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Human Interactions Interactions with the nvironment with the nvironment Part II Part II Jessica McParlane Jessica McParlane FW 485 FW 485 1 April 2009 1 April 2009 http://www.ehponline.org/members/2007/115-3/sphereshead http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/pictures/environmen

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Page 1: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

Human Interactions with Interactions with the nvironment Part IIthe nvironment Part II

Jessica McParlaneJessica McParlane

FW 485FW 485

1 April 20091 April 2009 http://www.ehponline.org/members/2007/115-3/sphereshead.jpg

http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/pictures/environment.gif

Page 2: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

OutlineOutline

Understand water pollution and Understand water pollution and methods of controlling themmethods of controlling them

TypesTypes SourcesSources EffectsEffects Methods and technologies used to Methods and technologies used to

control land and water pollutioncontrol land and water pollution Preventing and Reducing, ControllingPreventing and Reducing, Controlling

http://www.asgreenas.com/images/environment.gif

Page 3: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

Outline Continued…Outline Continued…

Identify U.S. federal laws, regulations, and policies to Identify U.S. federal laws, regulations, and policies to environmental protection and managementenvironmental protection and management EPAEPA

Clean Water ActClean Water Act National Pollution Discharge Elimination SystemNational Pollution Discharge Elimination System Total Maximum Daily Load Total Maximum Daily Load

USDAUSDA Nonpoint Source Program Nonpoint Source Program

Coastal Zone Management Act Reauthorization Amendments Coastal Zone Management Act Reauthorization Amendments Safe Drinking Water Act Safe Drinking Water Act

Identify Michigan laws, regulations, and policies to Identify Michigan laws, regulations, and policies to environmental protection and managementenvironmental protection and management DEQDEQ

http://www.wolfpackpress.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/environment.jpg

Page 4: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

Outline Continued…Outline Continued…

Identify government agencies responsible for the protection Identify government agencies responsible for the protection and management of the environment and wildlifeand management of the environment and wildlife Endangered Species Act Endangered Species Act U.S. Fish & Wildlife ServiceU.S. Fish & Wildlife Service DEQDEQ

Understand the Principles of Sustainable societiesUnderstand the Principles of Sustainable societies What a more sustainable city looks like/includesWhat a more sustainable city looks like/includes Different items take different lengths of time to degrade in Different items take different lengths of time to degrade in

water water

Article 19: How Much is Clean Water Worth Article 19: How Much is Clean Water Worth

Questions?Questions?

http://verdavivo.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/environment.jpg

Page 5: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

Understand water pollution and Understand water pollution and methods of controlling themmethods of controlling them

Page 6: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

TypesTypes

Surface RunoffSurface Runoff OceansOceans LakesLakes RiversRivers

Urban RunoffUrban Runoff StreetsStreets YardsYards DrivewaysDriveways

Storm Water Storm Water Runoff Runoff

GroundwaterGroundwater AquifersAquifers

Drinking waterDrinking water MicrobiologicalMicrobiological

CholeraCholera BacteriaBacteria VirusesViruses ProtozoaProtozoa

Page 7: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

Types Continued…Types Continued… Oxygen DepletionOxygen Depletion

More biodegradable More biodegradable matter= increase in matter= increase in microorganisms= using microorganisms= using more oxygenmore oxygen

Microorganisms Microorganisms produce ammonia produce ammonia and sulfidesand sulfides

NutrientsNutrients Excess weed and algae Excess weed and algae

growthgrowth WastewaterWastewater FertilizersFertilizers

Cultural Cultural EutrophicationEutrophication

Suspended MatterSuspended Matter Particulate matter-Particulate matter-

thick silt layerthick silt layer Biodegradable-Biodegradable-

increasing the increasing the number of anaerobic number of anaerobic microorganisms microorganisms

Toxic chemicalsToxic chemicals ChemicalChemical

Metals and SolventsMetals and Solvents PesticidesPesticides Petroleum-oil spillsPetroleum-oil spills

Page 8: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

http://visual.merriam-webster.com/images/earth/environment/water-pollution.jpg

Page 9: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

SourcesSources

Point PollutionPoint Pollution Single sourceSingle source Easy to identify, monitor and regulateEasy to identify, monitor and regulate

