internal parasites, part ii - control
DESCRIPTION
Internal Parasites, Part II - Control. INAG 120 – Equine Health Management November 16, 2011. Deworming Protocols. Rotational Purge Deworming: Goal is to keep the load of eggs and larvae to a minimum Done every 8-12 weeks via oral paste - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Internal Parasites, Part II - Control
INAG 120 – Equine Health Management
November 16, 2011
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Deworming Protocols Rotational Purge Deworming:
Goal is to keep the load of eggs and larvae to a minimum
Done every 8-12 weeks via oral paste Kills adult and/or larval stages of
worms inside the horse before they start producing eggs
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Drawbacks of Purge Deworming If other horses in same area not
dewormed when needed, environmental reduction won’t work
Some parasite eggs can live as long as 30 years in the soil!
Immature worms mature worms = migration through intestinesand other tissues = damage!
Success depends on timing Many purge dewormers don’t kill bots
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Myths: Vets must tube-worm for it to be effective Only way to guarantee that all the
drug is given Old dewormers were irritating or bad-
tasting
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Myth: Toxicity will build over time in my horse Organophosphates (used in 60’s and
70’s) did cause problems Major concern with modern
dewormers: Ascarid impaction in foals
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Myth: Dewormers aren’t safe for use in broodmares If drug label says it’s safe for mares:
Manufacturer must TEST it for FDA approval Requires 2 years of demonstrated efficacy
The Pfizer Babies of CSU Praziquantel study
in France Quest?
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Myth: Diatomaceous Earth is just as effective as chemical dewormers Herbs and other compounds are not
required to be tested (not FDA-certified)
No scientific evidence supports use as dewormer
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Myth: Rotational deworming will prevent development of resistance Rotational deworming started about
40 years ago Reason was NOT resistance Earlier dewormers were not broad-
spectrum
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Purge Deworming Drugs How they work Classes & Brand Names
Benzimidazoles (Panacur Pack) Tetrahydropyrimidines (Pyrantel Pamoate) Heterocyclic compounds (Piperazine) Macrocyclic lactones (Ivermectin/Moxidectin) Isoquinoline-Pyrozines (Praziquantel)
Safety and efficacy
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Dewormer Products All must be approved by FDA
Rigorous testing required Must be proven safe and effective Must remove at least 90% of target
parasites Most are broad-spectrum Don’t require refrigeration but can be
damaged by excessive heat
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How do they work? Nematocides
Death by starvation Death by paralysis
Worms can’t store energy Must eat continuously Most parasites will die within 24 hours if
eating process is interrupted Paralysis blocks ability to stay in gut
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Benzimidazoles Interfere with metabolism on a cellular level
Bind to a particular structure, thereby blocking energy metabolism
Because of mechanism of action, can also kill eggs
Available in granules, paste and suspension More effective when given several days in a
row
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Panacur Powerpac 5 Days of Panacur
(Fenbendazole) at 2x dosage Kills everything Good for new horses coming into
your herd as treatment Good for all horses moving to new
area where there were no horses in the past
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Pancur Powerpac
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Panacur Powerpac
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BenzimidazolesGeneric Name Brand Name Safety Level
Fenbendazole Panacur, Safeguard 100X
Oxfendazole Benzelmin 10X
Oxibendazole Anthelcide EQ 60X
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Benzimidazoles Effective control of following
parasites: Strongyloides (except benzelmin) Ascarids Large strongyles Pinworms NOT Bots NOT Small Strongyles
Exception is Panacur PowerPak
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Tetrahydropyrimidines Say that 5 times fast… Mimic activity of acetylcholine (a
neurotransmitter that causes muscle contraction)
With tetrahydropyrimidines, contraction is permanent rigid paralysis of parasite Fastest activity of any deworming product Only affect adult parasites (not larval stages) Parasites bounce back quickly
Paste, suspension, and pelleted forms
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TetrahydropyrimidinesGeneric Name Brand Name Safety Level
Pyrantel Pamoate Exodus, Rotectin-P, Equi-Cide, PSI’s suspension, Liqui-Care P, Strongid Paste
20X
Pyrantel tartrate Strongid C (2X), Continuex (2X)
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Tetrahydropyrimidines Effective against the following parasites:
Ascarids Large Strongyles Small Strongyles Pinworms NOT effective for Bots NOT effective for Strongyloides Effective for tapeworms when given at twice the
normal dosage
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Heterocyclic Compounds Only one used in horses (Piperazine) Depolarizes muscle membranes –
resistant to acetylcholine Worms become paralyzed Limited to adult parasites Available only in powder and liquid
(stomach tube), pelleted Brand name: Piperazine (1X safety
factor!)
