internal combustion engine i.c engines | website for students | vtu notes | question papers 1
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INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
I.C Engines
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Introduction • An internal combustion engine is a heat engine which converts the heat energy to mechanical work.
Heat energy
Mechanical work
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Classification • According to type of fuel used.
• Petrol engine.• Diesel engine.• Gas engine.• Bi-fuel engine.
• According to number of strokes per cycle.• 4 – stroke engines.• 2 – stroke engines.
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Classification• According to method of ignition.
• Spark ignition. • Compression ignition.
• According to the cycle of combustion.• Otto cycle.• Diesel cycle. • Duel combustion.
• According to the number of cylinders.• Single cylinder.• Multi cylinder.
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Classification
• According to the arrangement of cylinders• Vertical engine.• Horizontal.• Inline engine.• Radial engine.• V- engine.
• According to method of cooling• Air cooled engine.• Water cooled engine.
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PARTS OF I.C ENGINECylinderPistonPiston ringsConnecting rodCrank and crankshaftValvesFlywheelcrankcase
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1. Cylinder › Part of the engine where fuel is burnt and power is developed.
› Inside diameter is called as
bore.› Sleeve is fitted
tightly in the cylinder to
prevent wearing of
block.
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2. Piston› Close fitting hollow – cylinder plunger moving to and fro in the
cylinder.› Function –
power developed by the
combustion of fuel is
transmitted by piston to the crank-shaft through the
connecting rod.
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3. Piston ringsMetallic rings inserted into
groves provided at top end of the
piston.Function – it
maintains a gas-tight joint between the piston and the
cylinder.
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4. Connecting rod›Link that
connects the piston and
crankshaft by means of pin
joint.›Function – it converts the rectilinear
motion of the piston into rotary
motion of crankshaft.
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5. Crank and crankshaft
Crank is a lever that is connects crankshaft and
piston rod.
6. ValvesThese are devices which control the flow of intake
and exhaust gases.
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7. Fly wheelMounted on
crankshaft to maintain uniform
rotation of crankshaft.
8. CrankcaseEnclosure for
crankshaft and sump for
lubricating oil.
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Cam
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FOUR STROKE PETROL ENGINEFour stroke petrol engine consists of
CylinderCover
Mechanically operated valves
Spark plugConnecting rod and crank
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Four stroke petrol engine• Suction stroke• Compression stroke• Power stroke• Exhaust stroke
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Inlet is open exhaust is closed.Piston moves from TDC to BDC.Crankshaft revolves half the rotation.Cranking Petrol air mixture drawn into cylinder due to pressure difference.
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Both inlet and exhaust are closed.Piston moves from BDC to TDC.Crankshaft revolves half the rotation.Cranking Petrol air mixture is compressed to a ratio of 1:11.This mixture is ignited by spark plug.
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•Piston moves from TDC to BDC.•Crankshaft revolves half the rotation.• burnt gases generate energy and force the piston to move down.
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exhaust is open and inlet is closed.Piston moves from BDC to TDC.crankshaft revolves half the rotation.energy for this stroke is supplied by flywheel.Burnt gases are expelled out through outlet port.
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Four stroke petrol engine
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FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
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Inlet is open exhaust is closed.
Piston moves from TDC to BDC and crankshaft revolves half the revolution.
Cranking during first cycle.
Due to the pressure difference air enters the cylinder through air filter.
Suction stroke
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Inlet and exhaust are closed.
Piston moves from BDC to TDC.
Cranking required in first cycle.
Air will be compressed to a ratio of 1:20.
Diesel oil is sprayed into cylinder by injector and auto-ignition takes place.
Compression stroke
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• Piston moves from TDC to BDC.
• Inlet and exhaust valves are closed.
• burnt gases generate energy and force the piston to move down till injection of fuel is complete.
Power stroke
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exhaust is open and inlet is closed.
Piston moves from BDC to TDC.
crankshaft revolves half the rotation.
energy for this stroke is supplied by flywheel.
Burnt gases are expelled out through outlet port.
Exhaust stroke
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Two stroke petrol engine• Performs two strokes to complete one working cycle.
• Works on theoretical Otto cycle.
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Parts
• Cylinder with one end fitted with cover and other end with a sealed crankcase.
• Ports are provided one below other on circumference of the cylinder.
• Lower one is the admission port or inlet port and upper port is the exhaust port.
• Transfer port diametrically opposite.
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• Transfer port • Function – transfer of
petrol air mixture from crankcase to cylinder.
• Spark plug, connecting rod, crank.
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First stroke or upward stroke
• Piston moves from BDC to TDC.
• Air fuel mixture is drawn in through inlet.
• Supply of petrol air mixture is cut off in upward motion of piston.
• Further piston will compress the petrol air mixture in cylinder.
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• At the end of the stroke spark plug ignites and combustion takes place.
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second stroke or downward stroke
• Piston moves from TDC to BDC.
• Piston performs the power stroke.
• Transfer port opens letting the fresh charge into cylinder.
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• Due to this the burnt gases are expelled out of the cylinder. This process is called as scavenging.
• Crankshaft rotates by half the revolution.
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