Non-Point PollutionNon-Point Pollution Many sourcesMany sources Hard to identify, control and expensive Hard to identify, control and expensive

to identify and controlto identify and control www.madmermaids.com/water_pollution_karma.html

Page 10: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/water/water-pollution/figures-and-maps/sources-of-pollution/image_preview

Sources of Pollution with Sources of Pollution with NitrogenNitrogen

Page 11: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

http://www.nutrition4health.org/NOHAnews/Images/GroundWaterPollute.jpghttp://tbn2.google.com/images?q=tbn:dXcWwV5HIkEesM:http://www.nutrition4health.org/NOHAnews/Images/WaterPollutionSources.jpg

Page 12: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

SourcesSources

Eutrophication Eutrophication (cultural)-too much (cultural)-too much nutrients= algal nutrients= algal bloomsblooms

Sewage and Sewage and WastewaterWastewater

INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL WASTEWASTE

Oil pollutionOil pollution Atmospheric Atmospheric

deposition-deposition-(pollution of water (pollution of water caused by air caused by air pollution)pollution)

Marine DumpingMarine Dumping Radioactive WasteRadioactive Waste Underground Underground

Storage LeakagesStorage Leakages Global warmingGlobal warming Fertilizers/Fertilizers/

pesticidespesticides AGRICULTURALAGRICULTURAL

Thermal pollutionThermal pollution

envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/files/new...

Here are some examples. What type of pollution are they? Here are some examples. What type of pollution are they? Are they point or non-point pollution?Are they point or non-point pollution?

Page 13: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

EffectsEffects ““Pollutants are harmful to both humans and animalsPollutants are harmful to both humans and animals May not effect us instantly, though if exposed to them over a May not effect us instantly, though if exposed to them over a

long period of time they will cause major harm to our healthlong period of time they will cause major harm to our health Heavy metals from industrial processes can accumulate in Heavy metals from industrial processes can accumulate in

nearby lakes and rivers. These are toxic to marine life such as nearby lakes and rivers. These are toxic to marine life such as fish and shellfish, and subsequently to the humans who eat fish and shellfish, and subsequently to the humans who eat them. Heavy metals can slow development; result in birth them. Heavy metals can slow development; result in birth defects and some are carcinogenic. defects and some are carcinogenic.

Industrial waste often contains many toxic compounds that Industrial waste often contains many toxic compounds that damage the health of aquatic animals and those who eat them. damage the health of aquatic animals and those who eat them. Some of the toxins in industrial waste may only have a mild Some of the toxins in industrial waste may only have a mild effect whereas other can be fatal. They can cause immune effect whereas other can be fatal. They can cause immune suppression, reproductive failure or acute poisoning.suppression, reproductive failure or acute poisoning.

Microbial pollutants from sewage often result in infectious Microbial pollutants from sewage often result in infectious diseases that infect aquatic life and terrestrial life through diseases that infect aquatic life and terrestrial life through drinking water. Microbial water pollution is a major problem in drinking water. Microbial water pollution is a major problem in the developing world, with diseases such as cholera and the developing world, with diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever being the primary cause of infant mortality.”typhoid fever being the primary cause of infant mortality.”

http://www.water-pollution.org.uk/oxygendepleting.htmlhttp://www.water-pollution.org.uk/oxygendepleting.html

Page 14: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

Effects continued…Effects continued… ““Organic matter and nutrients causes an increase in Organic matter and nutrients causes an increase in

aerobic algae and depletes oxygen from the water aerobic algae and depletes oxygen from the water column. This causes the suffocation of fish and column. This causes the suffocation of fish and other aquatic organisms.other aquatic organisms.

Sulfate particles from acid rain can cause harm the Sulfate particles from acid rain can cause harm the health of marine life in the rivers and lakes it health of marine life in the rivers and lakes it contaminates, and can result in mortality. contaminates, and can result in mortality.

