international agricultural research list of bmz funded projects

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International Agricultural Research

List of

BMZ Funded Projects

(As of August 2015)

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH

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Published by: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH 53113 Bonn, Germany Internet: http://www.giz.de/agricultural-research Responsible: Dr. Marlis Lindecke Division 4500 – Rural Development and Agriculture International Agricultural Research E-Mail: [email protected]

http://www.giz.de/agricultural-research

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Introductory Remark

Germany supports to the funding of International Agricultural Research Centres (IARCs),

especially those backed by the CGIAR (former Consultative Group on International

Agricultural Research) – A global Agricultural Research Partnership, by providing

unrestricted and targeted contributions. One of the aims of targeted funding is to strengthen

the cooperation between German and international research institutions.

This brochure contains a list of research projects at IARCs funded by the German Federal

Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (= targeted contribution)1. There is a

descripition of each project, providing a list of objectives and a summary of results obtained

thus far. Relevant addresses, including German research partners, are also given. The list is

designed merely as guide to ongoing projects. If you are interested in more detailed

information, please contact either the IARCs directly or the German Partner Institutes.

Dr. Stefan Schmitz Dr. Marlis Lindecke

Head of Division Special Unit “One World – No Hunger”; Food security, rural development, agriculture, transitional development assistance German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)

Senior Project Manager Advisory Service on Agricultural Research for Development

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH

1 Previously known as restricted core contributions

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Contents

Africa Rice Center - Warda 8

Improving rice farmers' decision making in lowland rice-based systems in East Africa (East Africa 'RiceAdvice') 8

East African Wetlands: Optimizing sustainable production for future food security (WETLANDS) 10

AVRDC-The World Vegetable Center 12

Beans with Benefits: Integrating improved mungbean as a catch crop into the dryland systems of South and Central Asia for increased smallholder farmer income and more sustainable production systems 12

Wild Relatives to Fight Blight: Using wild tomato to enhance the resistance of tropical tomato cultivars against late blight 14

Vegetable cucurbits for nutrition-sensitive home and school gardens in Southeast Asia 15

Attraction in Action: Using pheromones and other safe and sustainable management strategies to reduce losses from insect pests and plant diseases on vegetable legumes and leafy brassicas in Southeast Asia 16

Variety Development and Seed Systems (Hortinlea) 18

Controlled central factorial experiments for participatory development, evaluation and demonstration of improved nutrient and water management strategies (UrbanFoodPlus) 20

Beating Begomoviruses: Better livelihoods for farmers in tropical Asia with begomovirus-resistant tomato, hot pepper and mungbean and integrated disease management 22

CIAT 25

Addressing the challenges of smallholder farming communities: Restoring degraded agroecosystems 25

AGORA - Acting Together Now for Pro-poor Strategies Against Soil and Land Degradation 27

Carbon insetting in dairy value chains 29

Hands and Minds connected to boost Eco-efficiency on Smallholder Livestock-Crop Systems Participatory approaches towards eco-efficient livestock-crop systems for smallholder farmers in Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam 31

Potential farm to landscape impact and adoption of forage technologies in smallholder dairy production systems in Tanzania 32

Climate-smart crop-livestock systems for smallholders in the tropics: Integration of new forage hybrids to intensify agriculture and to mitigate climate change through regulation of nitrification in soil 34

CIFOR 38

Forests in the global bioeconomy: developing multi-scale policy scenarios 38

Measuring carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems in Indonesia 40

CIMMYT 42

Increasing the productivity of the wheat crop under conditions of rising temperatures and water scarcity in South Asia 42

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Using Naturally Occurring Endophytic Fungi and/or Bacteria Associated with Wheat as a Biological Control Agent against the Cereal Cyst Nematodes, Heterodera species 44

Nitrogen use efficiency and optimization of nitrogen fertilizer application for stable yileds and high quality of cereals grown in conservation agriculture 46

Understanding gender in wheat-based livelihoods for enhanced WHEAT R4D impact in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Ethiopia 48

Understanding cross pollination ability to improve seed production for future hybrid wheat 50

CIP 51

Improved Soil Fertility Management for Sustainable intensification in potato based systems in Ehtiopia and Kenya 51

Accelerating the Development of Early-Maturing-Agile Potato for Food Security through a Trait Observation and Discovery Network 53

Improved potato varieties and water management technologies to enhance water use efficiency, resilience, cost-effectiveness, and productivity of smallholder farms in stress-prone Central Asian environments 55

Introduction of Heat Tolerant Potato to Mid-Altitude Cropping Systems in Western Kenyan Action Sites of the CGIAR Consortium Research Program Humidtropics 58

ICARDA 59

Introduction of Farming with Alternative Pollinators (FAP) to simultaneously enhance climate change resilience of agro-ecosystems and farmers income (NEW CONTRACT-NO: 81190203) 59

ICIPE 61

Better implementation of crop season breaks for management of Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) Virus in East Africa - Can remote sensing be an option? 61

Implementation of integrated thrips and tospovirus management strategies in small-holder vegetable cropping systems of eastern Africa 63

Towards the development of penside diagnostic assays for Napier grass Stunt Disease to enhance livestock fodder supply and pest control in East Africa 66

Development and implementation of a sustainable IPM and surveillance program for the invasive tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), in North and sub-Saharan Africa 68

Introducing complex innovations: creating strategic linkages for increased production and wider application of push-pull technology in East Africa (BiomassWeb) 70

Development of Integrated Pest Management Strategies for the Production of Important Vegetable Crops in Kenya (Hortinlea) 72

Acoustic Early Warning System for Insects and Rodents Control in Storage (RELOAD) 74

Strengthening citrus production systems through the introduction of IPM measures for pests and diseases in Kenya and Tanzania (SCIPM) 76

Enhancing the Livelihood Opportunities of Smallholder African Indigenous Vegetable (AIV) Producers through the Development and Implementation of IPM Measures for Arthropod and Nematode pests 78

ICRAF 80

Innovating Strategies to safeguard Food Security using Technology and Knowledge Transfer: A people-centred Approach (TransSec) 80

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GREEN RUBBER: Alleviating poverty and enhancing environmental integrity through restoring ecosystem services in a tropical plantation crop in the Upper Mekong Region 82

Innovations for sustainable cocoa production and biodiversity conservation in the Hana River region in Cote d'Ivoire 84

ICRISAT 86

Bringing the benefits of heterosis to smallholder sorghum and pearl millet farmers in West Africa: Establishing a solid foundation for hybrid development 86

Easy Molecular Breeding Tools for Accelerating Sorghum Improvement in West Africa 88

Intercropping of banana and sweet sorghum in marginal lands of Gujarat, India to demonstrate socio-economic and environmental benefits 90

IFPRI 92

Policies and institutions for achieving the virtuous food-energy-water nexus in sub-Saharan Africa 92

Innovating Strategies to safeguard Food Security using Technology and Knowledge Transfer: A people-centred Approach (TransSec) 94

Impact Evaluation of Agricultural and Health Interventions to Alleviate Iron Deficiency in Rural Guatemala 96

The water-energy-food nexus: global, basin and local case studies of resource use efficiency under growing natural resource scarcity 98

Promoting Participatory and Evidence-Based Agricultural Policy Processes in Africa 100

IITA 102

Trade-offs and synergies in climate change adaptation and mitigation in coffee and cocoa systems 102

Rapid Functional Validation through Virus Induced Gene Silencing of Resistance Genes in Cassava for Impact on Productivity and Food Security (Cassava VIGS) 104

Scaling Gender Equitable Impact of Cassava Biofortification to Cameroon and Ghana: Phenotyping and gender responsive assessment of cassava varieties for beta carotene, Fe and Zn 106

Local Focus: safe and effective pest and crop management strategies to strengthen the vegetable value chain in the humid tropics 108

Enhancing horticultural productivity, incomes and livelihoods through integrated management of aphid pests on vegetables in sub-Saharan Africa 112

LegumeChoice: Realizing the underexploited potential of multi-purpose legumes towards improved livelihoods and a better environment in crop-livestock systems in East & Central Africa 115

Improving food security in Africa through increased system productivity of biomass-based value webs (BiomassWeb) 117

ILRI 119

Modern approaches to development of vaccines for African swine fever control 119

mPig: Mobile SMS learning for pigs - An innovative information sharing platform for smallholder pig value chain actors in Uganda 121

Development of an improved vaccine for progressive control of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia 122

What is killing my cow? Re-assessing diseases in smallholder dairying in Tanzania 124

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Safe Food Fair Food: from capacity building to implementation Risk-based approaches to improving food safety and market access in smallholder meat, milk and fish value chains in four African countries 126

Livelihood diversifying potential of livestock based carbon sequestration options in pastoral and agro pastoral systems in Africa 131

In situ assessment of GHG emissions from two livestock systems in East Africa – determining current status and quantifying mitigation options 134

IRRI 136

Safeguarding Asian rice production from a rapidly warming climate 136

Increasing productivity of direct-seeded rice areas by incorporating genes for tolerance of anaerobic conditions during germination 139

Drought- and heat-stress recovery for partial mitigation of climate change-driven losses in rice yield and grain quality 142

IWMI 144

African-German partnership to enhance resource use efficiency in urban and peri-urban agriculture for improved food security in West African cities (UrbanFoodPlus) 144

University of Hanover 146

Improving Drought Tolerance and Insect Resistance in West and Central African Cowpeas 146

WorldFish Center (ICLARM) 148

Aquaculture and the poor: improving fish production, consumption and nutrition linkages 148

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Africa Rice Center - Warda Contract No.: 81180340 04/2015 - 03/2018 { TC “Africa Rice Center - Warda” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: Improving rice farmers' decision making in lowland rice-based systems in East Africa (East Africa 'RiceAdvice') Project Coordinator: Dr Elke Vandamme, AfricaRice, Tanzania Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: University of Hohenheim (UHOH), Germany: Folkard Asch, Crop Water Stress Management in the Tropics and Subtropics Region: East Africa Country: Ethiopia, Madagascar, Rwanda Consortium Research Program: GRiSP - A global Rice Science Partnership Major Research Domain: Lowland rice, rural advisory services, decision-support, cropping calendars, sowing windows, soil fertility management, food security, poverty reduction. Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): The goal is to contribute to food security and increased well-being of rice producers and consumers in East Africa. RiceAdvice, a decision-support tool, provides farmers and extension staff with information on best-bet cropping calendars for rice; with emphasis on good agricultural practices in general, in particular soil fertility management. Purpose (as per proposal): To enhance rice productivity in lowland growth environments in East Africa at both low and high altitudes. Outputs (as per proposal): Rice farmers—both male and female—will be the ultimate beneficiaries of the research results that are expected to lead to improved decision-making with respect to rice management in both low- and high-altitude areas in East Africa: 1. Yield limitation due to extreme temperatures quantified for existing and cold tolerant varieties and optimal sowing windows known for Rice Hubs, 2. Yield limitation due to soil nutrient limitations quantified for existing and cold tolerant varieties and optimal soil fertility management strategies known for Rice Hubs, 3. RiceAdvice recommendations generated and validated with farmers in Rice Hubs, 4. Farmers and extension agents trained in the use of RiceAdvice in and beyond Rice Hubs, 5. Model results applied at regional scale to identify high-altitude regions with potential for lowland rice.

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Major Results Achieved: not yet available Publications: not yet available - new project

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Africa Rice Center - Warda Contract No.: 81161244 07/2013 - 06/2016 { TC “” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: East African Wetlands: Optimizing sustainable production for future food security (WETLANDS) Project Coordinator: Dr Paul Kiepe Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: Bonn University, Germany (Lead) Region: East Africa Country: Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda Major Research Domain: Africa, rice, wetlands, agronomy, value chain, sustainable agriculture, crop modeling, rice-based cropping systems, food security, poverty reduction Budget: 400,000 € Goal (as per proposal): To contribute to food security and increased well-being of rice producers and consumers in Africa. Purpose (as per proposal): To optimize food production while ensuring environmental protection of wetlands in East Africa. Outputs (as per proposal): Output 1 Wetland potential and constraints for crop production identified Output 2 Improved crop management options and value-chain linkages tested Output 3 Climate-smart production systems for future wetland use designed Output 4 Research findings communicated and disseminated Output 5 Capacity enhanced Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 01/21/2015: Four rice hubs have been identified in the project countries: one in Tanzania, one in Uganda and two in Rwanda. Yield Gap Surveys (YGS) were completed in 50 farmers' fields each in Kilombero hub (Tanzania), Victoria hub (Uganda), and Gikonko 1 & 2 hubs (Rwanda) by following the standard AfricaRice YGS protocol. In Rwanda, three additional research activities were carried out in season 2 including a second set of YGS, testing of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) with split application of fertilizers, i.e. basal fertilizer at transplanting with 2 splits of urea topdressing, and testing of 5 different types of mechanical weeders for their efficiency and adaptability.

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Publications: not yet available (new project)

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AVRDC-The World Vegetable CenterContract No.: 81180341 01/2015 - 12/2017 { TC “AVRDC-The World Vegetable Center” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: Beans with Benefits: Integrating improved mungbean as a catch crop into the dryland systems of South and Central Asia for increased smallholder farmer income and more sustainable production systems Project Coordinator: Dr. Andreas Ebert, Global Theme Leader “Germplasm”, AVRDC Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: Prof. Dr. Georg Cadisch, Institute of Plant Production and Agroecology in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, Germany; Uzbek Research Institute of Plant Industry, Uzbekistan; Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Uzbekistan; National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan; Institute of Soil & Environmental Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Region: Central Asia and the Caucasus, South Asia Country: Pakistan, Uzbekistan Consortium Research Program: Integrated agricultural production systems for dry areas Major Research Domain: Mungbean, genetic diversity, abiotic stress tolerance, sustainability, gender equity, agricultural diversification, soil fertility improvement Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): Given declining soil fertility and the predominating monoculture practice in the target countries, there is a need for appropriate legume crops for rotation to achieve more sustainable production systems and to raise and/or stabilize income. Mungbean is a successful catch crop in the cereal production systems of South Asia. The goal is to improve farmer income and increase the sustainability of dryland production systems in South and Central Asia. Purpose (as per proposal): Smallholder farmers adopt improved mungbean varieties as a catch crop in dryland production systems in the target countries. 'More resilient livelihoods for vulnerable households in marginal areas', by providing a rotation crop that mitigates natural resource degradation and reduces farmers' dependence on one or a few crops for income, and 'More stable and higher per capita income for intensifiable households', by providing improved intensification options generating additional farm income. Outputs (as per proposal): 1. Breeders have better access to mungbean trait diversity from genebanks; 2. Improved farmer-preferred mungbean lines with increased resistance to viruses and bruchid pests, and resilience to environmental stresses available;

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3: Mungbean production technologies increasing soil fertility and crop productivity in marginal areas and under salt stress developed; 4: Uptake pathway for improved mungbean varieties and technologies strengthened; 5: Research and development capacity of project staff and extension personnel and farmers enhanced. Major Results Achieved: not yet available Publications: not yet available - new project

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AVRDC-The World Vegetable CenterContract No.: 81182263 02/2015 - 01/2017 { TC “” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: Wild Relatives to Fight Blight: Using wild tomato to enhance the resistance of tropical tomato cultivars against late blight Project Coordinator: Dr. Andreas Ebert, Genebank Manager, AVRDC Project Coordinator email: [email protected]. Partner Institutes: Humboldt University Berlin (HUB), Germany Region: East Africa Country: Tanzania Consortium Research Program: Integrated Systems for the Humid Tropics Major Research Domain: Vegetable breeding, disease resistance, wild species, adoption constraints, profitability, tomato Budget: 80,000 € Goal (as per proposal): Improved farmer income and more environmentally sustainable tomato production. Purpose (as per proposal): Additional late blight resistance genes from the wild species S. habrochaites are made available to the global tomato breeding community for tomato improvement and farmers and other actors along the tomato value chain adopt tomato cultivars with enhanced late blight resistance. Outputs (as per proposal): 1. Interspecific populations produced from targeted S. habrochaites accessions for use as mapping populations and to transfer resistance into cultivated tomato for use by global tomato breeders to develop new cultivars 2. Late blight resistance genes mapped in targeted S. habrochaites accessions and markers designed for gene introgression for use by global tomato breeders 3. Constraints to the diffusion of available late blight-resistant cultivars identified and potential effect of late blight resistance on farmer profits quantified in Tanzania as a case study. Major Results Achieved: not yet available Publications: not yet available - new project

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Project Title: Vegetable cucurbits for nutrition-sensitive home and school gardens in Southeast Asia Project Coordinator: Dr. Andreas Ebert - AVRDC Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: Max Rubner-Institut - Germany Region: Southeast Asia and Pacific Country: Thailand Consortium Research Program: Agriculture for Improved Nutrition and Health Major Research Domain: Vegetable breeding, nutrition Budget: 60,000 € Goal (as per proposal): To strengthen the productivity of home and school gardens for enhanced food and nutrition security in Southeast Asia. Purpose (as per proposal): To develop advanced breeding lines of bitter gourd and pumpkin which are nutrient-dense and with horticultural traits suitable for vegetable gardens of Southeast Asia. Outputs (as per proposal): Advanced breeding lines of bitter gourd and pumpkin suitable for home production and consumption are developed and available for partners in National Agricultural Research and Extension Systems (NARES) in Southeast Asia. Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 02/26/2015: Horticultural traits of twelve bitter gourd lines were evaluated in a field trial and promising lines identified. The selected lines possessed good fruit quality, early maturity, short vines, concentration of female flowers in the middle portion of the plant and extended fruit harvest period. A pumpkin field trial of fifteen lines for evaluation of horticultural traits is ongoing. Chemical analyses (dry weight, vitamin C) of few bitter gourd lines have been completed. Bitter gourd fruit samples were freeze dried for saponin estimation. Pumpkin lines are being cultivated in climatic chamber at German partner institute for chemical analyses of fruits (nutritional traits). Publications: not yet available (new project)

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Project Title: Attraction in Action: Using pheromones and other safe and sustainable management strategies to reduce losses from insect pests and plant diseases on vegetable legumes and leafy brassicas in Southeast Asia Project Coordinator: Dr. R. Srinivasan - AVRDC Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin - Germany; International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe); Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences (VAAS) Region: Asia-Pacific (AP) Country: Cambodia, Laos, Viet Nam Consortium Research Program: Integrated Systems for the Humid Tropics Major Research Domain: biotechnology, chemical ecology, pheromone, bio-control, parasitoids, bio-pesticides, pest management Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): The project will develop and evaluate sustainable pest and plant disease control measures (use of pheromones, kairomones, parasitoids, bio-pesticides, resistant varieties and cultural practices). Purpose (as per proposal): To increase farmers' income by 40% through adoption of sustainable pest and plant disease management strategies for yard-long bean and leafy brassicas in the target countries. This will be achieved by developing simple, economical, and environmentally sound IPM strategies to control major pests and plant diseases. New IPM component technologies will be developed and/or validated, and existing IPM technologies will be promoted for the major biotic constraints. New mass-production techniques for natural enemies and entomopathogens will enable NARES, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and the private sector to enhance their capacity and produce IPM component technologies for wider adoption. Adoption of new IPM strategies to reduce reliance on chemical pesticides leading to lower input costs, increased returns and improved availability of wholesome vegetables with negligible pesticide residue at affordable prices. Outputs (as per proposal): 1) Major insect pests and plant diseases on yard-long bean and leafy brassicas identified and their genetic diversity assessed. 2) Integrated pest management component technologies developed for major insect pests

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and plant diseases on yard-long bean and leafy brassicas. 3) Farm- and policy-level constraints to, and opportunities for, IPM adoption identified. 4) Newly developed IPM strategies validated and existing IPM strategies promoted against major pests and plant diseases on yard-long bean and leafy brassicas. 5) Research and Development capacity of scientists and extension personnel from collaborating NARES and farmers developed. Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 02/26/2015: Insect pest populations on leafy brassicas and legume crops from Cambodia, Lao PDR, Vietnam and Taiwan have been assembled for molecular characterization and assessment of genetic diversity. Disease survey protocols have been finalized. Seed samples have been obtained to identify the major seed-borne pathogens. Pheromone compounds from the small white (Pieris rapae) have been extracted for identification. Striped flea beetle (Phyllotreta striolata) aggregation pheromone and thrips kairomones have already been synthesized. Major parasitoids of the aphid Aphis craccivora have been identified. Few isolates of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) have been chosen against A. craccivora. The most effective EPF formulations against thrips and lepidopteran pests have been selected. These bio-pesticides will soon be imported into Cambodia, Taiwan and Vietnam. Bacillus thuringiensis was found to be effective against borers in yard-long bean. Preliminary screening has identified some resistant yard-long bean varieties against Bean common mosaic virus. Policies favoring rapid expansion of pesticide trade and weak regulatory and enforcement capacity were identified in policy studies. Participatory trials have confirmed the effectiveness of IPM strategies in yard-long bean. Publications: not yet available (new project)

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Project Title: Variety Development and Seed Systems (Hortinlea) Project Coordinator: Dr. Fekadu Fufa Dinssa Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: Humboldt University Berlin, Germany (Lead) Region: East Africa Country: Kenya, Tanzania Major Research Domain: Variety improvement, improved seed availability and germplasm, characterization of African nightshade, spiderplant and vegetable cowpea Budget: 200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): Improved livelihood and nutritional situation of the rural, peri-urban and urban poor in East Africa improved through utilization of quality seed of improved varieties of African nightshade (Solanum species), spiderplant (Cleome gynandra) and vegetable cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Purpose (as per proposal): Target beneficiaries (farmers) obtain high yielding, nutritious, marketable and improved varieties and quality seed of African nightshade, spiderplant and vegetable cowpea at affordable prices. Outputs (as per proposal): Output 1 Seed of elite lines and improved varieties of African nightshade, spiderplant and vegetable cowpea increased and made available Output 2 Promising elite lines with better adaptation to warm sub-humid and/or cool tropical agro-ecologies identified Output 3 Germplasm of African nightshade, spiderplant and vegetable cowpea characterized (profiled), selected and evaluated for resistance or tolerance to major bi¬otic and abiotic stresses Output 4: Adapted lines of African nightshade, spiderplant and vegetable cowpea with high yield and other desirable traits developed for further evaluation in multi-locations Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 12/29/2014: Seed of released cultivars, advanced lines and accessions of the target crops (African nightshade, spider plant and vegetable cowpea) were increased and distributed to HORTINLEA project partners for use in their subproject research activities including

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genomics, breeding, physiology/agronomy, host-pathogen interactions, pest and disease management, nutrition and medicinal properties of indigenous vegetables. In response to additional requests for other crops by the project partners, seed of Ethiopian mustard and amaranth cultivars were also distributed. 67 African nightshade, 91 spider plant and 100 cowpea accessions obtained from the gene bank of AVRDC, Eastern and Southern Africa in Tanzania were to develop pure lines for characterization and subsequent evaluation for desirable horticultural traits, and resistance/tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Single plant selections were made in 60 of 67 African nightshade accessions, in 91 spider plant accessions, and in 30 of 100 vegetable cowpea accessions. A total of 90 cowpea lines, 290 African nightshade and 586 spider plant lines were developed. Farmer participatory evaluation was conducted for the 67 African nightshade accessions in December 2013; eight accessions were identified as promising based on the selection. Publications: One review article has been submitted to Plant Breeding waiting for decision and one poster was presented in the HORTINLEA annual meeting, 8 - 12 Sept 2014, Nairobi, Kenya, so far.

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Project Title: Controlled central factorial experiments for participatory development, evaluation and demonstration of improved nutrient and water management strategies (UrbanFoodPlus) Project Coordinator: Mr. Takemore Chagomoka, AVRDC Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: University Kassel-Witzenhausen, Germany (Lead) Region: Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), West Africa Country: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, Mali Major Research Domain: Improved nutrient dense vegetables, globally important vegetables, indigenous vegetables, urban food and nutritional security Budget: 111,900 € Goal (as per proposal): To strengthen food security, sovereignty, and safety in UPA production systems of sub-Saharan West Africa this project aims at combining farmer knowledge with research and development capacities of seven West African governmental research and university institutions. Purpose (as per proposal): (i) Record and analyse with stakeholders (farmers, sellers of agricultural produce, municipal / consumer representatives) the inefficiencies of the most common UPA nutrient management systems in four major West African cities, based on existing datasets and a series of site-specific verification measurements, (ii) Test improved management strategies to enhance nutrient and water use efficiency, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, maintain soil quality (based on the soil carbon and heavy metal status) and increase food production and produce safety despite the use of contaminated wastewater in vegetable and livestock production, (iii) Determine the contribution of UPA activities (including plant biodiversity) to food and income security of urban and peri-urban households, and (iv) Foster an effective south-south knowledge transfer of existing and new technologies to enhance resource use efficiency, product safety, and income earning. Outputs (as per proposal): Output 1) Improved vegetable varieties adapted to local conditions selected and their contribution to urban food security established (Ouagadougou, Tamale, Bamako and Bamenda). Activities: i) Test and evaluate the performance of different globally important vegetables (sweet and hot peppers, onion, tomatoes) and indigenous (African nightshade, African eggplant, amaranth and okra) vegetable alongside local varieties, ii) Determine the contribution of improved vegetables to urban and peri-urban food security.

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Output 2) Improved vegetable production techniques evaluated and established (Ouagadougou, Tamale, Bamako and Bamenda). Activities: i) Test and evaluate different vegetable production techniques including different soil amendments with biochar and compost. Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 10/31/2014: In order to kick start project activities and increase seed quantities of selected lines/varieties 40 kg of tomato, hot pepper, African eggplant, amaranth and African nightshade seed were produced on the AVRDC station in Cameroon. Partners for studies on vegetable production techniques including different soil amendments have been identified in Tamale/Ghana and Bamenda/Cameroon. Stakeholders meetings and interviews of PhD candidates took place in Bamenda. In Tamale, summer school for students and their supervisors was organized. Decisions on priority crops to be investigated in both cities were taken. Project activities will include working with farmers on technologies already developed by students, such as using rice straw and corn cobs for biochar and compost from urban waste. Publications: - none so far -

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Project Title: Beating Begomoviruses: Better livelihoods for farmers in tropical Asia with begomovirus-resistant tomato, hot pepper and mungbean and integrated disease management Project Coordinator: Dr Lawrence Kenyon, AVRDC, Taiwan Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Braunschweig; TNAU - Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, India; VAAS - Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hanoi, Vitnam; HUA - Hanoi University of Agriculture, Vietnam; KU - Kasetsart University, Thailand Region: Southeast Asia and Pacific Country: India, Thailand, Viet Nam Consortium Research Program: Integrated Systems for the Humid Tropics Grain Legumes: enhanced food and feed security, nutritional balance, economic growth and soil health for smallholder farmers Major Research Domain: integrated pest and disease management, plant virology, plant breeding, molecular markers, durable resistance Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): Improving the livelihoods of poor vegetable growers and contributing to increased availability of health-promoting, nutritious and affordable vegetables to the poor of tropical Asia through cost-effective and sustainable integrated disease management (IDM) systems, including the appropriate use of begomovirus disease-resistant varieties. Whitefly-transmitted begomovirus diseases have emerged as major constraints to the production and quality of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and mungbean (Vigna radiata) crops. Since, as yet, there is no reliable treatment to cure a plant of any virus infection, two complementary control strategies will be followed: a) preventing transmission of the begomoviruses to the crop plants by the whitefly vectors, and b) appropriately deploying natural resistances to the begomoviruses. Purpose (as per proposal): Plant breeders are using marker-assisted selection (MAS) to incorporate begomovirus resistance into locally preferred tomato, hot pepper and mungbean varieties; and tomato, hot pepper and mungbean growers are adopting sustainable, integrated virus and vector management practices, including the use of appropriate resistant varieties. By increasing the land and labour productivity of vegetables through the use of plant disease resistance and disease control strategies that use pesticides less and more appropriately, the project will contribute to improving food security and the promotion of agriculture and rural development, while at the same time protecting natural resources.

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Outputs (as per proposal): (1) Increased knowledge of the diversity and alternative/weed hosts of the important begomoviruses and their whitefly vectors infecting hot pepper, tomato and mungbean crops in India, Thailand and Vietnam; (2) Germplasm accessions, advanced breeding lines and/or AVRDC varieties of hot pepper and mungbean, with resistance to the locally important begomoviruses, identified or confirmed; (3) Sets of mapped molecular markers available for Capsicum and Vigna species and diagnostic markers for begomovirus resistance in use for marker-assisted selection; (4) Greater insight into the diversity of begomovirus resistances and assessment of whether pyramiding different resistance genes against the virus and against the whitefly vector improves field resistance; (5) Integrated begomovirus disease management packages for hot pepper, tomato and mungbean developed and evaluated; (6) Improved understanding of the economic and social factors influencing hot pepper, tomato and mungbean production and disease management practices in the target areas, and potential uptake pathways for project outputs reappraised; (7) Enhanced research capacity of scientists from collaborating NARES. Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 02/26/2015: A socio-economic survey and surveying of begomovirus and whitefly presence in fields in Southern India, Thailand and Vietnam confirmed that virus diseases, and particularly those caused by the whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses, remain major constraints to crop production. Based on repeat phenotyping results in Vietnam, restriction site-associated sequencing (RAD-Seq/bulk segregant analysis was used to identify four RAD-Seq Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) markers linked to MYMV resistance. The markers are being verified, and populations from crosses with other resistance sources are being studied to determine if additional molecular markers for resistance can be developed. Hot pepper families were phenotyped for reaction to leaf curl in the field in Vietnam and India. As both sets of families presented an even spread of symptom severity scores the trait is supposed to be multigenic. Screening tomato Ty resistance gene combination lines under controlled glasshouse conditions identified a begomovirus resistant/tolerant line. Through the diagnostic surveys and the field screenings it appears that although begomoviruses are the predominant virus problems in most of the areas studied, for tomato and hot pepper there is increasing incidence of other virus diseases in some areas, often as mixed infection with begomoviruses. This observation and the possible synergism between begomoviruses and other viruses in tomato and pepper could have major implications for the deployment and durability of virus resistance. Publications: - Götz, M., Cuong, H. V., Pissawan, C., Boopathi, N. M., Hansen, P., Kenyon, L., Hoang, D. V. H., & Winter, S. (2013) Poster 45. Beating Begomoviruses. In: Workshop 'Viral diseases of plants'; The German Scientific Society for Plant Protection and Plant Health. Braunschweig, Germany. - Kenyon, L., Tsai, W.-S., Shih, S.-L., & Lee, L.-M. (2014). Emergence and diversity of begomoviruses infecting solanaceous crops in East and Southeast Asia. Virus Research, DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.026. - Tsai, W. S., Shih, S. L., Rauf, A., Safitri, R., Hidayati, N., Huyen, B. T. T., & Kenyon, L. (2013). Genetic diversity of legume yellow mosaic begomoviruses in Indonesia and Vietnam. Annals of Applied Biology, 163, 367-377. - Götz, M. & Winter, S. et al. Diversity of Bemisia tabaci cryptic species in Thailand and Vietnam and indication for replacement, (in preparation). - Götz, M., Cuong, H. V., Pissawan, C., Boopathi, N. M., Hansen, P., Kenyon, L., Hoang, D. V. H., & Winter, S. (2013) Poster 45. Beating Begomoviruses. In: Workshop 'Viral diseases of plants'; The German Scientific Society for Plant Protection and Plant Health. Braunschweig, Germany. - Kenyon, L., Kumar, S., Tsai, W.-S., & Hughes, J. dA. (2014). Chapter Six - Virus Diseases

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of Peppers (Capsicum spp.) and Their Control. In: Advances In Virus Research Vol. 90, pp. 297-354 Eds G. Loebenstein & N. Katis. Burlington: Academic Press. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-801246-8.00006-8 - Kenyon, L., Tsai, W.-S., Shih, S.-L., & Lee, L.-M. (2014). Emergence and diversity of begomoviruses infecting solanaceous crops in East and Southeast Asia. Virus Research, DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.026. - Kenyon, L., Tsai, W.-S., Shih, S.-L., & Lee, L.-M. (2014). Emergence and diversity of begomoviruses infecting solanaceous crops in East and Southeast Asia. Virus Research, 186: 104-113, DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.026. - Nair, R.M., Winter, S., Götz, M. et al Variation in begomovirus species and white fly populations causing mungbean yellow mosaic disease in India and the identification of resistant mungbean lines for resistance breeding (in preparation). - Praneetvatakul, S., P. Schreinemachers, C. Laitae. Pesticide risk knowledge and risk behavior of chili and tomato farmers in Thailand. International Journal of Vegetable Science. Ready for submission. - Schreinemachers, P., B. Swaminathan, N. M. Boopathi, V.C. Ha, L. Kenyon, S. Praneetvatakul, A. Sirijinda, N.L. Tuan, S. Ramasamy, M.-H. Wu. Farmers' perceptions and management of plant viruses in vegetables and legumes in tropical and subtropical Asia. Crop Protection. Under review. - Tsai, W. S., Shih, S. L., Rauf, A., Safitri, R., Hidayati, N., Huyen, B. T. T., & Kenyon, L. (2013). Genetic diversity of legume yellow mosaic begomoviruses in Indonesia and Vietnam. Annals of Applied Biology, 163, 367-377.

