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INTENSIVE TOEFL PREPARATION COURSE Learning EnglishEverytime & Everywhere TOEFL PREDICTION TEST Bandung 2016

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Page 1: INTENSIVE TOEFL PREPARATION COURSE - … · INTENSIVE TOEFL PREPARATION COURSE Learning EnglishEverytime & Everywhere TOEFL PREDICTION TEST Bandung 2016

INTENSIVE TOEFL

PREPARATION COURSE

Learning EnglishEverytime & Everywhere

TOEFL PREDICTION TEST

Bandung 2016

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TOEFL Score Booster 2016©

Compiled By Englishforall.id Team

TOEFL Skills Handbook

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LISTENING Question 1 A The gym doesn't open until tomorrow. B He's too busy to go to the gym. C There's a special project going on at the gym. D The gym is full of kids. Question 2 A Introduce the man to Jane soon. B Let the man have the book after Jane. C Ask Jane what she thought of the book. D Finish writing to Jane as soon as possible. Question 3 A He knows about a larger apartment she can rent. B He's helping his neighbor move. C It's difficult to get an apartment in his building. D The woman should stay in her present building. Question 4 A Check their flight schedule in the morning. B Change their vacation plans. C Leave early for the airport. D Listen to the morning weather forecast. Question 5 A Ask to see the man's driver's license. B Sell the man a new leather wallet. C Take a picture of the man. D Show the man a wallet. Question 6 A Go to the exhibit tonight. B Stay at home and rest. C Find out what time the exhibit opens. D Help the man arrange his trip. Question 7 A Offer to buy the car. B Find out how much the car costs. C Try to sell his car before buying another one. D Write a check for the new car. Question 8 A He likes the woman's idea. B He can meet the woman in the afternoon.

C He will discuss the idea tomorrow. D The next issue of the paper is already planned. Question 9 A He'll have to pay a fine. B He's taking good care of the book. C He returned the book to the library. D He's worried about the book. Question 10 A Take her to another exhibit. B See the exhibit when it goes to another city. C Go to the museum before it opens. D Apply for a job at the museum. Question 11 A The bakery closed down a while ago. B The bakery's business has doubled in a year. C She hasn't done much baking recently. D The bakery was busy last week. Question 12 A She wants the man to pay the cleaning charge. B She has done the same thing to someone else. C She doesn't want another glass of orange juice. D She isn't upset about in the incident. Question 13 A He only wears blue jeans to exercise. B He hasn't bought new pants in a while. C He's gained weight lately. D He used to be an athlete. Question 14 A Looking out the window. B Choosing a new desk. C Building a bookcase. D Rearranging furniture. Question 15 A He hadn't heard about it. B He's not enthusiastic about it. C He's curious to know how it works. D He hopes it has more than 500 channels.

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Question 16 A He didn't get the clothes. B The store closed while he was cleaning the car. C He'll clean up when he has more time. D The clothes aren't ready. Question 17 A He has an ear infection. B He doesn't always listen. C He's never missed a meeting. D He had to attend another meeting. Question 18 A She hasn't seen John. B She doesn't like John's new glasses. C John looks different. D John has been away for quite a while. Question 19 A Wait awhile to see if she feels better. B Go to bed early. C Take some medicine. D See a doctor. Question 20 A He's eager to go to the auto show. B He doesn't know a polite way to refuse the offer. C He'd like to repay the woman's kindness. D He's sorry he can't accompany the woman. Question 21 A Use less soap. B Rinse off the soap more thoroughly. C Use a moisturizing cream. D Switch brands of soap. Question 22 A She didn't buy any bread. B The bread might not have been eaten. C She ate the man's bread. D The bread is in the refrigerator. Question 23 A She never gives people jewelry. B She gives generous presents. C She doesn't often give gifts. D She likes to receive expensive gifts. Question 24 A He missed the audition. B He's been taking voice lessons.

