Interaction

Human-Computer Interaction

Interaction Model

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Interaction

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Interaction

The Interaction

Normans Model of interaction and HCI design

Interaction

The Interaction

• interaction models– translations between user and system

• Influenced by:– ergonomics

• physical characteristics of interaction

– interaction styles• the nature of user/system dialog

– Context– social, organizational, motivational– User characteristics

Interaction

The Interaction

communication

user system

but is that all … ?

– see “language and action” – Users language is different from computing

language

Interaction

Interaction Model

Some terms of Interaction

domain – the area of work under studye.g. graphic design

goal – what you want to achievee.g. create a solid red triangle

task – how you go about doing it– ultimately in terms of operations or actions

e.g. … select fill tool, click over triangle

Note …– traditional interaction …– use of terms differs a lot especially task/goal !!!

Interaction

Donald Norman Model of Interaction

• Norman’s model of interaction (1988)- most influential in HCI. Provides a framework for examining interaction. Norman’s model concentrates on user’s view of the interface

– Has two principal players

– interaction cycle has two major phases - Execution and Evaluation

• Has Seven stages– user establishes the goal– formulates intention– specifies actions at interface– executes action– perceives system state– interprets system state– evaluates system state with respect to goal

Interaction

Execution and Evaluation cycle1.Establish the goal

2. Forming the intention

3.Specifying the action sequence

4.Executing the action

5.Perceiving the system state

6.Interpreting the system state

7.Evaluating the system state w.r.t. goals and intentions

Interaction

Interaction framework

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I

UStask

input

output

core

Interaction

Interaction framework

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USUser’s Task language

input

output

core

Interaction

Interaction framework

O

I

UStask

input

output

System’scoreLanguage

Interaction

Interaction framework

O

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UStask

input

output

coreInterfaceInterface

Interaction

Core

Execution phase of cycle

O

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USTask

Input

output

Core(4)

PerformancePerformance

Task (1,2)

ArticulationArticulation

InterfaceInterface

Input (3))

Interaction

Core

Evaluation phase of cycle

O

I

USTask

Input

output

Core(4)

observation observation (5,6,7)(5,6,7)

InterfaceInterface

Output (4))

presentationpresentation

Interaction

Interaction Framework

• Interaction is achieved through both the– Dialogue design – Interface styles

• Execution and evaluation depends on – The input language (dialogue) – The user’s ease in manipulating the interface

through the input device. – Clear mapping from dialogue to task

Interaction

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Interaction

Using Normans modelSome systems are harder to use than others

Gulf of Executionuser’s formulation of actions

≠ actions allowed by the system

Gulf of execution is the difference between the user formulation of actions to reach the goal and the actions allowed by system

Gulf of Evaluationuser’s expectation of changed system state

≠ actual presentation of this state

Gulf of explanation (or evaluation) is the distance between the the physical representation of the system state and the expectation of the user

Interaction

• The interface in direct manipulation bridges the gaps in both the “gulf of execution” and “gulf of explanation”.

• The role of the interaction designer is to reduce the gulfs