intelligent urban water management...

Project Title:

Intelligent Urban Water Management System

Project Acronym:

Purpose of the Document:

Description and Analysis of the European Water Sector

With Emphasis on Key Players and Standards

To Leverage the Market Entry of the UrbanWater Technology

Seventh Framework Programme

Collaborative Project

Grant Agreement Number 318602

D1.1 – The European Water Market Analysis

Dissemination Level: PUBLIC

Lead beneficiary: CRIC - Centre De Recerca i Innovacio De Catalunya S.A.

Revision Preparation date Period covered Project start date Project Duration

DRAFT01 Month 7 Months 1 to 7 December 2012 30 Months

Deliverable 1.1 – The European Water Market Analysis

© UrbanWater Consortium. Grant Agreement: 318602 2

Table of Contents

Table of Contents ................................. ...................................................................... 2

1. Water Market – Political Context .................. ....................................................... 3

1.1 International Situation and Processes ............................................................... 3

1.2 European Water Protection and Management .................................................. 5

1.3 National Water Management Systems and Regulators .................................... 7

1.4 National Legislation and Control Measures .................................................... 13

1.5 National Policy Differences in the Water Sector .............................................. 18

2. Application Domains and Their State-of-The-Art .... ........................................ 19

2.1 Standards for Hydrological Information ........................................................... 19

2.2 Data interchange, Billing and Metering ........................................................... 25

2.3 Data Metering and Charging ........................................................................... 26

2.4 Energy management and distribution systems ............................................... 27

3. Water Market Size at EU and National Level ........ ............................................ 29

3.1 Water Usage ................................................................................................... 29

3.2 Waste Water and Sewers ............................................................................... 31

3.3 Water Pricing .................................................................................................. 32

4. Water Market Key Players .......................... ....................................................... 34

4.1 Policy Makers in the Water Market ................................................................. 34

4.2 Public/Private Balance in Water Market .......................................................... 35

4.3 Private Operators in the European Water Services Market ............................ 37

4.4 Software Companies ....................................................................................... 39

4.5 Equipment Providers ....................................................................................... 42

4.6 Associations in the Water Market .................................................................... 44

4.7 Overview of European Water Market Players ................................................. 51

5. Take-Away Points for the UrbanWater Technology .... .................................... 52

List of Figures ................................... ........................................................................ 54

List of Tables .................................... ........................................................................ 54

References ........................................ ........................................................................ 55



1. Water Market – Political Context

1.1 International Situation and Processes

The political context is very relevant for the water market in Europe as most of the supply and demand chain is in public hands. Whilst water is managed and distributed at national or regional level, water has become subject to global policy concern. This is not only because water is part of the global hydrological cycle, but also because it affects important global policy decisions. The World Water Development Report (UNESCO 2012) identifies climate change, trans-boundary basins, global trade and international investment protection, and equity as important global governance issues related to water.

Amongst the concrete challenges, the most alarming is related to water demand . According to the Environmental Outlook baseline (OECD 2012), global water demand is likely to increase significantly from 2000 to 2050 as illustrated in the following image. This graph only focuses on blue water demand and does not take into account rain-fed agriculture.

Figure 1: Global Water Demand

Source: The Environmental Outlook Baseline (OECD 2012) retrieved from: http://www.oecd.org/env/indicators-modelling-outlooks/49846090.pdf

Figure 1 depicts the OECD’s expectations of a 55% global water demand growth from 2000 to 2050. This growth can mainly be attributed to manufacturing (400% growth, i.e. 1,000 km3), electricity (140% growth, i.e. 300 km3) and domestic use (130% growth, i.e. 300 km3). The main geographic regions driving this demand are expected to be South Asia and China and other emerging counties including Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, and South Africa.

Water demand can also be broken down into a different set of sectors: food and agriculture, energy, industry, human settlements and ecosystem. Amongst the five categories, human settlements are most relevant to the UrbanWater project. The main reason driving domestic/human settlements’ water demand is world population growth at 80 million people per year. In fact, freshwater demand is expected to increase by 64 billion m3 annually mostly in urban regions due to human settlements (UN-Habitat 2006).



Not only water demand represents a risk to global water management, but also water quality concerns are becoming more pressing. On the one hand, efficiency improvements in agriculture and better waste water treatment are likely to stabilise and even restore groundwater and surface water quality in most developed OECD countries by 2050. However, on the other hand, the quality of surface water outside this region is predicted to deteriorate in the future due to nutrients from agriculture and lack of efficient wastewater treatment.

Whereas the number of persons with access to improved water grew by 1.6 billion from 1990 to 2008 mainly in the BRIICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China, South Africa), over 240 million people residing in rural areas are likely to be without access to improved water until 2050.

Further concerns that are not reflected in these calculations are service quality including areas like disinfection and intermittent supply or affordability . With high urbanization growth rates, keeping up service quality and maintaining affordability have become important challenges (WHO/UNICEF 2010).

Water management plays a crucial role to fulfil water demand and service quality and consists of technical, political, pricing and other incentive structures, infrastructure and installations. Based on the main principles established in the UN Dublin Conference on Water and the Environment, Chapter 18 of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) Agenda 21 includes the necessity of reliable information for water resources planning and management. This topic has been discussed in several UN conferences including the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), the 12th and 13th Session of the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) (UN 1992).

A report by the Spanish water provider Agbar highlights the huge effort required for constructing and adequate infrastructures . Interestingly, it is not only the developing countries that need investments in water infrastructure, also the wastewater infrastructure in developed countries is over 50 years of age and needs to be replaced, upgraded and repaired, especially ground pipes and in need of replacement, especially in Europe and the US. For example, the US is predicted to invest $500 billion over the next 20 years (Agbar 2011).

As the most important international organisation, the United Nations sees its role in influencing policy through organizing events and especially with its declarations. There are three important on-going processes that implicitly illustrate the importance of water-related discussions in a global context: the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD or Rio+20) The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), for instance, aim at reducing the people without access to drinking water by 2014, which is likely to be met (UNESCO 2012).

Based on the 1991 Dublin conference, the declaration of the 1992 Rio conference includes the statement that “Water is and economic good”. This implies that users as well as polluters should cover the full cost of their consumption and pollution. It also means that the delivery of drinking water involves different economic inputs including labour and materials. The principle refers to full cost recovery . As mentioned above, the MDGs aim at halving the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water by 2015. The MDGs also have implications on the private-public balance in the water industry that affects all countries but their main impact is



likely to on developed countries. An initiative by the United Nations Committee on Economic, Cultural and Social Rights in 2002 also states that water is a human right and a social and cultural good beyond being an economic commodity (WaterTime 2004).

1.2 European Water Protection and Management

Water management represents one of the European Commission's environmental priorities. At the core of the European Commission’s activities, the framework directive on water presents the guidelines for water policy in Europe for future. The European Commission’s water policy has had a significant impact on water protection in the past, which contributed to the fact that Europeans can safely drink tap water and swim in thousands of coastal areas, rivers and lakes across the EU. Also, pollution from urban, industrial and agricultural sources is regulated and this has brought about significant improvements (European Commission 2012).

European Water Policies and Regulations

Whilst water supply and wastewater is under national competence rather than under the control of the EU, the EU has created several policies that impact national water strategies. The most important EU directives related to water aim at providing protection to the aquatic environment and of ensuring high standards of public health for drinking water (WssTP 2010). Amongst the most relevant directives within the EU legislation for the water services sector in Europe are the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) (2000/60/EC) and other directives including the Urban Wastewater Treatment (91/271/EEC), Drinking Water (98/83/EC), and Bathing Water Quality (76/160/EEC).

The Water Framework Directive represents the Community framework for water protection and management. The Directive asked Member States to identify and analyse European waters based on individual river basins and districts. The first analysis took place in 2004 and had to be revised in 2013 and then every six years thereafter. Based on the first set of analyses, specific management plans were created in 2009 for each river basin district with the objective of preventing the deterioration of surface water, to protecting all bodies of groundwater and to preserving protected areas.

