International Atornic Energy Agency

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

International Centre for Theoretical Phvsics

TIPNo. 70/71 MaylJune 1993

Prime Minister and Clwrcellor of Dhalu University Begum Khabda Zia handing over asilver caslet cortaining the honorary D.Sc. degree and citation to Nobel Laureate ProfessorAbdus Salan, Director, International Cenlre for Theoretical Physics, and Presiderx, ThirdWorA Acaderny ofSciences, u a special Dhalca University convocation held at the CurzonHallauditoriwt on Swday May 24, 1993, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Professor Abdus Salam AwardedHonorary Degree of Doctorate of Science

Nobel Laureate Professor AbdusSalam, Director, International Centre forTheoretical Physics, and President,Third World Academy of Sciences,received the honorary degree of Doctorof .Science (D.Sc.) at a simple butimpressive special convocation of DhakaUniversity, Bangladesh, on 23 May1993. The Chancellor of DhakaUniversity Prime Minister BegumKhaleda Zia confened the honorarydegree on the Nobel Laureate Pakistaniscientist amidst applause from theCurzon llall, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Professor Abdus Salam was the 33rdrecipient of the honorary doctoratedegree from the Dhaka University sincethe first one was awarded bv the first

Chancellor the Earl of Ronaldsay in1922, one year after the founding of theUniversity in 1921.

It was indeed a happy and memorableday for Dhaka University as it paidhomage to the highest intellectualattainments and noblest human qualitiesby honouring Professor Abdus Salam.

The impressive ceremony wasaddressed by Prime Minister BegumKhaleda Zia who paid deep respect toProf. Salam and said "We are gateful tohim for his presence in our midst.toaccept the honorary degree of Doctorateof Science". She said Prof. Salam'swisdom, intellect, basic contribution toscience and his efforts to the expansion ofscientific activities and application of

Inside:\ International tentre of Science,i Technologf ,rnd Environment for; Densely Populated Regions.,.........-2ICSTED Witf netp factrc nriraWorld Problems ««.....»...„...„..„

I Give Stress on Bio-Science for! Development „.

Conferences and Lectures

24th Meeting of the ICTP Scientific

Dirac Medal Award Gefcmony ......6

' Possibiliities of R&O in wteaiCai! Physics and BiolMedical: EngihCeiing tn ihC Third Woita inthe -I;ight of Bang,ladeshExpgiiCnce-.nr :;.;-...-..........,:.......... ?

Actirities :''.''''at ICTP in May/June - .11Calendar of Activities at ICTPin 1993/94 15

science to human welfare in the poorcountries are well known to theenlightened people all over the world.

"He has enriched the mankind by hisuncommon talent. On this auspiciousoccasion I pray that our country will beflooded with the lightof knowledge anewand a new era of development will usherin." the Prime Minister said.

The Prime Minister recalled thescience conference in 1961 in Dhakawhich was presided over by ProfessorAbdus Salam where he had advocated fora revolution in the field of knowledge.She said the necessity in bringing about arevolution in the field of knowledge wasgrowing after three decades in thepoverty-stricken countries.

Begum Zia said there was none likeProf. Salam who had emphasised theneed for cultivation of science andtechnology in the developing countries.

News from ICTP - No. 70/71 - May/June 199J

The function began with the playingof the national anthem. Vice-Chancellorof Dhaka Universily Prof. EmazuddinAhmed read out the citation at theceremony.

The original citation is given as it is:"Professor AMusSalam is one of the

most outstanding scientisB of our time;he is a great humanist too. He has been akey figure in the fascinating dramaunravelling the profound mysteries of thefundamental laws of nature for more thanfour decades and has con&emporaneouslybeen an assiduous champion of thecauses of the developing countriestowards their needs for modem science.

Professor Salam distinguishedhimself as one of the most brilliantstudents of the subcontinent before heleft for Cambridge; his academic successthere brought him even greater glories.He became a well known physicist at a.young age and won many awards for hisprofound contributions to theoreticalphysics. While still a graduate student heproved the renormalizability of quantumelectrodynamics and meson fieldtheories. His application of the two-component theory of the neutrino toexplain parity violation in weakinteractions, his collaborative work withWeinberg and Goldstone regardingspontaneous symmetry breaking, hisearly advocacy of unitary symmetry,SU(3) and higher groups, for particleclassification, and his two-tensor theoryof gravitation have all been seminalcontributions in the development ofmodern particle physics.

Professor Abdus Salam's mostsignificant contribution has been theunification of two of the fundamentalforces of nature. Salam shared ttre NobelPrize for Physics in 1979 wirh SheldonGlashow and Steven Weinberg for theircreation of the Standard Theory ofElecroweak Interaction which today liesat the heart of all modern research inparticle physics.

Salam's conviction in tlre existenceof beauty and symmetry in all aspecs ofna t re — possibly inspired by his deepknowledge and faith. in Easternphilosophy and spiritual and culturalheritage — has ted him to extend hisquest and has resulted in the formulationof Grand Unified Models incorporatingthe strong nuclear force inlo a commongauge theoretical scheme.. His later workhas clarified more recent concepts such

as supersymmetry and superstrings. Heremains to this day one of thefountainheads of original ideas intheoretical physics.

All his life Professor Salam hasendeavoured untiringly to establishscience in the developing countries. Theisolated scientists in the developingcountries have always been his greatconcern. He created at Trieste theInternational Centre for TheoreticalPhysics which provided a meetingground for the scientists from all over theworld to come and share theirexperiences. A large number of scientistsfrom Bangladesh have grearly benefited

from visits to Trieste over the years andall feel a deep sense of gratitude toProfessor Salam. In recent yean newCentres have been established at Triestein chemistry, Biotechnology, Geologyand other Sciences. We hope that ilresenew Centrres of excellence together withtwenty other similar Centres beingestablished all over the world, includingone in Bangladesh, will fullil ProfessorSalam's dream of a unified Centre ofScience for the entire world.

In honouring hofessor Abdus Salamthis University pays homage o thehighest intellectual attainments andnoblest human qualities". a

The International Centre of Science, Technology andEnvironment for Densely Populated Regions

Bangladesh, one of the world's mostpopulated countries, will have aninternational centre for science,technology and environment very soon.At the foundation laying ceremony forthis new centre, which took place inDhaka on Saturday 29 May 1993,Bangladesh's Prime Minister BegumKhaleda Zia |clld her guest of honour,Professor Abdus Salam, of herhappiness to inaugurate an institutionwhich will respond to the needs of thecountry and of the region and, at thesame time, fit into a project dear to theheart of Professor Abdus Salam: thenetwork of twenty research centres ofexcellence in the countries of the South.

The International Centre of Science,Technology and Environment forDensely Populated Regions (ICSTED)will initially conduct research in fivebroad areas: environment and naturaldisaster protection; population controland biotechnology; computer softwaredevelopment and materials science,which will include development ofnatural producs like jute, and alsosemiconductors and other solid-statetechnology. The research sraff will belocal and foreign, and the total workforce should count approximately onehundred and fifty people. As all research

will be caried out under internationalcontracts, ICSTED will be most likelyfinanced by the World Bank and theUnited Nations Industrial DevelopmentOrganization (LINIDO).

