Intercultural Communication

Syifa’ Khuriyatuz Zahro 147835

035

It means that CULTURE is passed on via COMMUNICATION &

COMMUNICATION reflects one′s CULTURE.

“Culture is communicationand communication is culture” (Hall:1976)

Culture & CommunicationCulture &

Communicationare Interrelated(Martin&Nakayama: 2010)

Culture affects Communication• Everything that can be said in one

language cannot be said in another• Meanings are not directly

translatable.• Cultural aspects influence

communication (Dadfar,H:2001)– Level of Formality– Level of directness and explicitness– Level of showing emotion– Level of context

➡ In America, people shake hands and even hug each other.

➡ But in India we just join hands to say NAMASKAR.

How If An American talks to An Indian?

OutlineDefinition of Intercultural CommunicationBenefits of Studying ICC

Obstacles in Intercultural CommunicationContextualization in ICC

Ideology in Intercultural CommunicationTeaching Implementation

Definition• “Intercultural Communication is the

communication among those people who have so different cultural references that they perceive themselves as pertaining to different cultures.” (Alsina:1999:12)

• The Essences of Intercultural Communication are Understanding, Making understood, Persuading and Influencing (UMPI).

(Dadfar,H:2001)

• Intercultural communication – the effective communication between people from different cultural background.

WHILE• Intracultural communication –

communication between members of the same culture

WHEREAS• Cross-cultural Communication -

implies a comparison of and contrast between particular aspects of communication between cultures

(Dadfar,H:2001)

improving verbal and nonverbal communication;

becoming better in recognizing and undertaking communication behavior in various contexts;

better adaptation to a new environment;better understanding of one’s own culture

learning about customs and habitual behaviors of members of other cultures.

Benefits of studying ICC (F.E. Jandt)

Obstacles in Intercultural Communication – (Novinger, Tracy:2001)

Verbal Processes

• Accent • Cadence

(Rhythm)• Connotation • Idiom • Polite Usage

Nonverbal Processes

• Kinesics (Body Motion Communication)• Emblems (Gesture)• Eye Contact• Facial Expression• Touch• Posture

• Directness

Contextualization in ICC • Context typically is created by the

physical or social aspects of the situation in which communication occurs. Ex: in a classroom, in office. Etc

• Context may consist of the social, political & historical structures in which the communication occurs. (Martin & Nakayama: 2010)

• Hall (1976:79) defines two levels of context – High = Contextual meaning– Low = Explicit/ Clear meaning

A Collage

Can I borrow your Yule?

Yeah, it is over there.

Yule ≠ A writer nameYule = A book writen by Yule(things the writer produced)

Low & High Context Communication Framework - Tim-Toomey (1999)

Low

• Individualistic values

• Self-face concern• Linear logic• Direct verbal style• Predominant

meanings are in verbal messages

• Sender-oriented interaction

• Low scanning• Analytical

High

•Group-oriented values•Mutual face concern•Spiral logic•Indirect verbal style•Predominant meanings

are in context•Listener- oriented

interaction•High scanning•Holistic

Ideology in ICC • Ideology refers to a set of intellectual beliefs of

thinking individuals that are substantiated and constrained by the shared beliefs of the society at large.

• Ideological elements often complicate ICC in all context.

• Conflict resulting from ideological differences could easily escalate to emotional and pychological level (Ramanathan: 2005: 45-65)

• (John J. Gumpers) Examples => Minority Populations in certain Country– Traditional American/Indian (Ancestral Lg) X

White American– Aborigines X Australian

• www.immi.se/intercultural/nr18/haibin.htm

Conclusion• Intercultural Communication is the

communication among people with different cultural references.

• Diversity is a challenge as well as an opportunity which can have positive as well as negative influence.

• Acknowledging, understanding, accepting, valuing and celebrating the differences among people are to create equal employment opportunities.

Reference• Alsina, Miquel Rodrigo. 1999. Comunicatión intercultural,

Anthropos Editorial, Barcelona• Corbett, John (Ed.). 2003. An Intercultural Approach to English

Language Teaching. Australia: Multilingual Matters Ltd.• Dadfar, Hossein. 2001. Intercultural Communication: Theory and

Practice.• Hall, E.T. 1976. Beyond Culture. Garden City, NewYork: Anchor

Press/Doubleday• Jandt, Fred Edmuntd. 1995. Intercultural Communication. Sage

Thousand Oaks• Martin, Judith N., & Nakayama, Thomas K. (Eds.). 2010.

Intercultural Communication in Contexts (Fifth ed.). NewYork: The McGraw-Hill.

• Novinger, Tracy (Ed.). 2001. Intercultural Communication: A Practical Guide (First ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press.

• Ramanathan, V. 2005. Ambiguities About English: Ideologies and critical practice in vernacular-medium college classrooms in Gujarat, India. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 4, pp. 45-65

Thank You