C The director likes his voice. D He won't be in the chorus. Question 25 A He disagrees with the woman. B He likes this king of weather. C The weather doesn't interest him. D The weather is generally cooler and drier. Question 26 A Only some players spend a lot of time on it. B It takes up a large amount of time. C No one can be excused from it. D Practice begins in a few minutes. Question 27 A He doesn't have time to go to the movie. B He's taking the class as a diversion. C He wants to change his major. D His chemistry class was canceled. Question 28 A Read the article while she waits in line. B Have her copies made outside the library. C Use a different machine to make her copies. D Look for a different magazine article. Question 29 A Help the woman with her resume. B Fix the errors in the resume. C Send the resume right away. D Change his process of reviewing resumes. Question 30 A He's been putting off his work. B He's been working harder than usual. C He should return the papers to the woman. D He should take several days off. Question 31 A The dances of a Native American dance troupe. B How Native American ceremonial dances are classified. C Variations of a basic dance among Native American tribes. D How Native American artists are trained. Question 32 A To broadcast an awards ceremony.

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B To announce a meeting of the tribal elders. C To celebrate the opening of a new theater. D To inform people about a performance. Question 33 A The elders must give approval to perform sacred dances. B The elders make sure the dances are performed properly. C The troupe is financed by the elders. D The elders have substantial acting experience. Question 34 A The apartment is too far from the campus. B The apartment needs a lot of repair work. C She’s having trouble with the owner of the apartment. D Her roommate won’t share expenses. Question 35 A The women didn’t pay their rent on time. B She can’t find anyone to repair the dishwasher. C She had to buy a new dishwasher. D Paula had some repairs done without her permission. Question 36 A Find another apartment. B Talk to Mr. Connors. C Ask Sam to repair the dishwasher. D Buy a new dishwasher for the owner. Question 37 A He has some knowledge of the law. B He had the same problem. C He knows the owner. D He can bring a lawsuit against the owner. Question 38 A Content of speech is more important than tone of voice. B Voice quality has a strong effect on listeners. C Effective speakers must use visual aids. D Amplifying devices are essential in large rooms. Question 39 A Speak very loudly.

B Ask questions frequently. C Vary tone, volume, and speed of speech. D Limit the speech to fifteen minutes. Question 40 A Always use a microphone. B Avoid large rooms. C Never vary the volume. D Not to shout. Question 41 A By pausing. B By raising pitch. C By lowering register. D By pointing to a chart. Question 42 A To practice speaking slowly. B To record a voice from the television. C To play a speech by the professor. D To evaluate their own voices. Question 43 A Overland transportation in the nineteenth century. B Historical aspects of mail delivery. C Vehicles currently in use by the postal service. D The invention of the railroad. Question 44 A Boats used on rivers were extremely crowded. B The current was too swift for boats to cross easily. C Bridges were too weak to carry the weight of a stagecoach. D Ferry service was infrequent. Question 45 A The era during which the railroad was the dominant mode of transportation. B The time during which mail was delivered by horse. C The point at which airmail began to constitute the bulk of United States mail. D The time period covered in the museum exhibit. Question 46 A Models of the first airplanes used for mail delivery. B Replicas of railway mail cars. C Historical stamps.

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D Engravings of nineteenth-century railroad scenes. Question 47 A They spend most of their time looking through telescopes. B They are constantly analyzing data. C They often live near observatories. D They devote a lot of time to theoretical problems. Question 48 A The cost of equipment needed is reduced. B Fewer data need to be analyzed. C The images can be studied by different astronomers.

D The natural colors of astronomical objects can be captured. Question 49 A To decrease the time it takes to photograph objects. B To avoid using a telescope. C To sharpen the color of what they observe. D To obtain images of distant objects. Question 50 A To spend less time at their telescopes. B To overcome the problem of weak light. C To take more photographs. D To photograph astronomical objects without using a telescope.

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STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION 1. Indianas Lost River______underground for

a distance of 22 miles.

A travels

B travelling

C to tavel

D it tavels

2. The 1980 explosion of ____ the first

volcanic eruption in the continental

United States in over 60 years.