In her inaugural speech, the PrimeMinister Begum Khaleda Zia describedscience as the weapon for the economicemancipation of the developingcountries. "The Third World is facingtoday a great challenge", she said, "thechallenge of their survival; they rrcedincreased employment, facilities ofeducation, housing and medical care",and called for scientific andtechnological progress to overcomethese problems. She uged the UnitedNations, other internationalorganizations and other countries !o co-operate with ICSTED and to help inmaintaining a world-wide ecologicalbalance. The Government and, inparticular, the Ministry of Science andTechnology are confident that Science& Technology will be tightly linked !odevelopment issues. She concluded byquoting Professor Abdus Salam: "War isevil, war is cruel, war is inhuman, stillmore evil, still more cruel and still moreinhuman is the slow and agonising deathof daily h u n g e r " . _ a

News from ICTP - No. 70fl1 - May/June 1993

lnternational Centre of Science, Technology andEnvironment for Densely Fopulated Regions

Wiltl le lp Thckle Third World Pnoblems

Addressing the founding stone layingceremony of the ICSTED, NobelLaureate Professor Abdus Salam whowas the special guest on the occasion,hoped that the proposed Cenre wouldfunction as an outstanding researchorganisation !o contribute to tackle theproblems of Third World countriesincluding Bangladesh.

hofessor AMus Salam, who is alsoPresident of the Third World Academy ofSciences CftVAS) and Direcor of theInternational Centre for TheoreticalPhysics, Triestb, Italy, said the ICSTEDwould be a centre of research fordeveloping countries having a mission toutilise the results of successful andexpensive research performedthroughout the world to the context ofdensely populated regions of the world.

hof. Salam said the goal of ICSTEDwould be precisely to see that throughscience and technology the conditions ofregions suchas Bangladesh were broughtat par with the faster developing regions.The people living in high densitycountries like Bangladesh need, for theirwell-being, examine their problems withthis basic fact in mind, he added.

Professor Abdus Salam said he hadalways felt that the real problems of theThird World needed to be solved at locallevel. In this connection, he recalled thathe first mooted the idea of seaing up 20centres of excellence in Third Worldcountries for their development throughscience and technology at the bi-annualmeeting of the Third World Academy ofSciences held in Caracas, Venezuela, in1990.

He said densely populated did notmean underdevelopmentand pointed outthat the entire South-East Asia includingChina was a collection of denselypopulated legions that wereexperiencing the highest sustainedgrowth rate that the world had ever seen.

Prof. Salam said the ICSTED wouldalso focus on the problems of women interms of the betterment of their conditionthrough utilisation of science andtechnology and added ICSTED would

have a women's wing !o look exclusivelyafter this aspecl

Recalling his association withBangladesh, Prof. Salam said "As aphysicist I cannot forget that here inDhaka, the Bose-Einstein statistics, soimportant to understand nature, wasborn". He said the University of Dhakahas a tradition that is hard o equal in theentire sub-continent. "I always lookforward to renewing my fond associationwith Dhaka which is now the capital of aproud nation".

***Address by Prof.Naseem Rahman,

Coordinator of ICSTED

Speaking on the occasion, Prof.Naseem Rahman said the proposedcentre in Dhaka would be a thoroughlyinternational institute not as much for thefact of prestige but for thequality of workof international standard to be performedin Dhaka. He also pleaded for placing theactivities of ICSTED in the purview ofSAARC countries and added each ofwhich had reasons to contribute to thesuccess of ICSTED.

Dr. Naseem Rahman, a professor oftheoretical chemistry; Department ofChemical Sciences, University ofTrieste, Italy, said the ICSTED wouldsoon be in a position to start work in thedefined areas, and contacts were beingestablished with relevant scientists andtechnologiss of the SAARC countries sothat regional projects could startimmediately.

Initially, research will be conductedat the Centre on five broad areas likeenvironment and natural disasterprotection, population control and bio-technology, computer softwaredevelopment and research in materialscience which will include developmentof the natural products like jute and alsosemiconduclors and other solid statetechnologies. Both local and foreignscientists will be working in each of thefive areas. The toal work force at theCentre will be around 150.

Major part of the expenses inrunning the Cenre is expocted o beavailable as donations from friendlycountries and the World Bank andLJNIDO are also alikely !o finance theCentre's projects. All research will bedone through international contract.

The 20 countries selected to besponsored as networks of such centresinclude Pakistan, Malaysia, Sri Lankaand E g y p t . o •

Give Stress on Bio-Sciencefor Development

Professor Abdus Salam, NobelLaureate and Director, InternationalCentre for Theoretical Physics, onSunday 22 May 1993 at Dhaka,Bangladesh, called for laying emphasison biological science along with physicalscience for attaining the development ofThird World countries includingBangladesh.

Prof. Abdus Salam also laid stress onattaining scientific and technologicaladvancement by Bangladesh toovercome impediments to itsdevelopmenL

Professor Abdus Salam wasaddressing the special convocation of theDhaka University, where the NobelLaureate was conferred with Doctor ofScience (D.Sc.) Degree Honoris Causa.

Prof. Salam said for the last two yearshe had been working on the origin of lifeand the universe applying his owntheory.

Prof. Salam expressed his gratinrdeand thanks to the Dhaka Universityauthorities for confening him the degreeand added he was proud to receivehonour from an institution havingtradition hard to equal in the entire sub-continent.

Prof. AMus Salam recalled hisassociation with the Physics Departmentof Dhaka University and said it was theplace where Bose-Einstein in statistics,so important !o understand nature, wasborn.

"I always felt proud !o find that myportrait got a place in the Departmentalone, with many eminent scientists

News from ICTP - No. 70171 -MayiJune 1993

including S.N. Bose and others who hadtaught here", he said.

The Nobel Laureate said manybrilliant studens of the Department, nowworking for international organisations,had made their mark in the field ofresearch on science and technology. Hementioned that Bangladeshi scientistsworking for the Intemational Centre forTheoretical Physics (ICIP) at Trieste,Italy, had earned internationalrcputation.

He recalled his first visit to Dhaka in1961 in connection with acending AllPakistan Science Conference. "Sincethen I visited Dhaka many times", Prof.Salam said, adding "I always lookforward to renewing my fond associationwith Dhaka, now the capital of a proudnation".

Prof. Salam said he was happy to notethat the present democratic governmenthad auached priority !o setting up theInternational Centre of Science,Technology and Environment forDensely Populated Regions (ICSTED)through incorporating the project in theannrral development prognmme.

hof. Salam thanked Prime MinisterBegum Khaleda Zia, who as theChancellor of the Dhaka University,conferred the degree on him. o

Conferencesand Lectures

Dr. V. Staicu, a Post-docooral studentof the ICTP Mathematics ResearchGroup, gave a seminar at the Departmentof Pure and Applied Mathematics of theUniversity of Padua (Italy) ondifferential inclusions of theevolutionary type. His seminar, whichwas held on Thursday 27 May, was one ofthe series on nonlinear analysis.

Dr. M. Kirane, a Post-doctoralstudent of the ICTP MathematicsResearch Group from the University ofAnnaba (Algeria), gave two seminars atthe Institute for Applied MathematicsResearch (Istituto per ricerche dimatematica applicata, IRMA) in Bari,Italy, on 3l May and 4 June. The titles ofhis seminars were "Examples ofreaction-diffusion systems in which thediffusion terms lead to blow-up" and"Global solutions to systems of sfonglycoupled reaction-diffusion equations".

•

24th Meeting of the ICTP Scientific Council

Tte Scientific Council held its annualmeeting on 4 May 1993. Its Members aredistinguished scientists appointed intheir personal capacity and chosen fromseveral countries. They normally meetonce a year to review and assess the ICTPactivities of the current year and toformulate proposals andrecommendations for the shoit- andmedium-term.

Nobel Laureate Professor J.R.Schrieffer has recently been appointed asChairman of the Council and of theCondensed Matter Research Group forthe years 1993-94 since Prof. S.Lundqvist retired from the same offices.

He opened the meeting by expressinghis pleasure to be even more closelyassociated with Prof. AMus Salam. Hewelcomed all those present andespecially the two new Members, Profs.Ezeilo (Nigeria) and Khalatnikov@ussia). He thanked the representativesof IAEA, UNESCO and the ItalianGovernment for tieir continuing supportto the Centre and Professor Salam forsharing his wisdom. He paid a tribute toProf. S. Lundqvist, whose vigorousleadership as Chairman of the Counciland promoter of the Condensed Matteractivities at ICTP will always beremembered. Finally, he thanked Profs.

Salam, Budinich and Bertocchi forhelping him getting acquainted withICTP matters.

Dr. H. Blix, IAEA Direcor General,expressed his appreciation o Prof. JR.Schrieffer for taking over the position ofChairman of the Scientific Council.