Additionally, Member States have been directed to identify all river basins within their national territory and to assign them to individual river basin districts. In fact, around 60% of the EU’s surface water area is placed in river basins that cross at least one national border and all Member States (except the islands Malta and Cyprus) are part of at least one international river basin district. Those river basins that expand over more than one Member State, will be assigned to an international river basin district. For the international river basis, Member States are requested to appoint a competent authority to apply the EC’s WFD. There are 128 river basin districts in the EU, 49 of which are international. If each national part of an international RBD is counted separately, the total number of river basin district is 170.



Water Pricing and Metering

Moreover, Member States were requested to ensure that water pricing policies provided incentives (such as taxation) for users to consume water efficiently and that the different industries contributed to the full cost recovery including environmental cost (European Commission 2013a). This would imply drastic changes, for instance, for agriculture, where water is currently consumed significantly underneath its environmental cost.

According to an EEA Report (EEA 2009), it is difficult to quantify the effect of pricing on use due to the lack of reliable and comparable data as well as related to significant variations amongst countries. However, the examples of Denmark and Estonia indicate that there is a positive relationship. In the two countries, a constant increase in the water price since the early 1990s has lead to an important decline in household water usage.

Furthermore, also the existence of meters contributes to a reduction in water use. For instance, in England and Wales, persons living in metered homes use around 13% less water than those in unmetered homes. Obviously, this is strongly related to the availability of technology. Besides, limiting water use needs to be balanced with the need for personal hygiene and health.

The Blueprint to Safeguard Europe’s Waters

This “Blueprint” presents actions that focus on better implementation of current water legislation, integration of water policy objectives into other policies, and filling the gaps in particular as regards water quantity and efficiency. The underlying aim is to ensure that a sufficient quantity of good quality water is available for people's needs, the economy and the environment throughout the EU.

In context, the Water Blueprint is linked with the EU’s 2020 Strategy – 2011 Resource Efficiency Roadmap. In fact, the Blueprint is the water milestone of the Roadmap. It focuses on the role of water as factor for economic growth and prosperity.

The Resource Efficiency Roadmap states that “Natural resources underpin the functioning of the European and global economy and our quality of life. These resources include raw materials such as fuels, minerals and metals but also food, soil, water, air, biomass and ecosystems.” (European Commission 2013b).

Challenges

The main challenges at European level include (Agbar 2011)

� Global trends: climate changes, demographic changes, urbanization, economic progress and social changes

� Privatisation of the water sector and lobbying � Lack of investment in rural and municipal water supply � Availability but high cost and effort-intensive technologies � Water supply limitation � Need for investment into infrastructure



1.3 National Water Management Systems and Regulators

Table 1 outlines important highlights and characteristics of national policy systems per EU Member State with their respective sources. As the information has been collected from different sources, there might have been changes in the structure of certain countries by 2013. It is important to note that unlike the other EU-Member Countries, in the UK, water is split into three geographical and decision-making markets: England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

Table 1: National Water Systems and Highlights

Country Characteristics Source Austria It is municipalities or private undertakings that provide water

supply services. There are about 150 municipalities that provide regional water supply and sewerage services.

Lebensministerium 2012

Belgium Water policy is managed by the three districts of the country. Drinking water and sanitation services are provided by the 589 municipalities of Belgium (308 in the Flemish region with 6.2 million inhabitants, 262 in the Walloon region with 3.4 million inhabitants and 19 in Brussels with 1.1 million inhabitants). The Belgian water and sanitation sector recognises water as a basic right. Two regions (Walloon and Brussels Regions) have set up Social Funds for Water, which provide financial support to people having difficulties to pay their water bill, and in Flanders, everyone has the right to a minimal supply of 15 m³ (41 litre/capita/day) of free water per person per year. As there is no liberalised water market in Belgium, there is no regulatory body for water to ensure that the water market works as effectively as possible by implementing regulatory instruments. Yet, there are governmental bodies to maintain the water quality (like the Flemish Environmental Agency and Bruxelles Environnement).

Collingnon, A. and Gathon, H. J. 2009

Bulgaria Water Management is carried out and guided by the Ministry of Environment and Water at national level assisted by the High Council of Water with the Council of Ministers. The State Energy and Water Regulatory Commission is a regulator responsible for tariff setting and quality of services of enterprises in the gas, electric, district heating and water supply and sewage sectors. SEWRC is also responsible for licensing of enterprises in the gas, electric and district heating sectors and issues permits for construction of transit gas or oil pipelines. 52 companies (owned by the state or municipalities) run water supply and whilst the water and sewage system is public. Drinking water and wastewater falls under the responsibility of 264 municipalities, including the Municipality of Sofia, 29 District Centres, Towns and Municipalities, as well as other middle sized and small municipalities.

Tuntova, A. 2011

Croatia In accordance with the Water Act, water services are the responsibility of local (and partly regional) governments, which are required to ensure their performance in their area and take care of

Official Gazzette of the



the reconstruction and development of water infrastructure. The local government entrust the operational performance of the activities to utility operator, which is responsible for operation, maintenance and infrastructure management. For services rendered, utility operator generates revenues through the price of the water utility service paid by the users. Local authorities decide on the development of a water-utility system. Funds for capital investment are provided from the budgets of municipalities and cities, the state budget, extra-budgetary funds of Croatian Waters and other sources, including possible donation. Prices of water services are paid by the users of water services, in accordance with the Water Act. Prices of water services are determined according to the principles of full cost recovery as determined by the Water Management Financing Act. Due to the complexity of the concept of external costs (environmental and water resources costs), processing rates of cost recovery so far is limited to financial costs and, possibly, to the part of the external costs, which are internalized. In Croatia there is no developed practice of calculating this indicator, or of its application, in terms of the analytical basis for decision making in the construction of new water infrastructure, or of the analysis of the cost of water services. The Water Management Financing Act highlights that the water has its economic value that consists of expenditure necessary to ensure its availability and protection, and for the construction, operation and maintenance of water systems. Refund of expenses is provided in part with the payment of the price of water services in water supply areas, agglomeration or service area, according to the Water Act, in part with the payment of charges for the development and connection, and partly with the payment of charges for water usage and for water protection (following the principle of full cost recovery).

Republic of Croatia No. 153/09 and 130/11, http://www.voda.hr/Default.aspx?sec=945

Cyprus The country is divided into six districts headed by a District Officer appointed by the Government with two types of local authorities, Municipalities (urban and tourist centres) and Communities (rural areas), governed by separate laws. Municipalities and Communities are responsible for water services. WDD is the responsible body for implementing the wastewater policy through its Wastewater and Re-use Division (WRD)

EUREAU 2009

Czech Republic

Also in this country, municipalities are the responsible bodies for drinking water and wastewater services. At national level, the relevant authorities for the water sector are the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Environment Following an extensive privatisation process supported by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and the World Bank Group in the 1990s, the operators are almost everywhere a private company.

EUREAU 2009

Denmark Water supply is decentralised with 275 municipalities or local councils and 14 regional councils being responsible for water and wastewater services.

EDMS 2007



The local councils are responsible for use and protection of water resources in the regions and for monitoring water quality. The municipal councils take care of for the planning, administration and supervision of all water suppliers and the water supply infrastructure.

Estonia Whilst the State is the owner of groundwater and regulates water management, including water use and pollution permits, at the local level, the Ministry’s Environmental County Departments are responsible for management of resources and oversee environmental protection requirements - Estonia has 3 river basin districts.

The complicated system consists of water management responsibilities on national, regional and local level but under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Environment, the Ministry of Social Affairs and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. This structure will be re-organized taking into account river basin principle and potential public/private partnership possibilities.

Banhard, P. 2001

Lääne, A. and Reisner, R. 2011

Finland Prepared since the beginning of the 1970s, Finland has 3 national water protection programmes based on long-term goals and proactive strategies.

The responsible bodies for drinking water and wastewater services are municipalities. The operators are in almost all cases municipally-owned utilities. Additionally, there is a growing number (around 1,000 in 2007) of small-scale user-owned cooperative water companies, mostly in sparsely populated areas.

EUREAU 2009

Finland’s Environmental Administration Official Website 2011

France 3 laws conduct the water policy. There are 13 hydrographic districts: 8 in France and 5 in DOM-TOM. There are water agencies in each district to manage the water with the economic development and environment respect.

Whereas the responsibility for water supply and sanitation services lies at local level, the State plays an essential regulation role at national, regional and «département» levels. The State ensures social solidarity, guarantees access to water for everyone and sets standards for the protection of environment, public health and consumers. The State also establishes the general rules for managing services: local authorities’ responsibility, competition between operators, monitoring of service quality.

Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development, Transport and Housing 2012

Germany Here, the responsibility for policy setting in public water supply and sanitation in Germany is shared between the EU, the federal government and state governments (Länder).

At the state or federal level, there are no autonomous regulatory agencies for water and sanitation in Germany. The public health departments of municipalities and counties (Landkreise) monitor drinking water quality.

Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) 2011

Greece In Athens and Thessaloniki, there are three public companies responsible for the water supply and sewerage with the state as the only shareholder. They appoint their board of management and are funded by the State. In the rest of the country, especially

EDEYA 2011



in the cities with over 10,000 inhabitants, there are municipal enterprises.

Hungary Public water services are provided by state-owned, municipal and jointly owned water utilities. The State is the owner of the regional companies with a decisive participation.

Hungarian Water Utility Association (MAVÍZ)

Envirodesk 2009

Ireland Local authorities (5 City and 75 town councils) are responsible for water services, which receive a subsidy from central government. Water is free of charge.

Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government 2012

Italy The Italian water resources policy has been dominated by infrastructural aspect. The Ministry of Public Works use to be the competent authority but the Regions acquired competences on many issues. Furthermore, there are also the Basin authorities.

As a special regulator, the Committee for the Supervision of the Water Resources Use (COVIRI) is monitoring the principles of the water sector reform law. This Committee regulates the setting and adjustment of tariffs and the protection of customer interests.

There are regional water quality plans that can introduce special measures in order to protect the water environment from pollution. The level of development of water policies at the regional level is very differentiated.

EUREAU 2009

Latvia Up to November 2009, the water management sector was regulated by 16 independent municipal regulators. Since 1 November 2009, the water management sector became a responsibility of the Public Utilities Commission of Latvia that regulates the different areas of the water management sector.

Latvia Public Utilities Commission 2011

Mezals, A. 2012

Lithuania The NCCPE (Lithuanian National Control Commission for Prices and Energy) is a body that approves water supply and waste water management price calculation methodology; issue licenses, controls regulated activity; coordinates water supply and waste water management price; verifies municipality’s determined water and waste water management price compliance with the law, unilaterally establishes (if needed) price ; controls price application.

Most water service operators are municipally-owned Water Companies, operating both drinking water and wastewater services. Moreover, there are many small operators organized as cooperatives, residential groups, agricultural companies, or other municipal companies. The private sector can be involved to assist with electromechanical equipment renewal, existing infrastructure renewal, research and development.

National Control Commission for Prices and Energy 2012

Luxemburg The AGE (administration of the water management) manages the Ministère



water resources available in the Luxembourg and protect those resources. The municipalities have a role in delivering and maintaining the infrastructures. Municipalities have the autonomy to select their water provider and their prices. However, there are intentions to make the water price cover all real costs and to set a harmonised price per municipality.

de l’Économie et du Commerce Extérieur 2012

EUREAU 2009

Malta The WSC (State-owned Water Services Corporation) is the responsible body and the operator for drinking water and wastewater services and is wholly responsible for the complete water cycle from production to safe disposal.

EUREAU 2009

Netherlands Various organizations ensure drinking water and wastewater services: 10 Dutch Water Companies are the responsible bodies as well as the operators for water extraction, treatment and distribution, as well as for management of all pipes up to home water meters. Most of them are owned by municipalities and/or provinces. The 443 municipalities are the operators for collecting and discharging waste water via the sewerage system. The 26 Water Boards are the operators of waste water treatment plants.

Unie van Waterschappen 2011

EUREAU 2009

Poland The central body for water management, water use and conservation is the National Water Management Authority and especially its president. The State Council for Water Management gives opinions and advice on various issues concerning water management.

The municipalities, in turn, are responsible for providing public water services and wastewater management. The municipalities enforce this through water and wastewater companies (municipality-owned commercial-law companies, or in rare cases operate in a private-public partnership), and have an additional duty of developing and maintaining water and wastewater networks.

EUREAU 2009

Portugal The main responsible body is the national regulatory agency, which is now called the Water and Waste Services Regulation Authority Entidade Reguladora dos Serviços de Águas e Resíduos (ERSAR).

EDMS Consulting Ltd 2007

Romania As 35-40% of the country's total electricity production is generated from hydro-power plants mostly on the Danube River, water resources play a key role in the economy of Romania. Also, about 30% of the cropland is irrigated. The country’s water system is broadly developed and its water resources are sufficient to cover its water demand.

Boer, A. 2008

Slovakia In accordance with the Water Act, The Slovak Water Management Enterprise, Banská Štiavnica (SWME) has a crucial role in managing the watercourses of Slovakia.

The following bodies also play a role in water: Forests of the Slovak Republic Banská Bystrica, Forest and Agricultural Property Ulič, Military Forests and Property of the Slovak Republic, Pliešovce and National Forests TANAP. 1% of the total length of watercourses in Slovakia is managed by other entities while 7% of their length has no administration authority. The total length of

Water Research Institute Bratislava 2011



rivers in Slovakia is 61,147 km.

Slovenia n/a n/a

Spain In Spain, due to the low level of centralisation of the country’s structure it’s rather complex and involves actors at different levels.

Local governments are the responsible body for the collection and treatment of wastewater and the supply of drinking water. They are allowed to offer these services either themselves or through licensed public or private enterprises.

The regional governments are in charge of natural resources, agricultural policies, subject to EU directives and central government guidelines, as well as of land-use planning.

Fuentes, A. 2011

Sweden The local government or municipality is responsible for water supply and sanitation including the management of storm-water. The municipalities own the facilities and are also responsible for running them. There is a long tradition in connection with this management and each municipality determines the fees for these commodities.

EUREAU 2009

United Kingdom

The UK water sector consists of 3 markets: England & Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland with different characteristics

The 3 UK water markets are organized around an economic regulator, monitoring tariffs and return of capital of water and wastewater operators, but having no power on contracting services.

Whilst England & Wales are privatised markets, Scotland and Northern Ireland are public owned (by Scottish Water and Northern Ireland Water, respectively)

EUREAU 2009

Guijarro, J.A. and Rozman, C. 2011



1.4 National Legislation and Control Measures

The following table lists the most important legal acts related to water and are taken directly copied from and reformatted from the EUREAU (2009) country profiles.

Table 2: Legislation and Control Measures (as of 20 08)

Country Legislation and control measures ( as of 2008)

Austria The Austrian Waters Act of 1959 is the basis of water sector legislation and the Federal Act on Water Affairs constitutes the basis of all water administration. Austria also adopted the Drinking Water Ordinance (304/2001), based on the European Union drinking water guideline 98/83/EG. · There is no national system for tariff regulation.

Belgium · The July 2002 Decree prohibits the involvement of private sector investors in inter-communal companies. · There is no national system for tariff regulation in Belgium. Tariffs are set by water supply companies and must be approved by the federal government (Ministry of Economic Affairs).

Bulgaria Main legislation consists of the Law on Water (1999 - Introduces the river basin principle of water management and the requirement of production of River basin management plans (RBMPs)) and 14 sub-legislative resolutions and assignments, as well as the Law for Territory Development. Bulgarian Water Act 2006 – harmonization with EU water legislation

Croatia Main legislation is established with the Water Act (Zakon o vodama, Official Gazzette of the Republic of Croatia No. 153/09 and 130/11). There are several other acts regulating the area, the full list is on the web pages of the Croatian water authority Hrvatske vode (Croatian Waters) at http://www.voda.hr/Default.aspx?sec=945 .

Cyprus The relevant authorities for water resource management are the Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment, the Ministries of Interior and Finance, and the Planning Bureau. The Water Development Department (WDD) implements the Water and the Wastewater and Re-use policies of the MANRE. · Important laws include the Water Pollution and soil protection control Law (69/91 2002), the Water protection and management Law (13(I)/2004), the Water quality control for human consumption Law (87(I)/2001), the Government Waterworks Law, the Water Supply (Municipal & Other Areas) Law (Cap 350), and the Sewerage and Drainage Law (1/1971(I) 2007)."