A Mount St. Helens

B was Mount St. Helens

C it was Mount St. Helens

D Mount St. Helens was

3. Static electricity _____ one cloud to

another or between clouds and the

ground creates lightning. A flows from

B the flow from

C flowing from

D is flowing from

4. The model T car, introduced in 1908, _____ $850.

A the price was

B a price of

C to be priced at

D was priced at

5. _____ reacts with a chlorine atom, an

electon is transferred from the outer

shell of the sodium atom to the outer

shell of the chlorine atom.

A A sodium atom

B When a sodium atom

C For a sodium atom

D It is a sodium atom

6. In 1858, the site _____ was to become the

city of Denver was settled as a way

station for outfitting gold prospectors.

A it

B of it

C what

D of what

7. The light from an electrical lamp includes

many different wavelengts, _____ in a laser

is concentrated on only one wavelength.

A all the energy

B it is all the energy

C while all the energy

D while all the energy is

8. In the Antarctic Ocean ____ plankton and

crustacean forms of life.

A an abudance of

B is an abudance of

C it is abudant

D an abudance is

9. Flintlock muskets ____ sharp bayonets

were standard weapons during the

American Revolution.

A tip with

B tipped with

C the tips of

D were tipped with

10. Benjamin Franklin believed that the

turkey rather than the eagle _____ of the

United States.

A should become the symbol

B the symbol becomes

C should symbolize becoming

D becoming the symbol

11. _____ to occur in the Earth's crust, push-

pull and shake waves would be generated

simultaneously. A Were a break

B If a break

C A break was

D If broken

12. Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas produce

carbon dioxide when _____

A Were a break

B If a break

C A break was

D If broken

13. Not until Nellie Tayloe Ross was elected

governor of Wyoming in 1924 _____ as

governor of a U.S state.

A a woman served

B a woman serving

C to serve a woman

D did a moman serve

14. The temperatures _____ take place vary

widely foe different materials.

A which melting and freezing

B at which melting and freezing

C which they melt and freeze

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D at which they melt and freeze

15. In general, the cells of large animals and

plants are only slightly larger than _____

plants and animals.

A smaller

B are smaller

C those smaller

D are those of smaller

16. The music on a compact disk (CD)

is record by lasers

A The music

B a

C record

D by

17. Alaska has more acrive slaciers as the

rest ofthe inhabited world combined.

A as

B the rest

C inhabited

D combined

18. Aristotle believed that everithing in the

universe were composed of four basic elements: earth, water, air,

and fire.

A believed

B were

C basic

D fire

19. In the cold climate of the far

north, mosquito

eggs may remains dormant from

autumn untul late june. A the

B mosquito eggs

C remains

D dormant

20. Passangers have ridden the first

Ferris wheel at the Columbian

Exposition in Chicago in 1893. A Passangers

B have ridden

C wheel

D in

21. One type of Australian frog lays up to

25 eggs at a time and then

swallows they for protection. A lays

B at a time

C they

D protection

22. The Cro-Magnons entered the

area that is today Europe

and quickly eliminated or

absorbed theirs Neaderthal predecess

ors. A that is

B quickly

C theirs

D predecessors

23. The Spanish introduced not only

horses and also cattle to the North

American continent. A introduced

B and

C cattle

D continent

24. The best-known members of the

cabbage

vegetable group includes head cabbag

e, cauliflower, broccoli, kale, collard,

and brussels sprouts. A best-known

B group

C includes

D head

25. White blood cells are the largest of

red blood cells and are more varied in

size and in shape. A are

B the largest

C more varied

D in size

26. An hiccup is a spasmodic contrction

of the diaphragm, which leads to a

massive intake of air. A An

B spasmodic

C which

D intake

27. To make a lithograph, an artist used a

flat stone of a kind that will soak

up oil and water. A To make

B used

C a kind

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D soak up

28. Alike a bae magnet, the Earth has two

magnetic poles.

A Alike

B magnet

C magnetic

D poles.