Prof. Abdus Salam welcomed allthose present and highlighted the mainissues which had arisen at the ICTP sincethe last meeting of the Council in I990—the announcement by Dr. H. Blix that ttrcadminisration of the ICTP would betransferred from IAEA Io UNESCO, andthe cash flow difficulties during 1991and 1992. He explained that thedifference between the number ofvisi[ors in 1992 versus 1991 was due tothe cancelling of rctivities because ofthese difficulties.

An important feature of the past yearhad been the implementation of theDiploma Course — a programmerecommended by the Scientific Councilin 1990 — in High Energy Physics,Condensed Matter Physics andMathematics. He hoped that this Councilwould recommend a fourth subjecr

Prof. Bertocchi complemented Prof.Salam's presentation with an overviewof the present situation of the ICTPprogramme. In the past, the ICTPdeveloped as an institu0e for research andtraining. But in the last five years,emphasis has been more and more plrcedon research rather than on training.

At present, there are three mainresearch groups — in High EnergyPhysics, Condensed Matrer Physics andMathematics, each consisting of 2 or 3resident scientists, about 20 post-docoral shrdents, and about 200 long-and short-term visitors per year. Ttrcreare also smaller research groups inPlasma Physics and Fusion,Atmospheric Physics, Radio-propagation, and Structure of the SolidEarth and Earttrquake Prediction. Thesesmaller goups are composed of a fewlong-term, resident or post-doctoralscientists, and about 20-30 visitors peryear. All the research group leaders arefrom developing countries.

In addition to the visitors, theAssociate Members take part in the

News from- ICTP - No. 70/71 - May/June 1993

research activities. At present there areabout 400 of them.

He recalled that the first laboratoryestablished at ICTP was the one onMicroprocessors. Research on WSI iscanied out there, in cooperation withexternal institutes, in particular with theItalian Institute for Nuclear Physics(INFN). The Laboraory is funded by theItalian Government through the UnitedNations University (tII{q.

The Superconductivity Laboraorywas opened when the subject becametopical. It carries out training andresearch activities for the preparation andcharacterization of superconductingmaterials. The Laboratory for I:sers andOptical Fibres, in cooperation with theSwiss Government through thePolytechnic School of Zurich, servesprincipally as a support for trainingactivities, but also carries out someresearch on local area nehilorks throughoptical fibres.

The ICTP training programme iscarried out through a large number ofcourses, workshops and schools,covering subjects in all ttre fields of theresearch.

As mentioned by hofessor AbdusSalam, a new part of the trainingprogramme is the Diploma Course whichstarted two years ago in High EnergyPhysics and Condensed Matter Physics,and last year in Mathematics. Theattendance in this programme is limitedto 10-12 students per course.

In addition o the Haining programmein Trieste, ICTP also conducts, since1983, a programme for Training andResearch in ltalian Laboraories. About100 scientists from developing countriesper year Ake part in the research projecsof these laboratories.

Moreover, there are two more majorprogrammes which are carried outoutside the ICTP, namely, the ExternalActivities which has four major schemes:first of all, the support o AffiliatedCentres and networking of scientificinstitutes within geographical regions;the third and fourth components arefinancial and intellectual support toscientific meetings in the developingcountries and the scheme for Visiting

Scholars respectively.He also reported on the ICTP Library

and tle computer facilities. According omany, the Library is one of the best in theregion as far as physics and relatedsciences are concerned.

Prof. Bertocchi remarked that, overthe last two years, the Centre wentthrough financial difficulties, mainly dueto the fact that money had to be borrowedto make up for delays in the payment ofthe budget contributions. He also notedthat, due to inflation, the ICTP was forced!o decrease the number of scientiststaking part in each activity.

On the proposed transferof the ICTPadministration to UNESCO, Prof.Bertocchi said that the text of theTripartite Agreement had been approvedby the parties. This Agreement betweenUnesco, IAEA and the ItalianGovernment, includes the provision fora Steering Committee which will guidethe ICTP activity. The Agreement alsostates that the transfer will beeffective onlst January 1994 after all procedureshave been fulfilled.

The participants in the meetingincluded- the Members of the ICTP Scientific

Council:Prof. J.R. Schrieffer. Chairman

Prof. P. Budinich, SecretaryProf. Abdus SalamProf. F. El BazProf. J.O.C. EzeiloProf. JJ. GiambiagiProf. t.M. KhalatnikovProf. N.H. MarchProf. Y. PalProf. J. PalisProf. Y SoboutiProf. Zhou Guangzhao;

- the representotives of tlu ltalianGovernment:Amb. C. TalianiDr. G. Carante;

- the representatives of theinternatiorwl organizations:Dr. H. BlixDr. S. MachiProf. F. Mayor-ZragozaDr.S.Raither;

- the representative of thc Third WorldAcadenry of Sciences:Prof. M.H.A. Ilassan;

- the representative of the Ad-HocCommittee:Prof. P. Chaudhari;

- tle representatives of tlw ICTP:Prof. L. BertocchiDr. G. GuerrieroDr. M. Farooque. •

Tlv Scientific Courcil k sessbn.

s

News from ICTP - No 70/71-May/June 1993

Dirac Medal AwardCeremony

otr29thJune, 1993, Professor YakovG. Sinai (Iandau Institute of TheoreticalPhysics, Moscow, Russia) received the1992 Dirac Medal which had beenawarded to him last year. Two suchMedals are awarded every year on thebirthday of P.A.M. Dirac — 8th Augusl

The ceremony took place in the MainLecture Hall of the ICTP, Trieste.Professor Abdus Salam, Director of theICTP and President of TWAS, was notthere to preside over the ceremony as hewas in London. Professor L. Bertocchi,Deputy Director, ICTP, chaired thefunction. Prof. S. Lundqvist, ex-Chairman of the ICTP Scientific Councilwas present as a special guest. Prof. L.Bertocchi presented the Medal and acheque of US$ 5,000 o Prof. Y.G. Sinai.

Professor Yakov G. Sinai is honouredfor his outstanding contribution totheoretical physics and mathematicsthrough the development of ergodictheory and its applications to dynamicalsystems, in particular billiards, phase

Professor Yal<ov G. Sbui receiving the Dirac Medal $ 1992 fron Professor LrciarcBertocchi, Depury Director of thc Interrutional Centre for Tluorabal Physics, ot 29th June,1993, in the Main Lccture Hall of the ICTP.

transitions, quantum chaos andhydrodynamics. Also cited is his work onthe spectral analysis of Schrtldingeroperators and applications ofrenormalization group thecy.

hofessor Yakov G. S inai was born inMoscowon21 September 1935. In1960he obtained his Ph.D. from the MoscowStale University, where he began hiscareer as a Scientific Researcher (1960-l97l) . He is presently ScientificResearcher at the Laboratory of

Probabilistic and Statistical Methods atthe Moscow State University, SeniorResearcher at the Landau Institute ofTheoretical Physics of the Academy ofSciences and Professor of Mathematicsat .the Moscow State University.Between September l99l and January1992 he was Visiting Professor atPrinceton University, USA.

He is a Foreign Member of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciencesand Member of ttre Russian Academy ofSciences. In 1992 Professor Sinai waselected Honorary Member of the LondonMathematical Society.

In 1986 Professor Sinai received theBolemann Gold Medal for his work instatistical physics; in 1989 he wasawarded the Heinemann Prize for hiscontribution to mathematical physicsand in 1990 the Markov Prize for hiswork in pobability theory.

The other 1992 Dkac Medal wasawarded (posthumously) to Prof. N.N.Bogolubov formerly of the Joint Institutefor Nuclear Research in Moscow duringa ceremony which was held at lCTP on 2December 1 9 9 2 . - )

Dirac Medal l*cture given by Prof. Yakov G. Sinai at the Main lcctwe Hall of tlw ICTPon 29th June 1993.

News from ICTP - No. 70/71 -May/June 1993

Possibilities of R&D in Medical Physics and Bio-Medical Engineeringin the Third World in the Light of Bangtradesh Experience

K.S. RabbaniJunior Associate

In this article I shall describe in briefthe R& D work carried out in Bangladeshby the Bio-Medical Physics Group at theDeparrnent of Physics, University ofDhak4 over the last 13 years.

