interleukins (il) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes
DESCRIPTION
Cytokines : low-molecular-weight proteins secreted by WBC or other cell types in response to a number of stimuli. Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cytokines: low-molecular-weight proteins secreted by WBC or other cell types in response to a number of stimuli.
Interleukins (IL): cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes.
Chemokines: cytokines that stimulate the migration and activation of cells, especially phagocytes and lymphocytes. They have a central role in inflammatory responses.
![Page 2: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Most cytokines exhibit autocrine and/or paracrine action
![Page 4: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Properties of Cytokines:
• Pleiotrophy
• Redundancy
• Synergy
• Antagonism
• Cascade induction
![Page 5: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
REDUNDANCY
![Page 7: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
ELISA assay of cytokines
![Page 9: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Cytokines Belong to 4 Structural Families:
• Hematopoietin family
• Interferon family
• Chemokine family
• Tumor necrosis factor family
![Page 11: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The two majorcytokine producers;TH cell and macrophage
![Page 14: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Cytokine Receptors Belongs to 5 Families:
• Immunoglobulin superfamily receptors
• Hematopoietin receptor family
• Interferon receptor family
• TNF receptor family
• Chemokine receptor family
![Page 16: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Subfamilies in Class I Cytokine Receptors
![Page 22: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
CNTF: ciliary Neurotrophic factor
LIF/OSM: leukemia-Inhibitory factor/oncostatin
![Page 23: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Antagonistic Effects between Cykotines
![Page 27: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Cytokine Antagonists
IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra): binds to the IL-1 receptor but has no activity.
Soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R): a segment of the subunit that can bind to IL-2 and prevent its interaction with membrane-bound IL-2 receptor.
Viral mimics of cytokines and cytokine receptors
![Page 31: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Suppress TH1 response
![Page 32: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
TH1 and TH2 cells can be identified in vitro by the cytokines they secrete:
• TH1 cells promote cell-mediated immunity (e.g.,
activation of TC cells and delayed-type hypersensitivity) and the production of opsonization IgG antibodies. They are also associated with inflammation.
• TH2 cells stimulate eosinophil activation and
differentiation and promote humoral response (secretion of IgM and IgE antibodies). They are related to allergic reactions.
![Page 33: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Cytokine-mediated generation and cross regulation of TH subsets
![Page 36: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Cross-regulation between IFN- and IL-4
![Page 37: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
The TH1/TH2 Balance Determines Disease Outcomes
Leprosy: a disease caused by an intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium leprae.
Tuberculoid leprosy: a cell-mediated immune response forms granulomas, resulting in the destruction of most of the mycobacteria.
Lepromatous leprosy: humoral response dominates, sometimes resulting in hypergammaglobulinemia. High numbers of the bacteria in macrophages. The infection will progress and spread into the bone and cartilage with extensive nerve damage.
![Page 38: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Cytokine-related Diseases
• Bacterial septic shock: endotoxin in cell wall of gram-negative bacteria stimulate macrophages to over produce IL-1 and TNF-.
• Bacterial toxic shock: caused by superantigens that bind simultaneously to MHC class II and TCR V domain. 5-25% of total T cells may respond to a single superantigen and result in excessive production of cytokines.
![Page 40: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Strategies help to prolong the survival of heart transplants
![Page 41: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Interleukins (IL) : cytokines that are secrected by leukocytes and act upon other leukocytes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56814ea4550346895dbc4e8b/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Cytokines in hematopoiesis