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CIAT Contract No.: 81157480 04/2013 - 03/2016 { TC “CIAT” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: Addressing the challenges of smallholder farming communities: Restoring degraded agroecosystems Project Coordinator: Aracely Castro, CIAT Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: Germany: University of Hohenheim; Colombia: CIAT-HQ and UNIVALLE; Nicaragua: CIAT, MIS/UNA, MIS/INTA, and CRS; Paraguay: PMRN and DAP; Central America & Mexico: IPNI Region: Central America, South America Country: Nicaragua, Paraguay Consortium Research Program: Durable Solutions for Water Scarcity and Land Degradation Forests and Trees: livelihoods, landscapes and governance Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security Major Research Domain: Sustainably managed natural resources, Reduced rural poverty and Improved food security Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): Improve livelihoods of the rural poor in the tropics by restoring degraded soils and landscapes to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability in an era of climate change. Purpose (as per proposal): Restore degraded soils and agroecosystems to enhance the productivity, profitability, resilience, and generation of other ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes that are highly vulnerable to climate change in Nicaragua and Paraguay, through the adoption of improved climate-smart agroforestry and silvopastoral based systems (AFS) by smallholder communities. Outputs (as per proposal): Output 1) Concentrating on farm-level studies to answer the question, what are the components to be combined and how they must be managed on degraded lands to enhance the multifunctionality of AFS? The output will be strategies for the adaptation of AFS that integrate improved crops, forages, multipurpose trees, and management options to restore degraded lands and in doing so improve the farmers' productivity, profitability and resilience in climate-smart systems. Output 2) Extending question 1 above to address, what are the impacts and potential benefits of AFS to the provision of supporting and regulating ES at the plot and landscape levels? The output will be quantified direct (farm scale) and indirect (landscape scale) ecosystem

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services such as reduced soil erosion and greenhouse gas emissions, and improved soil quality, water dynamics, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity conservation. Output 3) This output will build on methods developed in previous projects by adapting and applying them to the landscape context using data generated in 1 and 2 above to develop tools to identify potential target regions for adaptation and dissemination of the AFS. Its output will be tools to identify tropical regions facing similar constraints for subsequent adaptation and dissemination of eco-efficient (environmentally sustainable and resilient; economically productive, profitable and competitive; and socially equitable and fair) AFS. Output 4) This output will focus on the outreach of the components developed in the first three. Its output will be: Strategies developed and institutional innovation systems proposed for dissemination of eco-efficient AFS for suitable regions of Central and South America. Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 05/05/2014: Participatory design, implementation and monitoring of agroforestry and silvopastoral systems were achieved in Nicaragua. A baseline as reference for degradation was generated. Partial support was provided to complementary studies focused on targeting and scaling of agroforestry systems based on improved understanding of their potential impact. In Paraguay implementation of the project has been difficult due to productive issues and logistic requirements different to those expected. Adjustments to improve plot management, monitoring of ecosystems services and/or project approach have been agreed and will be implemented in both countries in the coming reporting period. The value of the stakeholder-to-stakeholder approach to exchange knowledge and experiences, has been validated as a powerful strategy to engage farmers, local leaders and decision makers of Central America, to execute projects with complex technologies such as agroforestry and also complex production systems. Publications: - Rubiano, J. et al. 2013. Identification of potential areas for dissemination of agroforestry based crop-livestock systems in Nicaragua. Working Document (in Spanish). 33 p.

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CIAT Contract No.: 81170263 02/2014 - 01/2017 { TC “” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: AGORA - Acting Together Now for Pro-poor Strategies Against Soil and Land Degradation Project Coordinator: Dr. Katherine Snyder - CIAT Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: IASS - Germany; TLC - Malawi Region: Southern Africa Country: Malawi, Tanzania Consortium Research Program: Durable Solutions for Water Scarcity and Land Degradation Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security Major Research Domain: land degradation, landscape analysis, soil, ecosystems, resilience, climate change, agriculture, food security, sustainable land management (SLM) Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): To improve the livelihoods of the rural poor by mitigating or reversing the land degradation that threatens their livelihoods and the underlying natural resource base and thus sustain long-term productivity of their landscapes. Purpose (as per proposal): 1) Enable land and resource users to apply validated sustainable land management (SLM) strategies produced through multi-stakeholder platforms (MSPs). 2) Promote and establish a process by which poor and other often marginalized groups are empowered to work together with decision-makers and other stakeholders to design more equitable solutions to land degradation and development problems 3) Provide evidence to decision-makers and facilitate its use to make better informed decisions. Outputs (as per proposal): 1. Implementation pathways of SLM strategies identified that take account of the complex social, economic, and political context. 2. Improved land and soil management strategies validated that serve vulnerable groups and that take into account climate change and identified implementation pathways. 3. Multi-stakeholder platforms designed, implemented and used to 1) vision future scenarios for landscapes 2) integrate biophysical modeling with local understanding and 3) identify governance scenarios for addressing challenges to sustainable landscape management. 4. Economic assessment of ecosystem services at the household and landscape scale. 5. A suite of diagnostic/analytical and participatory tools developed, tested and refined for deploying transdisciplinary research on SLM.

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Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 02/25/2015: Baseline research in Tanzania and Malawi has revealed that there is a wide range of soil and land management (SLM) practices applied over the landscape. This range is due in part to external investments that have been made over the past decades, together with individual household capabilities and needs. Simple, low-cost SLM practices are in abundance, but more land and input intensive practices, with longer-term benefits are far rarer and where evident are the results of incentives provided. SLM is unlikely to be invested in by farmers unless the return benefits are quick, or unless there has been an outside agency funding the investment. In Tanzania farmers have quite notably invested in less labor and input expensive SLM practices that often have multiple benefits, such as grass strips (conserving soil and providing fodder for livestock) or tree planting (soil and income from fruit, availability of firewood). Labor is a major constraint in both countries. In Malawi, many farmers are selling their labor during peak times which affects the investment they can make on their own land. In Tanzania, investing in already degraded and unproductive hillside plots is far less attractive than in farming valley bottom fields with short, high-value crops or in temporary out-migration. Women are then left at home to care for children, livestock and farming. Publications: - 7 research reports so far -

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Project Title: Carbon insetting in dairy value chains Project Coordinator: Peter Läderach - CIAT Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: Georg-August-Universität - Germany; Heifer International - Nicaragua Region: Central America Country: Nicaragua Consortium Research Program: Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security Major Research Domain: Carbon insetting, climate change, animal production, tropical forages, quantification of emission and sequestration potential, socio-economic cost-benefit analysis Budget: 60,000 € Goal (as per proposal): The objective of this project is to assess the feasibility of a carbon certification scheme of livestock-related practices at smallholder farm level. Purpose (as per proposal): 1. Exploring, analyzing and applying existing data on greenhouse gas emissions, climate change impacts, adaptation needs and carbon stocks and sequestration potential with a focus on livestock (dairy) and forages. 2. Conducting a case study to validate conclusions from existing data and to determine best practices for training and implementation of activities at the farm level. 3. Determining the optimal partnership structure for scale-up of carbon insetting-initiatives. This will require the correct incentivization and engagement of the private sector, as well as establishing the appropriate reporting, monitoring and training procedures. Outputs (as per proposal): 1. Prediction of climate impacts and adaptation needs of participating livestock producers, by a. Quantifying exposure of livestock systems to progressive climate change and b. Analyzing sensitivity and capacity of dairy smallholders to cope with climate changes. 2. Assessment of greenhouse gas emissions, carbon stocks and carbon sequestration potential from livestock related practices. This will be achieved via an inventory of activities with high possibility of carbon credit certification, while simultaneously meeting producer adaptation and livelihood needs. The most viable carbon certification standards will also be identified. 3. Assessment of the socio-economic implications of carbon efficient livestock practices. Cost-benefit analyses will be conducted to determine the most profitable and sustainable activities.

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4. Empirical evaluation via case study at community and household level at a specific research (pilot) site in collaboration with the private sector and development institutions. The study will focus on trade-offs between adaptation, mitigation and livelihood benefits and on feasibility of attribution and monitoring systems. Results will be validated with farmers and private sector partners. Farmers will be selected across a gradient of vulnerability to climate change including measures of exposition, sensitivity and adaptive capacity in addition to participating in training programs on dual purpose cattle value chains with strong involvement of Heifer International. This is to say the scientific criteria is the sampling design by which farmers within the supply chain will be selected. 5. Development of a Project Design Document (PDD) to implement a carbon insetting initiative. The PDD will be informed by outputs 1 to 4 and jointly developed by all stakeholders. This document will be used to raise interest and capital for large-scale dissemination of recommended practices for the dairy sector. 6. Dissemination of carbon insetting potential in smallholder dairy value chains at policy level. This will be achieved by summarizing conclusions in a policy brief and sharing this brief at a workshop in the North (Germany). Major Results Achieved: not yet available Publications: not yet available (new project)

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Project Title: Hands and Minds connected to boost Eco-efficiency on Smallholder Livestock-Crop Systems Participatory approaches towards eco-efficient livestock-crop systems for smallholder farmers in Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam Project Coordinator: Dr. Adrian Bolliger – CIAT Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: University of Göttingen (UGOE), DE; GIZ-Regional Program ASEAN Sustainable Agrifood Systems (Biocontrol); Tay Nguyen University, Dak Lak, Vietnam; Western Highlands Agriculture and Forestry Science Institute (WASI) Region: Southeast Asia and Pacific Country: Cambodia, Laos, Viet Nam Consortium Research Program: Integrated Systems for the Humid Tropics Major Research Domain: Farming system, eco-efficiency, climate change, innovation platforms, learning alliances, knowledge sharing, Mekong Subregion (GMS), livestock, smallholder, crop Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): To develop eco-efficient smallholder livestock-crop farms in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) that reduce rural poverty, improve food security and respect natural resource integrity. Purpose (as per proposal): To increase innovation capacity within the agricultural sector to generate eco-efficient smallholder livestock-crop systems. Outputs (as per proposal): 1. Site-specific contexts analysed; 2. Characterization of integrated smallholder livestock-crop farm systems; 3. Impacts of policies and climate change on smallholder livestock-crop systems analysed; 4. Practices and approaches to increase on-farm eco-efficiency defined; 5. Participatory learning and knowledge sharing on eco-efficient farming established. Major Results Achieved: not yet available Publications: not yet available (new project)

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Project Title: Potential farm to landscape impact and adoption of forage technologies in smallholder dairy production systems in Tanzania Project Coordinator: Birthe Paul - CIAT Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: ZALF (Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research), Germany Region: East Africa Country: Tanzania Consortium Research Program: Sustainable staple food productivity increase for global food security: Livestock and Fish Major Research Domain: Farming systems research, tropical forages, tradeoffs, field and farm and landscape scale modeling, adoption potential, innovation platforms, ex-ante impact assessment Budget: 80,000 € Goal (as per proposal): To improve productivity and livelihoods of smallholder dairy farmers with minimum tradeoffs for the environment through increased adoption of improved forage technologies. The project aims more specifically at raising awareness among farmers and other stakeholders (development organizations, policy makers) about potential impacts of forage technologies on productivity, environment, and livelihoods and adoption potential and barriers so that they can better target their interventions. Purpose (as per proposal): see goal Outputs (as per proposal): 1. To classify the crop-livestock systems with special regard to feeding system, using existing household datasets, feeding system assessment and newly collected data. Gender variables will be considered in the typology construction.The aim is to quantify feeding baskets and feeding gaps, thereby identifying bottlenecks and entry points, and providing necessary input data for modeling efforts. 2. Environmental effects of forage technologies will be assessed at farm to landscape level. 3. This output will especially focus on the adoption potential of forage technologies, delivered by ZALF. 4. To build livestock feeding capacity of smallholder farmers and raise awareness about potential impacts and adoption potential among stakeholders (development actors, policy makers, researchers, farmers) so that they can better target their interventions.

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Project Title: Climate-smart crop-livestock systems for smallholders in the tropics: Integration of new forage hybrids to intensify agriculture and to mitigate climate change through regulation of nitrification in soil Project Coordinator: Idupulapati M. Rao - CIAT, Cali, Colombia Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: CIAT-Nicaragua; Corpoica-La Libertad, Colombia; University of Llanos-Colombia; MIS Consortium, Nicaragua; University Hohenheim, Germany Region: Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) Country: Colombia, Nicaragua Consortium Research Program: Integrated Systems for the Humid Tropics Sustainable staple food productivity increase for global food security: Livestock and Fish Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security Major Research Domain: tropical forage grasses for their ability to improve nitrogen, reduce nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, biological nitrification inhibition, improving carbon (C) sequestration, deep rooting Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): Improving agricultural productivity and mitigation of climate change through more efficient nutrient use and reduced greenhouse gas emissions from smallholder crop-livestock systems. Purpose (as per proposal): Small-scale farmers and research and development institutions apply the innovative approach of Biological Nitrification Inhibition (BNI) by Brachiaria humidicola forage grass hybrids to realize benefits in economic and environmental sustainability from integrated crop-livestock production systems. Outputs (as per proposal): 1. Rural livelihood benefits enhanced by involving small-scale farmers as decision makers and co-researchers in the integration of new B. humidicola hybrids in smallholder crop-livestock systems 2. Brachiaria humidicola hybrids with different levels of BNI identified 3. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with the BNI trait identified and molecular markers developed for B. humidicola hybrid selection. 4. Indicators of BNI activity developed for use under field conditions based on the role of BNI in improving the efficiency of utilization of fertilizer nitrogen while reducing nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural production systems

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5. Application domains of BNI technology in crop-livestock systems identified, potential economic benefits assessed and local capacity to evaluate BNI strengthened Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 03/13/2015: The project team used Brachiaria humidicola (Bh) germplasm to quantify differences in biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) capacity among the studied Brachiaria hybrids. A set of 118 apomictic hybrids of Bh have been developed. Seed of Brachiaria genotypes was made available to partners in the project. Brachiaria humidicola hybrids have been evaluated in farms directly by the end users in Nicaragua and Colombia. Results indicated a good level of acceptance of the novel Brachiaria hybrids by several producers in Colombia. The areas of study in Nicaragua and Colombia are now well characterized in economic terms from the livestock angle; smallholders are the main group present in the target zones. Smallholders are the major beneficiaries of the new Bh hybrids identified, that combine desired agronomic traits as well as high potential to inhibit nitrification in soil, implying a better utilization of N and reduced N2O emissions and nitrate leaching. Cutting edge sequencing techniques are being used in order to sequence the genome of Bh. Thousands of molecular markers have been identified towards the identification of Quantitative Trait Loci related to the BNI trait. 15N natural abundance is being quantified by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry and is also being tested as a potential new method for phenotyping BNI trait. The fate of the labeled N applied to the system is being traced in a field experiment where the residual effect of the accumulated biological nitrification inhibitors in soil is being quantified in terms of change in grain yield of maize as a successive crop is being tested. The results on maize grain yield showed superior yields in the plots where Bh was present prior to maize cultivation when compared with the plots where continuous maize was cultivated. Publications: - Arango J., D. Moreta, J. Nuñez, K. Hartmann, M. Dominguez , M. Ishitani, J. Miles, G. Subbarao, M. Peters and Rao I. 2013. Developing methods to evaluate phenotypic variability in Biological Nitrification Inhibition (BNI) capacity of Brachiaria grasses. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Grasslands Congress. Sydney, Australia, pp. 1517-1519. - Moreta, D. E., J. Arango, M. Sotelo, D. Vergara, A. Rincón, M. Ishitani, A. Castro, J. Miles, M. Peters, J. Tohme, G. V. Subbarao and I. M. Rao. 2013. Biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) in Brachiaria pastures: A novel strategy to improve eco-efficiency of crop-livestock systems and to mitigate climate change. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Grasslands Congress. Sydney, Australia, pp. 980-981 - Moreta, D. E., J. Arango, M. Sotelo, D. Vergara, A. Rincón, M. Ishitani, A. Castro, J. Miles, M. Peters, J. Tohme, G. V. Subbarao, G. Cadisch and I. M. Rao. 2013. Using Biological Nitrification Inhibition as a Strategy to Improve Nitrogen Recovery and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Agricultural Systems and to Mitigate Climate Change. Oral presentation at the 6th International Nitrogen Conference, November 18-22, 2013, Kampala, Uganda. - Peters M., I. Rao, M. Fisher, G. Subbarao, S. Martens, M. Herrero, R. van der Hoek, R. Schultze-Kraft, J. Miles, A. Castro, S. Graefe, T. Tiemann, M. Ayarza and G. Hyman. 2013. Tropical forage-based systems to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. In: C. H. Hershey and P. Neate (Eds.) Eco-Efficiency: From Vision to Reality. CIAT, Cali, Colombia, pp. 171-190. - Peters M., M. Herrero, M. Fisher, K.-H. Erb , I. Rao, G. V. Subbarao, A. Castro, J. Arango, J. Chara, E. Murgueitio, R. van der Hoek, P. Laderach, G. Hyman, J. Tapasco, B. Strassburg, P Paul, A. Rincon, R. Schultze-Kraft, S. Fonte, T. Searchinger. 2014. Challenges and opportunities for improving eco-efficiency of tropical forage-based systems to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Tropical Grasslands – Forrajes Tropicales 1: 156-167. - Peters, M., I. Rao, M. Fisher, G. Subbarao, S. Martens, M. Herrero, R. van der Hoek, R. Schultze-Kraft, J. Miles, A. Castro, S. Graefe, T. Tiemann, M. Ayarza and G. Hyman. 2012. Tropical forage-based systems to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. In: C. Hershey (Ed.) Issues in Tropical Agriculture I. Eco-Efficiency: From Vision to Reality. CIAT, Cali, Colombia. - Rao, I., E. Amézquita, J. H. Bernal, M. Rivera, A. Rincón, M. Ayarza, A. Castro, J. E. Baquero, M. Peters and E. Guimaraes. 2012. Advances in integration of crop-livestock systems in tropical savannas of Colombia. Proceedings of the II International Symposium on Integrated Crop-livestock Systems. October 8 to 12, 2012. Porto Alegre, Brazil. - Rao, I., M. Ishitani, J. Miles, M. Peters, J. Tohme, J. Arango, D. E. Moreta, H. Lopez, A.

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Castro, R. van der Hoek, S. Martens, G. Hyman, J. Tapasco, J. Duitama, H. Suarez, G. Borrero, J. Núñez, K. Hartmann, M. Dominguez, M. Sotelo, D. Vergara, P. Lavelle, G. V. Subbarao, A. Rincon, C. Plazas, R. Mendoza, L. Rathjen and G. Cadisch. 2013. Climate-smart crop-livestock systems for smallholders in the tropics: Integration of new forage hybrids to intensify agriculture and to mitigate climate change through regulation of nitrification in soil. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Grasslands Congress. Sydney, Australia, pp. 1331-1332. - Subbarao G. V., I. M. Rao, K. Nakahara, K. L. Sahrawat, C. T. Hash, Y. Ando and T. Kawashima. 2013. Potential for biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) to reduce nitrification and N2O emissions from pasture-crop-livestock systems. Animal 7s2: 322-332. - Subbarao G. V., I.M. Rao, K. Nakahara, Y. Ando, K.L. Sahrawat, T. Tsehaye, J.C. Lata, S. Boudsocq, J.W. Miles, M. Ishitani and M. Peters. 2014. Nitrogen management in grasslands and forage-based production systems – Role of biological nitrification inhibition (BNI). Tropical Grasslands – Forrajes Tropicales 1: 168-174. - Subbarao G. V., K. L. Sahrawat, K. Nakahara, I. M. Rao, M. Ishitani, C. T. Hash, M. Kishi, D. Bonnett, W. Berry and J. C. Lata. 2013. A paradigm shift towards low-nitrifying agricultural systems – Role of biological nitrification inhibition (BNI). Ann. Bot. 112: 297-316. - Arango J., D. Moreta, J. Nuñez, K. Hartmann, M. Dominguez , M. Ishitani, J. Miles, G. Subbarao, M. Peters and Rao I. 2013. Developing methods to evaluate phenotypic variability in Biological Nitrification Inhibition (BNI) capacity of Brachiaria grasses. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Grasslands Congress. Sydney, Australia, pp. 1517-1519. - Arango J., Nuñez J., Moreta D., Karwat H., Arevalo A., Ishitani M., Chavez L., Miles J., Subbarao G., Peters M. and Rao I. 2014. Phenotyping of a Bi-Parental Brachiaria humidicola. Oral presentation. In Book of Abstracts, Tropentag 2014, Prague, Czech Republic, p. 221. - Egenolf K., Karwat H., Rasche F., Cadisch G, Moreta D., Arango J., Rao I. 2014. Impact of 'Biological Nitrification Inhibition' on N recovery efficiency, N leaching, and N2O emissions using the example of Brachiaria humidicola. In Book of Abstracts, Tropentag 2014, Prague, Czech Republic, p. 85. - Moreta, D. E., J. Arango, M. Sotelo, D. Vergara, A. Rincón, M. Ishitani, A. Castro, J. Miles, M. Peters, J. Tohme, G. V. Subbarao and I. M. Rao. 2013. Biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) in Brachiaria pastures: A novel strategy to improve eco-efficiency of crop-livestock systems and to mitigate climate change. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Grasslands Congress. Sydney, Australia, pp. 980-981 - Moreta, D. E., J. Arango, M. Sotelo, D. Vergara, A. Rincón, M. Ishitani, A. Castro, J. Miles, M. Peters, J. Tohme, G. V. Subbarao and I. M. Rao. 2014. Biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) in Brachiaria pastures: A novel strategy to improve eco-efficiency of crop-livestock systems and to mitigate climate change. Tropical Grasslands – Forrajes Tropicales 2: 88-91. - Peters M., I. Rao, M. Fisher, G. Subbarao, S. Martens, M. Herrero, R. van der Hoek, R. Schultze-Kraft, J. Miles, A. Castro, S. Graefe, T. Tiemann, M. Ayarza and G. Hyman. 2013. Tropical forage-based systems to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. In: C. H. Hershey and P. Neate (Eds.) Eco-Efficiency: From Vision to Reality. CIAT, Cali, Colombia, pp. 171-190. - Peters M., M. Herrero, M. Fisher, K.-H. Erb , I. Rao, G. V. Subbarao, A. Castro, J. Arango, J. Chara, E. Murgueitio, R. van der Hoek, P. Laderach, G. Hyman, J. Tapasco, B. Strassburg, P Paul, A. Rincon, R. Schultze-Kraft, S. Fonte, T. Searchinger. 2014. Challenges and opportunities for improving eco-efficiency of tropical forage-based systems to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Tropical Grasslands – Forrajes Tropicales 1: 156-167. - Peters, M., I. Rao, M. Fisher, G. Subbarao, S. Martens, M. Herrero, R. van der Hoek, R. Schultze-Kraft, J. Miles, A. Castro, S. Graefe, T. Tiemann, M. Ayarza and G. Hyman. 2012. Tropical forage-based systems to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. In: C. Hershey (Ed.) Issues in Tropical Agriculture I. Eco-Efficiency: From Vision to Reality. CIAT, Cali, Colombia. - Rao I., Arango J., Ishitani M., Worthington M., Miles J., Peters M.; Tohme J., Cuchillo Hilario M., Castro A., Hyman G., Tapasco J., Duitama J., Moreta D., Nuñez J., Selvaraj M., van der Hoek R., Karwat H., Rincon A., Mendoza R., Sotelo M., Vergara D., Pardo P., Borrero G., Subbarao G and Cadisch G. 2014. Developing Climate-Smart crop-livestock systems for smallholders in the tropics through regulation of nitrification in soil. In Book of Abstracts, Tropentag 2014, Prague, Czech Republic, p. 73.

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- Rao, I. M., M. Peters, R. van der Hoek, A. Castro, G. V. Subbarao, G. Cadisch and A. Rincón. 2014. Tropical forage-based systems for climate-smart livestock production in Latin America. Rural21 4: 12-15. - Rao, I., E. Amézquita, J. H. Bernal, M. Rivera, A. Rincón, M. Ayarza, A. Castro, J. E. Baquero, M. Peters and E. Guimaraes. 2012. Advances in integration of crop-livestock systems in tropical savannas of Colombia. Proceedings of the II International Symposium on Integrated Crop-livestock Systems. October 8 to 12, 2012. Porto Alegre, Brazil. - Rao, I., M. Ishitani, J. Miles, M. Peters, J. Tohme, J. Arango, D. E. Moreta, H. Lopez, A. Castro, R. van der Hoek, S. Martens, G. Hyman, J. Tapasco, J. Duitama, H. Suarez, G. Borrero, J. Núñez, K. Hartmann, M. Dominguez, M. Sotelo, D. Vergara, P. Lavelle, G. V. Subbarao, A. Rincon, C. Plazas, R. Mendoza, L. Rathjen and G. Cadisch. 2013. Climate-smart crop-livestock systems for smallholders in the tropics: Integration of new forage hybrids to intensify agriculture and to mitigate climate change through regulation of nitrification in soil. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Grasslands Congress. Sydney, Australia, pp. 1331-1332. - Subbarao G. V., I. M. Rao, K. Nakahara, K. L. Sahrawat, C. T. Hash, Y. Ando and T. Kawashima. 2013. Potential for biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) to reduce nitrification and N2O emissions from pasture-crop-livestock systems. Animal 7s2: 322-332. - Subbarao G. V., I.M. Rao, K. Nakahara, Y. Ando, K.L. Sahrawat, T. Tsehaye, J.C. Lata, S. Boudsocq, J.W. Miles, M. Ishitani and M. Peters. 2014. Nitrogen management in grasslands and forage-based production systems – Role of biological nitrification inhibition (BNI). Tropical Grasslands – Forrajes Tropicales 1: 168-174. - Subbarao G. V., K. L. Sahrawat, K. Nakahara, I. M. Rao, M. Ishitani, C. T. Hash, M. Kishi, D. Bonnett, W. Berry and J. C. Lata. 2013. A paradigm shift towards low-nitrifying agricultural systems – Role of biological nitrification inhibition (BNI). Ann. Bot. 112: 297-316. - Subbarao G., Yoshighashi T., Worthington M., Nakahara K., Ando Y., Sahrawat K., Rao I., Lata J., Kishii M. and Braun H. 2015. Suppression of soil nitrification by plants. Plant Science 233 155–164.