Work started back in 1978 when onephysicist had his old father in the hospialwith a fractured bone and while at thesame time a foreign science report shownon the local TV talked about a techniqueof enhancing bone fracture healing triedin USA. This put the physicist in acrionand he went through the literature, talked!o the doctors and finally embarked uponthe project. The equipment needed wasbeyond the budget of the poor researcherand there were not enough details in theliterature. So he came to the Universitylooking for technical resources and skill,and formed a grcup with a friend of his,a seniu member of the staff, who hadexperience in old valve-basedequipment.

As a coincidence, I retumed fromabroad roughly at tlre same time afterobtaining a Ph.D. in semiconductordevice 0echnology (mieroelectronics). Imade myself convinced that we cannotput a microelectronic chip on the marketfrom a poor country like Bangladesh andI wanted !o do something useful in thecontext of the country. Though therewere strong suggestions from seniorscientists to continue in the field andthere was a similar group within theDepartment, I did not share their ideas,the only success that could be achievedfrom such exercises, I reasoned, wouldbe in training students who would jointhe bandwagon of brain drainees settlingdown in Califomia. Why shouldn't I be abrain drainee then? I was trying out areaslike solar and wind energies when I wasasked to join the bone fracture healinggroup since I had a knack for modernelectronic circuit design.

The above story is mentioned just ohighlight situarions rhar are ofrenencountered by scientists in ttp ThirdWorld and o guide the 0rinking process

of young scientists there.The modest start in 1978 was

followed by a British Council-sponsoredacademic link with the Department ofMedical Physics and ClinicalEngineering, Sheffield University, UK,which opened up the doors of otherpossibilities o us. With their sincere andactive help we have been able [o extendour research areas and have formed areasonably large group withinBangladesh which includes people fromother institutions as well.

Organised by a senior staff memberof our faculty who made opportunitiesavailable !o us and provided us with thenecessary guidance, motivation andsupport, we have been able !o carry outresearch work without much hindrance.Courses on bio-medical physics at theM.Sc. and M.Phil. levels have beenestablished and are attracting the brightergroup of students. We havecollaborations with several hospitals,whether in research or in specialisedpatient services using equipmentdeveloped by us. The basic infrastructurenecessary for further research has beenestablished. Once the ball got rolling,innovative ideas cropped up, in the lastdecade or so we have been able toproduce some work, which I believe,deserves commendation-

List of R&D work in medical physics& bio-medical engineering at DhakaUniversity and present status1. Development of a micro-computerised electro-physiologyequipment with signal averaging facility@lectro Myo-Gram, evoked potentialsfrom nerve and brain for neurologicalinvestigations). Prototype complete andis rww set up in a lnspilal.2. Development of ECG on linemonilor for use in intensive care units.Probrype almost complete.3. Electrical Impedance Tomography(EIT) — a new technique. Equipmentdeveloped by the Sheffield group. Our

work involves: (a) studies on the effect ofthird dimension in EIT and possibility of3D imaging; (b) determination oflocation of electrodes on human bodyusing ultrasound techniques fordevelopment of static EIT; (c) gasricemptying studies on malnourishedchildren in diarhoeal and non-dianhoealregimes using EIT. Some progress lwsbeen nade in all thc tlvee. Continuing.4. Optimisation of electrodeconfiguration in order o develop a fourpoint elecrical impedance plethysmo-graphic technique for gasuic emptyingstudies. Consifurable progress las beenachieved. Continuing.5. Development of a vibrationtechnique for assessment of bonefracture healing and for diagnosis ofosteoporosis (bone degeneration).Cansiderable progress has beenachieved. Continuing.6. Studies on electromagneticstimulation for bone fracure healing.Considerable work lws fuen done. I*ssinterest now.7. Development of a computersoftware to select suitable hearing aidsfor patiens from hearing threshold dataand elecrical characteristics of hearingaids. Done.8. Development of a low-costsecondary calibration facility for puretone audiometss. Done.9. Development of computer interface!o a mechanical spirometer for dataacquisition and respiration studies.Done.10. Impedance plethysmography forblood flow studies. Some progress lasbeen nwde. Continuing.11. Development of an electricalmethod for blocking excessive sweatingfrom palms, feet and armpits,. First studysuccessful. Prototypes being distributedto patients at lonu. Continuing.12. Development of very low costdevices for destroying dianhoeal germsin drinking lvater using solar energy —for rural areas and for use at disaster

News from ICTP - No. 70/71 - May/June 1993

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times. Srccessful design developed.Ready for field trial.13. Development of low cost equipmentfor primary health carc. pH metersuccessfully made, colorinuter beingdeveloped.14. Correlation of studies on lungs andon gastric emptying using $ e new EITtechnique and gamma camera. lrrststarting.15. Development of reusable low costskin surface electrodes for use in ECGand other electro-physiologicalinvestigations. StcceJJ achieved ininitial trials. Cotinuing.16. Vectorcardiography (VCG) — anew representation of the heart forresearch and diagnosis. Considerableprogress lws been achieved. Continuing.

It needs o be mentiorpd that almostall the equipment developed in thisprcgramme would cost much less (half oone fifth) than similar imported poductseven after pricing on a commercial level.This is because medical items are notsold in large quantities, so overhead ishigh. Besides, !o compete in the worldmarket, the giant companies have !oinvest highly in R&D efforts,particularly in high level manpower.Even if it adds a minor gimmick whichmay not be that essential but the cost risessky-high. The cost of similar high levelmanpower in the Third World is orders ofmagnitude lower and this places us at aconsiderable advantagoous position. Fig.I shows an electrophysiologicalwaveform obained using our equipmentwhich is no different than that obtained

News from ICTP - No.70/71-May/June 1993

using imported equipment. Rather someof the imported ones use special papersfor recording which again increases thecost of investigations besides making itsupply dependent.

While working in these areas weencountered situations for which nosolution exists in the availablelechnology and this leaves room forinnovation and new studies. This isexpected since a researcher in thedeveloped countries cannot conceive ofthe sinration encountered in the ThirdWorld. Besides, poverty itself calls forinnovative ideas to make modernknowledge available !o the commonpeople at a very low cosl

To give examples from theabove list,project 4 was taken up when we werefaced with high expenses as well aspractical logistic problems of connectingl6 disposable electrodes tomalnourished children. For this reasonthis innovative method has beenatiempted and has shown much promise.Now, if this approach succeeds, we willbe able to offer a very cheap but effectivetechnology, not only to the Third Worldbut the First World as well.

Project 15 was taken up to reduce ourexpenditure on disposable electrodes.Though these are cheap compared o theincomelevel in the rich countries, it is notso in the Third World and it has beenfound that attempts are made to re-usedisposable electrodes increasing chancesof cross infection. It was also found thatmany of the imported disposableelectrodes did not have the desiredperformance. Coming to reusableelectrodes, they even lose theirperformance with use, and withoutknowing a Third World technician willcontinue using them. The electricalimpedance characteristics of some ofthese elecrodes and of some indigenousones are shown in Fig. 2. It can be seenthat both the disposable electrode (whichwas freshly brought out of a sealedpackage) and the old EEG electrodeshow rather high impedance which is asign of poor performance. Onereason forthe disposables could be long storagewhich cannot be avoided due to importprocedures.

This also shows the use of carbonfrom dry banery cells as a satisfactoryelectrode material which could be madevery cheaply. It, was also found that somelocal tree resins could be used as

satisfacory conductive jeliy bridgingbetween the skin and the electrode. This,if pursued further, may be able o reducedependence on expensive importedconducting jelly besides opening upopportunities of manufacture and exportas well.

Many equipment need the use ofdifferent types of sensors. Some of thesemay be made at low cost developing theappropriate expertise. The vibrator andpiezoelectric accelerometer needed forproject 5 were developed locally andcalibrated using an industial standard.The optical partof the equipment listed inproject 13 were developed from cheapcommercial photodiodes.