Czech Republic

· Relevant authorities for the water sector are the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Environment. · Main legislation include the Large Privatisation Act (1991), the Amendment to Small Businesses Act (1996), the Act on Water Supply Systems and Sewage and Drainage Systems, and the Water Act (254/2001).

Denmark · The roles and responsibilities of public bodies are defined in the Water Supply Act of 1978 and its amendments. A Consolidated Act (130/1999) for water suppliers was enacted in 1999. · The wastewater works are regulated by the Environmental Protection Act of 1991 (Consolidated Act 763/2001) and by the Act Concerning Payment Rules for Wastewater Systems from 1987 (Consolidated Act 716/2001).



Estonia · Main legislation include the Commercial Code (1995), the Competition Act (2001), the Public Water and Sewerage Act (1999) and the Water Act (1994), which has been amended 13 times between 1994 and 2003. · The County Health Protection Services of the Ministry of Social Affairs ensures drinking water quality.

Finland · The controlling role of the authorities is based on the Water Services Act (119/2001), the Environmental Protection Act (86/2000), the Environmental Protection Decree (169/2000) and the Health Protection Act (1994). · The Regional Environment Centers steered by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and by the Ministry of the Environment, are the relevant authorities in environmental matters relating to water and waste water. · Municipal authorities control all operators, including user-owned cooperatives. There is no overall system for regulating water services and prices. The Competition Authority can review water service tariffs and the Consumer Agency and Consumer Ombudsman can represent the interests of a private person’s complaints of service with water utilities, under the Consumer Protection Act.

France French legislation sets an important framework for the organization and management of water utilities and for contracting such management to external operators. Since 1993, a set of important laws (1993-122, 1995-101 and 2002-276, among others) fix mandatory provisions regarding in-house or contracted management. Municipal governments are legally responsible for providing public water services, under control of national bodies, such as the Ministry in charge of health and ecology, and of the State government representatives (Préfets) at the “Départements” level. However, there is no independent regulator.

Germany · Health and environmental laws are generally passed at Federal level. Some Federal laws apply throughout Germany (drinking water); others have to be implemented by the Federal States (water resources protection). · Main legislation includes the regional Municipal Laws, the Water Ordinance (AVBWasserV 1980), the Ordinance on Waste Water (Abwasserverordnung 1997) and the Drinking Water Ordinance.

Greece · Main legislation includes the Law for the establishment and operation of DEYAs (1069/80) as well as the legislation for the companies in Athens and Thessaloniki (law 2744/1999 for EYDAP and law 2937/2001 for EYATH). It also includes the Municipal Code and the Law 3199/2003 on water resources Management. · There is no national system for price and service regulation in the country, which depends on each municipality.

Hungary · Main legislation includes the Act on Waters (1964), the Act on Local Governments (1990), the Act on Waste, the Act on Water Management (1995) and the Act on Environment Protection (1995). · The State Audit Office (SAO) examines how municipalities fulfill their legal obligations related to public services. Environmental and technical aspects of water management are controlled, but not economic and financial ones.

Ireland Main legislation includes the Public Health Act (1878), the Water Supplier Act (1942), the Sanitary Services Act (1964), the Local Government Water Pollution Acts (1977/1990), the Environmental Protection Agency Act (1992), and the Water Services Bill (2002).

Italy Main legislation includes the Act 152/2006 (Decreto Legislativo del 3 aprile 2006, which replaces the Galli Law of 1994); the implementation of part of the WFD and other EU wastewater directives, which regulate the water services, wastewater discharge, and water resources management; the Act



31/2001 (Decreto Legislativo del 2 febbraio 2001), the implementation of 98/83/CE, the Regal Act 1775/1933, and the Act 267/2000 (Decreto Legislativo del 18 agosto 2000). The main institutions involved in the water sector regulation are the Government, the Parliament, the Ministry of Economics and Finance, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Environment, and the Ministry of Productive Activities. In Italy, there is no independent authority regulating the water sector. The Supervising Committee on the use of Water Resources (Comitato di Vigilanza sull’ìuso delle risorse idriche) is part of the Ministry of Environment and its members are elected by the Government (in particular by the Ministry of Environment).

Latvia n/a

Lithuania "Main legislation includes the Law on Environment Protection (1992, 1996), the Law on Water (1997, 2003), the Resolution no. 562 On the Approval of 2007-2025 Programme for the Assessment of Groundwater Resources and Usage Thereof for the Supply of Drinking Water (2006), the Law on Drinking Water Supply and Waste Water Management (2007) and the Order no. D1-515 On the Approval of Wastewater Management Regulation (2007)."

Luxemburg Main legislation include: Water pollution control legislation (1929), groundwater abstraction legislation (1961), Law 115 on drinking water quality (2002), and Law 020 on drinking water supply (1999).

Malta · Main legislation include: Water Service Corporation Act (1991); Sewerage Discharge Control Regulations (LN139/2002); Malta Resources Authority Act (2000); Environmental Protection Act (2001). · The relevant authority for Drinking water quality is the Public Health unit within the Ministry of Health. · The Malta Resources Authority (MRA) is an autonomous and independent regulator. It is responsible for monitoring all practice, operations and activities related to water, energy and mineral resources. It must formulate and implement resource management strategies. MRA supervises treatment, storage, disposal, use or re-use of sewerage, waste-water, sludge, and storm water run off.

Netherlands · National government draws up policy and the 12 provincial governments are the relevant authorities for implementation measures and plans. · Regional inspectors of the Ministry of Environment, Housing and Spatial Planning (VROM, Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer) guard the health aspects, hygiene and supply security of Dutch drinking water. · The main laws are the Water Supply Act and the corresponding Decree on the Water Supply, as well as the WaterBoards Act (2007).



Poland · Water and sewage tariffs are covered by an ordinance of the Ministry of Infrastructure. · The Chief Sanitary Inspector, under the Ministry of Health, is responsible for drinking water quality control. · The Ministry of the Environment according to the “Operational Programme - Infrastructure and Environment 2007-2013” is in charge of water and sewage management priority, with support from the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the Cohesion Fund. · The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, according to the “Rural Development Program 2007-2013”, is in charge of projects of extension of water and wastewater networks in Gminas in rural areas, with support from European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development. · Legislation includes: the Law on Local Government (1990), the Law on Municipal Management (1996), the Water Act (2001), the Environmental Protection Act (2001), the Common water supply and common sewage service Act (2001).

Portugal · The planning of water resources and elaboration of and approval of water resources plans are regulated by Law 58/2005 (Water Law) and Decree-Law 226-A/2007. River Basins Plans (PBH) are approved and published. The National Water Resources Plan (PNA) relies on 15 Hydrological Basin Plans in order to implement its main actions and measures and was also approved by Decree-Law 112 /2002. · Water supply is governed by Decrees-Laws 372/1993, 379/1993 and by Laws 88-A/1997, 5-A/2002 and 53-F/2006. · A regulator, the Institute for the Regulation of Water and Solid Waste (Instituto Regulador de Águas e Resíduos - IRAR), was established in 1997, by Decree-Law 230/97, to monitor economic and quality aspects of water services. Its Statutes were approved by the Decree-Law 362/1998, as amended by Decree-Law 151/2002. · IRAR is the relevant authority for drinking water quality.

Romania · The central water management authority is the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable development, which draws national policy in the field of water. · Main legislation includes the Law on Environment (1995), the Water Law (107/1996), Law 219/1998 authorizing concession of services, Law on drinking water quality (458/2002), and the Government Ordinance no. 32/2002 on the organization and function of water supply and sewerage public services, approved through Law no. 634/2002 and amended through G.O. no. 35/2003.

Slovakia · Main legislation includes the Water Law (364/2004), the Law on Public Health (126/2006), and the Regulation on Requirements Quality of Water Intended for Human Consumption and Control of Quality of Water Intended for Human Consumption (354/2006). · The Act on Public Pipelines and Public Sewage (442/2002) adjusts the establishment, development and operation of public pipelines and public sewages. It also adjusts the rights and obligations of physical and legal entities upon the establishment and operation of public pipelines and sewages, including their connections. It also adjusts the acting of public administration bodies in the part of public pipelines and public sewages. · The Regulatory Office for Network Industries (URSO), under the Ministry of Building and Regional Development, is the relevant control body for water services. It has issued the Order No 3/2007. · Act no 276/2001 Coll. on Regulation is the most relevant document in terms of regulation. Specific conditions of price regulation of the water



economy services are adjusted by URSO every year by the Výnos-Order. For the year 2008 is the Výnos č.3/2007 – Order No.3/2007 that is applicable.