Suspended particles in freshwater reduces the Suspended particles in freshwater reduces the quality of drinking water for humans and the aquatic quality of drinking water for humans and the aquatic environment for marine life. Suspended particles environment for marine life. Suspended particles can often reduce the amount of sunlight penetrating can often reduce the amount of sunlight penetrating the water, disrupting the growth of photosynthetic the water, disrupting the growth of photosynthetic plants and micro-organisms. Poor drinking water”plants and micro-organisms. Poor drinking water”

Organisms that have toxins bioaccumulated in themOrganisms that have toxins bioaccumulated in them Unbalanced river and lake ecosystemsUnbalanced river and lake ecosystems Acid rainAcid rain

http://www.water-pollution.org.uk/oxygendepleting.htmlhttp://www.water-pollution.org.uk/oxygendepleting.html

Page 15: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

Methods and technologies Methods and technologies used to control land and water used to control land and water

pollutionpollution Industrial Treatment: there are three there are three

stages which raw sewage goes through stages which raw sewage goes through in a water treatment plant. in a water treatment plant. 1. Primary stage where solids and inorganic 1. Primary stage where solids and inorganic

materials are removed through filters. materials are removed through filters. 2. Secondary stage where organic material is 2. Secondary stage where organic material is

reduced through biological filters.reduced through biological filters. 3. Tertiary stage where chemicals are added 3. Tertiary stage where chemicals are added

which help to get rid of other impurities.which help to get rid of other impurities.

Page 16: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

http://sustainabilityfund.gc.ca/68D63344-1908-4975-85C8-5CEA750EA8AD/fig3-e.gif

Page 17: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

Methods and technologies Methods and technologies used to control land and water used to control land and water

pollution continued…pollution continued…

Septic TanksSeptic Tanks For sewage from individual buildings,For sewage from individual buildings, Solid particles sink to the bottom and soap and Solid particles sink to the bottom and soap and

lighter particles rise to the top.lighter particles rise to the top. Biological processes filter the wastewaterBiological processes filter the wastewater The liquid then flows out and the solids break The liquid then flows out and the solids break

down furtherdown further

Page 18: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

Methods and technologies Methods and technologies used to control land and water used to control land and water

pollution continued…pollution continued… Denitrification is an ecological approach that can be used to Denitrification is an ecological approach that can be used to

prevent the leaching of nitrates in soil, this in turn stops any prevent the leaching of nitrates in soil, this in turn stops any ground water from being contaminated with nutrients.ground water from being contaminated with nutrients. Fertilizers contain nitrogen, and are often applied to Fertilizers contain nitrogen, and are often applied to

crops by farmers to help plant growth and increase the crops by farmers to help plant growth and increase the yield. yield.

Bacteria in the soil convert the nitrogen in the fertilizer Bacteria in the soil convert the nitrogen in the fertilizer to nitrates, making it easier for the plants to absorb.to nitrates, making it easier for the plants to absorb.

Immobilization is a process where the nitrates become Immobilization is a process where the nitrates become part of the soil organic matter.part of the soil organic matter.

When oxygen levels are low, another form of bacteria When oxygen levels are low, another form of bacteria then turns the nitrates into gases such as nitrogen, then turns the nitrates into gases such as nitrogen, nitrous oxide and nitrogen dioxide.nitrous oxide and nitrogen dioxide.

The conversion of these nitrates into gas is called The conversion of these nitrates into gas is called denitrification. This prevents nitrates from leaching into denitrification. This prevents nitrates from leaching into the soil and contaminating groundwater.the soil and contaminating groundwater.

Page 19: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

Preventing and Reducing, Preventing and Reducing, ControllingControlling

Turn off running water when not using it, such as brushing Turn off running water when not using it, such as brushing your teethyour teeth

Do not put paints, oils, pharmaceuticals or other potentially Do not put paints, oils, pharmaceuticals or other potentially harmful things down drainsharmful things down drains

Use environmentally friendly detergents, and other Use environmentally friendly detergents, and other cleaning agents and toiletriescleaning agents and toiletries

Do not overuse fertilizers and pesticidesDo not overuse fertilizers and pesticides Plant more flowers, trees, etc… in your gardenPlant more flowers, trees, etc… in your garden Dispose of your trash and litter responsiblyDispose of your trash and litter responsibly