Again coming to project 12, therequirement for such devices cannot beconceived of by a scientist in thedeveloped world. Every year about300,000 children in Bangladesh alonedie of diarrhoea and to a Third Worldscientist these problems should get top

priority. It is now being planned toperform controlled experiments toevaluate all innovative atrempts that havebeen taken throughout the world in thisdirection and o make manuals of them sothat the people themselves can fabnicatethem at times of need.

As can be envisaged from theBangladash example, most of he workcan be done if only expertise in differenttypes of sensors, electronics andcomputers (interfacing & softwaredevelopment) are available, which isalready there in most of the Third World.If not, they should urgently make policiesin developing manpower in these areas.Most of the special equipment needed forthe work in Bangladesh were developedby us at a fraction of the cost needed toimport equipment. This can be seen inFig. 3 where both a test phantom and thespecialised electronic equipment weredeveloped indigenously. In importedequipment often we have to pay for a host

Fig. 3Improvised experbnertal set-up for development of a sinryb impedarce nuctsuretrotr

method in reldtion to gastric emptying studies.

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News from ICTP - No. 70/71 - May/June 1993

of functions when we need only one!With a few test equipment likemultimeters, signal generators andoscilloscopes, many items ofinternational standard may be developed.Hence the investrnent needed is minimal.It is not hard to find latest electroniccomponents and sensors throughcatalogues and correspondence whichare in fact the backbones of moddrntechnology. Even ultrasound imagersmay be developed within the ThirdWorld country. As mentioned before,huge imaging equipment like CTscanners and MRI or PET imagers maynot be built in the Third World in the nearfuture, but there are hundreds of otherequipment required in daily use that canbe developed. In fact only a fraction ofpercentage of the total population in aThird World will be able o reap thebenefit of these expensive imagers butthe benefit size is very large for most ofthe other equipment that we can innovateand develop.

Many expensive imported equipmentare often dumped in the Third World

once these become out of order, becauserepair is expensive and sometimes aprohibitive proposition. Theseequipment are used virtually asdisposable products. It is an irony that thepoorest country has o carry on with suchluxury while the developed countries usethese equipment for ages because ofproximity of manufacturers or theirservice centres. Hence it is essential thatThird World scientiss and technologissdevelop their own equipment andexpertise which will help them inmaintaining and repairing otherimported equipment as well.

Though the above discussion circledaround medical physics and bio-medicalengineering only, the same is true formany other branches of science andtechnology which heavily depend uponthe use of electronics and computers.

Technology transferThere has been a lot of alk on this

matter, but virtually nothing has takenplace. It is not easy to transfer skills o aperson who has not acquired and

mainained cerbin skills up to a standard.Particularly, the modern technology ismoving so fast ttnt it needs a dedicatedand persistent adherence to practicalwork without which a person would soonbe out of place. I would like o emphasizeon motivation and dedication which arethe very essential ingredients to survivein this field. Hence Third Worldscientists and technologists have to comeup themselves to face up the challenge.

However, this is not the only solution.Motivation and dedication are linked othe economic and political conditions inthe society and the responsibility lieswith ttre respective leaders in ttp ThirdWorld. A large economic gap betweenthe privileged and the unprivilegedclasses in the Third World can neverbring this motivation. "Why should Iwork if the monetary gain that my workwill produce goes only !o a handful ofpeople?" — This is the nanral questionasked by a scientist who is ready osacrifice the affluence of the developedworld and not become a brain-drainee.

Sixth Workshop on perspectives in nuclear physics at interrnediate erurgies, 3-7 May.

10

News from ICTP - No. T0lTl-May/June 1993

Activities at ICTPin l\,fay-"Iune

Title: SRXRU VY'ONXSNOP ONPER,SPECTIVES IN NUCLEAR PHYSICS AT

TNTERMEDHTE ENERcrEs, 3 - 7 May.

Organizers: Professors L. Bertocchi(ICTP), S. Boffi (University of pavia,Italy), C. Ciofi degti Atti (IstitutoNazionale di Fisica Nucleare, INFN,Rome, Ialy) and M. Giannini (IstitutoNazionale di Fisica Nucleare, INFN,Genoa, Ialy), in collaboration with theItalian National Institute for NuclearPhysics G{F}I).

Lectures: Polarization experimentsat BATES and the neutron form facor. Afirst measurement of GE in the d(e-pol,e'n)p at M AMI. The NEI I experimentatSLAC and the neutron form factor.Nuclear effects in polarized electronscattering off polarized 3He and theneutron form faclor. The SLAC El42Experimenr The SMC Experiment TheI{ERMES Experiment. Nuclear effectsin polarized DIS off polarized nuclei.Low Q**2 behaviour of nucleon's spinsl.ructure functions. Theory of spinstructure functions (GT). Colourtransparency in (e,e'p) experiments. Roleof Fermi motion in colour transparency.Nuclear transparency in the deuteron.Deep inelastic scatrering (GT).Multiparticle production in deepinelastic scattering. Quasi exclusive deepinelastic scattering off nuclei. euark-gluon structure of nuclei and the origin ofthe nuclear force. Spin observables inpion photoproducr,ion on light nuclei.Electron scattering on tensor polarizeddeutercn: a status and recentresults of theexperiment ar \r'Epp-3 in Novosibirsk.Relativistic effecs and spin observablesin deuteron electrodisintegration.Polarized deuteron form factors at highQ2. Ourof-plane measurements withpolarized electrons. Short-rangecorrelations and natural orbitalrepresentation in nuclei. Wave functioncalculations for finite nuclei. Final statecorrelations in realistic (e,e'p)calculations. Strucnre functions in the(e,e'p) reaction including electrondistortion and two-body currents.Studies on the mechanism of the (eB'p)reaction. A study of the l2C(e,e'pp) andl2C(eB'p) reactions in rtre dip and delraresonance regions. Two-nucleon

emission at intermediate energies. Directtwo-nucleon emission induced by anelectromagnetic probe. Nucleon-nucleon correlations and pholon inducedtwo-nucleon emission processes. The(gamma,pn) reaction on p-shell nucleiusing tagged photons. Photon absorptionby two prolons in 3He. Three-bodyphotodisintegrarion of 3He. Multi-nucleon emission in quasi-elasticscattering. High pt processes (GT).Electromagnetic investigations ofnucleon resonances (GT). N* excitationsin ( p i ] ' | and (gamm4N) reactions. Au(7) model of collecrive excitations ofbaryons. Investigations of nucleonresonances and meson production withtagged photons at MAMI. Total photonabsorption experiment at ADoNE.compton scattering on the proton in theDelta-resonance region. Electro-excitation of l 2c in the delta region andits decay in 4Pi BGo derecror. Inclusiveelectron scattering in medium-lightnuclei at intermediate energies. Nucleonresonzxnces in nuclei and quark effecs.Spin observable in exclusive procosses atSatume. First resulrs of p(gamma{+)IamMy'sigma at the SAPHIR detector.Strangeness electroproduction on theproton. Eta-photoproduction exper-iments at ELSA. Eta-phooproducrionexperiments at MAMI. photonuclearphysics with eta-mesons. Strangehyperons in the bound state solitonmodel. spin observables in kaonphotoproduction. open problems instrange particle nuclear physics (GT).

The workshop was attended by 130lecturers and participants (27 fromdeveloping countries).

r i r e : WONRSHOP ON EUALRRARRVE

AspEcrs AND AppucArroNs oF NONUNEAR

EVOLUTRON EQUARRONS, 3 - 1 4 May.

organizers: Professors H. Beiraodaveiga (centro Linceo Interdisciplinare"B. segre", Rome, Italy) and l i ra-Tsien(Fudan university, shanghai, p.R.China).