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CIFOR Contract No.: 81180343 04/2015 - 03/2018 { TC “CIFOR” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: Forests in the global bioeconomy: developing multi-scale policy scenarios Project Coordinator: Dr. Pablo Pacheco - CIFOR Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: ZEF (Center for Development Research), University of Bonn, Germany; University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; Center for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies, Agricultural Institute (IPB), Bogor, Indonesia Region: Asia-Pacific (AP), South America Country: Brazil, Indonesia Consortium Research Program: Forests and Trees: livelihoods, landscapes and governance Major Research Domain: Bioeconomy, environmental and forest policies, sustainable use, natural resources, rural poverty reduction, industry safeguards, Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): To contribute to the design of policies and measures that promote synergies between global bioeconomy development, forest ecosystem service provision, and poverty alleviation in tropical forests, specifically of Brazil and Indonesia. Purpose (as per proposal): To inform relevant international (European, German), Indonesian, and Brazilian policy dialogues and processes that promote synergies between global bioeconomy development, forest ecosystem service provision, and poverty alleviation at tropical forest margins. To be achieved through the generation and dissemination of knowledge on how bioeconomy related value chains, in key commodities, can translate into forest threats, featuring policy options on how to enhance forest conservation and opportunities for forest-dwelling smallholders in a growing global bioeconomy. Outputs (as per proposal): 1. Improved understanding of how global biomass-related trade flows (with emphasis on soy, sugarcane, palm oil, and woody biomass value chains) translate into forest threats, such as deforestation and degradation, 2. Better knowledge about emerging tradeoffs between bio-based economic transformations in biomass-importing countries versus poverty alleviation and ecosystem service provision in tropical forest landscapes, 3. Cost-effective and equitable national policy options devised to regulate forest access, use, conversion, and restoration vis-à-vis increasing global demand for forest-based biomass,

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4. Identification and dissemination of sustainable technological innovations in biomass producing and consuming sectors, 5. Best practice business guidelines for forest-biomass related international commodity value chains developed. Major Results Achieved: not yet available Publications: not yet available - new project

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CIFOR Contract No.: 81182265 02/2015 - 01/2017 { TC “” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: Measuring carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems in Indonesia Project Coordinator: Dr. Christopher Martius (CIFOR), Indonesia Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: Prof. Christian Borgemeister, ZEF - University of Bonn, Germany; GIZ Indonesia: FORCLIME Forests and Climate Change Programme (TC Module) Region: Asia-Pacific (AP) Country: Indonesia Consortium Research Program: Forests and Trees: livelihoods, landscapes and governance Major Research Domain: Climate change mitigation, adaptation, carbon and biomass assessments, agroforestry, sequestration Budget: 80,000 € Goal (as per proposal): To provide decision makers at sub-national (provincial or else) level with tested tools for their needs of monitoring carbon sequestration in forest and agroforestry systems in Indonesia. Purpose (as per proposal): To test available carbon measurement tools on a variety of sites, conditions and land use / production systems, and identify the best available option for the specific use in the Indonesian land use context and the framework of the needs of the FORCLIME project. FORCLIME is asking for guidance on landscape level tools to measure and verify actual carbon sequestration, e.g. to assess a projects' or jurisdictions' contribution towards national climate change mitigation targets in the context of REDD+, NAMAs, LAMAs and Low Emission Development Strategies (LEDS). Outputs (as per proposal): • Analysis of tools, (a) under a set of pre-defined criteria and using the stakeholder workshop results; and (b) using the datasets from three districts to check for reliability and variability/error estimation • 2 submissions in peer-reviewed scientific journals (results of the assessment, applicability) summarizing the results • 1 policy brief (2-4 pages) with recommendations on tools, in English • Translation of the policy brief and publication in Indonesian Major Results Achieved: not yet available Publications: not yet available -new project

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CIMMYT Contract No.: 81141838 07/2012 - 06/2015 { TC “CIMMYT” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: Increasing the productivity of the wheat crop under conditions of rising temperatures and water scarcity in South Asia Project Coordinator: Dr. Hans-Joachim Braun, CIMMYT-Mexico Project Coordinator email: H.J. [email protected] Partner Institutes: Dr. Marion Roeder, IPK, Gatersleben, Germany; India: Dr. Vinod Tiwari, Directorate of Wheat Research, Karnal; Dr. I. K. Kalappanavar, Wheat Program, University of Agriculture Sciences, Dharwad; Dr. A.N. Mishra, IARI Regional Station, Indore; Dr. S.C. Mishra, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune; Dr. K.V. Prabhu, IARI; Dr. V.S. Sohu, Punjab Agricultural University. Region: South Asia Country: India Consortium Research Program: WHEAT-Global Alliance for Improving Food Security and the Livelihoods of the Resource-poor in the Developing World Major Research Domain: wheat improvement, agronomy, tolerance to early sowing Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): To confront the rising temperatures and water scarcity expected in South Asia and to maintain or increase the productivity of wheat based systems. Purpose (as per proposal): To develop both genetic and crop management options to reduce the impact of higher temperatures and scarce water on wheat crop productivity. Outputs (as per proposal): 1. Wheat cultivars for early sowing under warmer temperatures that exploit the residual moisture and escape terminal heat. 2. Wheat cultivars suitable for dual purpose (forage and grain) wheat production. 3. Crop management options that enhance water productivity identified and adapted to conditions of both rainfed and irrigated wheat production systems in South Asia. 4. New wheat germplasm having improved and diverse adaptation traits used by wheat improvement programs. 5. Trained Indian scientists in application of molecular markers and conservation agricultural addressing early sown wheat in India. Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 04/08/2015: Based on evaluation of a diverse collection of 3322 bread wheat lines prepared in Mexico, two sets of best performing 50 lines were evaluated by 6 centres in 2013-14 cycle under

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early sowing in Mexico and India. In 2014-15 cycle also two separate replicated trials for two wheat growing zones (North Western Plains Zone and Central & Peninsular Zone of India) were formulated and planted in October at all six sites in India and Mexico. Results so far indicate substantial diversity for early vigour, biomass, days to heading and grain yield. Wheat lines have been genotyped for Vrn (vernalization), Ppd (photoperiod response) and Eps (expolysaccharide) genes. Agronomic trials have been conducted with different combinations of sowing dates and tillage practices, grown at three locations in India. Results showed that crop management for early sowing could lead to significant yield gains compared to normal sown. Publications: None so far

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CIMMYT Contract No.: 81156062 01/2013 - 12/2015 { TC “” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: Using Naturally Occurring Endophytic Fungi and/or Bacteria Associated with Wheat as a Biological Control Agent against the Cereal Cyst Nematodes, Heterodera species Project Coordinator: Dr Amer A Dababat, Ankara -Turkey Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Braunschweig -Germany Region: Europe Country: Germany, Turkey Consortium Research Program: WHEAT-Global Alliance for Improving Food Security and the Livelihoods of the Resource-poor in the Developing World Major Research Domain: Cereal cyst nematode, endophytes, hospitality, wheat, resistance Budget: 59,995 € Goal (as per proposal): The current world production of wheat (above 500 million metric tons), must be doubled, to one billion tons, by 2030 to feed an estimated world population of nine billion people (FAO 2006/2007; and Rosegrant et al., 2007). The only way to achieve this task is to increase the production per unit of cultivated land. However, many biotic and abiotic obstacles to increase wheat production do exist. Plant parasitic nematodes are one of the(se) major biotic factors limiting cereal production in rainfed growing regions of the world (Dixon, 2009). To date, many new bio-control products are entering the market to control plant parasitic nematodes on different crops but not on wheat. Our approach is biologically orientated and therefore non-pesticide based in nature and it targets multiple stresses biological and abiotic simultaneously. It is cost effective and applicable to farmers' needs for broad spectrum activity. Purpose (as per proposal): The proposed plan is to isolate bacterial and fungal endophytes from wheat roots in fields where Heterodera species seem to be affected by suppressive soil activity as well as at random in different ecozones. Outputs (as per proposal): The outcomes of this study are expected to support the huge efforts made by the industry and public research institutes to find microbial endophytes that can successfully and economically be applied to the seed in Integrated Pest Managements programs. Discovering organisms that can be applied to the seed would also complement resistance breeding because nematodes that cannot be controlled by resistance alone can be biologically controlled. Should such organisms be detected they would be of great value to further identify new resistance genes for breeding programs.

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Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 02/27/2014: A total of 168 bacterial and fungal endophytes were isolated from rhizosphere of wheat as well as from cysts of the Cereal Cyst Nematode (CCN) Heterodera filipjevi. Isolates were purified and preliminary in vivo screening experiments were conducted to evaluate their biocontrol potential towards the nematode. Data were collected and promising and highly effective isolates were selected. From all the obtained isolates, a total of 19 isolates, including ten fungal and nine bacterial isolates, looked promising to be used in further detailed studies on the control of H. filipjevi. Publications: - None so far -

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Project Title: Nitrogen use efficiency and optimization of nitrogen fertilizer application for stable yileds and high quality of cereals grown in conservation agriculture Project Coordinator: Nele Verhulst - CIMMYT; Prof. Andreas Bürkert - University of Kassel, Germany Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: University of Kassel - Germany; University of Göttingen - Germany; University of Mexico - Mexico Region: Europe, North America Country: Germany, Mexico Consortium Research Program: WHEAT-Global Alliance for Improving Food Security and the Livelihoods of the Resource-poor in the Developing World Major Research Domain: Nitrogen use efficiency, conservation agriculture, fertilizer management Budget: 60,000 € Goal (as per proposal): The first part of this project will result in a better quantification of the effect of tillage practice, residue management and crop rotation on nitrate leaching, immobilization, mineralization, ammonia volatilization, residual soil N and plant uptake of N fertilizer in an irrigated wheat-based production system. The results of the second part of this work will be directly translated into recommendations for farmers of management practices that will reduce both N leaching losses and trace gas emissions, while maintaining grain quality and yields. Purpose (as per proposal): Through CIMMYT´s MasAgro initiative, supported by the Mexican Ministry of Agriculture (SAGARPA), results will be shared with technicians and farmers. This will help Mexican, small-scale farmers to improve NUE (nitrogen use efficiency) in their fields. Outputs (as per proposal): The results of both the strategic and the applied research will feed into CIMMYT's international network of national and international research and extension partners to reach small-scale farmers in developing countries. Additionally, the results will be shared with the scientific community in three

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articles in peer reviewed journals to further foment and direct research on the subject. Major Results Achieved: not yet available Publications: - Grahmann, K., Fonteyne, S., Galaviz Soto, A.P., Sayre, K.D., Govaerts, B., Verhulst, N., 2014. Effect of timing and mode of N application on bread wheat performance and quality in permanent raised beds and conventionally tilled beds. Internal CIMMYT Report. Mexico, DF (Mexico). CIMMYT - Grahmann, K., Verhulst, N., Buerkert, A., Govaerts, B., 2015. Short term changes in soil nitrogen dynamics after the adoption of different tillage systems in an arid, irrigated wheat-maize production system in northwestern Mexico. Soil & Tillage Research, in preparation - Grahmann, K., Verhulst, N., Buerkert, A., Govaerts, B., 2015. Timing and mode of N application affects bread wheat performance and quality under two tillage systems differently in irrigated conditions. in preparation - Grahmann, K., Verhulst, N., Mora Palomino, L., Bischoff, WA., Govaerts, B., Bürkert, A. 2015. Ion exchange resins to estimate mineral-nitrogen leaching from an furrow irrigated wheat-maize cropping system under different tillage-straw management in northern Mexico. ISTRO 20th Triennial Conference Proceedings, September 14–18, 2015, Nanjing, China. in preparation

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Project Title: Understanding gender in wheat-based livelihoods for enhanced WHEAT R4D impact in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Ethiopia Project Coordinator: Dr. Lone Bech Badstue - CIMMYT Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: GIZ Baghlan Agricultural Project (BAP); Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU), Kabul; National Institute of Pakistan Studies (NIPS), Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad; CABI Pakistan, Rawalpindi; GIZ projects in Ethiopia under the sector focal area 'Sustainable Land Management, Addis Ababa; Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) Region: Central Asia and the Caucasus, East Africa Country: Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Pakistan Consortium Research Program: WHEAT-Global Alliance for Improving Food Security and the Livelihoods of the Resource-poor in the Developing World Major Research Domain: Gender analysis, wheat, livelihoods Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): Reduction in rural poverty and increased food security by shaping and targeting research and development activities related to wheat, in ways that increase the empowerment of poor women and youth in wheat-based systems and helps unleash their potential. Purpose (as per proposal): Wheat research and development partners appreciate gender integration as an opportunity to enhance impact, and diligently address gender considerations in relation to improved wheat technology development, adaptation and diffusion. Outputs (as per proposal): 1: Scoping studies: gender and wheat R4D, 2: Case studies: Gender norms and agency in wheat based systems and livelihoods, 3: 'Reverse engineering' studies: analysis of R&D interventions that have successfully promoted gender equality either in wheat or more broadly in agriculture, 4: Analytical overview: opportunities for gender in wheat R&D, 5: Validation workshops: Collaborative analysis with stakeholders at local and national levels, 6: Publications: Research papers, policy briefs and guidelines, 7: Capacity building workshops: training key partners on findings and guidelines. Major Results Achieved: not yet available

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Publications: not yet available - new project

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Project Title: Understanding cross pollination ability to improve seed production for future hybrid wheat Project Coordinator: Susanne Dreisigacker (CIMMYT), Mexiko Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: Prof. Jochen Reif, IPK Gatersleben, Germany Region: Central America Country: Mexico Consortium Research Program: WHEAT-Global Alliance for Improving Food Security and the Livelihoods of the Resource-poor in the Developing World Major Research Domain: Hybrid wheat, sequencing, yield, cross pollination, food security, genetic resources Budget: 80,000 € Goal (as per proposal): To reassess the genetic variation for cross pollination ability (specifically the degree and dimensions of anther extrusion) across CIMMYT and German advanced breeding lines and un-adapted genetic resources and to understand the underlying genetic architecture of these traits to improve seed production in the context of hybrid wheat breeding. Purpose (as per proposal): see goal Outputs (as per proposal): Outcome 1: Germplasm exchange and predicted variation of cross pollination ability in wheat Outcome 2: Uncovered inheritance and unlocked genetic variants that confer cross pollination ability in wheat to define the best strategy to further improve the genetic progress. Major Results Achieved: not yet available Publications: not yeat available - new project

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CIP Contract No.: 81170264 04/2014 - 03/2017 { TC “CIP” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: Improved Soil Fertility Management for Sustainable intensification in potato based systems in Ehtiopia and Kenya Project Coordinator: Dr. Elmar Schulte-Geldermann - CIP Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: University of Göttingen - Germany Region: Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) Country: Ethiopia, Kenya Consortium Research Program: Integrated Systems for the Humid Tropics Roots, tubers and bananas for Food Security and Income Durable Solutions for Water Scarcity and Land Degradation Major Research Domain: soil fertility, crop nutrition, water management, food security, soil health, potato cropping systems Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): Sustainable improvement of crop productivity, food security and income generation in potato based smallholder farming systems in Ethiopia and Kenya. Purpose (as per proposal): Sustainable intensification of small-scale farming systems in Ethiopian and Kenyan highlands by increasing potato crop yields while maintaining soil fertility and soil health. Outputs (as per proposal): Four outputs will be achieved through four WPs focusing on participatory evaluation of novel and adapted technologies that improve soil fertility and plant nutrition, and reduce soil degradation and giving farmers options to reduce the incidence of soil borne diseases in Ethiopian and Kenyan highland potato based farming systems: - Set of improved strategies for soil fertility management and potato crop nutrition developed and disseminated. - Soil and water conservation methods for sustainable potato production suitable for smallholder farming developed. - Development of improved smallholder adapted strategies for BW pathogen control options reducing potato BW incidence in soil and seed potato. - Description and documentation of socioeconomic factors that influence adoption of technological options developed in the proposed project. Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 03/26/2015: Research work implemented so far gave good insight into farmers' cropping practices related

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to soil fertility and soil health management, and provided valid entry points for applied research. Participatory on-farm research conducted is giving valuable feedback from smallholders with respect to farmers' knowledge base, their management practices, and trade-offs they are facing. The work conducted on bacterial wilt (BW) control has shown that a Neem cake product and some consortia of microorganisms showed significant reductions in disease and increases in yields. Moreover, results reveal the importance of host-plant resistance, in particular for resource-poor farmers who cannot afford to replace seed every season. Varieties with low levels of seed degeneration caused by seed-borne diseases, such as viruses and BW, are preferred by farmers because they are 'low risk,' although market prices of those varieties are slightly lower than processing varieties. Participatory research on seed replacement strategies, combined with on-farm seed quality maintenance, offers farmers alternatives for full seed replacement when combined with some knowledge-based and low-cost technologies (e.g. positive selection). Publications: Not yet available (new project)

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CIP Contract No.: 81180345 01/2015 - 12/2017 { TC “” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: Accelerating the Development of Early-Maturing-Agile Potato for Food Security through a Trait Observation and Discovery Network Project Coordinator: Dr. Merideth Bonierbale (Genetics and Crop Improvement Program Leader), CIP Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology (MPI-MP), Germany; China: Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Gansu Agricultural University; Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR); Amhara Regional Agricultural Research Institute (ARARI) Region: East Africa, East Asia Country: Ethiopia, PR China Consortium Research Program: Roots, tubers and bananas for Food Security and Income Major Research Domain: Drought phenotyping, disease phenotyping, genotyping, biodiversity, capacity building, crop diversification; sustainable intensification, productivity, food security Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): To increase food security and income through sustainable intensification of cropping systems and strengthened value chains by increasing availability and access to agile potato varieties. Purpose (as per proposal): To increase the capacity of National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS) in and beyond the project's target regions to identify new trait sources and methods to select and release early maturing agile potato varieties to end-users in a reduced time frame. Outputs (as per proposal): 1. Panel of diverse, elite potato lines genotyped and phenotyped for key traits; 2. New tools and capacities to evaluate traits and link genotypes with phenotypes available and used by NARS in China and Ethiopia; 3. Next generation selection systems for directing and scaling out genetic gain defined with network of NARS and end-users. The main beneficiaries (end-users) of this proposed project's outputs and outcomes will be potato farmers in poor rural regions who will benefit by having access resilient potato varieties, and adopting them rapidly. As intermediaries, direct beneficiaries (next users) of the outputs will be potato breeders in the key potato producing regions of China and Ethiopia and surrounding countries, and local potato research institutions. Major Results Achieved: not yet available

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Project Title: Improved potato varieties and water management technologies to enhance water use efficiency, resilience, cost-effectiveness, and productivity of smallholder farms in stress-prone Central Asian environments Project Coordinator: Merideth Bonierbale Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: IWMI (International Water Management Institute),Tashkent; University of Hohenheim, Dept. of Crop Water Stress Management, Germany; NARS of Uzbekistan: Institute of Vegetables, Melon and Potato; Institute of Soil and Agricultural Chemistry; Biotechnology Dept. of the Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry at the National University, Tashkent; NARS of Tajikistan: Horticultural Institute, Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics; FAs in the target areas of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan; NGO Tukhmiparvar, Global Partners, Tajikistan. Region: Central Asia and the Caucasus Country: Tajikistan, Uzbekistan Consortium Research Program: Integrated agricultural production systems for dry areas Roots, tubers and bananas for Food Security and Income Durable Solutions for Water Scarcity and Land Degradation Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security Major Research Domain: potato breeding and selection, abiotic stress, water management, water use efficiency (WUE), participatory research Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): To increase potato productivity and stability, competitiveness, and family income of resource-poor farmers in water stress-prone areas in Central Asia (CA). Purpose (as per proposal): National Agricultural Research Services (NARS), Farmers' Associations (FAs), individual beneficiary farmers, and policy makers use and apply participatory research methods to disseminate improved stress-tolerant potato varieties, and cost-effective water management technology. Outputs (as per proposal): (1) Provide national programs and participatory networks of farmers and evaluators with improved germplasm, capacity, and technology to use genetic diversity held in CIP's gene bank. (2) Accelerate uptake and dissemination of biotic- and abiotic-tolerant, farmer-ready varieties and cost-effective irrigation practices and water management technology for increased WUE and productive, reduced-input cropping systems. There are five project outputs:

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1. On-farm tested, improved, and stress-tolerant potato varieties increase WUE 2. Validated cost-efficient water regimes for potato crop under stress-prone environments of CA 3. Empirically tested tools for selecting adapted germplasm and adjusting watering schedules to potato needs 4. Enhanced participatory uptake and diffusion of improved potato germplasm and water-use technologies 5. Strengthened capacity for breeding and selection and water management. Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 03/26/2015: Collaboration was established toward efficient breeding schemes and screening methods, emphasizing adaptation to long-day stressful conditions. This effort resulted in procedures for in-vitro evaluation that, however, still require refinement and validation against field performance. Meanwhile appropriate candidate varieties and water management practices have been tested and recommended in the project's target regions (Uzbekistan and Tajikistan). An environmental classification based on the probability of drought affecting crop developmental stages in Central Asia has been improved. Field data and modeling of water demand and physiological stress indexes were combined to develop effective and low-cost methods such as canopy temperature for monitoring water status of potato crops in and among target environments. The results, which can be developed into effective decision support systems, are applicable to both potato breeding and crop/water management. A new set of 55 elite clones and several superior parental lines adapted to multiple stresses have been identified and can be provided to Uzbekistan and Tajikistan for research and testing for variety development. Publications: - Carli, C., F. Yuldashev, D. Khalikov, and T. Abdurakhmanov. Improved potato varieties for the arid and semi-arid ecologies of Central Asia. Potato Journal (under revision). - Carli, C., F. Yuldashev, D. Khalikov, B. Condori, V. Mares, and P. Monneveux. Effect of different irrigation regimes on yield, water use efficiency and quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in the lowlands of Tashkent, Uzbekistan: a field and modeling perspective. Field Crop Research (under revision). - Critical importance of Multi-Environment Trials (METs) for assessing the performance of potatoes under drought, poster presented in InterDrought-IV 2013 Conference held from 2-6 September, 2013, in Perth, Australia. - Mohan Reddy, J., K. Jumaboev, C. Carli, and D. Eshmuratov. Yield and water use efficiency of potato under different soil moisture stress conditions in Fergana valley of Central Asia. Agriculture Water Management (under revision). - Ramírez, D.A., J.L. Rolando, W. Yactayo, P. Monneveux, and R. Quiroz. Is the discrimination against 13C in leaflets and tubers an appropriate trait to determine genotypic differences related to drought tolerance in potato? Work submitted to the committee of 19th Triennial Conference of The European Association for Potato Research, 6–11 July 2014. - Ramírez, D.A., Rolando, J.L., Yactayo, W., Monneveux, P., and Quiroz, R. 2015. Is discrimination of 13C in potato leaflets and tubers an appropriate trait to describe genotype responses to restrictive and well-watered conditions? Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science (DOI: 10.1111/jac.12119) - Ramírez, D.A., Rolando, J.L., Yactayo, W., Monneveux, P., and Quiroz, R. 'Is the discrimination against 13C in leaflets and tubers an appropriate trait to determine genotypic differences related to drought tolerance in potato?' Work presented at the 19th Triennial Conference of The European Association for Potato Research, 6–11 July 2014, Brussels, Belgium. - Ramírez, D.A., W. Yactayo, J.L. Rolando, V. Mares, F. De Mendiburu, and R. Quiroz. 2013. Can physiological traits in potato denote tuberization stages and tuber yield under water restriction? Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. on Agronomy and Physiology of Potato, 15–16 September 2013, Prague, pp. 30–42. - Rolando, J.L., Ramírez, D.A., Yactayo, W., Monneveux, P., and Quiroz, R. 2015. Leaf greenness as a drought tolerance related trait in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Environmental and Experimental Botany 110: 27–35.

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Project Title: Introduction of Heat Tolerant Potato to Mid-Altitude Cropping Systems in Western Kenyan Action Sites of the CGIAR Consortium Research Program Humidtropics Project Coordinator: Dr. Elmar Schulte-Geldermann (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: University of Kassel, Germany; Region: West Africa Country: Kenya Consortium Research Program: Integrated Systems for the Humid Tropics Major Research Domain: Farming system diversification, heat-tolerant disease resistant potato, cropping systems Budget: 80,000 € Goal (as per proposal): The project will pilot two integral activities in an innovative approach to explore the potential of integrating potato into maize based systems of warmer, mid-altitude climates. Activity 1. Phenotype potato breeding lines for heat, virus and bacterial wilt tolerance. Activity 2. Develop sustainable crop rotations and disease management options to sustainably integrate potato into maize based cropping system of mid altitude agro-ecologies. Purpose (as per proposal): Piloting an approach to explore the potential of integrating potatoes in maize based systems of warmer, mid-altitude climates for diversifying smallholders farming systems and food base. Outputs (as per proposal): Candidate varieties selected for targeted environment. Management guideline for potatoes in warmer regions available at the end of the project. Knowledge gain on genome by environment by management for better targeted breeding and management of potato in warmer climates. Major Results Achieved: not yet available Publications: not yet available - new project

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ICARDA Contract No.: 81182268 01/2015 - 12/2016 { TC “ICARDA” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: Introduction of Farming with Alternative Pollinators (FAP) to simultaneously enhance climate change resilience of agro-ecosystems and farmers income (NEW CONTRACT-NO: 81190203) Project Coordinator: Dr. Stefanie Christmann, ICARDA-SEPRP Project Coordinator email: s.christmann@cgiar Partner Institutes: Dr. Axel Ssymank, Bundesamt für Naturschutz and Research Associate of Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Germany Region: North Africa Country: Morocco Consortium Research Program: Integrated agricultural production systems for dry areas Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security Major Research Domain: Sustainable agriculture, entomology, socio-economics (TEEB), climate change, agro-ecosystems Budget: 80,000 € Goal (as per proposal): Results of a promising project in Uzbekistan - implementing the new, socio-economic agro-ecologic Farming with Alternative Pollinators (FAP)-approach (Christmann and Aw-Hassan 2012) - shall be adapted in Morocco for the benefit of countries in West-Asia and Northern Africa (WANA). The project will promote uptake by farmers in the WANA-region and stimulate national research activities on FAP in Morocco. Farming with Alternative Pollinators (FAP) is an interdisciplinary low-cost measure to enhance climate change resilience of agro-ecosystems and income of farmers simultaneously. FAP follows the TEEB-approach (The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity). Purpose (as per proposal): To develop the research setting in a participatory manner; this includes preliminary field sketches (varieties, replications, area for habitat enhancement), the data files, which shall be filled later based on experiments, the scheme of data collection and field books. Outputs (as per proposal): To produce a manual for smallholder farmers (beneficial for everybody having 5-10 years of formal education) in Arabic including a field sketch for farmers, three season forage buffet, options for nesting support and average net additional income by FAP-measures. The manual will be published on websites and promoted by all ICARDA-offices in Arab speaking countries around the Mediterranean to promote collaboration with NARS on FAP and uptake by farmers.

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ICIPE Contract No.: 81170346 02/2014 - 01/2016 { TC “ICIPE” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: Better implementation of crop season breaks for management of Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) Virus in East Africa - Can remote sensing be an option? Project Coordinator: Dr. Tobias Landmann Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: Julius-Maximilians-University Wuerzburg - Germany Region: East Africa Country: Kenya Consortium Research Program: Integrated Systems for the Humid Tropics Major Research Domain: Remote sensing, crops, vector, biological pest data, crop cycles, pest management, MLND Budget: 60,000 € Goal (as per proposal): To understand seasonal dynamics of maize and other alternate hosts to generate information for effective implementation of crop season breaks for MLND control. Purpose (as per proposal): To support developmental policies regarding optimization of agricultural yields and agricultural land use policies specifically in developing nations. Outputs (as per proposal): 1: Processed satellite data available and mapping routine for maize and maize cropping systems tested by icipe and Julius-Maximilians-University of Wuerzburg (UW). 2: Better understanding of maize seasonality and maize cropping systems and MLND in the two project sites by icipe. 3: Link the crop systems maps to biological information on MLND and its vectors using statistical cross comparison. 4: Enhance awareness on impacts of crop system breaks on MLND in Kenya by icipe. Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 02/27/2015: Results of work in the project indicate that for Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) to occur in the field, a pathogen (Maize chlorotic mottle virus and Sugarcane mosaic virus), a vector (e.g. corn thrips and/or onion thrips) and a susceptible host (e.g. maize) have to be present in a conducive environment. It is likely that environmental and crop factors play a major role in disease severity. Therefore, there is need to explore the role of environmental factors and landscape features in occurrence and spread of MLN. Although newly available data sets and better algorithms can be utilized for enhanced MLN mapping using satellite data, the first results show that this is more challenging than expected due to the disease effects being closely intertwined with other effects that affect maize vitality.

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Publications: - Kusia E.S., Subramanian S., Nyasani J.O., Khamis F., Villinger J., Ateka E., Pappu H. R. (2015). First report of lethal necrosis disease associated with co-infection of finger millet with Maize chlorotic mottle virus and Sugarcane mosaic virus in Kenya. Plant Disease, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-14-1048-PDN. - Mahuku G., Lockhart B.E., Wanjala B. , Jones M.W., Kimunye J.N., Stewart L.R., Cassone B.J., Sevgan S., Nyasani JO, Kusia E, Kumar PL, Niblett CL, Wangai A, Kiggundu A, Asea G, Pappu H, Prasanna BM, Redinbaugh, MG. Maize lethal necrosis (MLN), an emerging threat to maize-based food security in sub-Saharan Africa. Phytopathology. Under review. - Nyasani J, Kusia E., Subramanian S. (2014) Role of vectors and their host plants in the epidemiology of maize lethal necrosis in eastern Africa. Oral presentation at: Entomological Society of America (ESA) 2014; Nov 16-19, 2014; Portland, OR, USA.

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ICIPE Contract No.: 81141840 02/2012 - 12/2015 { TC “” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: Implementation of integrated thrips and tospovirus management strategies in small-holder vegetable cropping systems of eastern Africa Project Coordinator: Sevgan Subramanian PhD Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: icipe Dr. S. Subramanian, icipe icipe Dr. S. Subramanian [email protected]; KARI Dr. M. Waiganjo [email protected]; Real IPM Dr. L. Labuschagne [email protected]; MU Dr. S. Kyamanywa [email protected]; AVRDC Dr. R. Srinivasan [email protected]; HORTI Dr. S. N. Samali [email protected]; WSU Dr. H. R. Pappu [email protected]; PRI Dr. W.J. de Kogel [email protected]; P&F Dr. D.A.J Teulon [email protected]; UoH Prof. Dr. H.M. Poehling [email protected]; MLU Prof. Dr. G. Moritz [email protected] Region: East Africa Country: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda Consortium Research Program: Integrated Systems for the Humid Tropics Major Research Domain: Vegetables, Thrips, Tospoviruses, IPM, Small-holders, Eastern Africa Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): To enhance food and nutritional security and income generation capacity of smallholder farmers through sustainable vegetable production. Purpose (as per proposal): To reduce crop damage due to thrips and tospoviruses in Target Small-holder French bean, onion and tomato Production Systems (TSPS) in eastern Africa through integrated thrips and tospovirus management strategies (ITTMS) and capacity building among National Agricultural Research and Extension System (NARS) partners. Outputs (as per proposal): 1) Large-scale integrated thrips management on French beans based on the use of attractants, entomopathogenic fungus, botanicals, intercropping and natural enemies validated and implemented. 2) The epidemiology and management of important thrips-vectored tospoviruses and other critical knowledge gaps on virus-vector interaction on onions and tomatoes filled. 3) Post-harvest treatment parameters based on Ultra Low Oxygen (ULO) and controlled atmosphere (CA) storage to assure quarantine security of French beans against invasive thrips developed and disseminated. 4) Socio-economic impacts of the introduced management methods determined.