RecycleRecycle Try to avoid heavily packages itemsTry to avoid heavily packages items Walk or bike instead of driveWalk or bike instead of drive

http://www.water-pollution.org.uk/oxygendepleting.html

Page 20: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

Identify U.S. federal laws, Identify U.S. federal laws, regulations, and policies to regulations, and policies to

environmental protection and environmental protection and managementmanagement

Page 21: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

Environmental Protection Environmental Protection AgencyAgency

Clean Water Act, 1972Clean Water Act, 1972 Regulates both pollution discharges and quality Regulates both pollution discharges and quality

standards for surface watersstandards for surface waters The basis of CWA was the 1948 Federal Water Pollution The basis of CWA was the 1948 Federal Water Pollution

Control Act Control Act Wastewater standards for industries and water quality Wastewater standards for industries and water quality

standards for all contaminants in surface waters standards for all contaminants in surface waters National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)

permit program controls dischargespermit program controls discharges Industrial, municipal, animal feeding operations and Industrial, municipal, animal feeding operations and

other facilities must obtain permits if their discharges other facilities must obtain permits if their discharges go directly to surface waters go directly to surface waters

The Total Maximum Daily Load provisions of the Clean The Total Maximum Daily Load provisions of the Clean Water Act help protect the quality of the surface-water Water Act help protect the quality of the surface-water resources. resources.

http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/cwa.html

Page 22: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

““The Nonpoint Source Program (Section 319) The Nonpoint Source Program (Section 319) requires States to develop nonpoint-source requires States to develop nonpoint-source management programs. Nonpoint-source control management programs. Nonpoint-source control plans can include State regulatory measures, but plans can include State regulatory measures, but usually emphasize voluntary actions like those usually emphasize voluntary actions like those used in USDA conservation programs. used in USDA conservation programs. Implementation grants to States and tribes ($200 Implementation grants to States and tribes ($200 million in FY2008) fund projects like installation of million in FY2008) fund projects like installation of best management practices (BMPs) for animal best management practices (BMPs) for animal waste; design and implementation of BMP waste; design and implementation of BMP systems for stream, lake, and estuary watersheds; systems for stream, lake, and estuary watersheds; and basinwide landowner education programs.”and basinwide landowner education programs.”

http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/AgAndEnvironment/federallaws.htm

Page 23: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

Coastal Zone Management Act Coastal Zone Management Act Reauthorization Amendments Reauthorization Amendments

In 1990, they added nonpoint-source In 1990, they added nonpoint-source water pollution requirements to the water pollution requirements to the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972. Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972.

Required each state to come up with a Required each state to come up with a plan to restore coasts and to further plan to restore coasts and to further protect the coasts from future pollution.protect the coasts from future pollution.

34 coastal states have developed non-34 coastal states have developed non-point source pollution control plans.point source pollution control plans.

Page 24: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

Safe Drinking Water ActSafe Drinking Water Actof 1974of 1974

Requires EPA to set standards for drinking Requires EPA to set standards for drinking water and water treatment standardswater and water treatment standards

States are to identify potential threats of States are to identify potential threats of water contamination and work on water contamination and work on prevention practicesprevention practices

One out of every five people lack access to One out of every five people lack access to safe drinking water- safe drinking water- Living in the Environment, Miller, 14th edition

http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/AgAndEnvironment/federallaws.htm

Page 25: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

Identify Michigan laws, Identify Michigan laws, regulations, and policies to regulations, and policies to

environmental protection and environmental protection and managementmanagement

Page 26: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

Similar to EPASimilar to EPA ““Department of Environmental Quality Water Department of Environmental Quality Water

Programs establish water quality standards, Programs establish water quality standards, assess water quality, provide regulatory assess water quality, provide regulatory oversight for all public water supplies, issue oversight for all public water supplies, issue permits to regulate the discharge of industrial permits to regulate the discharge of industrial and municipal wastewaters, monitor State and municipal wastewaters, monitor State Water resources for water quality, the quantity Water resources for water quality, the quantity and quality of aquatic habitat, the health of and quality of aquatic habitat, the health of aquatic communities, and compliance with aquatic communities, and compliance with state laws.”state laws.”