29. Not until Harvard Collage

was founded in

1630 was there any collages in

America. A until

B founded

C was

D any

30. Antelopes are gregarious animals that

travel in herds, ranging

in amount from

a few to several thousand. A gregarious

B amount

C few

D several

31. A supersonic aieplane can fly faster

than a speed od sound. A supersonic

B fly

C faster than

D a

32. In 1821, Emma Willard opened

officially the doors of the first school

in the united States to offer collage-

level courses for woman. A In

B opened officially

C to offer

D for

33. The

first gummed postage stamps issued in

New York City in 1842.

A gummed

B stamps

C issued

D in

34. Typical long bone such as the

femur consists of a long shaft

with swellings at each end.

A Typical

B such as

C consists of

D swellings

35. The common octopus lives lone in a

den just big enough for its body. A lone

B just

C big enough

D its

36. The vaccum

tube did an important contribution to

the early growth of radio and

television. A The

B did

C important

D growth

37. St. Agustine, FLorida, founded in

1565 by Pedro Menedez,

was razing 21 years later by Francis

Drae. A founded

B by

C razing

D later

38. A bimetallic thermometer relies the

different rates of expansion of two

types of metal, usually brass and

copper. A bimetallic

B relies

C rates

D usually

39. An ice crystal in the nuclei on which a

hailstone is built. A crystal

B nuclei

C on which

D built

40. Tremendous flooding during the

summer of 1993 left 8 milion acres of

nine midwestern states inundated

and proved both expensivelyand

deadly. A flooding B left

C expensively D deadly

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READING Line

(5)

(10)

(15)

(20)

(25)

Question 1- 7 Hotels were among the earliest facilities that bound the United States together. They

were both creatures and creators of communities, as well symptoms of the frenetic quest for community. Even in the first part of the nineteenth century, Americans were already forming the habit of gathering from all corners of the nation for both public and private, business and pleasure, purposes. Conventions were the new occasions, and hotels were distinctively American facilities making conventions possible. The first national convention of a major party to choose a candidate for President (that of the National Republican party, which met on December 12, 1831, and nominated Henry Clay for President) was held in Baltimore, at a hotel that was then reputed to be the best in the country. The presence in Baltimore of Barnum's City Hotel, a six-story building with two hundred apartments, helps explain why many other early national political conventions were held there.

In the longer run, American hotels made other national conventions not only possible but pleasant and convivial. The growing custom of regularly assembling from afar the representatives of all kinds of groups – not only for political conventions, but also for commercial, professional, learned, and avocations ones – in turn supported the multiplying hotels. By the mid-twentieth century, conventions accounted for over a third of the yearly room occupancy of all hotels in the nation; about eighteen thousand different conventions were held annually with a total attendance of about ten million persons.

Nineteenth-century American hotelkeepers, who were no Ionger the genial, deferential "hosts" of the eighteenth-century European inn, became leading citizens. Holding a large stake in the community, they exercised power to make it prosper. As owners or managers of the local "palace of the public,” they were makers and shapers of a principal community attraction. Travelers from abroad were mildly shocked by this high social position.

1. The word "bound" in line 1 is closest in meaning to A led B protected C tied D strengthened 2. The National Republican party is mentioned in line 8 as an example of a group A from Baltimore B of learned people C owning a hotel D holding a convention 3. The word "assembling" in line 14 is closest in meaning to A announcing B motivating C gathering D contracting 4. The word "ones" in line 16 refers to A hotels B conventions

C kinds D representatives 5. The word "it" in line 23 refers to A European inn B host C community D public 6. It can be inferred from the passage that early hotelkeepers in the United States were A active politicians B European immigrants C professional builders D influential citizens 7. Which of the following statements about early American hotels is NOT mentioned in the passage? A Travelers from abroad did not enjoy staying in them. B Conventions were held in them. C People used them for both business and pleasure. D They were important to the community

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Line

(5)

(10)

(15)

(20)

(25)

Questions 8-17 Beads were probably the first durable ornaments humans possessed, and the

intimate relationship they had with their owners is reflected in the fact that beads are among the most common items found in ancient archaeological sites. In the past, as today, men, women, and children adorned themselves with beads. In some cultures still, certain beads are often worn from birth until death, and then are buried with their owners for the afterlife. Abrasion due to daily wear alters the surface features of beads, and if they are buried for long, the effects of corrosion can further change their appearance. Thus, interest is imparted to the bead both by use and the effects of time.