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5) Capacity among growers and agricultural extension functionaries on thrips and tospovirus management technologies strengthened. Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 02/27/2015: Research undertaken in the project provided the results described hereafter: Spatial separation of entomopathogenic fungi and kairomonal thrips attractant enhanced their compatibility in the 'lure and kill' strategy for thrips management. Methyl anthranilate could be used in the same strategy since it is compatible with entomopathogen and attractive to thrips. The 'lure and kill' strategy was found to be effective in the field for thrips management on legumes. Subterranean biological control agents such as soil predatory mites can be key biological control agents for thrips; the diversity of predatory mites varies with the regions. Thrips population genetics studies with microsatellite markers revealed the existence of diverse populations of Western flower thrips WFT in Kenya. Different onion accessions have been investigated to determine resistant reaction to thrips. Density of leaf surface wax was found to be a factor conferring resistance. The fungal endophyte Hypocrea lixii was found to colonize onion plants and reduce thrips feeding and oviposition. Behavioral assays indicated the role of semiochemicals in the induced systemic resistance. Ex-ante assessment on the benefits of integrated pest management strategies indicated a net present value (NPV) of research at $ 4.8 million, with an internal rate of return (IRR) of 31 % and a benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of 3.94. Sensitization of smallholders and commercial farmers on the use of biopesticides for the management of thrips on vegetable and flower crops was undertaken. Publications: - Birithia, R., Subramanian, S., Pappu, H.R., Muthomi, J. and Narla, R.D. 2013. Analysis of Iris yellow spot virus replication in vector and non-vector thrips species. Plant Pathology 62(6), 1407-1414 - Birithia, R., Subramanian, S., Villinger, J., Muthomi, J.W., Narla, R.D. and Pappu, H.R (2012) First report of Tomato yellow ring virus (Tospovirus, Bunyaviridae) infecting tomato in Kenya. Plant Disease http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-12-0462-PDN - Hondelmann, P., Nyasani, J. O., Subramanian, S. & R. Meyhöfer, 2013. Genetic structure of western flower thrips populations in Kenyan French bean production areas, Abstract presented in the Meeting of the German Entomological Society, Göttingen, March 2013 - Moritz G, Brandt S, Triapitsyn S & Subramanian S (2013) Identification and information tools for pest thrips in East Africa. QAAFI Biological Information Technology (QBIT), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. ISBN: 978-1-74272-067-8 (https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.lucidcentral.mobile.ptea&hl=de) - Mufti K., Maniania N.K., Niassy, S., Hannalene, D.P and Subramanian S. 2013. Effect of spatial separation of LUREM-TR on Metarhizium anisopliae Sorokin in Auto –Dissemination System for the management of Megalurothrips sjostedti (Trybom) Bean Flower thrips in Grain legumes. Abstract ST4-8, Presented in 20th Conference of the African Association of Insect Scientists, 27th – 31st October, 2013 Younde, Cameroon - Niassy S., Maniania N.K., Subramanian S., Gitonga L.M. and Ekesi S. 2013. Performance of Kairomone-baited autoinoculation device treated with Metarhizium anisopliae for control of Frankliniella occidentalis on French bean in Field cage. Abstract ST4-8, Presented in 20th Conference of the African Association of Insect Scientists, 27th – 31st October, 2013 Younde, Cameroon - Niassy S., Subramanian S., Ekesi S., Gitonga L.M., Mburu D.M., Masiga D. and Maniania N.K. (2012) Selection of promising fungal biological control agent of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis and development of application strategy. Oral presentation in 45TH Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology to be held from August 5-9, 2012, Buenos Aires. Argentina - Niassy, S., Maniania, N. K., Subramanian, S., Gitonga, L. M. and Ekesi, S. 2012. Performance of a semiochemical-baited autoinoculation device treated with Metarhizium anisopliae for control of Frankliniella occidentalis on French bean in field cages, Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 142: 97–103 - Niassy, S., Maniania, N.K., Subramanian, S., Gitonga, L.M., Maranga, R., Obonyo, A.B. and Ekesi, S (2012) Compatibility of Metarhizium anisopliae isolate ICIPE 69 with agrochemicals used in French bean production. International Journal of Pest Management

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58, 131-137 - Niassy, S., Maniania, N.K., Subramanian, S., Gitonga, L.M., Mburu, D.M., Masiga. D. and Ekesi, S (2012) Selection of promising fungal biological control agent of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) Letters in Applied Microbiology 54: 487–493. - Niassy, S., Subramanian, S., Bargul, J., Villinger, J., Ekesi, S. and Maniania, N. K. 2013. Use of Metarhizium anisopliae Chitinase Genes for Genotyping and Virulence Characterization BioMed Research International, vol. 2013, Article ID 465213, 9 pages - Niassy, S., Subramanian, S., Bargul, J., Villinger, J., Ekesi, S. and Maniania, N. K. 2014 'Erratum to Use of Metarhizium anisopliae Chitinase Genes for Genotyping and Virulence Characterization', BioMed Research International, vol. 2014, Article ID 731017, 3 pages, 2014. doi:10.1155/2014/731017 - Nyasani J. O. Meyhöfer R., Subramanian S., Poehling H.-M.2013. Seasonal abundance of western flower thrips and its natural enemies in different French bean agroecosystems in Kenya, Journal of Pest Science 86 (3), 515-523 - Nyasani J. O., Meyhöfer R., Subramanian S., Poehling H.-M. 2013. Feeding and oviposition preference of Frankliniella occidentalis for crops and weeds in Kenyan French bean fields, Journal of Applied Entomology, 137, 204–213 - Nyasani, J.O., Meyhöfer, R., Subramanian, S. and Poehling, H.-M (2012) Effect of intercrops on thrips species composition and population abundance on French beans in Kenya. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 142: 236 – 246 - Nyasani, JO, Meyhöfer, R, Subramanian, S and H.-M. Poehling, 2013. Feeding and oviposition preference of Frankliniella occidentalis for crops and weeds occurring in Kenyan French bean fields, Journal of Applied Entomology 137: 204 - 213 - Pappu, H.R & Subramanian, S. 2013. Ever increasing diversity of tospoviruses: implications for Africa. In. Proc. of 12th International Symposium on Plant Virus Epidemiology, 28 January – 1 February 2013, Arusha, Tanzania - Birithia, R., Subramanian, S., Pappu, H.R., Muthomi, J.W. and Narla, R.D. 2014. Resistance to Iris yellow spot virus and onion thrips among onion varieties grown in Kenya. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 34: 73 – 79 - Krueger, S., Subramanian, S., Niassy, S. and Moritz, G. 2014.Sternal glands in Legume flower thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti and some other economicallv important thrips species (Thripidae), 10th European Congress of Entomology, University of York, York, UK; 01/2014 - Maniania, NK.,Subramanian, S., Dimbi, S., Migiro, L.N., Niassy, S., Mfuti, K.D., Ekesi, S.2014.Mutualistic affairs between biopesticides and semiochemicals against insect pests in horticulture, Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting 2014; 11/2014 - Moritz, G.B., Brandt, S. and Subramanian, S. 2014. Google Play - First Lucid mobile phone app for thrips identification - Pest Thrips of East Africa, Xth European Congress of Entomology, University of York, UK; 01/2014 - Muvea A. M., Waiganjo, M., Kutima, H. L., Osiemo, Z. L., Nyasani, J. and Subramanian. S. 2014. Attraction of pest thrips infesting French beans to colored sticky traps with LUREM-TR and its utility for monitoring thrips population. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 34: 197 - 206 - Muvea AM, Meyhöfer R, Subramanian S, Poehling H-M, Ekesi S, et al. (2014) Colonization of Onions by Endophytic Fungi and Their Impacts on the Biology of Thrips tabaci. PLoS ONE 9(9): e108242. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108242 - Niassy, S., Subramanian, S., Ekesi, S., Bargul, J.L., Villinger, J. and Maniania, N.K. 2014. Erratum to 'Use of Metarhizium anisopliae Chitinase Genes for Genotyping and Virulence Characterization' BioMed Research International, Volume 2014, Article ID 731017, 3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/731017

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Project Title: Towards the development of penside diagnostic assays for Napier grass Stunt Disease to enhance livestock fodder supply and pest control in East Africa Project Coordinator: Dr. Lillian Wambua Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: Julius Kuehn-Institute, Germany Region: East Africa Country: Kenya, Uganda Budget: 60,000 € Goal (as per proposal): Better control of Phytoplasma infections through the use of point-of care diagnostic tools. Purpose (as per proposal): Identification of Phytoplasma specific target molecules for the development of point of care diagnostic tests for infection of Napier grass with Phytoplasma. Outputs (as per proposal): Output 1: A) One Phytoplasma genome sequenced, assembled and annotated. B) Phytoplasma transcriptome sequenced. Highly expressed genes from phytoplasma in infected plants identified. Output 2: A) Targets for future development of diagnostic tools identified. B) A recombinant diagnostic antibody recognizes a phytoplasma-specific antigen. Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 03/12/2014: Training on bacterial DNA extraction techniques and single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) technique enables ICIPE staff members to look at sequence polymorphism in the imp gene using gel electrophoresis. The project managed to get enough DNA material for full genome sequencing, and the analysis of these data is ongoing. This will enable the project to identify additional potential specific targets for developing a PCR-based diagnostic test. Project scientists have been able to get the sequence from the imp gene, which is highly expressed in all well-characterized phytoplasma strains. The project team cloned the gene into a vector and successfully expressed the protein. Antibodies that will be developed against this protein will be incorporated in a serological test. The project team is also checking the amount of genetic diversity in this gene by sequencing a set of 66 samples collected in Western Kenya, in order to make sure that the developed test work on all infected samples. Publications: not yet available (new project)

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Project Title: Development and implementation of a sustainable IPM and surveillance program for the invasive tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), in North and sub-Saharan Africa Project Coordinator: Dr. Samira A. Mohamed, Nairobi, Kenya Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: The International Potato Center (CIP), Lima, Peru; Julius Kuehn-Institut (JKI); University of Sousse, Tunisia; Arid Regions Research institute, Tunisia; Agricultural Research Cooperation (ARC), Khartoum, Sudan; Ministry of Agriculture, Juba, Republic of South Sudan; Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe Uganda. Region: East Africa, North Africa, South America Country: Kenya, Peru, Sudan, Tunisia, Uganda Consortium Research Program: Integrated agricultural production systems for dry areas Integrated Systems for the Humid Tropics Roots, tubers and bananas for Food Security and Income Agriculture for Improved Nutrition and Health Major Research Domain: Tomato leafminer, bioecology, classical biological control, use of bio-rationals, bio-pesticides, intercropping, integrated pest management, surveillance Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): To enhance food and nutritional security, income generation capability and the overall livelihood of small and medium scale tomato growers in the target countries. Purpose (as per proposal): To develop and implement in collaboration with international and national partners, a sustainable and eco-friendly approach for reduction of tomato losses due to T. absoluta infestation leading to increased quality and yield of table and industrial tomatoes for domestic and export markets. Outputs (as per proposal): Output 1: Distribution, abundance, dynamics and host plants of T. absoluta and their associated natural enemies established Output 2: Natural enemies of T. absoluta identified and tested through explorations in Peru, and if feasible introduced into Africa Output 3: New technologies and already existing management tools suitable for use by small and medium scale tomato growers for controlling T. absoluta identified, tested and implemented Output 4: Country-wide surveillance for T. absoluta in the high risk countries of Kenya, Republic of South Sudan and Uganda initiated and sustained

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Output 5: Technology transfer and training programs initiated and implemented with stakeholders. Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 02/27/2015: Survey results revealed that apart from tomato, Tuta absoluta attacks plants from other families and that leafminer adult male numbers and damage symptoms increased significantly in other Solanum species after tomato had been harvested. Modeling projected that regions with higher risk of T. absoluta invasion and establishment are: Central, Eastern and Western Africa, most of Asia, the Mediterranean basin and Western part of USA. During a survey conducted in Peru, parasitoids from different families were recovered. A colony of the most dominant species has been initiated and maintained for suitability studies for introduction into Africa. Colonies of African indigenous parasitoid species have been established in Tunisia and Sudan for interaction studies once the parasitoid is received from Peru. For an attract and kill product, concentrations for the pheromone and the killing agent have been optimized. Between two insecticides tested, Beta-Cyfluthrin showed greater activity than Fenvalerate and killed 96% of the population 48 hours post treatment. In Tunisia, marigold has been proved to be a good refuge plant for conservation of an T. absoluta predator. The level of spore production by 5 Metarhizium anisopliae isolates clearly demonstrates the potential for high productivity of the isolates in liquid and solid media with spore viability. The concentration of spores at the lowest exposure time of 2 minutes was found to be high enough to induce mortality for any pathogenic isolates. T. absoluta has been detected in Kenya South Sudan and Tanzania. A ToT training workshop was conducted on monitoring, management, taxonomy and rearing of T. absoluta. Publications: - Tonnang et al.: Projecting the risk of invasion and spread of the alien tomato borer, T. absoluta in sub-Saharan Africa, in preparation.

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Project Title: Introducing complex innovations: creating strategic linkages for increased production and wider application of push-pull technology in East Africa (BiomassWeb) Project Coordinator: Prof. Z.R. Khan Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: ZEF, Germany (Lead) Region: East Africa Country: Ethiopia Major Research Domain: Innovation systems, Communication and Extension strategies, push-pull technology Budget: 200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): To enhance food security, incomes and alleviate poverty in Eastern Africa through effective communication and stakeholder participation for the implementation of complex innovations such as push-pull technology biomass value webs. Purpose (as per proposal): Strengthen information, communication channels and innovation platforms for wider application of push-pull technology and biomass based value webs in target cereal-livestock production areas of Ethiopia. Outputs (as per proposal): Output1: Enhanced awareness on push pull technology and its relevance in biomass-based value web among stakeholders in Ethiopia. Output 2: Capacity needs identified and built among stakeholders in Ethiopia for implementation of complex innovations such as push pull technology through farmer led push-pull learning sites. Output 3: Factors influencing implementation and adoption of complex innovations evaluated using push pull technology as a model. Output 4: Production and marketing of critical inputs such desmodium seeds required for implementation of push pull technology assessed and strengthened through farmer based institutions. Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 02/02/2015: Key stakeholders were made aware of the push- pull technology (PPT) and its relevance in biomass-based value web. A national stakeholders' training workshop was conducted for better awareness, joint planning and sharing of knowledge and responsibilities. Capacity

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needs were identified and the project contributed to building stakeholder capacities through farmer-led push-pull learning sites. This process is inbuilt in the existing framework of farmers' group organization within the Government administrative structures of Ethiopia. The project established new push-pull farmer groups, networks and learning sites as well as a technical backstopping mechanism using the farmers' own networks. The project developed a communication strategy on PPT biomass-based value webs, and built human and technical capacities of main stakeholders. A major trans-disciplinary workshop was used to formally launch the Biomass web project to initiate implementation, monitoring and evaluation with joint work plans. Publications: not yet available (new project)

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Project Title: Development of Integrated Pest Management Strategies for the Production of Important Vegetable Crops in Kenya (Hortinlea) Project Coordinator: Dr. Komi Fiaboe Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: Humboldt University Berlin, Germany (Lead) Region: East Africa Country: Kenya Major Research Domain: African Indigenous Vegetables, Integrated Pest Management, Biopesticide Budget: 199,999 € Goal (as per proposal): To enhance food and nutritional security, income generation capability and the overall livelihood of small and medium scale vegetable growers in Kenya. Purpose (as per proposal): To document the incidence and damage caused by arthropod pests of leafy vegetables develop integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for increasing yield. Outputs (as per proposal): Output 1: Integrated pest management strategies for cowpea aphid and indigenous vegetable pest of amaranth and nightshades that are suitable for use by smallholder growers identified, tested and implemented. Output 2: Capacity of national systems and other partners in the transfer of IPM technologies strengthened. Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 02/02/2015: Initial studies on establishment of aphid colonies were conducted to ensure a regular supply of insects for research. Vibrant colonies have been maintained and rejuvenated periodically to enhance genetic quality of the insect. Testing of a single isolate of the entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) Metarhizium anisopliae for pathogenicity to the aphid Aphis craccivora of different developmental stages with the aim of fine-tuning bioassay procedures and identify the most appropriate stage for use in bioassays was started. So far, the tested isolate was more pathogenic to adults as compared to the nymphal stages. Over 20 isolates of EPF were obtained and sub-cultured from the icipe Microbial Bank for screening, identification and selection of the most virulent EPF to A. craccivora available in the icipe germplasm. Initial screening of 9 isolates of M. anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana showed that all of them induced significant levels of mortality to A. craccivora. Nimbecidine®, a commercial oil-based neem pesticide was tested against adult aphids in the laboratory. Response to the botanical

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pesticide was concentration dependent. A literature review on common African indigenous vegetables produced in Kenya and two rounds of countrywide surveys on their pests were carried out. Three interns were trained in field sample processing, basic insect mounting and identification as well as fungi isolate culture and screening. Publications: not yet available (new project)

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Project Title: Acoustic Early Warning System for Insects and Rodents Control in Storage (RELOAD) Project Coordinator: Dr. Hippolyte Affognon Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: University Kassel-Witzenhausen, Germany (Lead) Region: East Africa Country: Ethiopia, Kenya Major Research Domain: Postharvest, insects, rodents, storage, acoustic, early warning system Budget: 400,000 € Goal (as per proposal): To improve food security and income of smallholders as well as income of SMEs through reduction of postharvest losses in East African food value chains. Purpose (as per proposal): To enhance the use of improved store with a system of early warning system for the detection of insect and rodent pests' infestation in storage. Outputs (as per proposal): Output 1: Quantitative and qualitative postharvest losses hot-spots due to insect and rodent pests identified and evaluated Output 2: Existing storage structures to mitigate losses caused by insects and rodents identified and documented Output 3: Acoustic fingerprints for typical storage insects in African countries created under laboratory conditions Output 4: Acoustic early warning system refined and evaluated under field conditions Output 5: Strategies for losses mitigation developed, refined and disseminated and stakeholders' perception on the developed strategies assessed. Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 02/02/2015: A survey was conducted in three maize agro-ecological zones of Kenya to assess type and magnitude of postharvest losses during maize storage by small scale farmers. Insects, rodents and moulds were the storage problems reported by farmers. Across the agro-ecological zones rodents represented the second most important storage problems for farmers after insects. The use of traditional granaries and storage of maize in bags contributed significantly to the increase of losses while management of the maize farming by

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women, the use of improved cribs with roof in iron sheet, the use of cat and trap contributed significantly to the reduction of the losses. Training in grain storage protection also contributed significantly to the reduction of losses. The total loss in commercial and strategic reserve warehouses was estimated at 16.53 %. Losses due to mould were the highest at 6.9% followed by moisture losses estimated at 5.33 %. Acoustic signals for the larvae and adults of Prostephanus truncatus and Sitophilus zeamais were recorded and mean rates of impulses, bursts and impulses per burst were analysed. Significant differences between the two species have been detected. Publications: - Kukom, Edoh Ognakossan; Njoroge W. Anastasia, Mutungi Christopher and Affognon Hippolyte. 2015. Assessment of rodent post-harvest losses to maize in on-farm storage in Kenya. Working paper No. 1, pp. 41. Njoroge, Anastasia W.; Edoh Ognakossan Kukom, Christopher Mutungi and Hippolyte Affognon. 2015. Acoustic characteristics of Prostephanus truncatus and Sitophilus zeamais on stored maize in Kenya. Working paper No. 2, pp. 22.

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Project Title: Strengthening citrus production systems through the introduction of IPM measures for pests and diseases in Kenya and Tanzania (SCIPM) Project Coordinator: Dr. S. Ekesi - icipe Project Coordinator email: [email protected]. Partner Institutes: Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Germany; Texas A&M University-Kingsville, USA; Citrus Research International, Nelspruit, South Africa; and some African NARS Region: East Africa Country: Kenya, Tanzania Consortium Research Program: Integrated Systems for the Humid Tropics Major Research Domain: Bioecology, molecular ecology, modeling, host resistance, biopesticides, disease, Integrated Pest Management (IPM), citrus Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): The Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS) and Medium-Term Investment Plan (2010–2015) of Kenya and Tanzania give priority to increasing productivity, commercialization and competitiveness of horticultural crops (Government of Kenya, 2013, United Republic of Tanzania, 2013). The documents prioritized agriculture and horticulture in particular as a critical area for growth, and call for a radical change of approach to transform and modernize the sector through the development of more efficient production systems. The goal is to enhance citrus productivity and profitability for food and nutritional security in Kenya and Tanzania. Purpose (as per proposal): To develop and disseminate IPM measures for ACT and associated HLB disease, and FCM that is less reliant on synthetic pesticide applications on citrus; and build capacity of NARS and growers for improved and sustainable livelihood. Outputs (as per proposal): 1. Critical gaps in knowledge surrounding the distribution, population dynamics, damage and molecular ecology of targeted pest species and their associated natural enemies filled, 2. The incidence, severity and distribution of Huanglongbing (HLB)/greening determined; and pathogen-vector interaction assessed, 3. Ecologically sustainable management methods for ACT and associated HLB disease, and FCM developed, tested and implemented, 4. Socio-economic assessment of the importance of the ACT and associated HLB disease,

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and FCM, and the impact of IPM on target biotic constrain established, 5. Knowledge integration, capacity building, and technology transfer with national public and private sector partners and growers established. Major Results Achieved: not yet available Publications: not yet available - new project

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Project Title: Enhancing the Livelihood Opportunities of Smallholder African Indigenous Vegetable (AIV) Producers through the Development and Implementation of IPM Measures for Arthropod and Nematode pests Project Coordinator: Dr. Komi K.M. Fiaboe - ICIPE Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: University of Bonn - Germany Region: Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) Country: Kenya, Tanzania Consortium Research Program: Integrated Systems for the Humid Tropics Agriculture for Improved Nutrition and Health Major Research Domain: bio-ecology, biological control, integrated pest management (IPM), intercropping, botanicals, bio-pesticides Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): To enhance food and nutritional security of smallholder AIV producers through the introduction of IPM technologies to manage arthropod and nematode pests in SSA. Purpose (as per proposal): To develop and implement in collaboration with international and national partners, IPM approaches for AIVs in Kenya and Tanzania. The high burden of malnutrition and food insecurity presents a challenge and an opportunity for the utilization of indigenous vegetables to supply essential micronutrients and vitamins for the poor and marginalised, particularly young children and women. Consumption of indigenous vegetables can diversify diets and increase the number of times meals are consumed in a day, providing essential micronutrients that are lacking in the diets of millions and improving the health and livelihoods of the rural as well as the underprivileged urban poor. Outputs (as per proposal): 1: Biology and ecology of major arthropod and nematode pests of amaranth, leafy cowpea and nightshades determined. 2: Effective management tools for target pests on amaranth, leafy cowpea and nightshades developed and implemented. 3: Available germplasms of Amaranth varieties screened to identify sources of resistance to S. recurvalis and amaranth stem weevils. 4: Socio-economic constraints and opportunities for value addition of amaranth, leafy cowpea

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and nightshades production and protection assessed. 5: Capacity building and technology transfer initiated with national agricultural research partners and growers. Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 02/27/2015: Countrywide surveys were organized in Kenya and Tanzania. On amaranth in Kenya, the key pests were lepidopteran defoliators, aphids, stem weevils and flea beetles. On nightshade, the key pests were aphids, flea beetles and mites. During the second round in the short rainy season pest pressure was far lower as compared to the first survey carried out in the long rainy season. Natural enemies were collected during both surveys and sent for identification. In Tanzania pest composition was similar to what was found in Kenya. High-throughput RNA sequencing was performed for the moth Spoladea recurvalis and presence of sex pheromone compounds in female moths was confirmed. S. recurvalis resistant amaranth accessions have been identified from preliminary field screening. Various colonies of African indigenous vegetable (AIV) insect pest species and natural enemies have been established. Nine isolates of pathogenic fungi induced significant levels of mortality the aphid Aphis craccivora. Nimbecidine®, a commercial botanical pesticide containing azadirachtin was successfully tested against aphids in the laboratory. A survey showed that the importance of AIVs' contribution in income generation and food security is considerably increasing while the activity remains female dominated. The increase in importance however is followed by increased use of chemical pesticides, putting human and environmental health at higher risk. Publications: Not yet available (new project)

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ICRAF Contract No.: 81161237 05/2013 - 04/2016 { TC “ICRAF” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: Innovating Strategies to safeguard Food Security using Technology and Knowledge Transfer: A people-centred Approach (TransSec) Project Coordinator: Dr. Anthony Kimaro, ICRAF Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: ZALF, Germany (Lead) Region: East Africa Country: Tanzania Major Research Domain: Natural resource, farming systems, food security, food value chain, biomass, energy, post-harvest loss Budget: 183,182 € Goal (as per proposal): Contribute to increasing food security in Tanzania through improvement of the food value chain, knowledge transfer and adaptation to climate-related risks by the most vulnerable farmers. Purpose (as per proposal): To provide empirical evidence, practical approaches, outreach and policy support for achieving more food security. To cope with climate risks, enhance food value chain components and increase knowledge transfer to vulnerable farmers in Tanzania. Outputs (as per proposal): Output 1) Best-bet food producing practices identified for field testing and validation, Output 2) Biomass sources, production and utilization options in case study sites evaluated, Output 3) Enhanced capacity, knowledge transfer of Trans-SEC consortium, Output 4) Trans-SEC meetings organized, Output 5) Transport for Trans-SEC partners. Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 11/02/2014: In order to analyze the current status of agroforestry and biomass-based production systems and constraints for food production systems, ICRAF conducted a rapid reconnaissance survey at four villages in Tanzania. An upgrading strategy (UPS) on Microdose, a fertilizer technology which involves the addition of small doses of fertilizers to crops at sowing or shortly after seed germination and establishment, was developed under the theme Natural Resources, Crop Production. Another UPS relates to enhancing food and nutrition quality

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along value chains of both exotic and indigenous fruits and vegetables in the case study sites. The focus is to address the problems of low production and consumption and poor nutritional quality of potential fruits and vegetables to enhance food and nutritional security through dietary diversification. As part of the contribution to this task, ICRAF conducted a study on the baobab value chain in Dodoma region. Furthermore, ICRAF led the development of the UPS titled 'Improved wood supply on-farm: education and tree planting increased wood supply'. Specific activities include planning for establishment of the nursery for supply of seedlings and facilitation for introduction and dissemination of technology on use of improved cooking stoves. ICRAF is also leading the implementation of nursery activities targeted to build the sustainable seedling supply system for use in the case study sites. Publications: - Graef, F. , S. Sieber , K. Mutabazi , F. Asch, H.K. Biesalski, J. Bitegeko, W. Bokelmann, M. Bruentrup, O. Dietrich, N. Elly, A. Fasse, J.U. Germer, U. Grote, L. Herrmannm, R. Herrmann, H. Hoffmann, F.C. Kahimba, B. Kaufmann, K.C. Kersebaum, C. Kilembe, A. Kimaro, J. Kinabo, B. König, H. König, M. Lana, C. Levy, J. Lyimo-Macha, B. Makoko, G. Mazoko, S.H. Mbaga, W. Mbogoro, H. Milling, K. Mtambo, J. Mueller, C. Mueller, K. Mueller, E. Nkonja, C. Reif, C. Ringler, S. Ruvuga, M. Schaefer, A. Sikira, V. Silayo, K. Stahr, E. Swai, S. Tumbo, G. Uckert. 2014. Framework for participatory food security research in rural food value chains. Global Food Security 3: 8–15 - Graef; Frieder, Isa Schneider; Anja Fasse; Jörn Germer; Emil Gevorgyan; Florian Haule; Harry Hoffmann; Frederick Kahimba; Ludovic Kashaga; Luitfred Kissoly; Christine Lambert; Marcos Lana; Henry Mahoo; Bashir Makoko; Said Mbaga; Ahadiel Mmbughu; Elisha Mkandya; Leon Mrosso; Khamaldin Mutabazi,; Lutengano Mwinuka; Hilda Ngazi; Ephraim Nkonya; Constance Reif; Soma Nasoro Said; Angela Schaffert; Meike Pendo Schäfer; Jana Schindler; Stefan Sieber, Martha Swamila; Hans Martin Welp; Laetitia William; Yusto Yustas. 2014: Assessment of upgrading strategies to improve regional food security in Tanzania: Natural resource management and crop production. Regional Environmental Change, submitted in April 2014. - Graef; Frieder, Isa Schneider; Anja Fasse; Jörn Germer; Emil Gevorgyan; Florian Haule; Harry Hoffmann; Frederick Kahimba; Ludovic Kashaga; Luitfred Kissoly; Christine Lambert; Marcos Lana; Henry Mahoo; Bashir Makoko; Said Mbaga; Ahadiel Mmbughu; Elisha Mkandya; Leon Mrosso; Khamaldin Mutabazi,; Lutengano Mwinuka; Hilda Ngazi; Ephraim Nkonya; Constance Reif; Soma Nasoro Said; Angela Schaffert; Meike Pendo Schäfer; Jana Schindler; Stefan Sieber, Martha Swamila; Hans Martin Welp; Laetitia William; Yusto Yustas. 2014. Framework for participatory food security research in rural food value chain. Regional Environmental Change, submitted in April 2014.

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ICRAF Contract No.: 81170270 01/2014 - 12/2016 { TC “” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: GREEN RUBBER: Alleviating poverty and enhancing environmental integrity through restoring ecosystem services in a tropical plantation crop in the Upper Mekong Region Project Coordinator: Jianchu Xu - ICRAF Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: Göttingen University - Germany; University of Hohenheim - Germany; School of Science - Thailand; National University of Laos - Laos; Forestry University - Myanmar Region: Southeast Asia and Pacific Country: Laos, Myanmar, Thailand Consortium Research Program: Integrated Systems for the Humid Tropics Durable Solutions for Water Scarcity and Land Degradation Major Research Domain: agroforestry, agricultural intensification, diversification, trees, green rubber Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): Bringing innovative agroforestry science into ecosystem management as a robust strategy for livelihood development in tree-crop dominated landscapes in the Upper Mekong Region, including China's Yunnan Province, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand. Purpose (as per proposal): To develop integrative, applicable and stakeholder-validated 'green rubber' agroforestry concepts and practices in the culturally and biologically diverse Upper Mekong Region, and implement these through innovative governance and stakeholder representation. By doing so, we can help improve the well-being of local populations, strengthen the provision of ecosystem services, encourage sustainable economic growth, and offer new land-use ideas to researchers, communities, governments, and civil groups across the Upper Mekong Region. Outputs (as per proposal): 1) Local livelihood assessment 2) Quantification of land-use patterns across the Upper Mekong Region 3) Green rubber plantation demonstration/experimental model 4) Quantification of trade-offs from different land-use options 5) Strengthened national capacities for integrated research and decision-making in the Upper Mekong Region. Major Results Achieved: not yet available Publications:

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Dossa, G.O.G., Paudel, E., Wang, H., Cao, K.F., Schaefer, D., Harrison, R.D.* (2015) Calculation of respiration rates of woody debris. Methods in Ecology & Evolution (in press). Hammond, J., Yi, Z., McLellan, T., Zhao, J., 2015. Situational Analysis Report: Xishuangbanna Autonomous Dai Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China. ICRAF Working Paper 194. World Agroforestry Centre East and Central Asia, Kunming, China, 2015. pp. 80. Paudel, E., Dossa, G.O.G. de Blecourt, M., Beckschafer, P., Xu, J., Harrison, R.D.* (2015) Quantifying the effects of abiotic and biotic factors in determining leaf litter decomposition rates along a disturbance gradient in a tropical montane landscape. Ecosphere (in press). Paudel E., Dossa G. G. O., Xu J., Harrison R. D.* (2015) Litter fall and nutrient return along a disturbance gradient in a tropical montane forest. Forest Ecology and Management (in press). Zhao M., Geekiyanage N., Xu J., Myo, K.M., Nurdiana, D. R., Paudel, E., Harrison, R.D.* (2015) Factors structuring epiphyte communities in a tropical montane rain forest. PlosOne 10: 0122210. Zhao, M., Nalaka, G., Harrison, R., Xu, J., Khin, M.M., Dian, R.N., Paudel, E. (2015) Diversity and vertical distribution characteristics of vascular epiphytes in Bulong Nature Reserve Mengsong Section, Xishuangbanna. Plant Diversity and Resources (in press).

