interlinking between montreal protocol and energy...

Interlinking Between Montreal Protocol

and Energy Efficiency

Walid Chakroun, PhD

Fellow ASHRAE, ME Dept. Kuwait University

3rd HVAC Contracting Conference “ Evolution of HVAC Industry””

Qatar November 25-26, 2018

Outline

• Montreal’s Protocol

• Kigali’s Amendment

• HFCs Phase-down

• Emissions and GWP classification

• Energy Efficiency

• MEPS

• Phase down strategies

Montreal Protocol on Substances that

Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987)

• Adopted on 16 September 1987 in Montreal.

• The Montreal Protocol is the international treaty to protect the

stratospheric ozone layer.

• The Protocol was designed so that the phase out schedules could

be revised on the basis of periodic scientific and technological

assessments.

• It has so far succeeded in phasing out 98% of the chemicals

responsible for causing damage .

Phase-out Schedule of ODS as per Montreal

ProtocolFreeze 20% 50% 75% 85% 100%

Article 5 countries

CFCs 1999 2005 2007 2010

Halons 2002 2005 2010

HCFCs 2013 2015-10% 2020-35% 2025-67.5% 2030-97.5%

MeBr 2002 2005 2040

Non-Article 5 countries

CFCs 1990 1994 1996

Halons 1992 1994

HCFCs 1996 2004-35% 2010 2015-90% 2020-99.5%

MeBr 1995 1999* 2001 2003 2005

* 25 %

Kigali’s Amendment

• HFCs may not be ODS, however they are greenhouse gases (GHG)

with high global warming potentials (GWPs)

• Kigali’s Amendment to Montreal Protocol was introduced to phase

down the use of HFCs

• Phase down for high GWP HFC will be enforced, with emphasis on

increasing the energy efficiency in HVAC&R systems

Implementation of HFC Phasedown

• Kigali’s Amendment will enter into force on the 1st of January

2019

• Developing countries will freeze HFC consumption in 2024

• Developed countries will start HFC phase down in 2019

• Additional 4 year delay for developing countries with high

ambient temperature conditions.

• Import and export licensing systems for HFCs must be in place

by 1 January 2019

• Trade ban for parties that have not endorsed the Kigali’s

Amendment from 1 January 2033.

Article 5 (A5) countries are the developing countries

Main Group

Group 2

1. G.C.C. Countries2. India3. Iran4. Iraq5. Pakistan

Remaining of the developing world countries

Non Article 5 (NA5) countries are developed countries

Group 1 Group 2

1. Belarus2. Russian3. Kazakhstan4. Tajikistan5. Uzbekistan

Remaining of the developed world countries

Phasing Down TimetableNA-5 Main Group NA-5 (Group 2) A-5 (Group 1) A-5 (Group 2)

Baseline 2011-2013 2011-2013 2020-2022 2024-2026

Baseline Calculations

Average HFC consumption/productionin baseline years+ 15% of HCFC consumption/production




Reduction Steps

Early Start Later Start 2024 (Freeze) 2028 (Freeze)

Step 1 2019—10% 2020—5% 2029—10% 2032—10%

Step 2 2024—40% 2025—35% 2035—30% 2037—20%

Step 3 2029—70% 2029—70% 2040—50% 2042—30%

Step 4 2034—80% 2034—80% 2045—80% 2047—85%

Step 5 2036—85% 2036—85%

HFC Phase Down Comparison

A5 Countries NA5- Countries

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2024 2029 2034 2039 2044

% o

f B

ase

line

Years

A5: Group 1

A5: Group 2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

% f

rom

Bas

elin

e

Years

NA5- Main Group

NA5 (Group 2)

AlternativeRefrigerants

Compatibility

Environment

Refrigerant Properties

Environmental Impact of Refrigerant

Leakages

𝐺𝑊𝑃 =ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡

ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑂2

HFC 23 (148000)

R-404A (3922) R507A (3985)

R-410A (2088) HCFC- 22 (1810)

HFC-134a (1430)

HFC-32 (675) R-447A (583)

R-4548 (446)

R-454A (239) R-455A (148)

R-430A (94)

R-717 (0) R-744 (1) R-290 (3) HFO-1234yf (5)

GWP Classifications

Ultra-High> 10000

Very High 3000 -10000

High 1000-3000

Medium 300-1000

Low 100-300

Very Low

30-100

Ultra-low <30

Indirect Emissions: CO2 emissions due to the energy consumption in AC

Direct Emissions: Refrigerant gas emissions due to leakages/maintenance within the vapor compression cycle

Direct and Indirect Emissions

Kigali Amendment and Related

Development in Energy Efficiency

• The Kigali amendment to the Montreal Protocol to phase down the production and consumption of HFCs provides opportunity to realize energy efficiency gains when replacing HFC/HCFC-based equipment

• A group of philanthropist organizations have pledged US$53 million in grants [the Kigali Cooling Efficiency Fund] to support energy efficiency alongside the phase-down of HFCs

• To complement these funds, the World Bank Group announced it will make available US$1 billion in funding for energy efficiency in urban areas by 2020.