Slovenia Slovenian Water Act (2002) – implementation of European water legislation (WFD) in Slovenia. Slovenian Water Act laid down the institutional framework for the Institute for Water of the Republic of Slovenia which is specialized for water and related land management. The mission of the Institute is to integrate the water management principles posed in WFD to Slovenian water resource management.

Spain The Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs, and the Regions are the relevant authorities for drinking water and wastewater. The River Basin Authorities have control responsibilities. Main legislation includes the Water Law, the Coastal Law and the Urban Wastewater Law.

Sweden · Main legislation includes the Water Act (1918), the Health Protection Act (1958), the Environmental Protection Act(1969), and the Water Association Act (1976). The Public Water Supply and Sewerage Act (1970) has been replaced by the Public Water Services Act on January 1st 2007. · In Sweden, there is no national framework for price and service regulation, but since the 1970s, there is a special court for legal matters related to public water services.

United Kingdom

England and Wales: The legislative base is predominantly provided by the Water Act (1989), by the Water Industry Act (1991) and by the Competition Act (1998). As a result of the Water Act (2003) economic regulation for prices and customer service is provided by the Water Services Regulation Authority (Ofwat) and the Consumer Council for Water represents water consumers. Drinking water quality is covered by the Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations (2000) for England and Wales and regulated by the Drinking Water Inspectorate. Environmental water quality is covered by the Water Resources Act (1991) and by the Environmental Protection Act (1990) and is regulated by the Environment Agency. The Environment Act (1995) placed a duty on companies to promote the efficient use of water by customers. Scotland: Main legislation is based on the Water Industry (Scotland) Act (2002) and the Water Services etc. (Scotland) Act (2005). The Water Industry Commissioner for Scotland (WIC) is the economic regulator, and Waterwatch Scotland the customer representative body. Other regulators are the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) and the Drinking Water Quality Regulator for Scotland. The Water Framework Directive has been implemented in Scotland by the Water Environment and Water Services Act (2003). Northern Ireland : Responsibilities are defined in the Water and Sewerage Services (Northern Ireland) Order (2006). Economic regulation is done by the Northern Ireland Authority for Utility Regulation and the General Consumer Council represents customer interests. The Department of the Environment’s Northern Ireland Environment Agency is the relevant authority for the regulation of drinking water quality & environmental discharges.



1.5 National Policy Differences in the Water Sector

The national water sectors are influenced by European directives, especially by the EU Water Framework Directive, but are guided by policies from the national governments and managed at local municipality level. However, the systems are quite diverse in terms of bodies and regulations.

In most EU Member Countries, the general policy direction comes from the EU and the national government but the water management is done at local level, mostly by the municipalities. In a few countries, there are bodies in between the national and municipality level - at regional level - that play a role in policy making. For instance, Belgium’s water policy is managed by the three districts of the country. In France, the “départements” play an important role and in Germany the “Länder”. In the UK, the water sector is divided into three regions: England and Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland with different characteristics, leaving the national level with no competences. In Spain, due to the low level of centralisation of the country’s structure, no single organisation manages water services at the national or regional level. Instead, the structure is rather complex, involving a number of actors at different levels.

Whilst in most countries, water belongs to one or more ministries, several countries have an additional specific water management body such as the Bulgarian State Energy and Water Regulatory Commission the Latvian Public Utilities Commission, the administration of the water management of Luxemburg or the WSC in Malta.

Most water-related sectors are publicly owned but there is a slight tendency towards privatization. For example, in Bulgaria, 52 companies run water supply, but these companies are owned by the state or municipalities. Also Estonia is planning to change its complicated decision-making system to allow more public-private partnerships. In Finland, there is a growing number of small-scale user-owned cooperative water companies, especially in sparsely populated areas. On the other extreme, Belgium prohibits the involvement of private sector investors in inter-communal companies all together.

The only fully privatised markets are in England and Wales. The industry was privatised in 1989 and the companies are now a mix of the publicly listed and privately owned. Ofwat is an economic regulator responsible for water management, service monitoring, and prices settlement in this region. Water and sewerage services are provided by 10 private regional water and sewerage companies and 16 mostly smaller private "water only" companies. Also in Czech Republic, water operators are almost everywhere a private company.

Several countries have specific characteristics that stand out. Belgium recognises water as a basic right and grants each citizen the right to a minimal free supply of 15 m3 per year. In Ireland, water is distributed free of charge for domestic users.

Deliverable 1.1

© UrbanWater Consortium. Grant Agreement: 318602

2. Application Domains and Their St

2.1 Standards for Hydrological Information

Existing standards for hydrology data all have a different focus, driven by a particular need for standards in a particular context. We are going to describe the significant standards of relevance with the aim of capturing core requirements for hydrological observational data.

� ArcHydro

ArcHydro [MAI2002] is a data model (Figure 4) for Water Resources and has focused on surface water with input from key state, national, and international contributorimplemented as a geodatabase schema. It is widely utilized within the hydrologic community. It is simple and designed to be extended by the users of the data model. A toolset based on the ArcHydro data model is available for ArcGIS desktop applications. The data model presented for time series information only covers the basic information that is needed for analysis. ArcHydro includes a set of tools that operate within the ArcGIS platform providing useful functions for hydrological analyses, including flow path tracing, watershed processing (including watershed delineation), and terrain processing of digital elevation models. These tools are used to establish and maintain the appropriate relationships between the various water resources features that participate in a topologically connected steam netwallowing useful tracing up and downstream in analyses

Figure


Grant Agreement: 318602

Application Domains and Their State-of-The-Art

Standards for Hydrological Information

Existing standards for hydrology data all have a different focus, driven by a particular need for standards in a particular context. We are going to describe the significant

with the aim of capturing core requirements for hydrological

ArcHydro [MAI2002] is a data model (Figure 4) for Water Resources and has focused on surface water with input from key state, national, and international contributorimplemented as a geodatabase schema. It is widely utilized within the hydrologic community. It is simple and designed to be extended by the users of the data model. A toolset based on the ArcHydro data model is available for ArcGIS desktop

tions. The data model presented for time series information only covers the basic information that is needed for analysis. ArcHydro includes a set of tools that operate within the ArcGIS platform providing useful functions for hydrological

ding flow path tracing, watershed processing (including watershed delineation), and terrain processing of digital elevation models. These tools are used to establish and maintain the appropriate relationships between the various water

at participate in a topologically connected steam netwand downstream in analyses

Figure 2: ArcHydro Conceptual Model

19

Existing standards for hydrology data all have a different focus, driven by a particular need for standards in a particular context. We are going to describe the significant

with the aim of capturing core requirements for hydrological

ArcHydro [MAI2002] is a data model (Figure 4) for Water Resources and has focused on surface water with input from key state, national, and international contributors. It is implemented as a geodatabase schema. It is widely utilized within the hydrologic community. It is simple and designed to be extended by the users of the data model. A toolset based on the ArcHydro data model is available for ArcGIS desktop

tions. The data model presented for time series information only covers the basic information that is needed for analysis. ArcHydro includes a set of tools that operate within the ArcGIS platform providing useful functions for hydrological

ding flow path tracing, watershed processing (including watershed delineation), and terrain processing of digital elevation models. These tools are used to establish and maintain the appropriate relationships between the various water

at participate in a topologically connected steam network,



� WaterML2.0

The Consortium for the Advancement of Hydrological Sciences Inc (CUAHSI) (OCG 2012) has developed the WaterML standard, now in version 2.0, which allows for the encoding of hydrological observations via their WaterOneFlow web services. WaterML2.0 is implemented as an application schema of the Geography Markup Language version 3.2.1, making use of the OGC Observations & Measurements standards. WaterML2.0 is designed as an extensible schema to allow encoding of data to be used in a variety of exchange scenarios. Example areas of usage are: exchange of data for operational hydrological monitoring programs; supporting operation of infrastructure (e.g. dams, supply systems); cross-border exchange of observational data; release of data for public dissemination; enhancing disaster management through data exchange; and exchange in support of national reporting. The core aspect of the model is in the correct, precise description of time series. Interpretation of time series relies on understanding the nature of the process that generated them. This standard provides the framework under which time series can be exchanged with appropriate metadata to allow correct machine interpretation and thus correct use for further analysis. Existing systems should be able to use this model as a conceptual ‘bridge’ between existing schema or systems, allowing consistency of the data to maintained.