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ICRAF Contract No.: 81182272 01/2015 - 12/2016 { TC “” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: Innovations for sustainable cocoa production and biodiversity conservation in the Hana River region in Cote d'Ivoire Project Coordinator: Dr. Christophe Kouamé (ICRAF), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: Universität Hamburg (UHH), Biozentrum Klein Flottbek, Germany; GIZ - Promotion of agricultural value chains and Biodiversity (PROFIAB), Bureau GIZ Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire Region: West Africa Country: Côte d'Ivoire Consortium Research Program: Forests and Trees: livelihoods, landscapes and governance Major Research Domain: Agroforestry, biodiversity, landscape. Budget: 80,000 € Goal (as per proposal): The need to reconcile improved cocoa yields with biodiversity conservation: A pilot study is proposed to test land sharing- and sparing strategies along the Hana River West of the TNP in Cote d'Ivoire. A participatory approach to integrate community diversity and address food security: Purpose (as per proposal): The project will integrate the different communities of the implementation area which will include the local communities as well as the Ivorian and non-Ivorian migrant Outputs (as per proposal): Delivery mechanism: The project will make use of a PES system where farmers will be asked to establish natural regrowth zones and cocoa agroforestry systems along the Hana in return for agro-inputs. A monitoring and evaluation system which involves active participation of the communities will be put in place during the investment period and beyond. After the 2 years pilot study, optimal fertilizer application methods and potential revenues will be identified. Micro-credit services and improved accessibility to agro-inputs will then continue to motivate and support farmers to apply learned agricultural practices and environmental services. Technology Transfer: Results and best practices will be shared to the Conseil Café-Cacao in order to be mainstreamed and therefore guarantee an extension in the value chain. Best practices recommended by the project will also be shared with collaborating partners at the end of the project. Major Results Achieved: not yet available

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ICRISAT Contract No.: 81170266 04/2014 - 03/2017 { TC “ICRISAT” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: Bringing the benefits of heterosis to smallholder sorghum and pearl millet farmers in West Africa: Establishing a solid foundation for hybrid development Project Coordinator: Eva Weltzien - ICRISAT Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: University of Hohenheim - Germany Region: West Africa Country: Mali Consortium Research Program: Dryland cereals: Food Security and Growth for the World’s Most Vulnerable Poor Major Research Domain: sorghum, pearl millet, low-phosphorus soils, seed systems, hybrids, cereals, food security Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): By establishing a solid genetic foundation and strong national capacity for effective hybrid breeding, this project will contribute significantly to 'enhancing sorghum and pearl millet productivity in WCA through cultivation of nutritious hybrids, contributing to food security, income generation, and improved nutrition.' Purpose (as per proposal): Farmer seed producers will benefit from increased value and demand for the seed they pro¬duce, and from more successful seed production (parents with better synchronized flowering and seed quality). Processing industries will benefit by having more and uniform grain available. Outputs (as per proposal): 1. Functional heterotic groups (separate female and male seed parent pools) defined for sorghum and pearl millet, providing a solid foundation for current and future hybrid development. 2. Selection strategies for effective sorghum and pearl millet hybrid breeding with optimal use of available breeding resources for addressing major production conditions and traits. 3. Parental lines and parental populations for hybrid sorghum and pearl millet developed with stable fertility/sterility, adaptation and grain-quality traits required for targeted production systems. 4. Genetic makers for fertility-reaction or maintainer-reaction validated in WCA sorghum, mapped in sorghum and pearl millet, and creation of SNP-specific markers for future use in applied breeding. 5. Trained NARS scientists to implement effective and sustained sorghum and pearl millet hybrid development.

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Major Results Achieved: not yet available Publications: not yet available (new project)

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ICRISAT Contract No.: 81170347 02/2014 - 01/2016 { TC “” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: Easy Molecular Breeding Tools for Accelerating Sorghum Improvement in West Africa Project Coordinator: Eva Weltzien - ICRISAT Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: University of Hohenheim - Germany; IER - Mali; CIRAD - France; Cornell University - USA Region: Europe, West Africa Country: Germany, Mali Consortium Research Program: Dryland cereals: Food Security and Growth for the World’s Most Vulnerable Poor Major Research Domain: nutrition, photoperiod-sensitive sorghum, aluminum tolerance, micronutrient, molecular marker, soil Budget: 60,000 € Goal (as per proposal): This project aims to contribute to enhanced sorghum productivity in West Africa by accelerating sorghum improvement in this region using innovative molecular breeding tools. Purpose (as per proposal): To enable NARS and ICRISAT sorghum breeders in West Africa to use a molecular breeding platform in the development of farmer-preferred sorghum culti¬vars with excellent local adaptation and grain nutrient contents. In doing so, the project will contribute to reducing the gap between advances in genomic research and their application in West African sorghum breeding programs. Outputs (as per proposal): 1) Superior genotypes and genetic markers identified for agronomic, architectural and micronutrient traits in sorghum adapted to the Sudanian-zone of Mali and Burkina Faso. 2) Marker platform developed, which is simple to use and highly efficient for transfer of target traits in farmer-preferred germplasm by local breeding programs. The platform will consist of a genotyping system and a simple analytical tool and will make marker assisted breeding possible for regional breeding programs and enhance the response to selection per time unit. In case of introgressing only a few gene loci by marker assisted backcrossing, this system will speed up variety development by at least three generations, in case of quantitative traits it will mainly in¬crease response to selection through higher selection intensity within a larger set of progenies. 3) Capacity of NARS partners strengthened on how to use the marker platform. Through the identification and use of these genetic markers and via the strengthened NARS capa-city, sorghum breeding in West Africa will be enhanced. This will contribute to significant gains in productivity, yield stability, food security, nutrition and income generation for West African farmers.

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Major Results Achieved: not yet available Publications: not yet available (new project)

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ICRISAT Contract No.: 81156064 06/2013 - 05/2015 { TC “” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: Intercropping of banana and sweet sorghum in marginal lands of Gujarat, India to demonstrate socio-economic and environmental benefits Project Coordinator: Prof. Dr. Matthias Finkbeiner Project Coordinator email: [email protected]; [email protected] Region: South Asia Country: India Major Research Domain: Saline area, identification of adaptable cultivars, intercropping system and profitability Budget: 60,000 € Goal (as per proposal): Developing sustainable intercropping system on saline marginal lands for food/feed and fodder security. Purpose (as per proposal): To Identify locally adapted improved sweet sorghum and banana cultivars though extensive multi location testing in Surendranagar district of Gujarat and demonstrate the best intercropping system. Outputs (as per proposal): Output 1: Identified two locally adapted high biomass yielding salinity tolerant sweet sorghum cultivars Output 2: Identified one locally adapted productive banana cultivar Output 3: Established productive intercropping system Output 4: Socio-economic and environmental benefits analysed and established Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 03/02/2015: A socio-economic survey in the semi-arid project region showed that water inundation and soil crust formation are major factors limiting soil productivity. Majority of the farmers grow forage sorghum to feed livestock. Twenty-two improved sweet sorghum cultivars involving a local check were sown in a randomised complete block design as an intercrop. However, delayed sowing coupled with heavy rains helped in building up a shootfly population and the sweet sorghum crop was damaged severely. Hence the trial was re-sown. Two capacity building programs were conducted at two multilocation intercropping trials sites. About 76 farmers were given details on the importance of banana-sweet sorghum intercropping and they have shown interest in selecting superior sweet sorghum cultivars. The seed of farmer-preferred cultivars is being multiplied at ICRISAT to cater to the needs of farmers during the ensuing rainy season 2014.

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Publications: - Vinutha KS, Rayaprolu L, Yadagiri K, Umakanth AV, Patil JV and Srinivasa Rao P. 2014. Sweet Sorghum Research and Development in India: Status and Prospects. Sugar Tech, 16 (2). pp. 133-143.

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IFPRI Contract No.: 81157482 05/2013 - 04/2016 { TC “IFPRI” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: Policies and institutions for achieving the virtuous food-energy-water nexus in sub-Saharan Africa Project Coordinator: Ephraim Nkonya Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: Hohenheim University, Germany; University of Malawi; Region: Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) Country: Malawi, Mozambique Consortium Research Program: Policies, institutions, and markets to strengthen assets and agricultural incomes for the poor Durable Solutions for Water Scarcity and Land Degradation Major Research Domain: water, energy, food security Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): To enhance the poverty-reduction potential of future investments within the agricultural, energy and water sectors in the target countries by proposing critical reforms to existing policies and institutions, and better targeting of investments that can sustainably increase land, water and energy productivity. Purpose (as per proposal): To provide empirical evidence, practical suggestions and policy support for guiding policy formulation for achieving a virtuous food-energy-water nexus for poor land users in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Outputs (as per proposal): Output 1) Improved understanding of current policies and institutions on food security, energy and water in SSA based on literature reviews and evidence from Malawi and Mozambique Output 2) Assessment of determinants of constraints and opportunities for pro-poor policies and institutions for integrated water-food-energy management Output 3) Suggestions for reform of policies and institutions on how the competing demands for land, water and energy to achieve food, water and energy security can be met sustainably and equitably Output 4) Capacity on joint analysis of water, energy and food policies using the knowledge and decision-support tools built in collaboration with partners Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 05/21/2015: The project analyzed the food, energy, and water (FEW) nexus in sub-Saharan Africa using Malawi and Mozambique as case studies. Fertilizer subsidy in Malawi enhanced food security. It also indirectly affected water and energy security. On the one hand, an increase in

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food production is likely to entail a higher demand for water and thus decrease water availability. On the other hand, mineral and chemical fertilizer can be washed away by rain into rivers and lakes and cause eutrophication, which drastically increases algae. Moreover, extensive use of fertilizer can pollute all water bodies including those used for drinking. Project work also reviewed macroeconomic models that analyze the FEW nexus. Economy-wide simulation models are able to show tradeoffs and synergies of nexus interventions at all economic levels and can help guide policymakers' understanding of nexus effects ex-ante. Results from the ex-ante analysis of irrigation suitability shows that market access is the most restrictive constraint. This is due to the high production cost of irrigated crops. The project found limited adoption of improved cook stoves largely due to the limited investment by governments and the failure of NGOs promoting fuel-efficient cook stoves (FEC) to commercialize production and distribution of FEC. Analysis of the drivers of adoption of FEW show that access to credit, participation in markets, having non-farm activities or higher education of the household head, and proximity to roads increases the likelihood to adopt fertilizer, irrigation and clean energy. Controlling for income and wealth indicators, household size increases the propensity to use irrigation and soil fertility management practices, an aspect that could reflect household efforts to maximize productivity on their land. Female-headed households are less likely to use irrigation, inorganic fertilizer, and organic fertilizer. Publications: - Nielsen T., F. Schünemann, E. McNulty, M. Zeller, E. Nkonya, E. Kato, S. Meyer, W. Anderson and T. Zhu. 2015. The food-energy-water security nexus: Definitions, policies, and methods in an application to Malawi and Mozambique. IFPRI Discussion Paper (Forthcoming) - Nkonya E., E. Kato, S. Meyer, W. Anderson, T. Zhu, T. Nielsen, F. Schünemann, E. McNulty, and M. Zeller. 2015. Food-energy-water management practices and their drivers and impacts in sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Malawi and Mozambique. IFPRI Discussion Paper (Forthcoming). - Nkonya E. and S. Meyer. 2014. Policies and institutions for achieving the virtuous nexus of food security, energy & water in SSA: The case of Malawi & Mozambique. Conference presentation at the World Water Week, September 2014. Online at http://programme.worldwaterweek.org/sites/default/files/stefan_meyer_-_world_water_week_stockholm_sm.pdf

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IFPRI Contract No.: 81161238 05/2013 - 04/2016 { TC “” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: Innovating Strategies to safeguard Food Security using Technology and Knowledge Transfer: A people-centred Approach (TransSec) Project Coordinator: Ephraim Nkonya Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: ZALF, Germany (Lead) Region: East Africa Country: Tanzania Major Research Domain: Food security, value chain, knowledge transfer Budget: 185,670 € Goal (as per proposal): Contribute to poverty reduction and rural development for food security in Tanzania through improvement of food value chain and knowledge transfer and adaptation to climate-related risks by the most vulnerable farmers and pastoralists. Purpose (as per proposal): To provide empirical evidence, approaches and policy support for guiding policy formulation for achieving a food security and cope with climate risks, enhance value chains and increase knowledge transfer to vulnerable farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. Outputs (as per proposal): There are eight work packages (WP). IFPRI leads one WP, plays a substantial role in several other WPs and a limited role in other WPs and each of the collaborating institutions will either lead or contribute to the outputs. The outputs listed below are those which IFPRI is either leading or contributing to significantly. The log-framework lists all activities to which IFPRI contributes. Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 03/01/2015: Household and trader surveys were conducted to help establish the value chain of sunflower - the commodity selected by farmers as an upgrading strategy (UPS). Project scientists also consulted with policy makers and regulators in order to understand the policies and regulations of the edible oil industry. The consultation helped to establish the horizontal linkage, in which the farmer groups who selected sunflower UPS are now directly linked with the sunflower processors, who will be offering them premium prices for their sunflower seed. Policy review, analysis of secondary data and consultation with policy makers showed that palm oil which accounts for 60% of edible oil consumption is the fourth largest imported good in Tanzania. Consequently, edible oil prices are dictated by imported palm oil. Even though Tanzania could become self-sufficient in edible oil and despite the large cost of imported palm oil, discussion with policy makers showed that the country does not have a strategy to increase production of edible oil. The results of this study will help policy formulation and

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strategies for edible oil production, processing and marketing. Baseline, socio-economic and biophysical data from household survey showed that female headed households face a high level of food shortages and vulnerability to poverty. Households integrated in the market are wealthier and less food insecure than those which are less market integration. Storage facilities and the length of storage as well as collective activities seem to increase the welfare level and decrease the level of food insecurity. Small-scale farmers' choice of marketing channels is mainly limited to middlemen. Publications: - Faße A., L. Kissoly, K. Brüssow, and U. Grote. 2015. Household Survey Wave 1: Baseline - Graef F., S. Sieber, K. Mutabazi, F.Asch, H.K. Biesalski, J. Bitegeko, W. Bokelmann, M. Bruentrup O.Dietrich, N. Elly, A. Fasse, J.U. Germer, U. Grotek, L. Herrmann, R. Herrmann, H. Hoffmann, F. C.Kahimba, B. Kaufmann, K.-C. Kersebaum, C. Kilembe, A. Kimaro, J. Kinabo, B. König, H. König, M. Lana, C. Levy, J. Lyimo-Macha, B. Makoko, G. Mazoko, S.H. Mbaga, W. Mbogoro, H. Milling, K. Mtambo, J. Mueller, C. Mueller, K. Mueller, E. Nkonya, C. Reif, C. Ringler, S. Ruvuga, M. Schaefer, A. Sikira, V. Silayo, K. Stahr, E. Swai, S. Tumbo, G. Uckert. 2014. Framework for participatory food security research in rural food value chains. Global Food Security (1): 8-15.

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Project Title: Impact Evaluation of Agricultural and Health Interventions to Alleviate Iron Deficiency in Rural Guatemala Project Coordinator: Erick Boy, Ekin Birol - IFPRI Project Coordinator email: [email protected], [email protected] Partner Institutes: University of Hohenheim - Germany; VitA-Iron Tech - Germany Region: Central America Country: Guatemala Consortium Research Program: Grain Legumes: enhanced food and feed security, nutritional balance, economic growth and soil health for smallholder farmers Agriculture for Improved Nutrition and Health Major Research Domain: biofortification, impact evaluation, control trials, iron deficiency anemia Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): To reduce iron deficiency anemia among children under 5 years of age and women of child bearing age through biofortification. Purpose (as per proposal): To provide empirical evidence on the nutritional impact and cost-effectiveness of biofortification. Outputs (as per proposal): (i) Improved understanding of the effectiveness of biofortification as a feasible strategy for reducing iron deficiency anemia among target populations in Guatemala (ii) Evaluation of cost-effectiveness of different delivery models (iii) Suggestions for the development of cost-effective strategies for scaling up biofortification in Guatemala and in other neighbouring and developing countries (iv) Capacity on impact evaluation/effectiveness studies built with partners Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 03/01/2015: A project inception workshop was conducted in Guatemala City in December 2014. Preliminary background research and secondary data analysis was conducted by anthropologists, crop development specialists, economists and nutritionists to prepare forthcoming studies on the nutrition impact (bean and iron intake) and cost-effectiveness of three project interventions: (1) nutrition information on better young infant and child feeding practices; (2) agronomic information on better seed management practices; and (3) delivery of bean varieties with at least 40% more iron content than conventional ones. The main achievements so far include: (1) revision of the study design and division of labour and

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timelines with all partners; (2) submission of the study to the institutional review boards of Guatemala and IFPRI; (3) development of the work plans and budgets for all study partners; and (4) identification of the suitable high iron bean variety to be used for the study. Publications: - Chew, Francisco. 2013. 'Prevalencia de anemia y deficiencia de hierro en menores de cinco años y mujeres en edad reproductiva en Guatemala: Revisión bibliográfica', Report prepared for HarvestPlus, IFPRI - Sáenz de Tejada, Sandra y Margarita Ramírez. 2013. 'investigación formativa sobre consumo de frijol por niños de 6 a 24 meses y mujeres en edad reproductiva en dos municipios de Guatemala', Report prepared for HarvestPlus, IFPRI

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Project Title: The water-energy-food nexus: global, basin and local case studies of resource use efficiency under growing natural resource scarcity Project Coordinator: Claudia Ringler - IFPRI Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: Center for Development Research (ZEF), Bonn, Germany; Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung e.V. (RWI), Essen, Germany; Addis Ababa University (AAU), Ethiopia Region: East Africa Country: Ethiopia Consortium Research Program: Durable Solutions for Water Scarcity and Land Degradation Major Research Domain: Sustainability, natural resources, food security, rural poverty, water, energy, food, nexus, efficiency Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): More sustainably manage natural resources, increase food security and reduce poverty for poor rural men and women in the face of rapid agricultural, water and energy development in the Eastern Nile basin. Purpose (as per proposal): To contribute to the WLE IDOs 'improved land, water and energy productivity in rainfed and irrigation agro-ecosystems;' and 'increased ability of low-income communities to adapt to environmental and economic variability, demographic shifts, shocks, and long-term changes.' The project will contribute to these outcomes through the development of policy options for reducing the costs of tradeoffs and promoting positive synergies across the water, energy and food security nexus at local and regional levels in the Eastern Nile Basin; with insights from global assessments. Outputs (as per proposal): 1. Linkages, tensions and tradeoffs across the water-energy-food nexus using global, basin (Eastern Nile) and local case studies (Ethiopia) identified with partners, 2. Alternative water, energy, and food management, technology and governance options that sustainably increase resource use efficiency for the rural poor, including women and men, examined qualitatively and quantitatively at the same three levels, 3. Win-win-win water, energy and food security strategies developed with partners and local and national governments in the Eastern Nile region, 4. Capacity of NARES in the Eastern Nile region to work on nexus assessment based on approaches used in outputs 1-3 strengthened,

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5. Research results across a wide range of stakeholders disseminated; and engagement in global water-energy-food nexus initiatives. Major Results Achieved: not yet available Publications: not yet available - new project

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Project Title: Promoting Participatory and Evidence-Based Agricultural Policy Processes in Africa Project Coordinator: Dr Michael Johnson, IFPRI, Washington Project Coordinator email: [email protected]. Region: AFRICA Country: Ghana, Senegal, Uganda Consortium Research Program: Policies, institutions, and markets to strengthen assets and agricultural incomes for the poor Major Research Domain: Policy process, political economy, participatory tools, policy impact Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): To conduct research on African policy processes in close collaboration with stakeholders and policy makers with a view to increasing political performance that result in more effective and poverty-oriented policies and strategies. Purpose (as per proposal): To identify practical institutional strategies that will help policy-makers, administrative staff at the central and local levels as well as civil society to reduce what can be referred to as 'political performance gaps' so as to effectively exploit existing policy options to reduce poverty and promote sustainable growth. This will involve using both qualitative and quantitative research methods to apply them in the context of actual policy processes, in this case, the Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Development Program (CAADP) implementation process. Outputs (as per proposal): 1) Development of methods for analyzing stakeholders, networks and influence structures that will inform participatory processes; 2) Development of innovative assessment methods for analyzing the extent to which a change in existing agricultural policies and investments would lead to better development outcomes ('political performance gaps'); 3) Identification of the factors that determine agricultural policy processes and hence lead to performance gaps, and the type of institutional reforms and policy learning that can lead to more effective and poverty-oriented agricultural policies; 4) Development of tools that policy-makers, policy analysts and stakeholders can use to identify and assess different policy scenarios both in terms of their economic and poverty implications and in terms of their political feasibility and implementation challenges. Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 03/05/2014: Project research on African policy processes involved analyzing the policy landscape and the development of models that can simulate the extent to which a change in existing agricultural policies and investments would lead to better development outcomes in each country.

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Building on the initial results of the policy discourse analysis, further work used a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) technique to identify the dominant policy themes and a Cluster Analysis technique to examine how the policy actors group around the policy themes. Results showed two main clusters that shared common story-lines on the broader theme of low agricultural productivity of small farms but differed remarkably when it involved more specific topics such as input subsidies, agricultural mechanization, market price support, youths' involvement in agriculture and the role of the public and private sector in agricultural services provision. Generally, domestic policy-makers on the one hand, and donor agencies on the other hand were found to have divergent policy belief systems but some differences emerged across the countries involved in the studies. While past studies have often attributed the failure to promote agricultural development in Africa to the political incentive among governments for engaging only in those policies that allow them to gain political leverage, such as the distribution of subsidized modern inputs, the research findings from each country point instead to the fundamental role of policy beliefs that domestic policy-makers hold in reality. Paying attention to this point has important practical implications. In particular, these findings draw attention to the need to better understand the types of evidence that could help to bridge the gap between the policy beliefs prevailing in the 'donor world' on the one hand, and the policy beliefs prevailing in the 'domestic world' on the other. Publications: - Assmann, Christian; Christian Henning and Eva Krampe (2013): Estimating local elite networks and local government performance: A Bayesian econometric approach to CAADP in Malawi (PEBAP-WP-II-3) – technical paper - Henning, Christian and Eva Krampe: The Evolutionary Computable General Political Economy Equilibrium Model: A New Framework for Modeling and Evaluation of Policy Processes - Henning, Christian and Johannes Hedtrich (2013): Modeling and Evaluation of political processes: A new quantitative approach with an illustrative application to CAADP in Malawi (PEBAP-WPII-1) – technical paper - Henning, Christian, Laura Seide and Svetlana Petri: Voter behavior and government performance in Sub-Sahara Africa: Application of a probabilistic voting model in Malawi - Henning, Christian; Laura Seide and Svetlana Petri (2013): Assessing voter behavior and governmental accountability in Sub-Sahara Africa: An econometric approach (PEBAP-WP-II-4) – technical paper - Krampe, Eva and Christian Henning (2013): Elite networks, belief formation and donor influence: Lessons from CAADP in Malawi (PEBAP-WPII-2) – technical paper - Mockshell, Jonathan and Regina Birner (2013): Donors and domestic policy makers: Two worlds in agricultural policy making? University of Hohenheim - Seide, Laura and Christian Henning: Voter behavior and government performance in Senegal - Seide, Laura and Christian Henning: Whose votes count? Evidence on voting behavior in Ghana - 3 Country Papers and cross country comparative analysis on 'CAADP reform options: Policy positions and interests of stakeholder organizations and politicians' for Ghana, Senegal and Uganda by a variety of authors, Eva Krampe, Christian Henning, Felix Asante, Cheikh Sadibou Fall, Djiby Dia, Astou Diao Camara, and Patience Rwamigisa - 3 Country Papers on 'Policy landscape study: Core actors, communication patterns and political support networks' in Ghana, Senegal and Uganda, by a variety of authors, Eva Krampe, Christian Henning, Felix Asante Cheikh Sadibou Fall, Djiby Dia, Astou Diao Camara, and Patience Rwamigisa

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IITA Contract No.: 81157483 05/2013 - 04/2016 { TC “IITA” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: Trade-offs and synergies in climate change adaptation and mitigation in coffee and cocoa systems Project Coordinator: Dr. Piet van Asten, IITA Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Region: Central Africa, East Africa, West Africa Country: Cameroon, Ghana, Tanzania, Uganda Consortium Research Program: Integrated Systems for the Humid Tropics Forests and Trees: livelihoods, landscapes and governance Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security Major Research Domain: food security and climate change adaptation and mitigation, farming system research in cocoa-coffee smallholder systems, agriculture x environmental trade-offs analysis across scales Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): The adaptation of vulnerable coffee/cocoa-based farming systems to climate change that combine improving farmer income and system resilience with contributing to climate change adaptation and mitigation. Purpose (as per proposal): The adoption of new production technologies in cocoa/coffee-based smallholder farming systems that (i) are adapted to climate change, contribute to climate change mitigation, sustain the natural resource base, and respond to livelihoods needs and constraints. Outputs (as per proposal): Output 1) Coffee/cocoa x climate change hotspot maps that alert stakeholders on important coffee/cocoa areas that need strong adaptation efforts. Output 2) Existing diversity of coffee/cocoa production systems characterized along climate and intensification gradients, in terms of production efficiency, climate change adaptation, and climate change mitigation. Output 3) Productive coffee/cocoa systems identified by using biophysical response functions and models Output 4) A methodological framework for coffee/cocoa stakeholders to assess climate change adaptation and mitigation potential of various production technologies Output 5) A dissemination toolbox to help inform and train farmers on best-bet climate change

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adaptation/mitigation options Output 6) Recommendations for coffee/cocoa certification bodies and policy makers that highlight gaps and opportunities for improved climate change adaptation and mitigation Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 02/27/2015: For Uganda, a yield gap analysis was done for all coffee growing areas and the main constraints were identified. A farm typology was developed in order to assess how easily coffee management practices would be adopted by farmers in different typologies. Using cluster analysis, three main coffee systems were identified in Mount Elgon: the coffee open sun system, the coffee shade system and the coffee x banana system. An analysis of the questions how farmers from different regions and production systems perceive the impacts of pests and diseases, how they deal with them, and what their level of knowledge is revealed common misconceptions that need to be fed into training packages. Results of the characterization of shade in cocoa systems of Ghana showed that edible plants such as plantain, cocoyam and cassava were commonly intercropped with cocoa. In farmers' opinion most shade tree species were advantageous with respect to shade amount, nutrients provided, soil moisture and microclimate improvement, weed suppression, aeration and serving as windbreak. The most important pests and diseases associated with shade trees were rodents, mirid bugs and the black pod disease. Publications: - Bongers G., Fleskens L., Van de Ven G., Mukasa D., Giller K., and van Asten P. 2015. Diversity in smallholder farms growing coffee and their use of recommended coffee management practices in Uganda. Experimental Agriculture, 1-21. - Kleene A. The effects of coffee certification on sustainable land management practices of coffee producers in the Mount Elgon region in Uganda (MSc. Thesis. Wageningen University) - Meyer-Sand L.F. Evaluation of shade tree species in cocoa systems in the northern Ashanti Region of Ghana using local knowledge (MSc. Thesis. Göttingen University) - Novotny I. Yield gap analysis and variability of coffee yields in Mount Elgon, Uganda as affected by shade regimes (MSc. Thesis. Wageningen University) - Wang N. Identification of coffee yield gap in Uganda (MSc. Thesis. Wageningen University) - Wang N., Jassogne L., van Asten P., Mukasa D., Wanyama I., Kagezi G., Giller K. 2014. Evaluating coffee yield gaps and important biotic, abiotic and managements factors limiting coffee production in Uganda. European Journal of Agronomy doi:10.1016/j.eja.2014.11.003

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IITA Contract No.: 81180348 04/2015 - 03/2018 { TC “” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: Rapid Functional Validation through Virus Induced Gene Silencing of Resistance Genes in Cassava for Impact on Productivity and Food Security (Cassava VIGS) Project Coordinator: Dr. Morag Ferguson - IITA Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: Dr. Stephan Winter, Plant Virus Department, Leibniz Institute DSMZ, Germany Region: AFRICA Country: Kenya Consortium Research Program: Roots, tubers and bananas for Food Security and Income Major Research Domain: Cassava, virus resistance, gene validation, gene silencing, food security Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): To resource poor smallholder cassava farmers' to have access to higher yielding virus resistant varieties providing much greater food security and opportunities for income generation. The project addresses a direct demand expressed by a global alliance in a 'Road Map for the War on Cassava Viruses in Africa' (Legg et al. 2014). Countries where the work will take place include Germany and Kenya, but the results are applicable to all cassava growing areas in Africa and worldwide. Purpose (as per proposal): To develop an efficient technology, known as Virus Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS), for rapid functional validation of any gene of interest in cassava for subsequent downstream application such as marker-assisted selection (MAS). This approach can be scaled up to screen large numbers of genotypes for a variety of traits. Outputs (as per proposal): 1. A VIGS screening system for cassava, for rapid functional validation of genes associated with any trait, developed and evaluated; 2. Technology transferred and established at IITA/BecA-ILRI hub; 3. Candidate genes associated with pathogenicity or resistance/tolerance to cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) and cassava mosaic disease (CMD) identified; 4. Candidate genes involved in CMD and CBSD resistance/tolerance validated for downstream applications, MAS, pre-emptive breeding; 5. Training in VIGS technology at IITA/BecA-ILRI hub to NARS scientists; 6. A regional breeding strategy for effective and durable CMD and CBSD resistance to facilitate the impact pathway formulated.

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Project Title: Scaling Gender Equitable Impact of Cassava Biofortification to Cameroon and Ghana: Phenotyping and gender responsive assessment of cassava varieties for beta carotene, Fe and Zn Project Coordinator: Dr. Holger Kirscht, IITA, Yaoundé - Cameroon Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: Prof. Florian Schweigert, University of Potsdam, Germany; BioAnalyt GmbH, Teltow, Germany; University of Ghana (Accra) Region: West Africa Country: Cameroon, Ghana Consortium Research Program: Agriculture for Improved Nutrition and Health Major Research Domain: Cassava, biofortification, gender, livelihoods, micronutrient deficiency Budget: 79,991 € Goal (as per proposal): • To develop a handbook on standard methods and protocols appropriate for Cameroon and Ghana for measuring the Fe, Zn and beta-carotene levels in leaves and roots of cassava • To analyse the nutritional composition of cassava roots and leaves for total carotenoids, iron and zinc for 15 varieties of pro-vitamin A cassava in trials established from the 2014-2015 growing season with new trials to be started in 2015. • To conduct focus group discussions in two communities on gender needs for nutritious cassava food products for sustained livelihoods • To train NARs partners from Ghana and Cameroon on basic quantification of ß-carotene, iron and zinc in roots, leaves and processed products • Define quality criteria for biofortified cassava through evaluation of quality and nutritional status of major food products derived from biofortified cassava in local communities in Ghana and Cameroon. • Students preferably women identified for studies of short term work at the IITA laboratory in Yaounde, Cameroon; University of Ghana, Accra and University of Potsdam, Germany. Purpose (as per proposal): To improve the accessibility of these methods for development and adoption of biofortified foods in rural communities with micro-nutrient deficiency. The project will have strong capacity development activities in terms of farmer training targeting women, capacity development of NARs and student training and contribute to the CGIAR SLOs to reduce rural poverty and to improve nutrition and health in the target countries.