http://www.michigan.gov/deq/0,1607,7-135-3313---,00.html

Page 27: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

Identify government agencies Identify government agencies responsible for the protection responsible for the protection

and management of the and management of the environment and wildlifeenvironment and wildlife

Page 28: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

Endangered Species Act of Endangered Species Act of 19731973

Preserves the habitats where listed Preserves the habitats where listed endangered and threatened species endangered and threatened species livelive

Regulates any modification or Regulates any modification or preservation of endangered species preservation of endangered species habitatshabitats

Page 29: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

U.S. Fish & Wildlife ServiceU.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

““Our mission is working with others Our mission is working with others to conserve, protect, and enhance to conserve, protect, and enhance fish, wildlife, and plants and their fish, wildlife, and plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people.”the American people.”

http://www.fws.gov/policy/npi99_01.html

Page 30: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

Understand the Principles of Understand the Principles of Sustainable societiesSustainable societies

http://www.tetrapak.com/us/environment/PublishingImages/1.0_Environment.jpg

Page 31: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

What a more sustainable city What a more sustainable city looks like/includeslooks like/includes

A more environmentally sustainable city, called an A more environmentally sustainable city, called an ecocity or a green city, emphasizes:ecocity or a green city, emphasizes: Preventing pollution and reducing wastePreventing pollution and reducing waste Using energy and matter resources efficientlyUsing energy and matter resources efficiently Recycling and reusing at least 60% of all municipal solid Recycling and reusing at least 60% of all municipal solid

wastewaste Using solar and other locally available renewable energy Using solar and other locally available renewable energy

resourcesresources Protecting and encouraging biodiversity by preserving Protecting and encouraging biodiversity by preserving

surrounding land and protecting and reserving natural surrounding land and protecting and reserving natural systems and wetlands within urban areassystems and wetlands within urban areas

Promoting urban gardens and farm marketsPromoting urban gardens and farm markets Promoting green design of buildings, including green roofsPromoting green design of buildings, including green roofs Using solar-powered living machines and wetlands to treat Using solar-powered living machines and wetlands to treat

sewage sewage Living in the Environment, Miller, 14th edition

http://www.ke.undp.org/environment.JPG

http://www.abis.com.au/files/u2/environment.jpg

Page 32: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

Different items take different Different items take different lengths of time to degrade in lengths of time to degrade in

water:water: Cardboard – Takes 2 weeks to Cardboard – Takes 2 weeks to

degrade.degrade. Newspaper – Takes 6 weeks to Newspaper – Takes 6 weeks to

degrade.degrade. Photodegradable packaging – Photodegradable packaging –

Takes 6 weeks to degrade.Takes 6 weeks to degrade. Foam – Takes 50 years to Foam – Takes 50 years to

degrade.degrade. Styrofoam – Takes 80 years to Styrofoam – Takes 80 years to

degrade.degrade. Aluminum – Takes 200 years Aluminum – Takes 200 years

to degrade.to degrade. Plastic packaging – Takes 400 Plastic packaging – Takes 400

years to degrade.years to degrade. Glass – It takes so long to Glass – It takes so long to

degrade that we don’t know degrade that we don’t know the exact time.the exact time.

http://www.water-pollution.org.uk/http://www.water-pollution.org.uk/oxygendepleting.htmloxygendepleting.html

http://www.cartoonstock.com/lowres/vsh0796l.jpg

Page 33: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

Article 19: Article 19: How Much is How Much is

Clean Clean Water Worth?Water Worth?

From when this article was written to now, From when this article was written to now, how much do you think peoples viewpoints how much do you think peoples viewpoints have changed in regards to ecosystem have changed in regards to ecosystem services, if at all? services, if at all?

““Although ecosystem services have been Although ecosystem services have been with us for millennia the scale of human with us for millennia the scale of human activity is now sufficiently great that we can activity is now sufficiently great that we can no longer take their continuation for granted no longer take their continuation for granted (Heal, How Much is Clean Water Worth?).”(Heal, How Much is Clean Water Worth?).”

http://funnytogo.com/pictures/pollution/water/fish.gif

Page 34: Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009

Any Questions?Any Questions?

http://fc44.deviantart.com/fs18/f/2007/217/0/7/Save_The_Environment___test_by_Luis_Felipe.jpg