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Macrocyclic Lactones Act on parasite’s nerve and muscle
cells Normal transmission of stimuli
disturbed Flaccid paralysis inability to feed or
swallow nutrients Most potent killers! But, slow to act Ability to kill external parasites
Lice, mites, ticks
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Macrocyclic LactonesGeneric Name Brand Name Safety Level
Ivermectin Zimecterin, Rotation 1, Ivercare, Equell
60X
Moxidectin Quest, Quest Plus, ComboCare
3X - 5X*
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Macrocyclic Lactones Effective against the following
parasites: Strongyloides Ascarids** Large Strongyles Small Strongyles (adult only – ivermectin;
all stages - moxidectin) Bots Pinworms
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Isoquinoline-Pyrazines New kid on the block NO ACTIVITY AGAINST NEMATODES! Effective only against tapeworms Disrupts worm’s outer layer worm
can’t maintain fluid balance Generic name: Praziquantel Brand names: Equimax, Quest Plus,
ComboCare Gel, and Zimectrin Gold
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Purge Deworming Sample Adult Horse Program (Maryland): February: Deworm with Ivermectin +
Praziquantel to kill bots and Tapeworms April: Deworm with Moxidectin to kill
encysted strongyles August: Deworm with Ivermectin or
Ivermectin + Praziquantel to kill bots and tapeworms
October: Deworm with Oxibendazole December: Deworm with Ivermectin to
kill bots
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Problems with rotational deworming as we know it Reasons for deworming often not
known Drug chosen may not be effective
against parasite present in horse Don’t discriminate between horses in
different parts of the country (i.e. Florida vs. New York)
Horses vary widely in susceptibility to parasites
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How should we deworm, then? Target parasites
Tapeworm – once a year, during spring or autumn (more often for known problems)
Bots – must enter host prior to winter, deworm late autumn/early winter
Large strongyles Most horse owners have unknowingly
eradicated large strongyles already Treat all horses at intervals of 6 months for 18
months Small strongyles present greatest problem today
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Targeting small strongyles Objective of control
Ä NOT to “kill worms” Prevent contamination of environment
with eggs Kill female worms before they reproduce
Environmental factors All horses pass strongyle eggs at a
predictable time post-treatment Infectivity of eggs is dependent upon
environmental factors
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Targeting small strongyles… Environmental factors…
Northern states: Hatching and development during spring,
summer and autumn Autumnwinter favorable for persistence!
Southern states: Hatching and development during autumn
and spring Summer: development and survival poor;
winter ok
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Targeting small strongyles… Host factors
Individual horses differ! Routine deworming may be unnecessary for
some horses in a herd Categorize horses Perform quantitative fecal examinations
Anthelmintic Issues FECRT (Fecal Egg count Reduction Testing) Know expected egg reappearance periods for
the different compounds
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Determining Strongyle Contaminative Potential Requires fecal egg counts! If horses haven’t been dewormed recently:
20-30% = high egg counts 30-50% = low egg counts
Less than 150 eggs per gram = Low Contaminators
Greater than 500 EPG = High Contaminators
Examine fecal samples 4 weeks after expiration of egg reappearance period
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Expected Egg Reappearance PeriodsAnthelmintic Expected Egg
Reappearance Period
Strongyle contaminative
PeriodBenzimadazoles 4 weeks 8 weeks
Pyrantels 4 weeks 8 weeks
Ivermectin 8 weeks 12 weeks
Moxidectin 12 weeks 16 weeks
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Sample Schedule for Deworming October – Moxidectin and Praziquantel for ALL horses November, December, January, February –
NOTHING (too cold) March – FEC, identify contaminators
Ivermectin to all horses April – NOTHING May – FECRT
Strongid to moderate and high contaminators from March Recheck fecal in 10-14 days
June – Strongid to high contaminators July, August – NOTHING (too hot) September – Strongid to moderate and high
contaminators
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Slow Rotation A recommendation by some
parasitologists Rotate annually:
Moxidectin – year one Strongid – year two Ivermectin – year three Panacur – year four
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Deworming Protocols Daily Dewormer:
Prevents damage done by immature worms migrating through internal organs
Few worms will survive to maturity few to no worm eggs in manure decreased likelihood of reinfestation of environment
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Drawbacks of Daily Deworming Active ingredient does not kill bots
You will have to give an ivermectin twice per year!
Light infestation may lead to natural immunity, dailies may prevent that
Not “natural” care even though no studies have shown any toxic effects Accumulation over time?
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Daily Dewormer Schedule Spring Thaw: Ivermectin or Moxidectin to
kill bots Spring – early summer: daily dewormer June 1: if tapeworms are a problem,
double-dose of pyrantel pamoate or praziquantel
June 2 – killing frost: daily dewormer Killing frost day: Ivermectin or moxidectin to
kill bots Day after – spring thaw: Daily dewormer
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Anthelmintic Resistance Drug resistance = ability of worms in
a population to survive a treatment that once was effective against the same population Same drug Same dose Same parasite
VERY common
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Resistance High mutation rate among some
worms1. Small number of resistant worms
present2. Deworm – kills off non-resistant
worms3. Resistant worms survive and
reproduce, population grows
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Does resistance exist in horse populations? Small strongyles = most problematic
internal parasites in horses Wide range of symptoms
Rough hair coat Poor growth Suboptimal performance Life-threatening chronic diarrhea, colic, and
severe weight loss Most effective control = deworming
medications Some small strongyles are resistant to
dewormers!
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Does resistance exist in horse populations? Resistance to Panacur on 90% of the farms tested 20% of farms - resistance to Strongid No evidence of resistance to Ivermectin on any farm
Few farms were tested Ivermectin resistance may exist elsewhere Ivermectin-resistant parasites have been found in
sheep and goats Continue using ivermectin, moxidectin, and even
pyrantel – check for resistance in your herd No benefit to rotating dewormers with each treatment Slow rotation recommended: one class per year
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Management to control Parasites Pasture Management!
Remove feces from congregation areas
Drag pastures regularly to break up manure
Do not overstock pasture!
Rotational grazing Biological vacuum cleaners Compost manure before spreading