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Outputs (as per proposal): • Protocols for beta carotene determination in roots, leaves and products in Cameroon and Ghana with specific evaluation of 15 cassava advanced breeding lines introduced from Nigeria and developed in Cameroon • Protocols for Fe and Zn quantification in cassava leaves and roots developed and published as training manuals. Fe and Zn remain important micronutrients that need to be considered in combination with carotenoids for a balanced diet, past measures of Fe and Zn in cassava roots and leaves were compromised by contamination problems • NARS partners in Ghana and Cameroon evaluated and selected advanced biofortified cassava clones for further breeding and variety assessment for potential release for farmers • Qualitative data from gender research presented in different textual and visual publications and integrated in to cassava breeding objectives • Immediate beneficiaries are scientists who will have quick and reliable tools and protocols for beta carotene analysis in fresh cassava and cassava products. The final beneficiaries are local smallholder farmers, farmer's organizations and NGOs who will directly benefit from training workshops and the adapted technologies • Presentations of results and the definition of recommendations proposed for Ghana and Cameroon presented in regional conferences and workshop, in Germany and at the Global Cassava Partnership meeting in Nanning China, Oct 2015. Major Results Achieved: not yet available Publications: not yet available - new project

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Project Title: Local Focus: safe and effective pest and crop management strategies to strengthen the vegetable value chain in the humid tropics Project Coordinator: Dr Danny Coyne, IITA-Tanzania, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: AVRDC: Dr J-F Wang [email protected]; Dr C Ojiewo, [email protected]; Dr L Kenyon [email protected]; Prof Dr Florian Grundler, INRES Molecular Phytomedicine, University Bonn, [email protected]; Dr G Kariuki, Kenyatta University, nematologist [email protected]; Dr Kinyua [email protected]; Mr. Ogola Arim [email protected]; Dr B Chinnasri, [email protected] Kasetsart University, Bangkok; NARS: Tanzania - Dr N Luambano [email protected]; Dr Haji - ZCA [email protected] Farmer Schools; Madagascar - Dr. Razafinjara Lala Director of FOFIFA [email protected] Region: East Africa, South Asia Country: Kenya, Madagascar, Tanzania, Thailand Consortium Research Program: Integrated Systems for the Humid Tropics Major Research Domain: Biological control, IPM; host plant resistance, seedling health, seed systems, submarket links, sustainable production Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): To overcome prominent diseases and increase vegetable production by resource poor farmers in coastal humid tropics Purpose (as per proposal): Safe and affordable nutritious vegetables (tomato, pepper) available for consumers and producers linked to a sustainable production chain Outputs (as per proposal): 1. Distribution and relative occurrence of virulent species, Races and/or Strains of begomoviruses, R. solanacearum and Meloidogyne spp. on tomato and capsicum in benchmark sites determined 2. Tomato and capsicum germplasm and rootstock with multiple resistance against begomoviruses, R. solanacearum and Meloidogyne spp. selected 3. Novel use of bio-pesticides for tomato and capsicum cultivation developed against begomoviruses (or vectors), R. solanacearum and Meloidogyne spp. 4. Healthy vegetable seedling production system using improved techniques, germplasm and nursery facilities developed and demonstrated at benchmark sites 5. Cost to benefit ratio and gender analysis of management interventions for begomoviruses,

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R. solanacearum and Meloidogyne spp. analyzed for benchmark sites. 6. Local technical capacity in plant health awareness and evaluation increased Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 02/28/2015: Studies on tomato and pepper production were undertaken in coastal Tanzania and Kenya, to determine constraints, marketing and infrastructure involved in the respective value chains. Key prominent strains and species of root knot nematodes have been identified in Kenya, Tanzania and Thailand. Numerous populations of root knot nematodes have been collected in in the same countries, and many of them have been identified. Screening and identification of fungal endophytes, isolated from roots of tomato, grown in the central and coastal regions of Kenya, was performed. Novel and unidentified virus, bacterial wilt and nematode species/strains have been encountered, which require accurate diagnosis and characterisation. The importance of pests and diseases to tomato and pepper production in the target areas was reported as severe by farmers, and supported by in-field pest and disease assessments. Management options were viewed as poor in relation to the threat posed, while pesticide use presents cause for concern. The project network of stakeholders has enabled the implementation of a large number of successful field trials. The trials determined the benefits of healthy seedlings of local, commonly used varieties. A commercial seedling production unit was introduced in Zanzibar which lays the foundation of developing such seedling systems elsewhere. Seedlings were found to respond positively to microbial enhancement. Healthy seedlings with biologically based protection against disease relieve farmers from the need of seed treatment. Publications: - Accurate diagnostics for boosting vegetable production in East Africa. IITA Science Building Inauguration, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 13 May 2013. - BEAF Factsheet: Local Focus: safe and effective pest and crop management strategies to strengthen the vegetable value chain in the humid tropics. - Boosting vegetable production in East Africa. IITA Science Building Inauguration, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 13 May 2013. - Chinnasri, B., D. Coyne. Root-knot Nematodes in Thailand: A Current Overview. European Society of Nematologists Biannual Symposium, 24-29 September 2012, Adana, Turkey. - Coyne, D. and Luambano, N. Boosting vegetable production in East Africa. IITA Science Building Inauguration, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 13 May 2013. - Coyne, D. Global food security and the role of nematology. European Society of Nematologists Biannual Symposium, 24-29 September 2012, Adana, Turkey: Invited Keynote Speech. - Coyne, D. Improved crop management practices manual for tomatoes. IITA, Ibadan Nigeria. 12pp. - Coyne, D. International nematology at Kasetsart: extending to Africa. Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand, 30 April, 2012. Guest Presentation to faculty staff and students. - Coyne, D. Protocol: Screening for nematode resistance: Root-Knot Nematodes Meloidogyne spp. IITA, Ibadan Nigeria. 22pp. - Coyne, D., Beed, F., Legg, J. Identification manual for pest and diseases of tomatoes. IITA, Ibadan Nigeria. 20pp. - Coyne, D., Beed, F., Legg, J. Vegetables at IITA: boosting the sustainable production of safe and affordable fresh vegetables. Brief for East Africa Science Building Inauguration. - Kariuki, G., F. Grundler, D. Coyne. Screening and characterization of fungal endophytes with activity against root-knot nematodes on tomato in Kenya. European Society of Nematologists Biannual Symposium, 24-29 September 2012, Adana, Turkey. - Mermans Catherine, Ghent University, Belgium: 'Biology meets development cooperation: characterization of plant-parasitic nematodes in Tanzania.' 2012-2013. - Mtei, M., Coyne, D., Beed, F., Legg, J., Shirima, R., Luambano, N. Assessment of pesticide use during vegetable production in coastal areas of Tanzania. Presented at the 11th African Crop Science Society Conference, Entebbe, Uganda, 14-17 October 2013. - Mtei, M., Coyne, D., Beed, F., Luambano, N., Shirima, R., Legg, J. Tomato and pepper pest and disease assessment in coastal areas of Tanzania. Presented at the 11th African Crop Science Society Conference, Entebbe, Uganda, 14-17 October 2013.

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- Shirima, R., Legg, J., Marcel, M., Maganga, M., Beed, F., Luambano, N. and Coyne, D. Molecular diversity of tomato begomoviruses in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Presented at the 11th African Crop Science Society Conference, Entebbe, Uganda, 14-17 October 2013. - Value Chain Analysis for Research Prioritization in Tanzania: Local Focus: Safe and Effective Pest and Crop Management Strategies to Strengthen the Vegetable Value Chain in the Humid Tropics. (Report) - Williamson, V. Grundler, F. and Coyne, D. Beca Hub, Nairobi, Kenya, 8th March 2012. The significance of molecular tools for practical application of nematology in Africa. Invited Guest Talk. - Bogner C.W., Zwedie B., Kariuki G.M., Schouten A. and Grundler F.M.W. 2014. Mode-of-Action of Fungal Endophytes in Controlling the Root-Knot Nematode Infection in Tomato. Poster Presentation at Tropentag 2014, International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development Bridging the gap between increasing knowledge and decreasing resources, Prague, Czech Republic. Book of Abstracts, p. 140. - Bogner C.W., Kariuki G.M., Kuska M., Grundler F.M.W., and Schouten A. 2014. The relevance and mode-of-action of fungal endophytes in the biocontrol of the rootknot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in tomato. Oral presentation at the Sixth International Conference of Nematologists, 4-9 May 2014, Cape Town, South Africa. Book of Abstracts, p. 51. - Bogner, Catherine, George Kariuki, Matheus Kuska, Florian Grundler and Alexander Schouten. Biocontrol of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in Kenyan tomato varieties using habitat-adapted endophytes. 59. Deutsche Pflanzenschutztagung 23-26 September 2014 in Freiburg, Germany, Abstract 105. - Chinnasri, B., D. Coyne. Root-knot Nematodes in Thailand: A Current Overview. European Society of Nematologists Biannual Symposium, 24-29 September 2012, Adana, Turkey. - Coyne, D. 2014. International nematology at Kasetsart: extending to Africa. Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand, 30 April 2014. - Coyne, D. 2014. Sustainable intensification: The implications of nematodes to food security in sub-Saharan Africa. Key Note Oral presentation at the 6th International Nematology Conference, Cape Town, South Africa, 4-9th May 2014. Book of Abstracts, p. 121 - Coyne, D. Global food security and the role of nematology. European Society of Nematologists Biannual Symposium, 24-29 September 2012, Adana, Turkey: Invited Keynote Speech. - Kariuki, G., F. Grundler, D. Coyne. Screening and characterization of fungal endophytes with activity against root-knot nematodes on tomato in Kenya. European Society of Nematologists Biannual Symposium, 24-29 September 2012, Adana, Turkey. - Kariuki, G.M., Muriuki, L.K., Thuo, A.K., Kibunja, J.W., Kariuki. P.M., & Coyne, D.L., 2014 Safe and effective pest and crop management strategies to strengthen vegetable value chain in the humid tropics: a Kenyan perspective. Oral presentation at the Sixth International Conference of Nematologists, 4-9 May 2014, Cape Town, South Africa. Book of Abstracts, p. 94 - Kariuki, P. M., Kariuki, F., Kariuki, G. M. & Coyne D. L. 2014.The effect of different tomato genotype on root-knot nematode-fusarium wilt complex in Coastal Kenya. Poster presentation at the Sixth International Conference of Nematologists, 4-9 May 2014, Cape Town, South Africa. Book of Abstracts, pp. 266-267. - Kibunja, J.W., Birgen, J.K., Kariuki, G.M., & Coyne, D.L. 2014. The use of Trichoderma spp. alongside resistant varieties for root-knot nematode management under field conditions in Coastal Kenya. Poster presentation at the Sixth International Conference of Nematologists, 4-9 May 2014, Cape Town, South Africa. Book of Abstracts, p. 267. - Kibunja. J. W., J. K. Birgen, D. L. Coyne and G. M. Kariuki. 2014 . Effect of endophytic fungi and resistant tomato varieties on the management of root-knot nematodes in coastal Kenya. KU-AGRA-HAK-DAAD-UON International Conference on Building a New Generation of Agricultural Scientist, Kenyatta University 1-5th December 2014. Pg 51-52 - Mermans Catherine, Ghent University, Belgium: 'Biology meets development cooperation: characterization of plant-parasitic nematodes in Tanzania.' 2012-2013. - Mtei, M., Coyne, D., Beed, F., Legg, J., Shirima, R., Luambano, N. Assessment of pesticide use during vegetable production in coastal areas of Tanzania. Presented at the 11th African

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Crop Science Society Conference, Entebbe, Uganda, 14-17 October 2013. - Mtei, M., Coyne, D., Beed, F., Luambano, N., Shirima, R., Legg, J. Tomato and pepper pest and disease assessment in coastal areas of Tanzania. Presented at the 11th African Crop Science Society Conference, Entebbe, Uganda, 14-17 October 2013. - Mumo M. M., Mwololo J., Legg P. J., Kariuki G. M. 2014. Characterization of begomoviruses from tomato and pepper crops in humid tropical areas of coastal Kenya. KU-AGRA-HAK-DAAD-UON International Conference on Building a New Generation of Agricultural Scientist, Kenyatta University 1-5th December 2014. P93 - Muriuki, L.K., Kariuki, G.M., Kinyua, Z.M., Gathu, R.K. & Coyne, D.L. 2014. Management of Root-knot nematodes-bacterial wilt complex using resistant tomato varieties in Coastal Kenya. Poster presentation at the Sixth International Conference of Nematologists, 4-9 May 2014, Cape Town, South Africa Book of Abstracts, p. 268. - Muriuki. L. K., G. M. Kariuki, Z. M. Kinyua, Gathu, R. K1, and D. L. Coyne,. 2014. Evaluation of tomato cultivars for resistance to bacterial wilt-root knot nematodes disease complex. KU-AGRA-HAK-DAAD-UON International Conference on Building a New Generation of Agricultural Scientist, Kenyatta University 1-5th December 2014. Pg. 91-92. - Pagan, C., Coyne, D., Carneiro, R., Kariuki, G., Luambano, N., Affokpon, A. and Williamson, V.M. 2015. Mitochondrial haplotype-based identification of ethanol-preserved root-knot nematodes from Africa. Phytopathology in press - Schouten, Alexander, Catherine Bogner, Getaneh Zewdu, Matheus Kuska, Alfonso Martinuz and Florian Grundler. Defense responses in tomato and Arabidopsis against root-knot nematode, initiated by an endophytic Fusarium oxysporum. 59. Deutsche Pflanzenschutztagung 23-26 September 2014 in Freiburg, Germany, Abstract 50-6 - Shirima, R., Legg, J., Marcel, M., Maganga, M., Beed, F., Luambano, N. and Coyne, D. Molecular diversity of tomato begomoviruses in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Presented at the 11th African Crop Science Society Conference, Entebbe, Uganda, 14-17 October 2013. - Shirima, R., Legg, J., Mtei, M., Maganga, M., Beed, F., Luambano, N., Coyne, D. 2014. Molecular diversity of tomato begomoviruses in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. African Crop Science Symposium, Entebbe, Uganda. - Verhaeven Myrtle: 'Root-knot nematodes in Tanzania: biocontrol and species characterization based on isozyme phenotypes and mitochondrial sequences'. MSc Thesis, Ghent University, Belgium. 2013-2014.

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Project Title: Enhancing horticultural productivity, incomes and livelihoods through integrated management of aphid pests on vegetables in sub-Saharan Africa Project Coordinator: Dr Rachid Hanna, Entomologist (IITA) Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: IARC - Dr. P. L. Kumar, Virologist, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA); Dr. I. Godonou, Entomopathologist, IITA; Dr. Georg Goergen, Biodiversity Specialist, IITA; Dr. M.-G., Saethre, Entomologist, IITA; Dr. S. Ekesi (Entomologist/Microbial Control and IPM Specialist), International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe); Dr. S. Ramasamy, Entomologist, World Vegetable Center (AVRDC). NARS - Cameroon – Dr. R. Orega, Institut de Recherche Agricole pour le Développement (IRAD), Prof. D. Fontem, University of Dschang, Prof. A. Fomena, University of Yaoundé I; Kenya – Dr. M. Waiganjo, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), Mr. B. Atonya, Ministry of Agriculture. Others - Dr. I. Hoeschle-Zeledon, CGIAR System-wide Program on Integrated Pest Management (SP-IPM); and Dr. Russell Messing, Entomologist, University of Hawaii. Cooperation with German research institution: Prof. Wolfgang Weisser, [email protected], Institute of Ecology, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena Region: Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) Country: Cameroon, Kenya Consortium Research Program: (former Thematic Priority) Increasing income from fruit and vegetables Major Research Domain: Insect ecology, movement and dispersal, biological control, host plant resistance, microbial control, biorational pesticides, integrated pest management, socioeconomics. The proposed project will enhance productivity of vegetables through integrated management of aphids and as such conforms to German thematic priority 3a: Increasing income from fruit and vegetables Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): Vegetable productivity, profitability and safety in sub-Saharan Africa improved, and food security and livelihoods enhanced. Purpose (as per proposal): Ecologically- and biologically-based pest management options to reduce losses due to aphid infestations on okra, cabbage and kale in two countries in sub-Saharan Africa developed and implemented; and NARS partners and farmers trained and empowered in the use of non-chemical alternatives to synthetic pesticides.

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Outputs (as per proposal): Output 1: Distribution, abundance and dynamics of targeted aphids and their associated natural enemies and incidence; and severity of aphid transmitted viruses on targeted crops fields and surrounding habitats determined. Output 2: Aphid population dynamics and seasonality characterized and the role of existing and introduced natural enemies in the suppression aphid infestations and incidence and severity of aphid-transmitted viruses determined. Output 3: Available germplasms of the targeted vegetables screened to identify sources of resistance to aphids, and suitability of commercially available cultivars to their respective aphid pest determined. Output 4: Aphid control products based on effective entomopathogens and other environmentally friendly options developed and tested. Output 5: Technology transfer and training programs with national public and private sector partner established. Output 6: Baseline studies to be used in determining the impact of project interventions on vegetable productivity, income generation, and producer livelihoods completed. Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 03/30/2015: Surveys were conducted in Cameroon and Kenya on distribution and abundance of aphids, their damage level and associated natural enemies. Aphids and their associated natural enemies have been identified and curated. Georeferenced maps of the collected data have been produced. Aphid-transmitted virus incidence was rather low indicating that they do not play a significant role in okra and cabbage production. Project scientists characterized dynamics, colonization patterns and dispersal of the three aphid species on okra, cabbage and kale. Biological studies of a culture of the parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae are ongoing in Cameroon. The entomopathogenic fungus Neozygites fresenii was identified from Cameroon and Kenya. Nine aphid-resistant or tolerant okra lines were identified and two of them have been used by the Cameroon-based AVRDC okra breeder in his okra improvement program. Studies on the the phenology of the cabbage aphid and mapping of its distribution have been completed. Phenological modeling of the cabbage and turnip aphids on two cabbage cultivars helps predict their distribution and activity patterns. One out of three highly virulent Metarhizium anisopliae strains is being developed as a biopesticide for four aphid target species. Based on the research results of the project an integrated aphid control program with five potential components can be proposed: (1) habitat management and reduced use of broad-spectrum pesticides; (2) exchange of efficient parasitoids, (3) promotion of conditions that favor entomopathogens; (4) selection and promotion of suitable resistant varieties; and (5) development of biopesticides. Publications: - Abang, A. F., C. M. Kouame, M. Abang, and R. Hanna (2012). Perception of pesticide use practices, cost and health effects by vegetable growers in Cameroon. Manuscript in review for submission to Journal of Agriculture and Human Values. - Abang, A. F., R. Srinivasan, R. Hanna, S. Kekeunou, T. Chagamoka, and C. F. Bilong Bilong. 2013. Identification of promising accessions of okra (Abelmoschus spp) resistance to the cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover) in Cameroon. Abstract of presentation in the 20th Biennial Conference of the African Association of Insect Scientists, Yaoundé, Cameroon, 28-31 October 2013. - Abang, A. F., R. Srinivasan, R. Hanna, S. Kekeunou, T. Chagomoka, J. C. Chang, and C. F. Bilong Bilong. Identification of okra (Abelmoschus spp.) genotypes resistant to aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover) in Cameroon. African Entomologist (in press). - Abang, A., R. Srinivasan, S. Kekenou, R. Hanna and C. F. Bilong Bilong. Effects of okra germplasms on the development and reproductive performance of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Draft in progress for submission to Journal of Applied Entomology. - Abang, A., R. Srinivasan, S. Kekenou, R. Hanna and C. F. Bilong Bilong. Yield performance and aphid resistance of okra germpalsm to different agroecologies in Cameroon. Draft in progress for submission to the Journal of Applied Ecology. - Abang, A.F., C. M. Kouame, M. Abang, R. Hanna and A. K. Fotso. 2013. Vegetable growers' perception of pesticide use practices, cost, and health effects in the tropical region

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of Cameroon. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production 4: 873-883.6 - Abang, A.F., C. M. Kouame, M. Abang, R. Hanna and A. K. Fotso. 2013. Assessing farmer knowledge of diseases and insect pests of vegetable and management practices in Cameroon. International Journal of Vegetable Science DOI 10.1080/19315260.2013.800625. - Bayissa, W., S. Ekesi, S. A. Mohamed, G. P. Kaayaa, J. M. Wagacha, R. Hanna, and N. K. Maniania. Broad-based virulence of entomopathogenic fungi against aphid pests of crucifers and okra. Submitted to Plos One Biology. - Djomaha, E., R. Hanna and T. R. Ghogomu. Seasonality and population dynamics of Brevicoryne brassicae L. and Lipaphis pseudobrassicae D. on white cabbage in the western highland of Cameroon. Draft in progress for submission to the Journal of Economic Entomology. - Djomaha, E., R. Hanna, and T. R. Ghogomu. Effect of the aphids Brevicoryne brassicae L. and Lipaphis pseudobrassicae D. on yield of white cabbage (Brassica oeleracea L.). Draft in progress for submission to Crop Protection. - Djomaha, E., R. Hanna, R. Ghogomu, and A. Fotso. 2013. Effect des saisons de culture sur la dynamique de la population des ravageurs et de leurs ennemis naturels sur les variétés de chou. Abstract of presentation in the 20th Biennial Conference of the African Association of Insect Scientists, Yaoundé, Cameroon, 28-31 October 2013. - Hanna, R., E. Djomaha, A. Fotso, A. Abang, R. Ndemah, R. Ghogomu. Distribution and abundance of primary pests of white cabbage in Cameroon – implications for targeting development and implementation of integrated management option. Draft in progress for submission to the Journal of Integrated Pest Management. - Houmgny Fonkou, Raïssa. 2012. Dynamique de population du puceron Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera : Aphididae) sur quatre variétés de gombo (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) et identification de ses ennemis naturels dans la région du Centre Cameroun. MSc thesis submitted to the University of Dschang, Cameroon. - Singh, A, S. Zyntinska, R. Hanna and W. Weisser. Effect of ant-tending on the aphid Aphis gossypii is mediated by plant varieties in Okra. Draft manuscript for submission to Ecological Entomology. - Singh, A., S. Zyntinska, R. Hanna and W. Weisser. 2013. The role of ant attendance on biocontrol of Aphis gossypii on Okra: Agricultural implications in Cameroon. . Gesellschaft für Ökologie (GfÖ), 9th-13th September, 2013, Potsdam (Germany). - Singh, A., S. Zyntinska, R. Hanna and W. Weisser. 2013. Understanding multi-trophic interactions for biocontrol of aphids on the tropical vegetable crop Okra: Agricultural implications in Cameroon, West Africa. Gesellschaft für Tropenökologie, gtö,25th-28th February, 2014, Freising(Germany) - Singh, A., S. Zytynska, R. Hanna and W. Weisser. Effect of ant-tendance of the melon-cotton aphid is mediated by okra plant genotype: implications for biocontrol in agricultural systems. Submitted to Ecological Entomology. - Singh, A., S. Zytynska, R. Hanna and W. Weisser. Understanding multi-trophic interactions for biocontrol of aphids on the tropical vegetable crop Okra: Agricultural implications in Cameroon, West Africa. Abstract of oral presentation submitted to Gesellschaft für Tropenökologie, gtö, 25th-28th February, 2014, Freising(Germany). - Soh, Steve. Phenologie de puceron de choux, Brevicoryne brassicae, sur deux variétés de choux et modalisation de leur distribution sous présent et future scenarii de changement climatique. Mémoire de Master II. Universite de Yaounde I. - Toukem, N., R. Hanna, and S. Kekenou. Evaluation of some okra varieties and some insecticidal products on the control of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) insect pests in field. Poster presentation abstract submitted to Global Development Network. - Toukem, Nadia. Effet varietal et de quelques insecticides sur la dynamique de l'entomofaune de Gombo Abelmoshus esculentus (L.) Moench, 1794 en champ. Mémoire de Master II. Université de Yaounde I.

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Project Title: LegumeChoice: Realizing the underexploited potential of multi-purpose legumes towards improved livelihoods and a better environment in crop-livestock systems in East & Central Africa Project Coordinator: Bernard Vanlauwe - ICIPE Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: University of Hohenheim - Germany Region: Central Africa, East Africa Country: Dem.Rep.Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya Consortium Research Program: Integrated Systems for the Humid Tropics Major Research Domain: sustainable intensification, system diversification, natural resource management, crop-livestock, agroforestry, legumes, livelihoods Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): To improve food and nutrition security, reduce poverty, and enhance the production environment of smallholder farmers and rural populations, in particular women, through facilitation of the smart integration and use of multi-purpose legumes, providing food, protein, feed, fuel, and/or organic matter in crop-livestock systems. Purpose (as per proposal): To provide knowledge and tools to farmers and development partners facilitating farmers to make rational decisions for enhancing short and long-term contributions of multi-purpose legumes to farmer livelihoods including aspects of legume production, input supply systems, and markets. Outputs (as per proposal): 1) Farming system diagnosis and related entry points for multi-purpose legumes in farming systems and synthesis of lessons learnt across all Action Sites. 2) A suite of proven, farmer- and system-specific legume-based options for system intensification. 3) LegumeCHOICE – a decision support framework for enhancing the contributions of legumes to farmer livelihoods. 4) Effective partnerships within Humidtropics R4D platforms facilitate and enabling environment for the dissemination of multi-purpose legumes. Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 02/24/2015: LegumeCHOICE project staff and partners have laid down the essential principles of the decision support framework and tested simple approaches for gathering data to populate the

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tool. Focus Group discussions were conducted to identify legumes' occurrence, functions, constraints and opportunities for legume production. Results indicate that legume production is limited by a range of constraints including: pest and diseases, low productivity, low soil fertility, land scarcity, limited market opportunities and lack of inputs. A quick baseline transect walk was conducted with individual households to assess the contribution of legumes to rural livelihoods and identify typology and gender related differences. Existing farming systems and the place of legumes in these systems have been described, including the legume type and species currently grown, cropping systems, and quantity of harvest. A wide range of legume species were identified, mainly grain legumes in DRC and Kenya, whereas grain and fodder legumes were both prevalent in Ethiopia. The area under legumes ranged from 9 to 47 % on an average across sites, and was found to be proportional to the land size available to farmers. In DRC and Kenya, legumes are mainly grown as intercrop with other crops, whereas in Ethiopia, they are mainly grown in monocrop. The site in Ethiopia counts a wide range of legumes, with more than 10 species identified, whereas in DRC and Kenya less species were found. Publications: not yet available (new project)

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Project Title: Improving food security in Africa through increased system productivity of biomass-based value webs (BiomassWeb) Project Coordinator: Dr Adebayo Abass Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: ZEF, Germany (Lead) Region: West Africa Country: Nigeria Major Research Domain: Postharvest technologies, value chains, market opportunities, food security Budget: 199,761 € Goal (as per proposal): The goal of the project is to raise food security in Africa through harnessing productivity and efficiency gains in the whole biomass producing, processing and trading system through transition of value chains to biomass value web and effective utilization of resulting biomass. Purpose (as per proposal): The work package - Cassava web innovations (WP 5.3) seeks to use cassava in Nigeria and Ghana as a test-crop to understand biomass value web management issues by assessing the impact of value chain transition into value webs to food security of smallholders, quality and safety of foods. The work package will contribute to enhancing the capacity of Africa to participate in the emerging international Biomass Web and bio-economy development by increasing the knowledge and skills in Africa to use biomass-based value web strategies to improve livelihoods, increase national GDP and preserve long-term ecological integrity of natural resources. Outputs (as per proposal): Output 1 Staple crops, including cassava, in guinea savannah zone of Nigeria and Ghana evaluated for potential to transform from value chains to biomass-based value web systems. Output 2 Postharvest loss prevention strategies developed to strengthen emerging value webs. Output 3 Approaches developed for assessing the potential impact of biomass web strategies that intensify the production and processing of African crops into food, feed, energy (bio-ethanol) or other industrial raw materials. Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 12/24/2014: A questionnaire was developed to analyze technologies for reduction of cassava postharvest losses from an economic perspective in the Guinea savannah. Starch was extracted from eight varieties of cassava roots. Analysis of starch for physicochemical properties and

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procedures for manufacture of starch-based products have been tested and standardized. Reconnaissance was carried out to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative postharvest losses in commercial processing of cassava into gari, pupuru, crude starch and fufu. A total of 10 towns and villages in Ondo and Kwara States were surveyed. A value web analysis has been planned to determine the solid waste management technology and benefits among smallholder cassava starch processors in the Guinea savannah of Nigeria. Socio-economic survey and analysis of food security status of households and villages involved in current biomass webs is ongoing in Ogun, Edo and Kwara States using participatory tools. Food consumption patterns and biochemical analysis of household foods were studied in Oyo and Kwara States to assess nutritional quality and nutrient adequacy in terms of energy, proteins and micronutrients including vitamin A, iron and zinc. Publications: not yet available (new project)

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ILRI Contract No.: 81157484 06/2013 - 09/2016 { TC “ILRI” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: Modern approaches to development of vaccines for African swine fever control Project Coordinator: Dr. Richard Bishop Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: Friedrich Loeffler Institute (FLI), Riems, Germany; Department of Veterinary Services (DVS) Kabete, Kenya; University of Copenhagen (UC); Technical University of Denmark (TU) Region: West Africa Country: Kenya Consortium Research Program: Sustainable staple food productivity increase for global food security: Livestock and Fish Major Research Domain: African swine fever, vaccine, global food security, livestock, gender equality, smallholder farmer Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): Higher and more secure incomes, especially for small and medium-sized actors in pig value chains in ASF endemic areas; increased availability of more affordable pig meat for African consumers; and reduced risk of ASF to the global pig industry. Purpose (as per proposal): The purpose of the project is for vaccine manufacturer(s) to translate research outputs into viable vaccine(s) which are available and affordable to smallholder pig keepers in Africa. Outputs (as per proposal): Key outputs will be: Increased knowledge about the immunology of ASF, a candidate live attenuated vaccine based on the synthetic attenuated virus engineering (SAVE) approach, identification of genes that can be used for future development of second generation recombinant vaccines and increased human capacity in Kenya for research on ASF. The above outputs will have generic use for both rational development of ASF vaccines using a variety of strategies. They are positioned towards the discovery end of the research-development continuum. These outputs will crucial to achievement of the purpose of developing the first viable vaccine for control of African swine fever. Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 02/27/2015: Significant progress has been made in understanding immune responses to African swine fever virus (ASFV) in pigs and antigen identification as well as in application of the synthetic attenuated virus engineering (SAVE) approach to create a vaccine for ASFV control. A porcine gamma interferon ELISpot for measuring immune responses in ASFV infected pigs was established and optimized. T cells isolated from animals that have survived infection with ASFV are being tested for responses to synthetic peptides from antigens. Plasmid constructs

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and cell lines have been generated that will enable production of dicodon deoptimised viruses. An alternative route to vaccine development and T cell generation for the immunological work has also been developed. A protocol has been developed and used to sequence Src-like-adaptor (SLA) genes from Kenyan pig breeds. Four high quality full length SLA sequences have been generated. In addition to the SLA-ASFV peptide binding prediction approach to antigen identification, ILRI has collaborated in creation of a combinatorial peptide library derived from the 50 most universally conserved ASFV peptides. Publications: - Keil Günther M., Katrina Gesso, Raquel Portugal. A novel BrdU resistant wild boar lung cell line facilitates generation of African swine fever virus recombinants

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ILRI Contract No.: 81182271 01/2015 - 12/2016 { TC “” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: mPig: Mobile SMS learning for pigs - An innovative information sharing platform for smallholder pig value chain actors in Uganda Project Coordinator: Kristina Roesel - ILRI Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: Freie Universität Berlin (FUB), Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Germany (Prof. Clausen); Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Uganda; Tieraerzte ohne Grenzen e.V., Nairobi, Kenya Region: East Africa Country: Uganda Consortium Research Program: Agriculture for Improved Nutrition and Health Major Research Domain: Smallholder pig development, sms technologies, research dissemination, extension, market information systems, nutrition, food safety, pig disease Budget: 79,869 € Goal (as per proposal): Improved food and nutritional security for poor households, improved livelihoods for value chain actors and better performance of smallholder pig value chain systems in selected areas in Uganda. Purpose (as per proposal): To develop, pilot and assess a customized SMS approach to disseminate information on pig health, production, marketing (including weight estimation) and consumption to pig value chain actors in Uganda. Outputs (as per proposal): A summary of the key knowledge gaps of pig value chain actors in Uganda based on the extensive surveys conducted by L&F and A4NH/ Safe Food, Fair Food. A set of applications and messages for key information needs. A pilot SMS information system linked to a CRP L&F network of farmers, traders, butchers, consumers and researchers. At least one joint peer-reviewed publication, with findings also disseminated locally. Major Results Achieved: not yet available Publications: not yet available - new project

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Project Title: Development of an improved vaccine for progressive control of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Project Coordinator: Dr Joerg Jores - ILRI Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: FLI - Jena and Riems, Germany; TiHo - Hannover, Germany Region: Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) Country: Kenya Consortium Research Program: Sustainable staple food productivity increase for global food security: Livestock and Fish Major Research Domain: contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), vaccine, food security, livestock, gender equality, smallholder farmer Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): The ultimate goal is: higher and more secure incomes, especially for small and medium-sized actors in dairy value chains in CBPP endemic areas; increased availability of milk products and meat for African consumers; and reduced risk of CBPP to the cattle industry within and outside Africa. The use of the CBPP vaccine and POC diagnostic test will contribute to achievement of this goal. Purpose (as per proposal): The purpose of the project is for vaccine manufacturer(s) and POC diagnostic test producers to translate research outputs into viable vaccine(s) and POC tests that are available and affordable to smallholder cattle keepers in Africa. Outputs (as per proposal): (A) Proof-of-principle for an improved CBPP vaccine; (B) Characterization of host-pathogen interactions; (C) Lateral flow type POC diagnostic test; (D) Increased human capacity in Africa for research on diseases caused by Mycoplasma; (E) Interactions with potential users initiated. The project's outputs will help national veterinary services, NARS and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to formulate and implement effective policies to control CBPP. Representatives of key stakeholders, including livestock keepers, traders, veterinarians, veterinary authorities and commercial sector partners will be involved from the outset in establishing the required specifications for the control measures.