Lectures: Heat flow method:monotonicity formula and small energyregularity theorem; global existence andfinite time blow-up. Microlocal order ofsingularities for distributions and traceformulas of hyperbolic type. Qualitativebehaviour of global solutions forinhomogeneous quasilinear hyperbolicsystems. Operator-spliuing methods for

evolution equations. Mathematicalproperties of the van der waals modelwith capillarity. continuum limirs ofdiscrete particle systems with short rangepotentials. G lobal smooth large solutionsto the equation of a viscous, heat-conducting, one-dimensional real gas.Incompressible limit for i t ecompressible Navier-sokes equations.Integrable sysrems and solions in rprc"-time F"'r. Global solutions to some freeboundary problems for the sysrem ofcompressible flow through porousmedia. on nonlinear gauge theories inMinkowski space-iimi. sobolevinequalities associated with conformalveclor fields. Blow-up of the solutions !osemilinear wave equations. oscillatoryand time periodic solutions toconservation laws — new examples.weak linear degeneracy and globalclassical solutions foi first orderquasilinear hyperbolic systems. Thebreaking soliton equations. Auto-Backliind transformations andmultisoliton solutions of MKdv'ssystem. Analysis of integro-differentialequations in ipidemic roo"tr and rheirvaccinations and some numerical results.Geometric aspects of soliton-likeequations. Neumann operator for waveequation in a half spacl ana microlocalorders of singularities along theboundary. Uniqueness of global quasi-classicar solutions of cauchy problemsfor nonlinear pDE's of first order. yang-Mills and Dirac fields with bag boundaryconditions. The differential equation foithe interface in a porous media+ypeequation. on closed-form solution ofsome partial differential eq'rations withsource tenn. On the Cauchy problem fornonlinear weakly hyperbolic equations.Semiflows and global altractors. Theinitial boundary value problem forsymmetric hyperbolic systems withcharacteristic boundaiy. Mixedproblems for symmetric hyperbolicsystems with characteristic boundaryconditions. Inertial manifolds ofnonlinear evolution equations andapplications. Nonlineir evolutionequations for wave propagation inrandom media. supirstiuctures innonlinear reaction-diifusion equations.Classical solution for linear hyperbolicsystems with discontinuous coefhcientsmodelling propagation of acousticwaves. Global aitractors for somenonlinear evolution equations. Existence

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News from ICTP - No. 70/71-May/June 1993

and regularity of solutions !o nonlinearthermoelastic systems. The tracetheorem in a weighted Sobolev spaceE

{ O ) . Global solutions to a system ofstrongly coupled reaction-diffusionequations. Dynamics of solitons inperturbed Klein-Gordon equations.Supersolutions and stabilization of thesolutions of some quasilinear parabolicequation. Global existence results forequations of Kirchhcff type.

The Workshop w:rs attended by 77lecturers and participants (54 fromdeveloping countries).

Title: COUNSR ON OGEAN:ATMOSPHEREINTERACRRONS WR R N T[OPRCS, l0 -29 May.

Organizers: Professors G. Furlan(University of Trieste and ICTP), V.Krishnamurthy (International Institutefor Earth, Environmental and MarineSciences and Technologies, IIEM,Trieste, Ialy), R. Legnani (Istinrto per lostudio delle metodologie geofisicheambientali-Consiglio Nazionale delleRicerche, Modena, [taly), A.D. Moura(Instiurto de Pesquisas Espaciais, INPe,Stro Josd dos Campos, Brazil, andNational Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration, Silver Spring, MD,USA) and J. Shukla (University ofMaryland, College Park, MD, USA).

In co-operation with the lnternationalCenre for Science and High Technology(ICS, Trieste, Italy) and ttre NationalOceanic and AtmosphereAdminisaation (NOAA, Silver Spring,MD, USA).

Lectures: El Nif,o. Observations:tropical climatology. Ocean remotesensing. Equations of motion.Observations for short-term climateprediction. Thermodynamic quantities.lnternal variability in coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models.One and two-layer models of the ocean.How clouds heat. The ocean m ixed layer.Convective boundary layer (flux profilerelationships). Vertical structure of thetropical atmosphere. SST & surfacefluxes. Thermal forcing. Equatorialocean dynamics: free waves.Multinational arrangements for short-term climate prediction: IRICP.Equatorial ocean dynamics: forcedwaves. Equatorial ocean dynamics:adjustment. ENSO observations:Tropics. Theories of ENSO. Variabilityin the nopical Atlantic. Resuls from a

coupled ocean-atmosphere model.ENSO observations: global effect.Linear instability analysis of the coupledsystem. Simple ENSO mechanisms.Prediction and predictability.Parallelization of the ECWMFs weatherprediction code.

Round-table Discussion: Regionalimpacts of climate.

Video show: Computer simulation ofatmospheric and ocean flows.

The Course was attended by 42lecturers and participants (30 fromdeveloping countries).

Title: COURCE ON COMPUTATTONAL

P[YSRCS, l7 May - l l June.Organizers: Professors V. Kumar

(Indira Gandhi Centre for AtomicResearch, Kalpakkam, India, and ICTP),A. Nobile (CTP), C. Rebbi (BostonUniversity, MA, USA) and A. Sadiq(Ghulam Ishaq Khan Instifute ofEngineering Sciences and Technology,Islamabad, Pakistan).

Lectures: Basic numericaltechniques. Introductory talk oncomputer mathematics. Modern parallelcomputing. Research with MathematicaThe mathematical basis for Monte Carlomethods. Review of basic quadraturemethods. Scientific computing on a CM5supercomputer. Random numbers.Orthogonal polynomials and Gaussianquadrature. Fortran 90. Inroduction tointegral equations. Inverse problems.Introduction to neural networks. Highperformance Fortran. Wavelettransforms. Monte Carlo simulations.Molecular dynamics. Partial differentialequtions. Cellular automata. QuantumMonte Carlo simulations. Multigridmethods. Phase diagram of dilute Isingsystems by an efficient Monte Carlotechnique. Ab-initio moleculardynamics. Graphics programming withVOGL. A simple numerical method: themethod of cells. Comparison of "exact"and "approximate" density functionals: aquantum Monte Carlo study.

Seminars: Parallelization of theECMWFs weather prediction code.Quantum percolation. A method forobtaining large number of convergedeigenvalues of the permrbed hydrogenatom problems. Scientific visualization:computer graphics for physics research.Numerical simulation of nonlinearacoustic waves containing shocks.

Combinational methods for some latticemodels. Electronic structure andamorphous magnetism in transitionmetal-metalloid glasses. Numericalsimulation of turbulent flows.Simulation of crystal growth: kineticroughening. Numerical simulation ofnonlinear wave propagation. Effect ofrotational constraint on the scalingbehavior of percolation. Percolation on2D quasicrystalline and random lauices.Orbital free density functional theory.Method of numerical integration inseparable metric spaces: application toFeynman path integrals. Numericaltechniques used in reactor physicscomputation. Osnvald ripening at ionbeam synthesis—a computer simulationfor inhomogeneous systems. Cellularautoma[a and hydrodynamics on parallelcomputers. Cluster CPA in the TB-LMTO scheme. T I . dating. Equation ofstale and the superconductivity

and YGar. Numerical simulation ofdissolution and liquid-phase-epitaxialgrowth of silicon.

Computer sessionsPresentation of videocassette:

Visualization in computational science(some selections from the InternationalJournal of Supercomputer Applications).

The College was attended by 102lecturers and participants (77 fromdeveloping countries).

Title: SPNNC COLRSCN ON PLASMA

PHYSRCS, l7 May- l l June.Organizers: Professors B. Buti

(Physical Research Laboratory,Ahmedabad, India), U. De Angelis(University of Naples, Italy), M.H.A.Hassan (Third World Academy ofSciences, Trieste, Italy), Yu-Ping Huo(Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei, P.R.China), S.M. Mahajan (University ofTexas at Austin, USA), P.H. SalCInaka(Universidade Estadual de Campinas,Brazil) and N.L. Tsintsadze (GeagianAcademy of Science, Tbilisi, Georgia).

