-56, interviewed on May 31, 2016). These conditions

made the Naras village in North Pariaman District well-known as rural artisans

with the label "Village Craftsmen Beautiful Embroidery " in West Sumatra.

It was also supported by the industry data in handicraft sub-sector in North

Pariaman District. It clearly seen that the craftswomen embroidery was majority.

533 people were craftswomen embroidery, 194 were craftswomen needlework

and 436 were mechanics and 131 were embroidery business owners. However,

after the earthquake in 2009, many craftswomen embroidery working for wedding

especially in embroidery and engraving wedding. The reason was the period of

time in gold thread embroidery, and the wage, so they did other craft (Yusidar 46

years, interviewed on July 27, 2016). The comparison can be seen in Figure 1

below:

Figure 1. Sub- Sector of Craft Industry

Source: The profile of North Pariaman District, 2014


244

The relationship of the development of gold thread embroidery toward the

birth of entrepreneurial spirit at coastal Minangkabau

Referring the development of gold thread embroidery that has been

discussed previously, it can be shown that there was a relationship of gold thread

embroidery toward the birth of entrepreneurial spirit in west coast of Sumatra,

especially in North Pariaman District of Pariaman. Based on the results of the

study conducted in the first year of 2015 until the second year in 2016 it clearly

showed that the birth of entrepreneurship spirit in embroidery business started

from activities to meet clothing needs of family done by women, then developed

into one man enterprise business both men and women, and came the family

enterprise, finally, developed into small and medium enterprise.

Embroidery activities in Pariaman started to meet the clothing needs of the

family for traditional custom events. Geographical factor, historical and Minang

cultural lead and required Minang women to develop their creative skills into

economy business. Geographically, coastal regions made many men work as

fishermen. However, it was uncertain due to various factors, such as weather and

fishing arrest. The beach area which limited land for farming encouraged them to

go working in another city. Most of them worked in industrial sector particularly

in embroidery. Embroidery craft products originally used only for royal family.

Entering the 20th century, the craft began to be applied on the kebaya embroidery,

wedding decorations, and interior. Hand Embroidery was done from generations

to the next. Gold thread embroidery produced Minang wedding together with the

dress, which became one of the symbols of Minangkabau culture in any

ceremonies.

Gold thread embroidery developments in entrepreneur context starting

from home industries to one-man enterprise and then to the next generation, like

children, and involving family members which was known as family enterprise.

Ernayeti (53 Years) said that her business now continued her parents business.

She did it since elementary school when she was 8 years old in order to ensure her

family life. Ernayeti’s mother learned it from her grandma. Furthermore, Mr.

Mardin (56 Years) states he learned gold thread embroidery from his brother who

also learned it from his mother. Mr. Mardin started business in 1982, then Mr.

Mardin began to develop in 1989 until now. It was done it to ensure his family

life. Mr. Mardin had seven children from one wife. Mr. Mardin did not demand

his son to continue his efforts. He disseminated to children indirectly, so that they

can learn the meaning of it by themselves. The purpose was to fulfill family life .

Mr. Mardin facilitated his children to get a formal education till university. If lhis

son got a job, he would not continue his business anymore. These conditions

made Mr. Mardin should involve others people in managing his business. From

his 7 children, 3 of them have graduated from university. The condition occurred

because there was no other work related to their major. Craftsman employed by

Mr. Mardin has opened his own businesses, namely Chandra (29 years). He has

done all business activity from processing till producing. Before opening his own

business Chandra has worked for 21 years with Mr. Mardin. Since 2010 Candra

managed his own businesses. The conditions has been shown us that a new

entrepreneur was born from Mr. Mardin.


245

Based on the findings, it can be said that family enterprise can be a small

and medium enterprises when family members did not pursue it anymore. When

someone else involved then the skills automatically attracted another workers.

These workers were initially only work for a living (livelihood activities),

gradually becomes a micro enterprise without an entrepreneurial spirit. In the next

phase, these workers tried to develop ideas, innovation, look for opportunities and

better ways to run their business called entrepreneurship (entrepreneurship).