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Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 10/30/2014: Collaborative research agreements between ILRI and the project partners have been signed in May 2014. A project inception meeting with representatives from all research institutes involved was conducted in September 2014 at FLI Riems, Germany. Activities related to testing a protein based subunit vaccine consisting of Mmm membrane-associated proteins that are expressed in African Mmm strains or proteins expressed in vivo have started including generation of carbohydrate and mCherry mutants, establishing lung slice assay, testing of protein expression on Mycoplasma surface, characterization of Mmm interaction with macrophages, development of POC test and interactions with potential users. Publications: not yet available (new project)

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Project Title: What is killing my cow? Re-assessing diseases in smallholder dairying in Tanzania Project Coordinator: Dr Fred Unger, ILRI Project Coordinator email: [email protected] [email protected] Partner Institutes: Landeslabor Berlin-Brandenburg, Germany; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania Region: West Africa Country: Tanzania Major Research Domain: Smallholder dairy development, Tanzania, serological herd screening, Participatory Epidemiology, infectious diseases, zoonoses Budget: 60,000 € Goal (as per proposal): To provide an evidence base for prioritizing dairy and public health research and targeting development interventions to promote pro-poor smallholder dairy value chains in Tanzania under recently initiated CGIAR Research Programs. Purpose (as per proposal): Assess the presence and prevalence of a range of potential pathogens (production diseases and zoonoses) in smallholder dairy cattle in our research sites in Tanzania based on an in-depth diagnostic examination of blood and serum samples. Outputs (as per proposal): Output 1: An exhaustive inventory of pathogens in a sample of dairy cattle in Tanzania Output 2: Prevalence estimates for a range of key dairy cattle diseases (including production diseases and zoonoses) in these sites Output 3: An assessment of the reliability of disease information collected through questionnaires and participatory epidemiology techniques Output 4: A set of recommendations on the reliability of field diagnosis (e.g. through PE or questionnaire) versus the range of pathogens found Output 5: At least one peer reviewed publication, with findings also disseminated locally Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 03/04/2014: The project targets two types of dairy farmers: pastoralists and smallholder dairy farmers. Following a systematic review which provided a list of prioritized cattle diseases to be tested

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410 serum and whole blood samples were collected from cattle reported as sick by farmers. Laboratory analysis has been finalized for most of the pathogens. To strengthen the output of the study additional pathogens have been included and related tests be established. First results indicate that cattle diseases are common in the study are. Around 150 farms were visited in two regions of Tanzania and data collected on farming practices and socio-economic characteristics. A discrepancy between farmer's perception on diseases importance and laboratory results is prominent. From a public health perspective the discrepancy for brucellosis is of concern, a neglected zoonosis with the potential of causing chronic, long lasting diseases in infected humans. Capacity building is addressed through involvement of 6 MSc students from the region. Publications: not yet available (new project)

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Project Title: Safe Food Fair Food: from capacity building to implementation Risk-based approaches to improving food safety and market access in smallholder meat, milk and fish value chains in four African countries Project Coordinator: Kristina Roesel - ILRI Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: WorldFish - Uganda; National and regional partners include academics and researchers; Freie Universitaet Berlin, Germany;The BFR, Germany; Rakuno Gakuen University, Japan Region: East Africa, Southern Africa Country: Ethiopia, Mali, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda Consortium Research Program: Sustainable staple food productivity increase for global food security: Livestock and Fish Agriculture for Improved Nutrition and Health Major Research Domain: smallholder value chains; meat, milk and fish; market access; food safety; risk-based approaches; participation. Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): The improvement of livelihoods of poor producers and consumers by reducing the health risks and increasing the livelihood benefits associated with meat, milk and fish (MMF) value chains. Purpose (as per proposal): Furthering research into the practical application of risk analysis and economic and social methods by food safety stakeholders and value chain actors, improving food safety and market participation of the poor in informal markets for livestock products in sub-Saharan Africa. Outputs (as per proposal): At the level of MMF value chains, it will pioneer and test a practical, whole-value-chain application of risk-based approaches to food safety in selected countries which are the focus of CRP3.7. It will develop, test and communicate the technologies and methods to improve food safety and enhance smallholder market access. At regional scale, it will work through the food safety 'champions' supported in the completed phase to better incorporate risk analysis and economic valuation methods into food safety policy, commercial practice and veterinary education. Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 02/27/2015: A generic set of tools for the rapid integrated assessment of food safety and nutrition was developed to generate key recommendations for decision makers on priority research areas

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for making value chains work better for poor people's nutrition and health. Tools were applied to study fish in Egypt; small ruminants in Ethiopia; dairy in Tanzania; pork in Uganda and Vietnam and the small ruminants value chain in Mali. Pioneer results were generated in Uganda because almost no research on pig zoonosis had been done in East Africa before. An outcome mapping strategy was developed by the regional coordinators from East, West and Southern Africa for engagement with academia and policy makers in the respective regions. In Kenya, coursework on food safety in informal markets, participatory risk analysis and One Health was included in the curriculum of veterinary students at the University of Nairobi. Assessment findings and potential solutions were discussed with more than 100 stakeholders during feedback meetings, especially in Uganda; a novel and participatory approach for scientists that was highly appreciated by participating food chain actors and policy makers. Ten best-bet interventions were discussed and planned; most are linked to improving post-harvest practices. A very important finding was the emergence of multi-resistant strains of bacteria in Ethiopia (small ruminants), Tanzania (dairy cattle) and Uganda (pork). More than 50 participants were trained on participatory risk assessment in Côte d'Ivoire and Rwanda. A book on food safety and informal markets in sub-Saharan Africa was launched in January 2015. Publications: - Amenu K, Markemann A and Zárate AV, 2013. Water for human livestock consumption in rural settings of Ethiopia: Assessments of quality and health settings. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 185(11): 9571-9586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3275-3 - Amenu K, Markemann A, Roessler R, Siegmund-Schultze M, Abebe G and Zárate AV, 2013. Constraints and challenges of meeting the water requirements of livestock in Ethiopia: Cases of Lume and Siraro districts. Tropical Animal Health and Production 45(7): 1539-1548. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/33293 - Atherstone C, Roesel K, Grace D, 2013. Ebola Risk Assessment in the Pig Value Chain in Uganda. First African Regional Conference of the International Association on Ecology and Health (Africa 2013 Ecohealth), Grand-Bassam, Côte d'Ivoire, 1-5 October 2013. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/34388 - Bonfoh B, Fokou G, Traoré SG, Kouame-Sina SM, Bechir M, Zinsstag J, Grace D and Dao D, 2013. Valeur ajoutée de la participation à l'analyse des risques des produits d'origine animale vendus dans le secteur informel. Revue Africaine de Santé et de Productions Animales 11(S): 15-21. http://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/33495 - Dewé T, Roesel K, Fekele A, Legesse G and Grace D, 2013. An integrated approach to assessing and improving meat and milk safety and nutrition in the Ethiopian sheep and goat value chain. First African Regional Conference of the International Association on Ecology and Health (Africa 2013 Ecohealth), Grand-Bassam, Côte d'Ivoire, 1-5 October 2013. http://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/33805 - Dewé TCM, Roesel K, Legesse G and Grace D, 2013. Lambs to the slaughter: Are meat and milk from small ruminants a health risk to Ethiopians? Annual conference of the Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Madrid, Spain, 20-22 March 2013. http://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/32848 - Dione MM, Ouma E A, Roesel K, Mayega L, Nadiope G, Kiryabwire D and Pezo D, 2013. Participatory assessment of animal health constraints and husbandry practices in the pig production system in three districts of Uganda. 14th international conference of the Association of Institutions for Tropical Veterinary Medicine (AITVM), Johannesburg, South Africa, 25-29 August 2013. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/33980 - Dione MM, Ouma EA, Roesel K, Mayega L, Nadiope G, Kyriabwire D and Pezo D, 2013. Participatory assessment of animal health constraints and husbandry practices in the pig production system in three districts of Uganda. ILRI Annual Program Meeting (APM) 2013, held at ILRI campus, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, May 15-17, 2013. Nairobi (Kenya): ILRI. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/32685 - Grace D, Roesel K, 2013. Gender aspects of informal markets. First African Regional Conference of the International Association on Ecology and Health (Africa 2013 Ecohealth), Grand-Bassam, Côte d'Ivoire, 1-5 October 2013. http://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/33806

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- ILRI/BMZ Safe Food, Fair Food: Reducing health risks from animal source foods, 2013. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/25124 - Kayano T, Mwai C W, Makita K, Kang'ethe E and Grace D, 2012. A Bayesian inference for the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 on cattle carcasses at the abattoirs in Nairobi, Kenya. Annual conference of the Japan Society of Veterinary Epidemiology, Saitama, Japan, 29 March 2012. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/24751 - Kouamé-Sina MS, 2013. Contribution to risk management for microbial contamination and genotypic diversity of Bifidobacterium species isolated from local milk production chain in Abidjan. PhD thesis, Université Nangui-Abrogoua. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/34389 - Kouamé-Sina SM, Makita K, Grace D, Dadié A, Dje M and Bonfoh B, 2013. Bacterial risk assessment of milk produced locally in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. 5th Congress of European Microbiologists (FEMS 2013), Leipzig, Germany, 21-25 July 2013. http://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/33494 - McCrindle CME, Siegmund-Schultze M, Heeb AW, Zárate AV and Ramrajh S, 2013. Improving food security and safety through use of edible by-products from wild game. Environment, Development and Sustainability 15(5): 1245-1257. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/33687 - McCrindle CME, Siegmund-Schultze M, Heeb AW, Zárate AV and Ramrajh S, 2013. Improving food security and safety through use of edible by-products from wild game. Environment, Development and Sustainability 15(5): 1245-1257 https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/33687 - Msalya G, Joseph E, Shija F, Kurwijla LR, Grace D, Roesel K, Haesler B, Ogutu F, Fetsch A, Misinzo G, Nonga H, 2013. An integrated approach to assessing and improving milk safety and nutrition in the Tanzanian dairy chain. First African Regional Conference of the International Association on Ecology and Health (Africa 2013 Ecohealth), Grand-Bassam, Côte d'Ivoire, 1-5 October 2013. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/34867 - Msalya G, Joseph E, Shija F, Kurwijla LR, Grace D, Roesel K, Haesler B, Ogutu F, Fetsch A, Misinzo G, Nonga H, 2013. An integrated approach to assessing and improving milk safety and nutrition in the Tanzanian dairy chain. Annual scientific conference of the Tanzania Society of Animal Production, 22-25 October 2013, Arusha, Tanzania. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/34867 - Ocaido M, Roesel K, Grace D, 2013. Food safety and zoonotic hazards in pig value chains in East Africa. First African Regional Conference of the International Association on Ecology and Health (Africa 2013 Ecohealth), Grand-Bassam, Côte d'Ivoire, 1-5 October 2013. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/34869 - Oguttu J, McCrindle C, Makita K and Grace D, 2013. Investigation of the food value chain of ready-to-eat chicken and the associated risk for staphylococcal food poisoning in Tshwane Metropolitan, South Africa. 2013 Conference of Researchers and Workers in Animal Diseases (CRWAD), Chicago, Illinois, 8-10 December 2013. South Africa: University of South Africa. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/34226 - Oguttu J, Qekwana N, 2013. Assessment of food safety risks associated with pre-slaughter activities during the traditional slaughter of goats in Gauteng, South Africa. 2013 Conference of Researchers and Workers in Animal Diseases (CRWAD), Chicago, Illinois, 8-10 December 2013. South Africa: University of South Africa. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/34223 - Ouma EA, Dione M, Lule P, Roesel K, Mayega L, Kiryabwire D, Nadiope G, Carter N and Pezo D, 2013. The Uganda pig value chain: Constraints and characteristics of actors. CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and Fish gender working group planning workshop, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 14-18 October 2013. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/33981 - Ouma EA, Dione M, Lule P, Rosel K and Pezo D, 2013. Characterization of smallholder pig production systems in Uganda: constraints and opportunities for engaging with market systems. 4th International Conference of the African Association of Agricultural Economists, September 22-25, 2013, Hammamet, Tunisia. http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/160677/2/Emily%20Ouma%20,%20Michel%20Dione%20et%20al.pdf - Ouma EA, Pezo D, Dione M, Roesel K, Mayega L, Kiryabwire D, Nadiope G and Lule P, 2013. Assessing smallholder pig value chains in Uganda: Tools used at the farmers' node. Agrifood Chain Toolkit Conference on Livestock and Fish Value Chains in East Africa,

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Kampala, Uganda, 9-11 September 2013. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/34085 - Qekwana ND, 2013. Occupational health and food safety risks associated with traditional slaughter practices of goats in Gauteng, South Africa. MMedVet dissertation, University of Pretoria. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/33501 - Roesel K, Grace D, Dione M M, Ouma E A, Pezo D, Kungu J, Ejobi F and Clausen P H, 2013. Assessment of knowledge, attitudes and practices on pork safety among smallholder pig farmers in Uganda. First African Regional Conference of the International Association on Ecology and Health (Africa 2013 Ecohealth), Grand-Bassam, Côte d'Ivoire, 1-5 October 2013. http://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/33796 - Roesel K, Holmes K, Kungu J, Grace D, Pezo D Q, Ouma E A, Baumann M, Fries R, Ejobi F and Clausen P H, 2013. Fit for human consumption? A qualitative survey at a Ugandan pig abattoir. 14th international conference of the Association of Institutions for Tropical Veterinary Medicine (AITVM), Johannesburg, South Africa, 25-29 August 2013. http://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/33725 - Shija F, 2013. Microbial contaminations in milk and identification of selected pathogenic bacteria along dairy value chain in Tanga region, Tanzania. First International One Health conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 23-27 Sept 2013. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/34879 - Shija F, Misinzo G, Nonga H, Kurwijila L R, Roesel K and Grace D, 2013. The use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm presence of selected pathogenic bacteria along milk value chain in Tanga region. 14th international conference of the Association of Institutions for Tropical Veterinary Medicine (AITVM), Johannesburg, South Africa, 25-29 August 2013. http://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/33742 - Shija F, Nonga H, Kurwijila LR, Roesel K, Grace D, Misinzo G, 2013. Determination of risk factors contributing to microbial contamination in milk and identification of presence of selected pathogenic bacteria along dairy value chain in Tanga. 31st TVA Scientific conference, 3-5 December 2013. AICC, Arusha, Tanzania. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/34880 - Toyomaki H, 2012. Most probable number of thermophilic Campylobacter in raw and roasted beef in Arusha, Tanzania. BVSc thesis, Rakuno Gakuen University. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/27855 - Toyomaki H, Mahundi E, Ishihara K, Kurwijila L, Grace D and Makita K, 2012. Quantitative risk assessment of acquiring campylobacteriosis from consumption of ready-to-eat beef in Arusha Municipality, Tanzania. Journal of Veterinary Epidemiology 16(1): 31-32. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/27794 - Traoré SG, 2013. Risques de contraction des affections à Vibrio spp. et à Paragonimus spp. liés à la consommation des crabes et des crevettes vendus sur les marches d'Abidjan et de Dabou. PhD thesis, Université Nangui-Abrogoua. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/33714 - Traoré SG, Bonfoh B, Krabi R, Odermatt P, Utzinger J, Rose K N, Tanner M, Frey J, Quilici M L, and Koussémon M, 2012. Risk of Vibrio transmission linked to the consumption of crustaceans in coastal towns of Cote d'Ivoire. Journal of Food Protection 75(6): 1004-1011. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/24780 - Yobouet BA, Kouamé-Sina S M, Dadié A, Makita K, Grace D, Djè KM and Bonfoh B, 2014. Contamination of raw milk with Bacillus cereus from farm to retail in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire and possible health implications. Dairy Science and Technology 94(1): 51-60. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/33347 - Aké-Assi Y, Sess A., Anon N., Oga S., Kouamé P., Bonfoh B., Biego GHM. 2014. Description of Risk Factors in the Formation of Hydrocarbons During the Traditional Fish Smoking in Abidjan. Journal of Health Science 2(2014): 222-234. - Aké-Assi Y., Anon N., Kouamé P., Bonfoh B., Biégo GHM. 2014. Assessment of the Exposure to Benzo(a)Pyrene (BaP) Contained in Sardines (Clupeidae) Consumed by the Ivorian Adult in the Area of Abidjan. International Journal of Science and Research 3(11):2455-2461. - Amenu, K., Spengler, M., Markemann, A. and Zarate, A.V. 2014. Microbial quality of water in rural households of Ethiopia: Implications for milk safety and public health. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition 32(2):190–197.

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https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/41676 - Dione, M.M., Ouma, E.A., Roesel, K., Kungu, J., Lule, P. and Pezo, D. 2014. Participatory assessment of animal health and husbandry practices in smallholder pig production systems in three high poverty districts in Uganda. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 117(3-4):565–576. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/51612 - Dulo, F. 2014. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in goat slaughtered in Dire Dawa Municipal Abattoir as well as food safety knowledge, attitude and hygiene practice assessment among slaughter staff, Ethiopia. MSc thesis, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Addis Ababa University. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/43770 - Ferede, B. 2014. Isolation, identification, antimicrobial susceptibility test and public awareness of Salmonella on raw goat meat at Dire Dawa Municipal Abattoir, eastern Ethiopia. MSc thesis, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Addis Ababa University. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/43761 - Hailemariam S. 2014. Prevalence, associated risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. of ovine carcass at Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise, Ethiopia. MSc thesis, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/56631 - Joseph, E. 2014. Assessment of microbiological hazards along the milk value chain in Kilosa and Mvomero district, Tanzania. MSc thesis, Morogoro, Tanzania: Sokoine University of Agriculture. MSc thesis, Morogoro, Tanzania: Sokoine University of Agriculture. - Kanyeka, H.B. 2014. Assessment of microbial quality of raw cow's milk and antimicrobial susceptibility of selected milk-borne bacteria in Kilosa and Mvomero Districts, Tanzania. MSc thesis, Morogoro, Tanzania: Sokoine University of Agriculture. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/52233 (submitted) - Mizambwa, H. 2014. Evaluation of pathogens in milk collected from households' containers in selected villages of Lushoto and Handeni districts. BSc report, Morogoro, Tanzania: Sokoine University of Agriculture. MSc thesis, Morogoro, Tanzania: Sokoine University of Agriculture. - Oguttu, J.W., McCrindle, C.M.E., Makita, K. and Grace, D. 2014. Investigation of the food value chain of ready-to-eat chicken and the associated risk for staphylococcal food poisoning in Tshwane Metropole, South Africa. Food Control 45:87-94. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/41661 - Qekwana, D.N., McCrindle, C.M.E. and Oguttu, J.W. 2014. Designing a risk communication strategy for health hazards posed by traditional slaughter of goats in Tshwane, South Africa. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 85(1): 1035. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/43752 - Roesel, K. and Grace, D. 2014. Food safety and informal markets: Animal products in sub-Saharan Africa. London, UK: Routledge. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/42438 - Yougbare, B. 2014. Appréciation des risques de contamination microbienne de la viande de petits ruminants dans les abattoirs et dibiteries de Dakar, Senegal. MVPH thesis. Dakar, Senegal: Ecole Inter Etats des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaires de Dakar (EISMV). https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/41906

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Project Title: Livelihood diversifying potential of livestock based carbon sequestration options in pastoral and agro pastoral systems in Africa Project Coordinator: Dr. Mohamed Said; Team Leader ILRI-Kenya, Reduction of Vulnerability in Pastoral and Agro-Pastoral Systems Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: HU, Hawassa University, Ethiopia: Dr. Ayana Angassa; Head, Department of Animal and Range Sciences; INERA, Burkina Faso: Dr. Louis Sawadogo, Ouagadougou; ICRAF, Kenya: Dr. Keith Shepherd; Cooperation with German research Institution: DITSL, Witzenhausen at the University of Kassel: Dr. B. Kaufman, Dr. C. Huelsebusch, Director; UHOH, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart: Professor Dr. F. Asch, Professor Crop Water Stress Region: East Africa Country: Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Kenya Consortium Research Program: (former Thematic Priority) Income increases from livestock Major Research Domain: Keywords: livestock; pastoralists; poverty alleviation; vulnerability reduction; livelihood diversification, payment for environmental services, carbon sequestration, rangelands Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): The long-term goal of the proposed research is to identify livestock-based livelihood diversification options through PES to reduce poverty and vulnerability of pastoral communities. Purpose (as per proposal): The purpose of the research is provide scientific evidence for the potential of livestock management alterations to diversify livelihoods through carbon sequestration in African rangelands and to develop guidelines to enable national policy makers, NGOs and donors to assess biophysical viability of carbon sequestration in African rangelands under various livestock and range management options. Outputs (as per proposal): Conclusions of completed activities: • Poverty is widespread among pastoralists [1] and pastoralists are vulnerable: significant reductions in length of growing period will occur in all of Africa [2].

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• The pastoral lands of Africa hold a yet to be quantified potential for carbon sequestration and carbon credits that could be used to reduce vulnerability and diversify pastoral livelihoods [3]. • ILRI has developed a scientific basis for livestock-based PES on rangelands co-managed for livestock production and wildlife conservation [4]. • Moderate grazing improves productivity of savanna woodland in Burkina Faso [5]. • Prescribed early fire is a good compromise between difficult to achieve fire exclusion and late fire in term of wood and grass production in the savanna woodland of Burkina Faso [6] Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 04/17/2015: Studies on quantification of above and below-ground biomass and carbon stock estimates in Ethiopia and Burkina Faso have resulted in allometric equations for carbon for selected trees. These new equations are important for estimating the carbon potential in drylands, and institutions designed to mitigate climate change, or to calculate costs and benefits associated with carbon projects. The project has also developed new algorithms to map fires using Landsat8. Refinement of its bands allows a sharper spectral discrimination of landscape features such as fire burns. In terms of up scaling the field to landscape carbon sequestration and emissions project scientists used Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs model. This work provides basic scientific evidence of carbon and its dynamics in space and time and uses scenarios as a window for future outlook given different land management practices. Optical carbon measurements improvement facilitates biomass/carbon pool estimation. Project scientists developed a protocol to identify the necessary spatial resolution as well as evaluating the importance of tree-species differences and seasonal variation. Further, the integration of the use of Global Positioning System (GPS) collars on map livestock movements, field narratives and use of remote sensed data to map movements and use of pasture has brought new understanding of pastoral use of their resources and decision making. Work on the roles of gender in pastoral production systems has brought out the changing role in livestock management especially in Ethiopia. Publications: - Boru, D. (2014). The Role of Pastoralists? Indigenous Knowledge of Soil Characterization and Management Practices in Borana, Ethiopia, Hawassa University, Ethiopia. - Elias M., Richter U., Hülsebusch C, Hensel O The drivers and trends in the expansion of cultivation activities using remote sensing data and ground survey data' (in preparation) - Elias M., Richter U., Hülsebusch C, Hensel O, Kaufmann B. and O. Wasonga (2013): Expansion of Crop Cultivation and its Impacts on Land Cover Changes in the Borana Rangeland Southern Ethiopia. Tropentag 2013 Agricultural development within the rural-urban continuum, Book of Abstracts Hohenheim, Germany - Elias, M, Hensel, O, Richter, U, Hülsebusch, C, Kaufmann, B, & Wasonga, O. (2015). Land Conversion Dynamics in the Borana Rangelands of Southern Ethiopia: An Integrated Assessment Using Remote Sensing Techniques and Field Survey Data: Environments, 2, 1-31; doi:10.3390/environments2010001. http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3298/2/1/1 - Elias, M., Richter, U., Hensel, O., Wasonga, O., Hülsebusch, C.: A synthesis review of the current land uses, greenhouse gas emission and carbon sequestration in East African rangelands. (in preparation) - Elias, M., Richter, U., Hensel, O., Wasonga, O., Hülsebusch, C. Greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sink potentials in African rangeland ecosystems (under review). Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics. - Feyissa, K., Beyene, S., Angassa, A., Megerssa, B., Said, M.Y., de Leeuw, J. (submitted) Allometric prediction of above-ground biomass of key woody plant species in Borana rangelands of southern Ethiopia. - Hertkorn, M.L. Roba, H. and Kaufmann B. Borana women in livestock management: suppressed, exploited, overworked? A critical contribution to the gender debate on pastoral societies (in preparation) - Hertkorn, M.L. Roba, H. and Kaufmann B.(2013) Borana Women in Livestock Management: Roles, Perceptions, Recent Changes Tropentag 2013 Agricultural development within the

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rural-urban continuum, Book of Abstracts Hohenheim, Germany - Hertkorn, M.L. Roba, H., B. Kaufmann (2015). Caring for livestock - Borana women's perceptions on their changing role in livestock management in southern Ethiopia. Nomadic Peoples, 19 (1), pp. 30-52 - Kenea Feyissa, Ayana Angassa, Mohammed Y Said, Shem Kifugo, Aster Abebe, Guyu Ginbe, and Mohammed Ibrahim (2013) Livelihood diversifying potential of livestock based carbon sequestration options in pastoral and agro-pastoral systems in Africa. Hawassa University, Ethiopia, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, and Yabello Agriculture Research Centre (YARC), Ethiopia. - Kisambo, B. K. (2014). Assessment of Seasonal Leaf Area Dynamics and Above-Ground Carbon Sequestration in Specific Vegetation Types of a Semi-Arid Grassland in Southern Ethiopia. (M.Sc.), University of Hohenheim, Germany, Stuttgart, Germany. -. Koala, J., Sawadogo, L., Savadogo, P., Zida, D., Aynekulu, E., Said, M.Y., and Nacro, B.K. (2015). Cumulative effects of 20-years of livestock grazing, prescribed early fire and selective tree cutting on below ground biomass in Sudanian savanna woodland, West Africa. International Journal of Current Research. 7 (2). - Koala J, Savadogo P, Zida D, Said M, Sawadogo L, Nacro H. B. (2014). Cumulative effects of 20 years of fire, grazing and selective tree cutting on soil water infiltration in sudanian savanna-woodland ecosystem of West Africa. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci., 8 (6), 2424-2440. - Koala, J., Sawadogo, L., Aynekulu, E., Heiskanen, J., Savadogo, P., Said, M.Y. (submitted) Allometric equations for belowground biomass of key woody species in West Africa savannah woodlands of Burkina Faso. Journal of Arid Environments - Musyimi, Z., Said, M.Y., Zida, D., Koala, J., Kifugo, S.C., Sawadogo, L. and Savadogo, P. (submitted) Assessing carbon storage and sequestration potential in a Soudanian ecosystem using InVEST. - Musyimi, Z., Said, M.Y., Zida, D., Rosenstock, T.S., Udelhoven, T., Savadogo, P., de Leeuw, J., and Ayenkulu, E. (submitted) Landscape mapping of fire severity in Sudanian ecosystem in Burkina Faso using Landsat 8. Wildfire Journal - Pfister, J., Ash, F., Said, Mohammed, Giese, M. (2013): Estimation of carbon sequestration potential under different vegetation types in the Borana rangelands, Ethiopia. Tropentag 2013 Agricultural development within the rural urban continuum, Book of Abstracts Hohenheim, Germany. - Wario, H.T., Roba H. and B. Kaufmann (2013). Determinants of grazing management in the Borana pastoral system of southern Ethiopia. Tropentag 2013 Agricultural development within the rural urban continuum, Book of Abstracts Hohenheim, Germany - Wario, H.T., Roba H. and B. Kaufmann (submitted). Responding to Mobility Constraints: Recent shifts in resource use practices and herding strategies in the Borana pastoral system, Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Arid Environments - Wario, H.T., Roba H. and B. Kaufmann (under review). Shaping the herders? 'mental maps?: Participatory mapping with pastoralists to understand their grazing area differentiation and characterization. Environmental Management - Wario, H.T., Roba H. and B. Kaufmann. Participatory land use mapping with Borana pastoralists of Southern Ethiopia: shaping 'the herders' mental maps' to unpack rangeland's complexity. (in preparation)