Lectures: Stationary models ofmagnetic reconnection. Foundations andlimitations of quasilinear theory.Lungmuir turbulence in sprce plasmas.Particle acceleration in nonlinear andchaotic fields. Kinetic-MHD theory forlow frequency phenomena. MHDturbulence and turbulent reconnection.Test particle motion in a longitudinalelectrostatic turbulence. Nonlinear

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News from ICTP - No. 70/71 - May/June 1993

Course on ocean-atmosphere interactions in tle Tropics, I0 - 29 May.

dynamics of magnetospheric activity.Some examples of systems with fastreconnection. Enhancement ofquasilinear diffusion in self-consistentsimulations. An introduction toanomalous transport theory. Kineticelectromagnetic simulation of MHDphenomena by 3-D implicit particlecode. Analysis of magnetic fieldstructure in a plasma. Cosmology. Quasiparticle concept in plasma physics.Numerical simulation studies onnonlinear magnetohydrodynamics.Nonlinear mixing of electromagneticwaves in plasmas. Intermittency inlokamak edge turbulence. Linear andnonlinear stability in resistivemagnetohydrodynamics. Introducti-onand historical survey. Generalizedaction-angle coordinates for three-dimensional magnetic fields and othernon-integrable Hamiltonian systems.Lyapunov stability etc. Applications toplasma diagnostics, heating, ionospheremodification and particle acceleration.Modern turbulence theory: conceptualfoundations. Renormalization group inmagnetohydrodynamics turbulence.Four-wave mixing and phase conjugatereflection by a plasma. Modernturbulence theory: applications.Quasilinear theory in thecontext of weak

turbulence in plasmas. Introduction towave-wave interactions in plasmas.Evidence and simulations of waveparticle interactions ih space plasmas.Experiments on the excitation of largeamplitude plasma waves for ultra-relativistic particle acceleration. Plasmaphysics aspects of magnetosphericactivity. Lower-hybrid current drive.Relativistic Fokker-Planck equation forcyclotron radiation. Stimulatedscattering of large amplitude waves inthe ionosphere. Parallel elecric fieldsfrom magnetic reconnection. Particleacceleration in comehry environment:Comet Halley-Giotto observations.Arrest of wave collapse, transitiondamping and fast electron acceleration.Kinetic electrostatic structures inplasmas. Nonlinear structures in plasmasand their role in anomalous transport.Nonlinear ld solitons for particleacceleration and FEL applications.Laboratory simulation of space andastrophysical plasmas using intenselasers. Velocity correlations in turbulentmagnetopkNmas. Particle acceleration inturbulent plasmas.

Research groups.Computation course.

The College was attended by 97

lecturers and participants (73 fromdeveloping countries).

Title: MWLWORKSHOP ON SRRONCLYCoRRELATED ELEcTRoN s v s r r u s V, 2 lJune - 9 July.

Co-sponsors: Fondazione IBMItalia, Consiglio Nazionale delleRicerche (CNR), Scuola InternazionaleSuperiore di Studi Avanzui (SISSA),Commission of the EuropeanCommunities, International ScienceFoundation (ISF).

Organizers: Professors G. Baskaran(Institute of Mathematical Sciences,Madras, India), P. Coleman (RutgersState University, Piscataway, NJ, USA),E. Tosatti (International School forAdvanced Studies, SISSA, Trieste, Italy,and ICTP) and Yu Lu (ICTP).

Lectures: Recent results on l-2-3heavy fermions s.c. Ultrasound andelectromagnetic response of heavyelectron superconductors. Some remarksand discussion on UPt3.Superconductivity in Fermi systems withrepulsive interactions at low densitylimit. Models of High T"

superconductors studied withcomputational techniques: a statusreport. Superconductivity and metal-insulator transitions of correlated

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News from ICTP - No. 70/71-May/June 1993

fermions: recent progresses frominfinite-dimensions. Gauge field theoryand non-Fermi liquid behaviour. Non-Fermi liquid behaviour in an over-screened Anderson model. Review ofneutron scattering experimenS in heavyfermions. The multi-channel Kondoscenario for heavy fermion systems.Nonlinear susceptibility on aprobe of thequadrupole Kondo effects. Scalingapproach to non-Fermi liquid behaviour.Two-coupled Tomonaga Luttingerchains. Strong coupling approach tocorrelated electron systems. Exactdiagonalization. A new Wilson RGmethod. Checking Fermi liquid theoryby numerical methods. k r g e d limit forcorrelated electrons. Approximate self-energy functional for large D. Space-time hrnnelling. Slave boson approach instrongly correlated electron systems.What is the superconducting orderparameter of UPg? Studies on thean U ferromagnetic superconductorW { N r . Spectral properties of the lD &2D Hubbard model. Is there any spinliquid in the spatially anisotropic S=r/,Heisentrirg model? Spin and chargefluctuation theory of high \ oxydes.Valence fluctuations between twomagnetic configuration's: candidates fornon-Fermi liquid behaviour..

Discussions: Interlayer tunnellingand non-Fermi liquid behaviour. Non-Fermi liquid behaviour in heavy fermionsystems.

Plenary seminars: The heavyfermion enigma. Molecular pump: activetransporl

From 22 n 25 June ttre participans inthe Miniworkshop anended the lecturesof the Adriatico ResearctrConference onstrong correlation phenomena at lowcarrier densities.

The Miniworkstrop was attended byl l l lecnrers and participans (45 fromdeveloping counries).

Title: ANNRLNCO RRSSLNCSCOXRENTNCE ON SRRONC CORRELATTON

PHENOMENA AT LOW CARRUER DENSTTTES,

2 2 - 2 5 lwe .Co-sponsors: Fondazione tBM

Italia, Consiglio Naziqnale delleRicerche (CNR), Scuola lnternazionaleSuperiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA),Commission of the EuropeanCommunities, International ScienceFoundation (ISF).

Organizers: Professors G. Aeppli(At&T Bell Iaboraories, Murray Hill,NJ, USA), P. Coleman (Rutgen SrateUniversity, Piscataway, NJ, USA), F.Steglich (Technische HochschuleDarmstadt, Germany), E. Tosatti(International School for AdvancedStudies, SISSA, Trieste, Italy,and ICTP)and Yu Lu (CTP).

Lectures: Properties of Kondoinsulalors. Experimental review of themetal-insulator ransition. Some old andsome new aspects of mixed valence.Competition between Kondo srae andmagnetic polaron and Wignercrystallization in low carrier densitysystems — Fermi surface and heavymass. Quantum phase transitions initinerant fermion systenn Conservationlaws and correlation furrctions in non-Fermi liquid metals. Semiconductingground state in the Kondo-latticecompound CeNiSn. Magneticcorrelations in the Kondo insulatorCeNiSn. Magnetic response of CeBiPt'343'. Unconventional charge gapformation in FeSi and CeBiR '343'.Optical properties of doped insulatorsand correlated mehls. Spin gap andcharge gap in Kondo insulators. A newapproach o the ID Kondo insulator. Spingaps and superconductivity in a class ofcuprates. Heavy fermions in electrondoped cuprates. The low carrier densilyheavy fermion compounds SdT.1, SdS.1and YrrA*. Low temperatue transportproperties of dilute magneticsemiconductors on approaching theinsulator-metal transition. Interactioneffects in localization: an overview.Incommensurate spin correlations closeto the metal-insulator fansition in Vr_Or. Spectroscopy of low-dimensionaimetals and of heavy fermions. Magneticexcitations of high ! cuprates. Is FeSi aKondo insulator? Systematic evolutionof temperanre dependent resistivity as afunction of doping in lar-.SrpuQ andBarYCurO"-r. Spin fluctuations inLa,,(Sr,Ba),CuQ across the insulator-metal transition.

The Conference was attended by l2llecturers and participants (29 fromdeveloping countries).

Title: T S N N SCSOOL ON NON-ACCELERATOR pARTICTLE .lsrnopnyscs, 28June - 9 July.

Organizers: Professors E. Belloui

(University of Milan, Italy), G.Giacomelli (Istituo Nazionale di FisicaNucleare, INFN, Bblogna, Italy), N.Paver (University of Trieste, Ialy) and J.Stone @oston Univenity, MA, USA).