� Australian Water Data Transfer Format

The Water Data Transfer Format (WDTF) (The Bureau of Meteorology Australia 2013) Is currently being developed by the Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO as part of the water information research and development alliance. It forms part of the Bureau of Meteorology‘s AWRIS software. The scope of the format is to allow for the encoding of information that must be supplied to the Bureau from state water agencies or organizations that take hydrological measurements. The standard not only addressed observational data, but also descriptions of features (storages, water courses), transactional information (for synchronizing with a data warehouse), conversions (e.g. a rating table conversion) and water quality samples. Version 1.0 includes groundwater observations.

This format makes use of the O&M specification, through a simple features GML profile [ISO19125-1] that restricts certain aspects such as the available geometries and complexity of types. It also uses GML for spatial types.

� UE Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) – Water Qu ality Exchange (WQX)

WQX (EPA 2013) is focused on the exchange of water quality information. It is based on the Environmental Sampling, Analysis, and Results (ESAR) data standard [ESA2006] which was developed to facilitate the sharing of laboratory result data. EPA also provides a validation service that allows for documents to be validated against the schema definitions.

The WQX standards are developed by the Environmental Data Standards Council (The Council) which is comprised of ten members from Tribes, States and US EPA. The Council‘s primary function is to develop and adopt Data Standards - documented agreements on terms, definitions, and formats - when there is an environmental business reason. Version 2.0 of the standard is used by the US EPA, and the USGS to deliver water quality information over web services and REST interfaces.



� XHydro

XHydro (European Commission 2011) is an XML dialect developed as an exchange format for hydrological data. Its purpose is to standardize the transmission of time series data between sensor, data logger, central data node and long time data archives. The development of XHydro was initialized by the Federal Ministry of Transport Building and Urban Affairs in Germany (over the hydrological advisor group of the Federal Waterway and Shipment Adminstration) and coordinated with different stakeholders such as the German states and industry partners). It was developed in 2007 by Disy Informations Systeme GmbH and KISTERS AG and tested by the German Federal Institute of Hydrology.

XHydro is more than a XML based exchange format for hydrological data in that it specifies an XML schema for the encoding of generic time series, with an extension that is tailored specifically for water level and discharge data. The time series model is the key point of interest. The development process was influenced by different architectural goals which are of interest for the harmonization process.

Besides the generic schema approach, XHydro has a modular design. To reuse parts of the XHydro schema in other schemes is simple. Examples of the extendibility are :

• the definition of code lists which are often domain specific and differ from organization to organization;

• the use of extension elements (type less elements and attributes of the XHydro base types) without a redefinition of the schema;

• the use of concrete XML schema data types, especially for enumerations as implementation for the code lists which allows to partially test the validity of the content of the exchanged documents.

Because the compactness of the transferred documents is a special requirement for the communication between sensor, logger and central data node, XHydro offers two XML schema implementations which differ only in the tag names. An XSLT stylesheet provides an easy transformation between the two implementations of the data model.

� KISTERS

The Kisters Group develop commercial software for the management of hydrological data sets, with their products being used worldwide (Kisters Group 2013). They offer Off-The-Shelf software solutions for the management of water, air and energy. KISTERS offers high-capacity scalable systems, which can easily be tailored to large or small customers and local demands. KISTERS software is in operation in 6 of the 7 continents of the world: North America, South America, Africa, Europe, Asia and Australia. Our customer base is made up of private companies from small firms up to well-known multinationals, as well as federal, state and local public administrative authorities.

Time series are a core aspect of the functionality provided by their products: WISKI, Hydstra and TimeStudio. KISTERS AG developed XHydro and EA XML as well as harmonised the time series data exchange between their products for the Water and Energy Market (KiTSM).



� UK Environmental Agency time series data exchange

The UK Environmental Agency (2004) developed the EA Time Series Data Exchange Format (UK-EA-TS) to address the need to exchange a variety of sets of time-series data with both internal and external stakeholdersǁ. The primary type of time series were hydrological data types such as lake and reservoir levels, river levels and flows, and rainfall.

The standard addresses:

• Rainfall amounts • River levels and flows • Tide levels • Lake and reservoir levels • Groundwater levels • Areal modelled evaporation, soil moisture deficits, etc. • Continuously monitored water quality parameters: e.g. dissolved oxygen and

ammonia quantities • Climate station data: e.g. temperatures, wind speed and radiation.

� The French National Service for Water Data and Comm on Repositories Management (SANDRE)

The SANDRE system provides national infrastructure for sharing water information within France. Its architecture is based on the use of a common language for water information that has defined standards for a number of areas of both spatial and observational hydrological information. It has made use of ISO and OGC standards, using ISO19115 for its metadata definitions and a number of OGC service interfaces for exposing data assets. The information models developed within this project are well developed and in active use and are thus of particular interest to the harmonisation process.

Sandre uses a MDA approach: starting from UML to generate XML Schema to enable exchange of data via web services. Sandre is not using ISO 19100 framework but is progressively switching its model to OGC standards; work has already be done on moving referential datasets (surface waters, WFD water bodies, …) towards GML-based schema.

Sandre is using the Pressure-State-Response framework developed by the OECD. Under the ‗State‘ element all the possible measurements carried out on water have been added: quality (biology, hydro morphological, chemical, physicochemical), quantity. This, combined with a typology of the medium: Coastal/transitional, surface (river, lake), ground waters etc, leads to the monitoring station category, e.g. river quantity monitoring station.

The main combinations obtained (Surface/Ground - Quality/Quantity) have their data dictionary, code lists (controlled vocabulary), exchange scenarios and web services.



� The Open Modelling Interface (OpenMI)

The OpenMI Association (www.openmi.org) develops and maintains the Open Modelling Interface, an API standard to facilitate time step based data exchange at run-time between models and other components.

The OpenMI has emerged from the hydrological domain in Europe, but is now utilized around the world to connect models and modelling frameworks from different suppliers and research groups in the wider environmental domain (agriculture, hydrology, marine/coastal, land use, climate, economics). Its latest version (2.0) is due to be released in 2010.

The centre piece of the data model is the ExchangeItem, holding values organised along the same axis as the ODM: time, space and variable. The ElementSets interface provides a single point of entry for id-based and geo-referenced spatial model representations expressed as points, poly lines or polygons, the latter possibly layered. Time is expressed in modified Julian dates. Variables are defined as quantities, having a unit of measurement and associated base dimension, or as qualities, i.e. categorizations of e.g. soil types. The actual values are objects. The OpenMI is developed in UML, and implemented as abstract interfaces in the .NET and Java languages. With its application scope from HPC to ‗simple‘ linkages, it is likely to remain an API which will become more suitable for deployment in web-services in the near future. Another future extension is to standardize the connection to ontology‘s to allow flexible use of data dictionaries

� The DelftFEWS Published Interface

Operational forecasting agencies around the world use DelftFEWS to conduct hydrological related forecasts such as river flow (floods and water supply), storm surge, groundwater levels, water quality and harmful algae bloom. To accommodate this domain range, the DelftFEWS Published Interface has been defined as a standard to exchange forcings, model states and model data sets/parameters to the computational models conducting the simulation [DEL2010]. The standard defines scalar time series in XML, gridded timeseries in NetCDF (CF convention), meta-data on model states and model data sets in XML, while the states and model datasets are exchanged in native format.

� Climate Science Modelling Language (CSML)

Climate Science Modelling Language v3.0 )Natural Environment Research Council 2011) is a data model for encoding climate, atmospheric and oceanographic data in terms of geometry-based observation classes such as Points, Profiles, Trajectories and Grids. It is a specialist profile of ISO 19156 Observations and Measurements and there is an accompanying implementation as a GML 3.2.1 Application Schema.Earlier versions of CSML were developed as part of the NERC DataGrid (NDG) projects funded by the Natural Environment Research Council.

These are often gridded data sets but also cover time series data. CSML also leverages existing OGC standards such as GML and SWE. They also employ the MDA approach to developing information models.



� Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS)

IOOS (2009) is ―a federal, regional, and private-sector partnership working to enhance our ability to collect, deliver, and use ocean information.ǁ [IOS2009]. The Data Integration Framework initiative within IOOS is focussed on improving management and delivery of ocean observation data. The project is using a number of open standards for information structure and web service delivery. They have made use of the O&M, GML and SWE Common to develop an information model suitable for ocean observing systems.

� SWE Common

The primary focus of the SWE Common Data Model is to define and package sensor related data in a self-describing and semantically enabled way. The main objective is to achieve interoperability, first at the syntactic level, and later at the semantic level (by using ontologies and probably semantic mediation) so that sensor data can be better understood by machines, processed automatically in complex workflows and easily shared between intelligent sensor web nodes.

This standard is one of several implementation standards produced under OGC’s Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) activity.

There is a common specification within SWE, known as SWE Common, which defines re-usable data structures and types such as data records, arrays and techniques for defining phenomena and more. O&M makes use of parts of this specification as to other standards within the SWE group.

� Web Processing Service –WPS

WPS (OGC 2013) defines a standardized interface that facilitates the publishing of geospatial processes, and the discovery of and binding to those processes by clients. ―Processesǁ include any algorithm, calculation or model that operates on spatially referenced data. ―Publishingǁ means making available machine-readable binding information as well as human readable metadata that allows service discovery and use. A WPS can be configured to offer any sort of GIS functionality to clients across a network, including access to pre-programmed calculations and/or computation models that operate on spatially referenced data. A WPS may offer calculations as simple as subtracting one set of spatially referenced numbers from another (e.g., determining the difference in influenza cases between two different seasons), or as complicated as a global climate change model. The data required by the WPS can be delivered across a network, or available at the server. This interface specification provides mechanisms to identify the spatially referenced data required by the calculation, initiate the calculation, and manage the output from the calculation so that the client can access it.

� CUAHSI Hydrologic Information System (HIS)

The CUAHSI Hydrologic Information System (HIS) Project is developing information technology infrastructure to support hydrologic science. One of the major components of the HIS is a software stack called HydroServer that can be used for storing and publishing hydrologic data. HydroServer includes a point Observations Data Model



(ODM), which is a relational database schema that was designed for storing time series data, a suite of data loaders and tools for working with ODM, the WaterOneFlow Web services that publish data stored in an ODM database on the Internet in WaterML format, and the capability to publish geographic information systems (GIS) datasets as spatial data services. Using the HydroServer software stack, server administrators can create any number of observational data services published using the WaterOneFlow web services as well as any number of spatial data services published as Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Web Map Services (WMS), Web Coverage Services (WCS), and Web Feature Services (WFS).

2.2 Data interchange, Billing and Metering

To send meter readings/data to the billing centre the following communications technologies/standards are commonly used:

• U2G/2.5 G GSM/GPRS/EDGE, 3G UMTSU for immediate transmission using mobile enabled handheld

• UPSTN analogue modem, xDSL for transmission from readers local office. • EDIFACT/ MSCONS are elder standards based on United Nations (UN)

directives and merely used in inter- banking and economics. They are less used in technical areas. Within current standardisation processes they do not play any role.

We are going to describe the most common used:

� 2G/2.5G GSM/GPRS/EDGE

In Europe, coverage of public cellular mobile networks is approaching 100% of civilized areas. Today, mobile services are available almost everywhere making the cellular infrastructure extremely valuable for all kind of applications including AMR.

2G cellular mobile networks commonly provide data services at net data rates up to several kbps or several tens of kbps. These data services are optimally tailored to most telemetry and remote metering applications. Network operators also provide special data call numbers and data-only SIM cards for GSM data modem devices and offer data services at special tariffs.

For AMR applications, data is typically transmitted either via SMS or the circuit-switched non-transparent GSM data service (CSD) based on Radio Link Protocol (RLP) providing 9.6 kbps net throughput in both directions. If higher transmission speed is required, HSCSD supporting multi-slot transmission and higher rate coding (FEC) schemes can be used. GPRS or EGPRS (EDGE) enhanced GSM networks can provide packet-oriented data services at even higher speed up to 80 kbps and 237 kbps, respectively, depending on link quality.

� 3G UMTS

Similarly to 2G/2.5G technologies, the W-CDMA-based 3G/UMTS technologies and evolutions thereof (HDSDPA, HSUPA) are principally able to provide data-only services suitable for telemetry and metering applications. These services are normally



packet oriented and IP based. Likely, operators could offer 3G data services at more economical conditions than 2G services. Today, deployment of 3G networks operating at 2 GHz is still far behind 2G. This is particularly true in less populated and rural areas. This may however change in future, since 3G/UMTS is considered a strong candidate to provide broadband Internet access in those areas currently not served by xDSL and cable. Nevertheless, indoor penetration at 2 GHz must be considered less effective than at 900 MHz requiring house gateways or 2 GHz antennas to be mounted at well selected positions.

� DLMS/COSEM: IEC 62056, EN 13757-1

DLMS/COSEM is an open international standard for data exchange with utility meters measuring any kind of energy, more generally, with intelligent devices. It has been developed at the end of the 1990’s by leading utilities and meter manufacturers with the objective to provide a means for meter data exchange in a standard, interoperable, energy type and manufacturer independent way, over a range of communication media (DLMS User Association 2013). DLMS/COSEM uses a three-step approach:

• Step 1- Application data modelling: this encompasses the COSEM interface object model and the OBIS data identification system.

• UStep 2-Messaging: this encompasses services for using the data model. These are the DLMS services provided by the COSEM application layer.

• UStep 3-Transporting: this encompasses communication profiles, i.e. the rules for transporting the APDUs through various communication channels.

2.3 Data Metering and Charging

In terms of metering and charging the most common used protocols and standards are WMBUS and OneApi respectively.

� M-Bus: EN 13757

M-Bus “Meter bus” is a European standard, used mainly for one-way or two-way data exchange with utility meters. Today, it is mainly used with heat, gas and water meters. It can also be used with various sensors and actuators. It is standardised by CEN TC 294, "Communication systems for meters and remote reading of meters" in the EN 13757 series. TC 294 covers data exchange with all utility meters except electricity meters, which are covered by IEC / CENELEC TC 13. EN 13757-1 is a general standard for meter data exchange, covering several physical media, protocols and the COSEM application data model (M-Bus 2013).

M-Bus uses an OSI three-layer (collapsed) protocol architecture, consisting of:

• The wired or the wireless physical layer • The data link layer based on IEC 60870-5-1 and IEC 60870-5-2 • The (M-Bus) dedicated application layer

M-Bus can alternatively be used with DLMS/COSEM: the COSEM Application layer, the COSEM objects and the OBIS identification system.

M-bus supports the following physical interfaces:



• Twisted pair local bus with base band signalling, according to EN 13757-2. • Wireless in the unlicensed 868÷980 MHz SRD (Short Range Device) band,

according to EN 13757-4. It is suitable for in-house data exchange, up to 15 m. The action radius can be extended by using the relaying methods specified in EN 13757-5.

• Local bus, according to EN 13757-6.

� GSMA OneApi

OneAPI is a global GSMA initiative to provide application programming interfaces (APIs) that enable applications to exploit mobile network capabilities, such as messaging, authentication, payments and location-finding with a cross-operator reach. For example, a messaging network API could be used to enable an app to send an SMS message to another device, while a payment network API could be used to add an in-app purchase to the user’s mobile phone bill.

Major operators, such as AT&T, Deutsche Telekom, Orange, Telefonica and Vodafone, Rogers, Bell Canada, TELUS, are working with the OneAPI initiative to expose network APIs through their developer programmes.

OneAPI is the agreed standard for Network APIs working across mobile networks, world-wide. Previously application developers were required to implement many different interfaces from their application when they wanted to launch cross network services. OneAPI changes this.

OneAPI features and benefits are:

• Simple RESTful interface that can be used from any HTTP client • “Universal” API that can be used for cross operator mobile services • Payments, Messaging, Location, bearer information, call control and other

network capabilities – with more to come • Consistent methodology across APIs ensures DRY (Don’t Repeat Yourself) • OneAPI requests and responses do not require complex processing or

validation • Wide range of open source software available from GSMA to assist

development

2.4 Energy management and distribution systems

The most applicable standards in energy management and distribution systems are IEC61969 and IEC61970.