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Project Title: In situ assessment of GHG emissions from two livestock systems in East Africa – determining current status and quantifying mitigation options Project Coordinator: Prof. Dr. Klaus Butterbach-Bahl - ILRI Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: Universities Kassel & Hohenheim, Germany; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany; University of Nairobi and Egerton University, Kenya Region: East Africa Country: Kenya Consortium Research Program: Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security Major Research Domain: Livestock, environment, GHG emissions, feeding practices, mitigation Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): The larger goal is to sustainably increase livestock (beef and dairy cattle) production for small to medium enterprises (which will lead to reductions in rural poverty for participants), while decreasing GHG emissions intensity in these systems in eastern and western Africa. Increased availability (supply) of milk and meat products through improved livestock productivity will directly improve food security and protein availability for all Africans. Improved animal nutrition, sustainably achieved, will impact positively on animal morbidity and premature death, and increase fecundity. Importantly it will also reduce/curtail African livestock's carbon footprint and support more sustainable natural resource management. Purpose (as per proposal): Develop and validate protocols to establish accurate baseline livestock GHG emissions for smallholder enterprises in Kenya, which can be replicated in other livestock systems. This will lead directly to better livestock GHG emission estimates, allowing African government departments to make better informed policy decisions regarding agriculture, facilitating participation in CDM measures. This will enable livestock farmers and farmer organizations to profit from carbon trading. To identify, prove and demonstrate practical strategies (nutritional and/or management) which will increase livestock productivity while limiting increases in GHG emissions/decrease GHG emission intensity of livestock products. Outputs (as per proposal): 1. Accurate measurements of enteric CH4 emissions from livestock and GHG emissions from manure application in two representative Kenyan livestock systems; 2. Improved landscape/regional/national GHG emissions estimates from the synthesis of current information;

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3. Validation of at least two practically effective and attractive CH4 mitigation options for SME livestock holders; 4. Construction of at least two information platforms to promote dissemination and adoption of the mitigation strategies identified; 5. Creation of effective and translatable protocols to facilitate quantification of livestock GHG emissions in other African livestock producer systems. Major Results Achieved: not yet available Publications: not yet available - new project

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IRRI Contract No.: 81141844 01/2012 - 06/2015 { TC “IRRI” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: Safeguarding Asian rice production from a rapidly warming climate Project Coordinator: Dr. S.V.K. Jagadish, Crop and Environmental Sciences Division Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: IRRI Drs. S. Heuer; MPI-MP Dr. Dirk Hincha [email protected]; TNAU Dr. R. Muthurajan [email protected]; PAU Dr. R. Kaur [email protected]; PhilRice Dr. N.L. Manigbas [email protected]; IRRI Dr. M. Ramesha [email protected]; RRI Mr. H.R. Souroush [email protected] Region: Europe, Southeast Asia and Pacific, Southwest Asia, West Asia Country: Germany, India, Iran, Philippines Consortium Research Program: GRiSP - A global Rice Science Partnership Major Research Domain: high-temperature stress, metabolites, quantitative trait loci (QTL), respiration, rice yield, tolerance genes Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): Develop rice varieties that maintain a high yield potential in Asian countries affected by Purpose (as per proposal): Develop rice varieties that maintain a high yield potential in Asian countries affected by high temperatures and for rice production systems under warmer global climate conditions. Outputs (as per proposal): 1) Heat-tolerant breeding lines with introgressed QTLs and candidate gene combinations developed 2) Physiological and molecular mechanisms inducing HDT and HNT tolerance characterized 3) Respiratory losses under HNT and its impact on nitrogen-use dynamics and grain filling quantified 4) Novel metabolite and gene-based markers for HDT and HNT tolerance identified 5) Three students with PhD degree and NARES trained on SNP markers and breeding for heat tolerance Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 04/07/2015: Fine-mapping of identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) for heat tolerance was completed successfully. For this purpose rice plants were genotyped using QTL flanking single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Plants with recombination in the QTL region were selected and evaluated for heat tolerance at the flowering stage. Heat-tolerant near isogenic lines (NIL) were developed and validated. The best-bet candidates from RNA seq from the identified QTL region were identified. From experiments under controlled chambers and field

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conditions it could be concluded that night respiration plays a key role in high night temperature-induced yield and quality losses. Significant physiological and molecular progress was made towards addressing the damage caused at the early floral meristem development stage. Publications: Bahuguna RN, Jagadish KSV*. 2014. Temperature regulation of plant phenological development. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 111: 83-90. - Glaubitz U et al. Influence of HNT combined with a lower temperature difference between day and night on the metabolism of different cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.) (Manuscript in preparation). - Glaubitz U, Li X, Köhl KI, van Dongen JT, Hincha DK, Zuther E. 2014. Differential physiological responses of different rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars to elevated night temperature during vegetative growth. Functional Plant Biology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/FP13132 - Hirabayashi H, Sasaki K, Kambe T, Gannaban RB, Miras MA, Mendioro MS, Simon EV, Lumanglas PD, Fujita D, Takemoto-Kuno Y, Takeuchi Y, Kaji R, Kondo M, Kobayashi N, Ogawa T, Ando I, Jagadish KSV, Ishimaru T. 2014. qEMF3, a novel QTL for early-morning flowering trait from wild rice, Oryza officinalis, to mitigate heat stress damage at flowering in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Experimental Botany DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru474. - Kadam N, Yin X, Bindraban P, Struik PC, Jagadish KSV. 2014. Does morphological and anatomical plasticity make wheat more tolerant of water-deficit stress than rice? Plant Physiology DOI:10.1104/pp.114.253328. - Kadam NN, Xiao G, Melgar RJ, Bahuguna RN, Quinones C, Tamilselvan A, Prasad PVV, Jagadish SVK. 2014. Agronomic and physiological responses to high temperature, drought and elevated CO2 interaction in cereals. Advances in Agronomy 127: 111-156 - Li X et al. Metabolic and transcriptomic signatures of rice floral organs before and after pollination under heat and combined drought and heat stress (for final editing and submission). - Mattes N et al. 2013. Functional characterization of candidate HSPs to reduce heat and drought induced spikelet sterility in rice. Poster presented at the 7th International Rice Genetics Symposium - Peraudeau S, Lafarge T, Roques S, Quinones C, Clément-Vidal A, Ouwerkerk P, Van Rie J, Fabre D, Jagadish SVK, Dingkuhn M. 2014. Effect of Assimilate Resources and Night Temperature on Night Respiration in Rice. Journal of Experimental Botany (in press). - Peraudeau S, Roques S, Quinones CO, Fabre D, Rie JV, Ouwerkerk PBF, Jagadish SVK, Dingkuhn M, Lafarge T. 2015. Increase in night temperature in rice enhances respiration rate without significant impact on biomass accumulation. Field Crops Research. 171: 67–78. - Quinones C et al. 2014. Water-saving techniques influence floral meristem development and sink size dynamics in rice (Manuscript in preparation). - Sabela D, Quinones C, Olejnícková J, Jagadish SVK. 2014. Temporal chlorophyll fluorescence signals to track changes in optical properties of maturing rice panicles exposed to high night temperature. Field crops Research (in press). - Shi W, Ishimaru T, Gannaban RB, Oane W, Jagadish SVK. 2014. Popular rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars show contrasting responses to heat stress at gametogenesis and anthesis. Crop Science DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2014.01.0054. - Tenorio FA, Ye C, Redoña E, Sierra S, Laza M, Argayoso MA. 2013. Screening rice genetic resources for heat tolerance. SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics. 45 (3):341-351. - Wanju Shi, Raveendran Muthurajan, Hifzur Rahman, Jagadeesh Selvam, Shaobing Peng,Yinbin Zou, Krishna S. V. Jagadish. 2012. Source–sink dynamics and proteomic reprogramming under elevated night temperature and their impact on rice yield and grain quality. New Phytologist 197:825-837. - Xia L, Lawas LMF, Malo R, Glaubitz U, Erban A, Mauleon R, Heuer S, Zuther E, Kopka J, Hincha DK*, Jagadish KSV*. 2014. Metabolic and transcriptomic signatures of rice floral organs reveal sugar starvation as a factor in reproductive failure under heat and drought stress. Plant Cell and Environment (in press). - Xia Li et al. Transcriptome and metabolome cross talk before and after pollination ensures reproductive success under heat and drought stress in rice (manuscript in preparation). - Ye C, Tenorio FA, Argayoso MA, Laza MA, Koh H, Redoña ED, Jagadish SVK, Gregorio

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GB. 2015. Identifying and confirming QTLs for heat tolerance at flowering stage in different rice populations. BMC Genetics. Submitted. - Ye C, Tenorio FA, Redoña ED, Morales–Cortezano PS, Cabrega GA, Jagadish KSV, Gregorio GB. 2015. Validating and characterizing qHTSF4.1 to increase spikelet fertility under heat stress at flowering in rice. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. Revised version submitted.

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IRRI Contract No.: 81157485 05/2013 - 04/2016 { TC “” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: Increasing productivity of direct-seeded rice areas by incorporating genes for tolerance of anaerobic conditions during germination Project Coordinator: Dr. Endang M. Septiningsih Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: Max-Planck Institute, Germany; PhilRice, Philippines; RRDI, Sri Lanka Region: Southeast Asia and Pacific Country: Philippines, Sri Lanka Consortium Research Program: GRiSP - A global Rice Science Partnership Major Research Domain: Direct-seeded rice systems, molecular characterization of anaerobic germination, quantitative trait loci (QTL), molecular breeding, improved crop establishment and weed management practices Budget: 1,193,967 € Goal (as per proposal): Enhance rice productivity, food security, environmental sustainability, and rural livelihoods in rainfed and irrigated rice systems in Asia. Purpose (as per proposal): Develop rice varieties that are tolerant of anaerobic conditions during germination and improved crop establishment and weed control practices for direct-seeded rice systems in Asia. Outputs (as per proposal): Output 1) Two varieties, IR64-Sub1 and Ciherang-Sub1, tolerant of AG stress developed by pyramiding two major QTLs, AG1 and AG2, in each variety. Output 2) Two additional varieties, PSB Rc82 from the Philippines and Bg366 from Sri Lanka, introgressed with AG1 and AG2 to enhance their performance under direct seeding. Output 3) Candidate genes for AG2 QTL validated and gene-based markers generated. Output 4) New QTLs for tolerance of flooding during germination identified using sequence-based QTL mapping, and NILs developed for future molecular breeding Output 5) Improved crop establishment and weed control practices for AG stress-tolerant lines tested at IRRI and NARES sites. Output 6)

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Two PhD students and personnel at two NARES institutes, the Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice) in the Philippines and the Rice Research and Development Institute (RRDI) in Sri Lanka, trained in advanced molecular breeding and management of direct-seeded rice. Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 02/25/2015: The analysis of mapping populations derived from tolerant donor parents has led to the identification of promising quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that will be useful for direct-seeded rice (DSR) systems. A major QTL on the long arm of chromosome 9 (AG1) has previously been confirmed and fine-mapped. The gene underlying the QTL has been validated and functionally characterized. The AG1 QTL is a promising target for marker-assisted breeding (MAB) and DNA markers closely linked to the QTL have been developed to facilitate its introgression into several Sub1 and non-Sub1 varieties. Some of these AG1 near-isogenic lines (NILs) have consistently outperformed their counterparts. Another major QTL, derived from a tolerant donor variety from China and previously detected on the short arm of chromosome 7 (AG2) is another excellent target for MAB. Based on expression data two promising candidate genes have been cloned for further study. AG2 introgression into the background of two Sub1 varieties has been completed and initial data showed that AG2 works in these backgrounds. Assuming that AG1+AG2 are additive and there are no yield penalties, QTL pyramiding is the best strategy to increase the tolerance of anaerobic germination (AG) stress and to combine AG tolerance with other traits. Physiology and crop management studies of AG tolerance in both rice and weeds have reached an advanced stage at IRRI. To sustain DSR systems improvement of crop and weed management has started. Trials showed that flooding the soil is the most effective cultural weed control practice including weedy rice. Early flooding of the field is itself capable of providing significant weed control in dry and wet DSR systems and would help to reduce the use of herbicides in the future. Publications: - Casal C, JA Tarun, JCI Ignacio, A Pamplona, DJ Mackill, AM Ismail, EM Septiningsih. Development of improved lines with tolerance of flooding at germination stage for direct-seeded rice ecosystems. 7th International Rice Genetics Symposium, Manila. 5-8 November 2013. - Miro B, Ismail AM. 2013. Tolerance of anaerobic conditions caused by flooding during germination and early growth in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Frontiers in Plant Physiology 4:269. doi:10.3389/fpls.2013.00269. - Pelayo MA, T Kretzschmar, LF Gabunada, I Tamisin, AM Ismail, DJ Mackill, EM Septiningsih. Characterization of AG1, a major QTL for tolerance of anaerobic conditions during germination for direct-seeded systems. 7th International Rice Genetics Symposium, Manila. 5-8 November 2013. - Septiningsih EM, Ignacio JCI, Sendon PMD, Sanchez DL, Ismail AM, Mackill DJ. 2013. QTL-mapping and confirmation for tolerance of anaerobic conditions during germination derived from the rice landrace Ma-Zhan Red. Theor Appl Genet. 126, 1357–1366. - Septiningsih EM, JC Ignacio, C Casal, T Kretzschmar, MA Pelayo, SZWM Thein, DJ Mackill, AM Ismail. Genetic studies and varietal improvement for tolerance of anaerobisis during germination in rice. International Society of Plant Anaerobiosis (ISPA) 11th Conference, IRRI, Philippines. 6-11 October 2013. - Septiningsih EM, T Kretzschmar, JC Ignacio, MA Pelayo, C Casal, SZM Thein, DJ Mackill, AM Ismail. Identification of QTLs and genes for varietal improvement of tolerance to flooding during germination in rice. 11th International Symposium on Rice Functional Genomics (ISRFG), New Delhi, India. 20-23 November 2013. - Septiningsih EM. Tolerance of anaerobic germination: a key trait to boost direct-seeded rice. IRRI Seminar Series. 12 December 2013. - Baltazar MD, Ignacio JCI, Thomson MJ, Ismail AM, Mendioro MS, Septiningsih EM. 2014. QTL mapping for tolerance of anaerobic germination from IR64 and the aus landrace Nanhi using SNP genotyping. Euphytica 197:251-260. - Casal C, JA Tarun, JCI Ignacio, A Pamplona, DJ Mackill, AM Ismail, EM Septiningsih.

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Development of improved lines with tolerance of flooding at germination stage for direct-seeded rice ecosystems. 7th International Rice Genetics Symposium, Manila. 5-8 November 2013. - Casal, C, JCI Ignacio, AM Ismail, EM Septiningsih. Development of direct-seeded rice with tolerance to flooding at germination and early seedling growth. Crop Science Society of the Philippines, Cebu City, Philippines, 13-15 May 2014 (Best poster award for downstream research category). - Entila, FD, ES Ella, RE Contreras, VD Malabrigo, M Apostol, LV Licardo, M Dingkuhn, K McNally, AM Ismail. Phenotypic screening for tolerance of flooding during germination using an Indica and a tropical Japonica panel. Crop Science Society of the Philippines, Cebu City, Philippines, 13-15 May 2014. - Entila, FD, S Herath, MA Pacleb, B Miro, ES Ella, AM Ismail. Genome-wide association mapping of tolerance of flooding during germination in rice. 4th International Rice Congress, 27 October–1 November 2014, Bangkok, Thailand. - Estioko LP, Miro B, Baltazar AM, Merca FE, Ismail AM, Johnson DE. 2014. Differences in responses to flooding by germinating seeds of two contrasting rice cultivars and two species of economically important grass weeds. Annals of Botany PLANTS 6 plu064 doi: 10.1093/aobpla/plu064. - Herath, S, OS Namuco, FD Entila, ES Ella, PS Cruz, A Baltazar, AM Ismail, DE Johnson. 2014. Emergence and biochemical response of contrasting rice genotypes, weedy rice and Echinochloa spp. to early flooding. Crop Science Society of the Philippines, Cebu City, Philippines, 13-15 May 2014. - Herath, S, OS Namuco, FD Entila, ES Ella, PS Cruz, A Baltazar, AM Ismail, DE Johnson. Responses of rice and weedy rice to early flooding and its implications for crop establishment and management of weedy rice. 4th International Rice Congress, 27 October–1 November - Miro B, Ismail AM. 2013. Tolerance of anaerobic conditions caused by flooding during germination and early growth in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Frontiers in Plant Physiology 4:269. doi:10.3389/fpls.2013.00269. - Namuco, OS, E Septiningsih, DE Johnson, BS Chauhan. Response of weeds and AG-stress tolerant rice to flood and sowing depths. 4th International Rice Congress, 27 October–1 November 2014, Bangkok, Thailand. - Pelayo MA, T Kretzschmar, LF Gabunada, I Tamisin, AM Ismail, DJ Mackill, EM Septiningsih. Characterization of AG1, a major QTL for tolerance of anaerobic conditions during germination for direct-seeded systems. 7th International Rice Genetics Symposium, Manila. 5-8 November 2013. - Pelayo, MA, T Kretzschmar, LF Gabunada, I Tamisin, DJ Mackill, AM Ismail, EM Septiningsih. Gene validation of AG1, a major QTL for tolerance to anaerobic germination for direct-seeded systems. 4th International Rice Congress, 27 October–1 November 2014, Bangkok, Thailand. - Septiningsih EM, Ignacio JCI, Sendon PMD, Sanchez DL, Ismail AM, Mackill DJ. 2013. QTL-mapping and confirmation for tolerance of anaerobic conditions during germination derived from the rice landrace Ma-Zhan Red. Theor Appl Genet. 126, 1357–1366. - Septiningsih EM, JC Ignacio, C Casal, T Kretzschmar, MA Pelayo, SZWM Thein, DJ Mackill, AM Ismail. Genetic studies and varietal improvement for tolerance of anaerobisis during germination in rice. International Society of Plant Anaerobiosis (ISPA) 11th Conference, IRRI, Philippines. 6-11 October 2013. - Septiningsih EM, T Kretzschmar, JC Ignacio, MA Pelayo, C Casal, SZM Thein, DJ Mackill, AM Ismail. Identification of QTLs and genes for varietal improvement of tolerance to flooding during germination in rice. 11th International Symposium on Rice Functional Genomics (ISRFG), New Delhi, India. 20-23 November 2013. - Septiningsih EM. Tolerance of anaerobic germination: a key trait to boost direct-seeded rice. IRRI Seminar Series. 12 December 2013. - Tnani, H, JC Ignacio, MA Pelayo, WK Israel, T Kretzschmar, E Septiningsih. Fine mapping and candidate gene analysis of a QTL for anaerobic conditions during germination. 4th International Rice Congress, 27 October–1 November 2014, Bangkok, Thailand. 2014, Bangkok, Thailand.

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IRRI Contract No.: 81170348 02/2014 - 01/2016 { TC “” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: Drought- and heat-stress recovery for partial mitigation of climate change-driven losses in rice yield and grain quality Project Coordinator: Dr. S.V.K. Jagadish - IRRI Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: Max-Planck-Institute - Germany Region: Europe, Southeast Asia and Pacific Country: Germany, Philippines Consortium Research Program: GRiSP - A global Rice Science Partnership Major Research Domain: climate change, drought and heat stress, metabolomics, genome, transcriptomics, rice Budget: 60,000 € Goal (as per proposal): Strengthen ongoing breeding programs on overcoming drought and heat stress induced yield and grain quality losses in rice. Purpose (as per proposal): Identify key stress-recovery genes and metabolites in the vegetative and reproductive tissues at flowering and early grain-filling stages. Outputs (as per proposal): 1. Physiological recovery from combined drought and heat stress at flowering and early grainfilling stages quantified. 2. Metabolic programming during recovery across contrasting rice cultivars established. 3. Key transcripts associated with higher recovery rates identified. 4. Novel transcripts and metabolites for further validation and use to complement ongoing breeding efforts made available. 5. One master's student from IRRI, Philippines, trained in metabolomics at MPI-MP and two masters' students from MPI-MP trained in physiology and sampling protocols at IRRI. 6. At least two international peer-reviewed papers published. Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 05/15/2015: Physiological recovery from combined drought and heat stress at flowering and early grain-filling (EGF) stages of three contrasting rice cultivars was quantified for two consecutive dry seasons. Yield was significantly affected by exposure to combined drought and heat stress at both the flowering and EGF stages. A decline in yield was recorded in all three cultivars, with a higher reduction during the flowering stage than in EGF. Combined drought and heat stress during flowering significantly increased chalkiness and decreased grain width, amylose

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content, and percentage of head rice. Similar effects were observed in samples exposed to stress during the EGF stage, with comparatively higher chalkiness. Spikelets and flag leaf samples were collected to capture the differences in metabolite profiles of contrasting rice cultivars under control, stress, and post-stress recovery. Analysis of the data set for the flowering stage revealed that leaves were more responsive to combined stress than spikelets. During post-stress recovery, some polyols and sugars showed increased pool sizes which may represent metabolites that positively contribute to recovery from stress, thus suggesting the importance of energy sources for a recovery mechanism from combined drought and heat stress at flowering. Further analysis identified six potential metabolite markers from spikelets that may confer stress tolerance to cultivar N22. Publications: - Lawas LMF. 2014. Metabolite reprogramming of rice cultivars exposed to combined heat and drought stress and post-stress recovery during flowering. Master's thesis. University of the Philippines Los Baños.

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IWMI Contract No.: 81161236 05/2013 - 04/2016 { TC “IWMI” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: African-German partnership to enhance resource use efficiency in urban and peri-urban agriculture for improved food security in West African cities (UrbanFoodPlus) Project Coordinator: Dr. Pay Drechsel, IWMI Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: University Kassel-Witzenhausen, Germany (Lead) Region: West Africa Country: Burkina Faso, Ghana Major Research Domain: Safe wastewater reuse, technology adoption, nutrient cycling, innovation economics Budget: 277,261 € Goal (as per proposal): Inter-disciplinary participatory on-farm research, health risk assessment and mitigation studies, nutrient flow analysis, perception studies, modeling. Purpose (as per proposal): - Poor definition of production bottlenecks and disconnected collection of data at different scales are notorious problems of many interdisciplinary projects in West Africa, - To quantify nutrient use efficiencies; assess the levels of produce contamination (food safety); develop and test-implement certification schemes for increased consumer-producer trust relationships (quality assurance) in UPA produce, to apply the NUANCES model, and to analyze gaseous losses, - Combination of single measures to obtain an aggregation of pathogen removal in wastewater used for irrigation, - To analyse the welfare effect of innovations in UPA along the whole value chain, - To establish a collaborative research environment (CRE) based on a Geographic Information System (GIS) for handling, visualization and analysis of all project data. Outputs (as per proposal): - Training in helminthes analysis provided to project staff; one supervised PhD student working on horizontal nutrient flows, review paper on risk perceptions and the feasibility for safe vegetable certification in Ghana and Burkina Faso; trained students and project staff in NUANCES, - Review paper of existing low-cost water treatment methods suitable for West Africa, paper on pathogen removal capacity and costs of two - so far untested - options for on-farm risk reduction, data collection support and tools. Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 11/04/2014: IWMI supported actively establishment of a project database by making results and data from ten years' work available to all project participants. Further support was provided to the development and pre-testing of methodologies for quantifying annual horizontal matter fluxes

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between urban and peri-urban areas, sampling of polluted irrigation water and produce derived from peri-urban and urban agriculture (UPA), and the analysis of risk perception and the market for certification schemes for safer food, amongst other issues. Two summer schools took place in Witzenhausen, Germany and in Tamale, Ghana. IWMI produced significant publications supporting the project, and trained students e.g. in laboratory procedures. The project staff managed successful twinning of German research and CGIAR support for mutual capacity development and for the benefit of the students and local stakeholders involved in the project. In the course of the project it became evident that more North-South communication is required to keep the national African partners in the BMBF funded 'mother' project on board who do not see benefits in supporting students affiliated elsewhere. The BMZ co-support added value to the project approach. Publications: - Keraita, B.; Drechsel, P.; Klutse, A.; Cofie, O. 2014. On-farm treatment options for wastewater, greywater and fecal sludge with special reference to West Africa. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 32p. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/35209/WLE%20-%20RRR%20SERIES%201%20-%20WEB%20-%20SMALL.pdf?sequence=1 - Drechsel, P.; Keraita, B. (Eds.). 2014. Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 247p. http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Books/PDF/irrigated_urban_vegetable_production_in_ghana.pdf - Hanna Karg, Edmund Kyei Akoto-Danso and Pay Drechsel. 2014. Mapping Urban Foodsheds – A Comparison of Tamale and Ouagadougou. Poster presented at the Deutscher Tropentag, September 17-19 at the Czech University of Life Sciences Prague. http://www.tropentag.de/2014/abstracts/links/Karg_rh6LCJlq.pdf

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University of Hanover Contract No.: 81150612 10/2012 - 03/2015 { TC “University of Hanover” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: Improving Drought Tolerance and Insect Resistance in West and Central African Cowpeas Project Coordinator: Prof. Dr. Hans-Jörg Jacobsen Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: icipe - Dr Sunday Ekesi Region: Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) Country: Germany, Kenya Consortium Research Program: (former Thematic Priority) Tolerance to selected abiotic stresses Major Research Domain: Plant biotechnology, plant molecular biology, resistance breeding Budget: 60,000 € Goal (as per proposal): To contribute to the alleviation of food insecurity, poverty and malnutrition in potentially highly food- and climate - insecure regions of Western and Central Africa. Purpose (as per proposal): To enhance the resistance to insect pests and drought tolerance in Cameroonian cowpea varieties through the introduction of an insecticidal gene, cry1Ac and drought tolerant gene, PR10a (driven by a 35S cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) constitutive promoter in a pGreenII binary vector). Outputs (as per proposal): 1. Agrobacterium mediated transformation of cowpea with increased tolerance to drought stress and insect pest. Cowpea field losses will be greatly reduced and ultimately lead to crops that consistently give high yields even on marginal land and when experiencing drought stress or pests. 2. Preservation and enhancement of Cameroonian cowpea germplasm. 3. Strengthen Cameroonian cowpea research capacity and increase international contacts. 3. Training of at least one M.Sc.-student from ICIPE and one PhD student at Leibniz University Hanover. 4. At least one publication in an international peer-reviewed journal. Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 02/02/2014: The underlying concept of the present project is to use the gene for a Bacillus thuringiensis-toxin and engineer it into cowpea using Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated gene transfer. In order to achieve the objective to develop transgenic cowpea plants expressing genes for insect resistance, different factors such as explant type and medium for inoculation, co-cultivation and regeneration were optimized. A medium that was optimal for multiple shoot

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production was used. The number of shoots per cotyledonary node (CN) explant was affected by the type of pre-conditioning media used for seed germination. CN explants obtained from pre-conditioning medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) or lower concentration of thidiazuron (TDZ) gave more number of shoots than medium containing moderate to high concentration of TDZ. Rooting of in vitro shoots was successfully obtained on media with or without indolebutyric acid (IBA). Based on transient transformation, embryo explants from dry seeds showed better transformation efficiency as compared to CN explants from 3-4 day old germinated seedling in respective of the medium used for inoculation and co-cultivation. Based on the optimized protocol, experiments are ongoing in order to develop transgenic cowpea with traits of interest such as insect resistance. Publications: none so far

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WorldFish Center (ICLARM) Contract No.: 81170271 02/2014 - 01/2017 { TC “WorldFish Center (ICLARM)” \* MERGEFORMAT }

Project Title: Aquaculture and the poor: improving fish production, consumption and nutrition linkages Project Coordinator: Michael Phillips - WorldFish Project Coordinator email: [email protected] Partner Institutes: University of Hannover - Germany; University of Hohenheim - Germany; Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies; Helen Keller International Region: South Asia, Southern Africa Country: Bangladesh, Zambia Consortium Research Program: Sustainable staple food productivity increase for global food security: Livestock and Fish Agriculture for Improved Nutrition and Health Major Research Domain: food, nutrition security, undernutrition, fish consumption, sustainable aquaculture, value chains, fish supply Budget: 1,200,000 € Goal (as per proposal): Secure supplies of, and access to, fish that meets the food and nutrition requirements of poor and vulnerable consumers, particularly women and children. Purpose (as per proposal): Generate knowledge of gendered fish consumption patterns amongst poor consumers, and to identify and communicate to key stakeholders, technology, institutional and policy innovations that support sustainable development of fish value chains. Users include public and private investors who will use business plans to increase and better target investment; fish producers who will adopt profitable, sustainable technologies to produce the types and volumes of fish that meet present and future needs of poor consumers; policy makers who will guide public policy and investments to meeting nutrient requirements of poor and vulnerable consumers. Outputs (as per proposal): 1) Assessment of consumption of fish, fish products and other animal source foods, disaggregated by gender, age and socioeconomic status. 2) Quantification of the contribution of fish and fish products to dietary nutrient supply in poor men, women and children. 3) Characterization of existing aquaculture systems and value chains with respect to the food and nutritional requirements of poor consumers. 4) Development of future fish supply and demand scenarios that reflect the nutritional requirements of poor households, women and children. 5) Identification of aquaculture production systems and value chains that better respond to

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the future food and nutritional requirements in diets of poor consumers and are environmentally sustainable. 6) Participatory tools and evidence based guidelines, policy briefs and other science-based communication products on how to improve fish production, consumption and nutrition linkages for wide application. 7) Strengthened partnerships among scientists, policy makers and the development community for improving fish production nutrition linkages to address undernutrition. Major Results Achieved: State of project implementation as of: 03/02/2015: Impacts of aquaculture on fish consumption among poor consumers in Bangladesh have been assessed and published. Computer aided personal interviewing software for recording food consumption at intra-household level was developed. A universal set of food codes which provides a key to harmonize the codes used to record food types across all major food consumption surveys in Bangladesh was developed. Conceptualizing 'Nutrition-Sensitive Aquaculture' – referring to global discourses and the importance of aquaculture, the project and its components offer the great opportunity to position aquaculture under a nutrition-oriented analytical framework for focusing on poor people, with significant potential for wider application. Publications: - Toufique, K.A., & Belton, B. 2014. Is Aquaculture Pro-Poor? Empirical evidence of impacts on fish consumption from Bangladesh. World Development. dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.06.035

international agricultural research list of bmz funded projects

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