Besides their wearability, either as jewelry or incorporated into articles of attire, beads possess the desirable characteristics of every collectible: they are durable, portable, available in infinite variety, and often valuable in their original cultural context as well as in today's market. Pleasing to look at and touch, beads come in shapes, colors, and materials that almost compel one to handle them and to sort them.

Beads are miniature bundles of secrets waiting to be revealed: their history, manufacture, cultural context, economic role, and ornamental use are all points of information one hopes to unravel. Even the most mundane beads may have traveled great distances and been exposed to many human experiences. The bead researcher must gather information from many diverse fields. In addition to having to be a generalist while specializing in what may seem to be a narrow field, the researcher is faced with the problem of primary materials that have little or no documentation. Many ancient beads that are of ethnographic interest have often been separated from their original cultural context.

The special attractions of beads contribute to the uniqueness of bead research. While often regarded as the "small change of civi lizations,” beads are a part of every culture, and they can often be used to date archaeological sites and to designate the degree of mercantile, technological, and cultural sophistication.

8. What is the main subject of the passage? A Materials used in making beads B How beads are made C The reasons for studying beads D Different types of beads 9. The word "adorned" in line 4 is closest in meaning to A protected B decorated C purchased D enjoyed 10. The word "attire" in line 9 is Closest in meaning to A ritual B importance C clothing D history 11. All of the following are given as characteristics of collectible objects EXCEPT A durability B portability C value D scarcity

12. According to the passage, all of the following are factors that make people want to touch beads EXCEPT the A shape B color C material D odor 13. The word "unravel" in line 16 is closest in meaning to A communicate B transport C improve D discover 14. The word "mundane" in line 16 is closest in meaning to A carved B beautiful C ordinary D heavy 15. It is difficult to trace the history of certain ancient beads because they A are small in size B have been buried underground C have been moved from their original locations D are frequently lost

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16. Knowledge of the history of some beads may be useful in the studies done by which of the following? A Anthropologist B Agricultural experts C Medical researchers D Economists

17. Where in the passage does the author describe why the appearance beads may change? A Lines 3-4 B Lines 6-8 C Lines 12-13 D Lines 20-22

Line

(5)

(10)

(15)

(20)

Questions 18-31 In the world of birds, bill design is a prime example of evolutionary fine-tuning.

Shorebirds such as oystercatchers use their bills to pry open the tightly sealed shells of their prey; hummingbirds have stiletto-like bills to probe the deepest nectar-bearing flowers; and kiwis smell out earthworms thanks to nostrils located at the tip of their beaks. But few birds are more intimately tied to their source of sustenance than are crossbills. Two species of these finches, named for the way the upper and lower parts of their bills cross, rather than meet in the middle, reside in the evergreen forests of North America and feed on the seeds held within the cones of coniferous trees.

The efficiency of the bill is evident when a crossbill locates a cone. Using a lateral motion of its lower mandible, the bird separates two overlapping scales on the cone and exposes the seed. The crossed mandibles enable the bird to exert a powerful biting force at the bill tips, which is critical for maneuvering them between the scales and spreading the scales apart. Next, the crossbill snakes its long tongue into the gap and draws out the seed. Using the combined action of the bill and tongue, the bird cracks open and discards the woody seed covering and swallows the nutritious inner kernel.

This whole process takes but a few seconds and is repeated hundreds of times a day. The bills of different crossbill species and subspecies vary – some are stout and deep, others more slender and shallow. As a rule, large-billed crossbills are better at securing seeds from large cones, while small-billed crossbills are more deft at removing the seeds from small, thin-scaled cones. Moreover, the degree to which cones are naturally slightly open or tightly closed helps determine which bill design is the best.