Lectures: Particles and fields: thestandard model. Cosmic ray physics.Report on LEP resuls. Inroduction ofsolar neutrinos. Status of proton decaysearches. HE gamma ray and neutrinosources. Black holes and kaon physics.The INFN programme of non-accelerator physics. Atmosphericneutrinos. Atmospheric neutrinomea$rements: an overview. Neutrinophysics and astrophysics: problems andorders of magnitude. Extensive airshower arrays. Solar neutrinoexperiments: an overview. Magneticfields in the Universe. The ICARUSExperiment. Bolometers. "Standard"ccmology. e*e- and hadron-hadron highenergy interactions. Double beta decay.Cosmological models of the earlyuniverse. Challenge problems forstudents. Magnetic monopoles. TheMACRO Experiment at Gran Sasso(Italy). Neutrino oscillations andneutrino masses. Antimatter search withthe SiAM calorimeter. Physics withmultiple muons. Transition radiationdeteclors. Extensive air shower physics.Dark matter experiments.

Seminars and presentations bystudents: The EROS Experiment:detection of baryonic dark matter.Restrictions on very light dark mattercandidates from laboratory experimens.Dibaryonic effects in neutron stars. TeVgamma emission from close binaries.Fragmentation in relativistic heavy ioncollisions. W-boson and gluoncondensates in the early universe.Collective annihilation of electron-positron plasma. Matter inducedneutrino decay. Weak interrction ratesfor supernova theory. Determination ofthe geomagnetic external conribution bynonlinear optimization methods.Radiation-driven diskons. Towards anoptimum prihciple in hadron-nucleusand H H scattering qt high energies.

The School was attended by 77lecturers and participants (35 fromdeveloping counries). f

14

News frorn ICTP - No. 70/71 - May/June 1993

Calendar of Activities at ICTP

1993

Adriatico Research Conference on scattering from surfaces -...«. 6 - 9 July

TVorkshop on the liquid state of matter: opportunities from new radiation sources 1 9 - 3 0 July

Miniworkshop on non-linearity: chaos in mesoscopic systems ,»,. ;)!i::<;iM}i>~tit&M!Ka!Mi>.v.>'.> *>'+r — 26 July - 6 August

Adriatico Research Conference on mesoscopic systems and chaos, a novel a p p r o a c h . . 3 - 6 August

Conference on variational problems in differential geometry and partial differential equat ions . . - - - - - . 16 - 20 August

Adriatico Research Conference on vortex fluctuations in high T" superconductors l7 - 20 Augusl

Working Party on mechanical properties of interfaces „_.„„.„ 23 August - 3 September

Workshop on materials science and physics of non-conventional energy sources 30 August- 17 September

Course on geometric phases ..... „ «, 6 - 1 7 September

College on soil physics ~ - «...««™....«...^-..»-.6 - 24 September

Second Workshop on composite media and homogenization _ „............. 20 September - I October

Workshop on telematics ™ „,. „ .™..27 September - 22 October

Conference on the origin of life ,,,™-,,™™.™.....«.»m»».™«™,m™,™,,..,,,.™,.,,™...,™..,™™,™™.™25 — 29 October

Second School on the use of synchrotron radiation in science and technology:

"John Fuggle Memorial" „ _ „ 25 October - 19 November

Second \ilorkshop on non-linear dynamics and earthquake prediction..-.. . . . . . . 2 2 November - 1 0 December

1994

ICTP-LrNu-Microprocessor Laboratory: Third Course on basic VLSI techniques -- ----. ...... 10 January - 4 February

Follow-up to the Workshop on preparation of radiomaritime master plans

for English-speaking African countries „ _ 7-18 February

Cotlege on physics of archaeometry and preservation of work of art ......„ . - . . 7 - 25 February

Winter College on quantum optics „„„ « . .—. ._ . . .«» .« . .« .„„_ . .„ . .____„_„_.„„„ . 14 February - 4 March

TYorkshop on study of atmospheric interactions by remote sensing ......21 February - 4 March

Workshop on science and technology of thin films 7 - 25 March

Workshop on fluid mechanics .„-•.. ,„,„.,,;,...^,m „„ „„„„, „, „„._„„„„.„_„._„. . . . . .„ . ._ . 7 - 25 Marcb

Ultrafast phenomena and apptications (Adriatico Research C o n f e r e n c e ) t 8 - l l March

Training Course on dosimetry and dose reduction techniques in diagnostic radiolog „ ~ S r 16 - 25 March

spring school and vtrorkshop on string theory, gauge theory and quantum gravity 11 - 22 April

Workshop on nuclear reactors — physics, design and safety „ „... 11 April - 13 May

Spring College on quantum phases _ 3 May - 10 June

International Monsoon Conference- - ™ „.. .- „„„m„„„„„..„.„„„„„„..„„„„,9 -13 May

Workshop on commutative algebra and its relation to combinatorics and computer algebra 16 - 27 l/iay

Workshop on air pollution modelling for environmental impact assessment ~ 16 M a y - 3 June

Summer School in high energy physics and cosmology .„..„ ,a i:[__r «,..w.M»mm,».«.« 13 June - 29 July

Workshop on the search for new elementary particles (dates to be fixed)

Research Workshop on condensed matter physics .._.,.„ „..„ ™,»»«i.™m«™™» 13 June - 19 August

15

News from ICTP - No 70/71 - May/June 1993

Submicron quantum dynamics (Adriatico Research Conference) ..•••• • — 1 4 - 17 June

Miniworkshop on submicron quantum dynamics .«»««».«.. ..•»....— 20 June - 1 July

Mini workshop on quantum phase transitions •••••••••M....ii. , UJ.IHU. n . . MHUI .. .. , M , ,,,.4 - 29 July

Theoretical models in biological systems (Adriatico Research Conference) » » 1 2 - 1 5 July

Cooperative phenomena in many-electron systems and their resporre to external fields

(Adriatico Research Conference) „—..„..«...— „•„•,.»,.». w_W M-m w m««m«.26 - 29 July

Miniworkshop on non-Iinear electromagnetic interactions in semiconductors .. I - 1 2 August

Lasers in surface science (Adriatico Research Conference) ....—. ...,,«.,......™.™....™™.™.—_9 - 1 2 August

Advanced Workshop on algebraic geometry „ — . ...„. »..mHn.«.,.»..«...«...». 1 5 - 2 6 August

Conference on chemical evolution and the origin of life..» ~ „.....„.„„.„„..„.„ „...„...29 August - 2 September

rnternational rvorkshop on paratlel processing and its applications in physics,

chemistry and material science «..»..»........»..».._..„...«,„»..«...«. „••»•• . . . i • .5 - 23 September

College on medical physics: imaging, instrumentation and dose-reduction techniques — 1 2 - 3 0 September

Third College on microprocessor-based real-time control — principles and

applications in physics „„ „ „ ......26 September - 21 October

3rd Trieste Conference on recent developments in the phenomenolog5r of particle physics . . . . . 3 - 7 October

College in biophysics: experimental and theoretical aspects of bbmolecules - - - - - - - - . - - - . 3 - 2t October

workshop on variat ional and local methods in the study of Hamiltonian systems 1 0 - 2 8 October

Fourth Autumn Course on mathematical ecology „ sMassKw~~~-»24 October - 11 November

Suivi de I'atelier sur la pr6paration des plans directeurs radio-maritimes

pour les pays africains francophones - ~ —.31 October - 11 November

secnnd \ilorkshop on three-dimensional modelling of seismic wayes generation,

propagation and their inversion „ „„ „...„ „ „„„._.....„._. 7 - 18 November

International Conference on mathematical ecology „ „...„ „ „ „ _... 14 - 18 November

Experimental Workshop on high temperature superconductivity (basic activities) ~. 14 November - 2 December

5th Training College on physics and apptications of lasers and optical fibres 21 November-9 December

For irfornation and applications to courses, kindly write to tlu Scientifrc Progranme Offrce.

International Centre for Theoretical Phvsics Teleptrone ( n ) 2%01of IAEA ard UNESCO Cable: CENTRATOMP.O. Box 586 Telex 460392 ICTP I341fi) Trieste Telefax: (40r 2U:153Itdy E-mail posoffic@ictp.uieste.it

EDITORIAL NOTE - News from ICTP is not an official document of the International Cenue for Theoretical Physics. Its purpose is to keepscientiss informed on past and future activities at the Centre and initiatives in their ho me cormtries. Suggestions ani criticisnrs should be addressedto Dr. M. Farooque, Scientific Information Officer.