Why Energy Efficiency is Vital

• In 2015, RAC consumed about 17% of the overall electricity

worldwide [TEAP 2017]

• Over 80% of the global warming impact of RACHP systems is

associated with the indirect emissions. [TEAP 2017]

• The space cooling global CO2 emissions from 1990 has tripled in

2016.[OECD/IEA 2018]

• In the coming decades, technological innovation can be expected to

improve performance to approximately 70-80% of the theoretical

limit. [TEAP 2017]

15

Why Energy Efficiency is Vital

• Paris Agreement aims to limit the increase of global temperature to

below 2°C this century

• Human-induced warming reached approximately 1°C (±0.2°C) in

2017, increasing at 0.2°C (±0.1°C) per decade. [IPCC 2018]

• Limiting global warming to 1.5°C needs large societal and

technological changes [IPCC 2018]

• Reducing CO2 emissions is a key parameter in reducing the

temperature increase by 2100 [IPCC 2018]

16

MEPS

• To set an upper limit for the allowed energy consumption of a building,

minimum energy performance standards.

• MEPS should be made compulsory by law

• MEPS should then be tightened step by step every three to five years

• Energy efficiency requirements can either be integrated in existing

building codes or established as stand-alone standards.

• Ensuring compliance with the requirements is a major issue require

policy planning and design.

MEPS-Qatar

• Kahramma Energy and Water Conservation Code (2016)

consists of:

1. Air Conditioning

2. Lighting

3. Building Envelope

4. Water

5. Energy Management Systems for Bulk Customers

Interlinkage between the HPMP and Energy Efficiency in the RAC and Domestic Refrigeration Sectors

18

Kahramma: Package Air Conditioning


19

Equipment TypeMinimum

EER (Btu/hr)

Rating Outdoor

Condition

Test Standard

Single Package Air Conditioners < 19.05 kW (5.41 Tons)

9.0 35°C (95°F) DB ARI 210/240

Single Package Air Conditioners 19.05 and <39.56 kW (5.41 and

<11.25 Tons)8.9 35°C (95°F) DB ARI 340/360

Single Package Air Conditioners 39.56 kW (11.25 Tons)

8.6 35°C (95°F) DB ARI 390

Kahramma: Chillers


20

Equipment TypeMinimum

COPMinimum IPLV Test Standard

Air Cooled Chiller All Capacities 2.8 3.05 ARI 550/590

Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller < 530 kW ( 150 Tons ) 5 5.25 ARI 550/590

Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller ≥530 and < 1050 kW( ≥150 and < 300 Tons )

5.55 5.9 ARI 550/590

Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller ≥1050 kW ( 300 Tons ) 6.1 6.4 ARI 550/590

Reciprocating Compressor Water Cooled Chiller All Capacities 4.2 5.05 ARI 550/590

Rotary Screw And Scroll Compressor Water CooledChiller < 530 kW ( 150 Tons )

4.45 5.2 ARI 550/590

Rotary Screw And Scroll Compressor Water Cooled Chiller ≥530 kW and < 1050 kW ( ≥150 and < 300 Tons )

4.9 5.6 ARI 550/590

Rotary Screw And Scroll Compressor Water Cooled Chiller≥1050 kW ( 300 Tons )

5.5 6.15 ARI 550/590

MEPS-Kuwait

• MEW-2016 Code of Practice for Government and Commercial

Buildings consists of:

1. Indoor and Outdoor Conditions

2. Lighting and Equipment Power Density

3. Building Envelope

4. A/C Type Power Ratings


21

MEPS-A/C Systems in Kuwait (2016)

• Testing Conditions:

1. All DX A/C units shall be tested at maximum indoor air flow and on-coil DBT 26.6 ℃ (80 ℉) & WBT 19.4 ℃ (67 ℉).

2. The power rating for all should be tested when the ambient temperature is 48℃ or (118.4℉)

System TypeCapacity

(RT)PR(Chiller)

kW/TonPR(Total) kW/Ton

EER (Total)