One anomaly is the subspecies of red crossbill known as the Newfoundland crossbill. This bird has a large, robust bill, yet most of Newfoundland's conifers have small cones, the same kind of cones that the slender-billed white-wings rely on.

18. What does the passage mainly discuss? A The importance of conifers in evergreen forests B The efficiency of the bill of the crossbill C The variety of food available in a forest D The different techniques birds use to obtain food 19. Which of the following statements best represents the type of “evolutionary fine-tuning" mentioned in line 1? A Different shapes of bills have evolved depending on the available food supply. B White-wing crossbars have evolved from red crossbills. C Newfoundland's conifers have evolved small cones. D Several subspecies of crossbills have evolved from two species.

20. Why does the author mention oystercatchers, hummingbirds, and kiwis in lines 2-4? A They are examples of birds that live in the forest. B Their beaks are similar to the beak of the crossbill. C They illustrate the relationship between bill design and food supply. D They are closely related to the crossbill. 21. Crossbills are a type of A shorebird B hummingbird C kiwi D finch

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22. Which of the following most closely resembles the bird described in lines 6-8? A

B

C

D

23. The word "which" in line 12 refers to A seed B bird C force D bill 24. The word "gap" in line 13 is closest in meaning to A opening B flower C mouth D tree 25. The word "discards" in line 15 is closest in meaning to A eats B breaks C finds out D gets rid of

26. The word "others" in line 18 refers to A bills B species C seeds D cones 27. The word "deft" in line 19 is closest in meaning to A hungry B skilled C tired D pleasant 28. The word "robust" in line 24 is closest in meaning to A strong B colorful C unusual D sharp 29. In what way is the Newfoundland crossbill an anomaly? A It is larger than the other crossbill species. B It uses a different technique to obtain food. C The size of its bill does not fit the size of its food source. D It does not live in evergreen forests. 30. The final paragraph of the passage will probably continue with a discussion of A other species of forest birds B the fragile ecosystem of newfoundland C what mamals live in the forests of North America D how the newfoundland crossbill survives with a large bill 31. where in the passage does the author desribe how a crossbill removes a seed from its cone? A The first paragraph B The second paragraph C The third paragraph D The fourth paragraph

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Line

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Questions 32-38 If you look closely at some of the early copies of the Declaration or Independence,

beyond the flourished signature of John Hancock and the other fifty-five men who signed it, you will also find the name of one woman, Mary Katherine Goddard. It was she, a Baltimore printer, who published the first official copies of the Declaration, the first copies that included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies.

Mary Goddard first got into printing at the age of twenty-four when her brother opened a printing shop in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1762. When he proceeded to get into trouble with his partners and creditors. it was Mary Goddard and her mother who were left to run the shop. In 1765 they began publishing the Providence Gazette, a weekly newspaper. Similar problems seemed to follow her brother as he opened businesses in Philadelphia and again in Baltimore. Each time Ms. Goddard was brought in to run the newspapers. After starting Baltimore's first newspaper, The Maryland Journal, in 1773, her brother went broke trying to organize a colonial postal service. While he was in debtor's prison, Mary Katherine Goddard's name appeared on the newspaper's masthead for the first time.

When the Continental Congress fled there from Philadelphia in 1776, it commissioned Ms. Goddard to print the first official version of the Declaration of Independence in January 1777. After printing the documents, she herself paid the post riders to deliver the Declaration throughout the colonies.

During the American Revolution, Mary Goddard continued to publish Baltimore's only newspaper, which one historian claimed was "second to none among the colonies." She was also the city's Postmaster from 1775 to 1789 – appointed by Benjamin Franklin – and is considered to be the first woman to hold a federal position.

32. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned? A The accomplishments of a female publisher B The weaknesses of the newspaper industry C The rights of a female publisher D The publishing system in colonial America 33. Mary Goddard's name appears on the Declaration of Independence because A she helped write the original document B she published the document C she paid to have the document printed D her brother was in prison 34. The word "heralded" in line 5 is closest in meaning to A influenced B announced C rejected D ignored 35. According to the passage, Mary Goddard first became involved in publishing when she

A was appointed by Benjamin Franklin B signed the Declaration of Independence C took over her brother's printing shop D moved to Baltimore 36. The word "there" in line 17 refers to A the colonies B the print shop C Baltimore D Providence 37. It can be inferred from the passage that Mary Goddard was A an accomplished businesswoman B extremely wealthy C a member of the Continental congress D a famous writer 38.The word "position" in line 24 is closest in meaning to A job B election C document D location

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Question 39-50 Galaxies are the major building blocks of the universe. A galaxy is a giant family of

many millions of stars, and it is held together by its own gravitational field. Most of the material universe is organized into galaxies of stars, together with gas and dust.

There are three main types of galaxy: spiral, elliptical, and irregular. The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy: a flattish disc of star with two spiral arms emerging from its central nucleus. About one-quarter of all galaxies have this shape. Spiral galaxies are well supplied with the interstellar gas in which new stars form; as the rotating spiral pattern sweeps around the galaxy it compresses gas and dust, triggering the formation of bright young stars in its arms. The elliptical galaxies have a symmetrical elliptical or spheroidal shape with no obvious structure. Most of their member stars are very old and since ellipticals are devoid of interstellar gas, no new stars are forming in them. The biggest and brightest galaxies in the universe are ellipticals with masses of about 1013 times that of the Sun; these giants may frequently be sources of strong radio emission, in which case they are called radio galaxies. About two-thirds of all galaxies are elliptical. Irregular galaxies comprise about one-tenth of all galaxies and they come in many subclasses.

Measurement in space is quite different from measurement on Earth. Some terrestrial distances can be expressed as intervals of time: the time to fly from one continent to another or the time it takes to drive to work, for example. By comparison with these familiar yardsticks, the distances to the galaxies are incomprehensibly large, but they too are made more manageable by using a time calibration, in this case, the distance that light travels in one year. On such a scale the nearest giant spiral galaxy, the Andromeda galaxy, is two million light years away. The most distant luminous objects seen by telescopes are probably ten thousand million light years away. Their light was already halfway here before the Earth even formed. The light from the nearby Virgo galaxy set out when reptiles still dominated the animal world.expressed.

39. The word "major" in line 1 is closest in

meaning to A intense B principal C huge D unique 40. What does the second paragraph mainly discuss? A The Milky Way B Major categories of galaxies C How elliptical galaxies are formed D Differences between irregular and spiral galaxies 41. The word "which" in line 7 refers to A dust B gas C pattern D galaxy 42. According to the passage, new stars are formed in spiral galaxies due to A an explosion of gas B the compression of gas and dust C the combining of old stars D strong radio emissions

43. The word "symmetrical" in line 9 is closest in meaning to A proportionally balanced B commonly seen C typically large D steadily growing 44. The word "obvious" in line 10 is closest in meaning to A discovered B apparent C understood D simplistic 45. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of elliptical galaxies? A They are the largest galaxies. B They mostly contain old stars. C They contain a high amount of interstellar gas. D They have a spherical shape. 46. Which of the following characteristics of radio galaxies is mentioned in the passage? A They are a type of elliptical galaxy. B They are usually too small to be seen with a telescope.

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C They are closely related to irregular galaxies. D They are not as bright as spiral galaxies. 47. Which precentage og galaxies is irreguler? A 10% B 25% C 50% D 75% 48. The word “they” in line 21 refers to A intervals B yardsticks C distances D galaxies

49. Why does the author mention the Virgo galaxy and Andromeda galaxy in the third paragraph? A To describe the effect that distance has on visibility B To compare the ages of two relatively young galaxies C To emphasize the vast distances of galaxies from earth D To explain why certain galaxies cannot be seen by a telescope 50. The word “dominate” in line 26 is coset meaning to A threatened B replaced C were developing in D were prevalent in