internal problems of russia 185581: timespan 1855 (death of … · 2011. 10. 17. · russia 1855...

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1 nov 1013:41 RUSSIA 1855 1914 How effectively did the reforms of Alexander II solve the internal problems of Russia? The reforms of Alexander II Timespan 1855 (death of Nikolas I) 1881 (assassination of A II) nov 1113:41 Internal problems of Russia 185581:

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Page 1: Internal problems of Russia 185581: Timespan 1855 (death of … · 2011. 10. 17. · RUSSIA 1855 1914 ... Timespan 1855 (death of Nikolas I) 1881 (assassination of A II) nov 1113:41

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nov 10­13:41

RUSSIA 1855 ­ 1914

How effectively did the reforms of Alexander II solve the internal problems of Russia?

The reforms of Alexander II

Timespan 1855 (death of Nikolas I) ­ 1881 (assassination of A II)

nov 11­13:41

Internal problems of Russia 1855­81:

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How well were the problems solved:

nov 11­13:50

Background: The humiliating defeat in the Crimean War. The war thought Russia a lesson. West European efficiency and industrialisation  defeated the stagnated and old fashioned Russian Empire. This alarmed the Russian government and the new ruler. Russia had to be reformed in order to compete with the west.Social reform was also inevitable to prevent revolution by the peasantry.

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'Repression and reaction were the particular marks of the rule of the last Tsar, Nicholas II'. Discuss the validity of this verdict on his reign to 1914.

Define 'repression' ­Political repression, the oppression or persecution of an individual or group for political reasons'reaction' ­ reactionary (attempt to slow down development, progress)'Particular marks ­ comparison with other czars. Alexander II, Alexander III

nov 18­14:20

To what extent the system caused its own downfall.Nicholas II was in favour of preserving the Tsarist state intact as he had inherited it, he was prepared to repress any attempt to undermine the autocracy

The role of his advisersThe family tragedy with Michael (hemophelia), the Tsarina and Rasputin.Nicholas wasn't prepared to take over as a ruler when he had to.The Russo­Japanese war 1904­05The Bloody Sunday, the greatest act  of repressive stateterrorism on the own                                  

people.

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But at least after 1905 one can easily find arguments against the statement as well:The democratic reforms which Nicholas was forced to carry out after the revolution of 1905 ­ 

universal male suffrage, the elected Dumas, the returned rights of the ethnic minoroties.The reform policy of Witte and Stolypin ­ boosted the economic development.The impact of the Great War

nov 18­14:28

If Russia wouldn’t have been pulled in to the Great War would the system have survived. It wasn’t the strength and unity of the opposition which brought the downfall it was the defeats in the war and the unpopularity of the imperial house. Without a war there would probably not have been any revolution.

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How extensive and how effective in promoting change was the opposition to the Tsarist system in Russia from c. 1881 to 1914?

EXTENSIVE ­ WIDTH, how vast was the opposition (quantity)EFFECTIVE ­ accomplisment (quality)

Promoting change

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Define ‘opposition’The opposition which brought the downfall wasn’t organised, united or planned. The Russo­Japanese war 1904­05 had already clearly warned the rulers that a major conflict with defeat could shake the existing powerstructure of Russia.Opposition to the Tsar:a. Political groups

Socialists ­ divided in ­ Social Revolutionaries­ Mensjeviks­ Bolsjeviks­ Anarchists

­ Liberals

­ Cadets

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b. Non­political groups               ­The farmers               ­The industrial workers                                                      ­The Bourgeois               ­The landless peasants               ­The poor Nobility               ­The poor priests               ­The ethnic minorities

nov 18­14:48

Most groups divided and unorganised. The political parties often small and with minimal resources to premote any change in practice. The secret police controlled most of the political groups. E.g. the socialists party which was founded in London and of which most leaders were forced to imprisonment or or activity in exile.The non­political groups were only united by their opposition towards the existing order or part of the rule carried out e.g. the russification policy.

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THE EVENTS 1904­1905The Russo­Japanese war and the Bloody Sunday had an enormous impact as these proved that the Empire could tremble. The events resulted in spontaneous protests so big that they paralysed the regime. The successes of the opposition weren’t longlasting as the oppositional groups were so divided but e.g. the events in Finland were revolutionary. All oppositional elements had been given a proof of possible change but this needed a major crises in which Russia was part of. When the First World War started this was the signal many of the oppositional elements had been waiting for.

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Conclusion: Most of the oppositional groups were unsuccessful in promoting lasting change in Russia but those who aimed in replacing the old powerstructure with a new one would be successful. In the struggle againt the russification policy the successes of 1905­06 showed the non­russian elements that unity existed and change was possible.The only political groups which promoted change from within were the quite conservative cadets and ‘Octobrists’. These parties had minor successes in reforming e.g. the economic legislation of Russia (wexsternisation).