DX units All N/A 1.50 8.01

Variable refrigerant flow (VRF), DX with inverter compressor

All N/A1.40 @48°C 1.10 @35°C

8.58 @48°C 10.9 @35°C

Air-cooled chilled water system All 1.60 2.00 6.01

Water-cooled chilled water system, water cooled DX system

<250 0.90 1.45 8.28

250 – 500 0.75 1.30 9.24

>500 0.70 1.25 9.61

MEPS-Dubai

• Dubai Green Building Regulations and Specifications consists of:

1. Building Envelopes

2. Ventilation and Air Quality

3. Thermal Comfort

4. HVAC Systems Energy Requirements

5. Lighting Power Density

6. Water Conservation and Efficiency


23

Green Buildings Dubai: Air Conditioning


24

Minimum Efficiency Requirements for Unitary Air Conditioners and Condensing Units

Equipment Type Size Category Heating Section TypeSubcategory or Rating

ConditionMinimum

Efficiency (T1)Minimum

Efficiency (T3)Test Procedure

Air Conditioners,air cooled

<65,000Btu/h

AllSplit System 9.5 EER 6.6 EER

T1-ARI 210/240, T3-ISO5151

Single Package 9.5 EER 6.6 EER

Through-the-wall,air cooled

<=30,000Bth/h

All Single Package 8.0 EER 5.7 EER

Small-duct high-velocity air cooled

<65,000Bth/h

All Split System 9.2 EER 6.4 EER

Air Conditioners,air cooled

>=65,000 Btu/hand

<135,000 Btu/h

Electricresistance(or none)

Split System andSingle Package

9.5 EER 6.6 EER

T1-ARI 340/360, T3-ISO5151

All OtherSplit System andSingle Package

9.5 EER 6.6 EER

>=135,000 Btu/hand

<240,000 Btu/h



9.5 EER 6.6 EER


9.5 EER 6.6 EER

>=240,000 Btu/hand

<760,000 Btu/h



9.5 EER 6.6 EER


9.5 EER 6.6 EER

>=760,000



9.0 EER 6.3 EER

MEPS: Saudi Arabia

• SASO provides standards in Saudi Arabia regarding HVAC:

1. MEPS for low capacity units (window and split) SASO 2663

2. Building Envelope Standards SASO 2856

3. Refrigerators and Freezers SASO 2892

4. Water Heaters SASO 2884

• SASO also provides standards in various engineering fields not

only HVAC.


25

SASO 2663/2017: Air Conditioning

Air conditionerappliance type

Rated Cooling Capacity (CC) categories at test condition (T1) in

Btu/h (or W)

EER Values (Btu/h)W

T1 T3

Single package of Window type – category A

CC ≤ 24,000 (7,050W) 9.80 7.00

Single package of Window type – category B

24,000 (7,050W) < CC≤ 65,000 (19,050 W)

9.00 6.20

Split type ducted andnon-ducted using aircooled

condensers, heat pumps using air cooled condensers

CC ≤ 65,000 (19,050 W) 11.80 8.30


26

Set Safety Standards on Refrigerants

• The newer refrigerants with lower GWPs are flammable, and can

impose danger to indoor occupants

• Safety Standards need to be created for storage, transport and

installation of the flammable refrigerants

• Governments are urged to be more engaged through national

standardization agencies

• There should be regular consultations between these agencies

and ozone officers

Refrigerant Safety Classification ASHRAE 34 &

ISO 817

A1 A1 A2LA3

B2LA1

Stakeholders in Energy

Efficiency

Energy EfficiencyLevel Playing Field

Governments

Industry

Consumers

Barriers for Successful Implementation

• Unavailability of new fluids and technologies

• High costs of new fluids and technologies

• Lack of technician training

• Restrictive safety codes and standards

How do you overcome the barriers• Domestic refrigerators are now using low GWP hydrocarbon refrigerants

• Small split ACs are using HFC-32 (GWP 675) instead of R-410 (GWP 2088)

• Car air-conditioning using HFO-1234yf

• UN Environment OzonAction introduced Training Guides and guide books

on refrigerant handling and training of technicians

• Companies that supply equipment using low GWP alternatives usually have

good training materials available that is targeted at their specific designs of

equipment

• ASHRAE, AHRI, and US DOE, have partnered to do research in order to

develop safety standards for flammable refrigerants

Thank You

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