Referring to the perspective development of small and medium enterprise,

it can be classified into four (4) groups, namely:

1. Livelihood Activities, that is used as a job opportunity to earn a living,

which is more commonly known as the informal economy.

2. Micro Enterprise, that has craftsmen but do not yet have an

entrepreneurialspirit.

3. Dynamic Small Enterprise, there was already an entrepreneurial spirit and

able to accept subcontracting and export

4. Fast Moving Enterprise, there was already an entrepreneurial spirit and

they will transform it into a Medium and Large Scale.

Craftsmen who have entrepreneurial spirit can be said as a small dynamic

enterprise. According to Zusmelia (2012) entreprenuership is the process of

identifying, developing, and bringing a vision into real life. The vision may be an

innovative idea, an opportunity, better way to run a business. This is what

happens in the environment gold thread embroidery artisans in the Naras village

of North Pariaman District, Kota Pariaman. This area is known as a craft center of

“Sulman benang emas”. Transfer of knowledge and transfer of value that is built

up between the artisans and entrepreneurs Naras village not only in the nuclear

family but also extended family finally occured between extensive family.

Knowledge and value were transmitted so that they be a responsible person with

new spirit and innovation in starting a business. Furthermore, then became an

entrepreneur. The accumulation both courage and innovation fucntion was called

an entrepreneurship (Siswoyo, 2009).

Enterprises gold thread embroidery developed in Kota Pariaman was

growing gradually and diverse, there were small and medium that still in micro

category. There has been a small business and some have been able to be in the

category of medium-sized businesses, with ownership of assets between 500

million - 10 billion. The businesses included “Usaha Tiga Putri, Karya Prima,

dan Dua Sejol”. The business started from gold thread embroidery micro

enterprises into medium-sized businesses who sold bride-dress , wedding tools,

such as embroidery, sequin embroidery and engraving on wedding. Here are the

criteria of small and medium according to Law No. 20 of 2008 on small and

medium embroidery. Tabel 2. Criteria of UMKM

NO LEVEL CRITERIA

ASSET OMSET

1 Mikro Maks. 50 Juta Maks. 300 Juta

2 Small > 50 Juta – 500 Juta > 300 Juta – 2,5 Miliar

3 Medium > 500 Juta – 10 Miliar > 2,5 Miliar – 50 Milia

Source : UU No.20 tahun 2008 Bab IV


246

The birth of entrepreneurship on the coast of Minangkabau was actually

derived from individual businesses in their homes, starting from individual to

another family from one generation to the next generation. Then, it influenced to

the surrounding environment. Fitrinawati (48 years old) who daily worked in

elementary school as a teacher and now have a beautiful embroidery business

namely Sulaman Indah Mayang. She did not come from a craftsman family, her

parent was a farmer. She received embroidering skills from the surrounding

environment. When she was at elementary school age she has been embroidering

and getting reward from others. Viewing other efforts in embroidery business, she

had the desire to start a business about gold thread embroidery on her leisure time

as a teacher. Her dream became true in 2003. Now, she had 20 employees outside

her family with 20 million turnovers per month (interviewed on 12 July 2016).

Based on the data above, she can be said one business who gave

entrepreneurial spirit surrounding environment. In contrast, Mrs. Ernayeti (53

Years), she continued her parents business. She had e 15 employees consisted 10

people have been married, and 5 people were girls and two people were cousins

and 13 people were sibling and outside employees (interviewed on July 29, 2016)

V. Conclusion

Entrepreneurial spirit was born in the coastal area of the business in

Minangkabau. Gold thread embroidery was started from one man enterprise. The

individual entrepreneurial spirit is transmitted to the next generation, both nuclear

family and the extended family. If there was no person in one family did it, then it

will be continued by employee outside the family (among extended family). The

transmission occurred in the patron client relationships with transferred

knowledge and value so that the new entrepreneurs were born. This process will

be developed from one man enterprise into a family enterprise. As a result, it can

be developed into small and medium enterprises.

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