� IEC 61968-9

Part 9 of the IEC 61968 standard specifies the information content of a set of message types that can be used to support many of the business functions related to Meter Reading and Control. Typical uses of the message types include meter reading, meter



control, meter events, customer data synchronization and customer switching. Although intended primarily for electrical distribution networks, IEC 61968-9 can be used for other metering applications, including non-electrical metered quantities necessary to support gas and water networks.

This standard will recognize and model the general capabilities that can be potentially provided by advanced and/or legacy meter infrastructures, including two way communication capabilities such as load control, dynamic pricing, outage detection, distributed energy resource (DER) control signals and on-request read. In this way, this standard will not be impacted by the specification, development and/or deployment of next generation meter infrastructures either through the use of standards or proprietary means.

The capabilities and information provided by a meter reading system are important for a variety of purposes, including (but not limited to) interval data, time-based demand data, time-based energy data (usage and production), outage management, service interruption, service restoration, quality of service monitoring, distribution network analysis, distribution planning, demand reduction, customer billing and work management. This standard also extends the CIM (Common Information Model) to support the exchange of meter data.

� IEC 61970 -9

This standard is part of the IEC 61970 series that defines application program interfaces (APIs) for an energy management system (EMS). This standard is based to a large extent upon the work of the EPRI Control Center API (CCAPI) research project (RP-3654-1). The principle objectives of the EPRI CCAPI project are to:

• reduce the cost and time needed to add new applications to an EMS or other system2

• protect the investment in existing applications that are working effectively; • improve the capability to exchange information between disparate systems both

within and external to the control center environment.

The technical approach is to provide an integration framework for interconnecting existing applications/systems that is

• based on a common architecture and information model; • independent of the underlying technology.

The principal task of the IEC 61970 series of standards is to develop a set of guidelines and standards to facilitate 1) the integration of applications developed by different suppliers in the control center environment3 and 2) the exchange of information to systems external to the control center environment. The scope of these specifications includes other transmission systems as well as distribution and generation systems external to the control center that need to exchange real-time operational data with the control center. Therefore, another related goal of these standards is to enable the integration of existing legacy systems as well as new systems built to conform to these standards in these application domains.



3. Water Market Size at EU and National Level

From an economic perspective, the water and wastewater sectors are important in the EU as they supply 600,000 jobs for over 70,000 water services companies. The stake of investments in infrastructure is quite high with over 3.5 million km of drinking water networks, over 2.2 million km of wastewater networks and 70,000 wastewater treatment plants. In monetary terms, this represents an annual investment of over €33 billion and a turnover of 72 billion per year (WssTP 2010).

3.1 Water Usage

Whilst water usage varies widely across the EU, it is quite clear that the per capita consumption is too high to be sustainable in the long run. According to the EEA (2013), the per capita consumption ranges from 85 litres per day in Lithuania to 265 in Spain for selected European Countries as detailed in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Daily Water Usage in Selected European Co untries in 2012

Source: EEA http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/household-water-use-1

As evident in the graph, the usage data is rather weak in terms of comparability and up-to-datedness. First, it is not comparable as it was measured in different years for different countries. Second, the data is partly very out-dated and significant effort has been made to lower per-capita usage in a series of countries.



There are two reasons for presenting this graph. First, there are major discrepancies between countries and their usage of water. After Spain with the highest consumption potentially due to agricultural water use, The Netherlands averages at 218 litres per capita daily and France with 164. Second, on average, the current water usage is not sustainable, posing one of the main challenges to Europe at the moment. The most sustainable European water consumption can be found in Lithuania, Estonia and Belgium with 85,100 and 114 per person and day. Interestingly, it is Belgium where a basic amount of water is provided for free. As an aside, the average person in England was using 150 litres per day a few years ago (Environment Agency 2013).

The following table contains data collected from different sources and years to give information for further countries but cross-country comparisons are limited due to the different sources.

Table 3: Water Usage and Consumption

Country Water Usage Water Consumption In litre/per capita/per day

Austria 3816m3 annual 2005 130 159 in 2012

Belgium 6217 m3 annual 2007. 106 in 2005 115 in 2012

Bulgaria 97 l/person/day is the water usage for 2010 in Bulgaria

165

Croatia 311 million m3 from public water distribution systems, and additional 90 million m3 from own sources of different economic operators (2006)

Average 135 in 2006, ranging from 113 to 149 in different regions

Cyprus 184 m3 annual 2009 138 2010: 63,2 in million of m3 per inhabitant

Czech Republik

1947 m3 annual 2009 167 in 2010

Denmark 660 m3 annual 2009 116 in 2012

Estonia 39,4 million of m3 annual 2010 for the whole country

100 in 2012

Finland 2319 m3 annual 2005 187

France 31615 m3 annual 2007 176 164 in 2012

Germany 32301 m3 annual 2007 151 122 in 2012

Greece 9539 m3 annual 2007 n/a

Hungary 5432 m3 annual 2008 196 150 in 2012

Ireland 730 m3 annual 2007 160 in 2012

Italy 41982 m3 annual 2005 322

Latvia 211 m3 annual 2007 n/a

Lithuania 2412 m3 annual 2009 130 85 in 2012

Luxemburg 47 m3 annual 2009 140 m3/capita in 2002 120 000 m3 per day in 2009

Malta 31 m3 annual 2009 223 liters per capita per day in 2004

Netherlands 10606 m3 annual 2008 218 in 2012

Poland Total Fresh Water Consumption: 103566,6 hm3

133 118 in 2012

Portugal 8808 m3 annual 2005 261



Romania 6876 m3 annual 2009 385 in 2004

Slovakia 688 m3 annual 2007 n/a

Slovenia 943 m3 annual 2009 n/a

Spain 32466 m3 annual 2008 176 265 in 2012

Sweden 2630 m3 annual 2007 237

United Kingdom

in UK every person uses approximately 150 litres of water a day. In 2005: 250 m3 of water per person.

143 (household only)

Sources: OECD Factbook 2008: Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics - ISBN 92-64-04054-4 - © OECD 2008 (http://statlinks.oecdcode.org/08-01-01-T1.XLS),

IBNET. 2013. Data base. Retrieved from http://www.ib-net.org/en/production/

LSE. 2012. Water prices in Europe need to rise substantially to encourage more sustainable water consumption. http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2012/10/31/europe-water-prices/

The main reasons for these main differences are the different water pricing regimes across Europe that are not yet harmonized in spite of the Water Directive. Prices actually range from a virtually free water supply such as for agriculture or in Ireland to €6 per cubic meter in Denmark.

Reducing the demand for water is a central challenge and goal for policy makers as water demand outstrips water supply by 300 billion m3 already in 2013 (Biswas, A. and Kirchherr, J. 2013). In 20 years from now, water demand is likely to exceed water supply by 40% (Addams, L., Boccaletti, G., Kerlin,M. and Stuchtey, M. 2009).

3.2 Waste Water and Sewers

As shown in Table 4, the majority of Europeans is connected to urban wastewater collecting systems ranging from 30% in Cyprus up to 99% in The Netherlands. In most of the countries over three fourths of the population is actually connected to wastewater collecting systems.

Table 4: Waste Water Collecting Systems and Product ion

Population connected to urban wastewater collecting systems: % Year

Austria

Belgium 88 2008

Austria 93 2008

Bulgaria 70

Cyprus 30 2005

Czech Republic 81 2008

Denmark 89 1998

Estonia 81

Finland 81 2002

France 82 2004



Germany 96 2007

Greece 87

Hungary 65 2006

Ireland 95 2005

Italy 94 2005

Latvia 71 2007

Lithuania 62

Luxembourg 95 2003

Malta 98

Netherlands 99

Poland 62

Portugal 78 2008

Romania 43

Slovakia 58 2007

Slovenia 63

Spain :

Sweden 86 2006

United Kingdom :

3.3 Water Pricing

The average price in Europe is 3,40€ (including taxes) for a consumption of 120 m3 per year. Italy has the lowest price in Europe in 2008 at 0,84€ for the same consumption. According to data by the International Water Association (2010) adjusted in Table 5, most countries use cost covering principles when fixing the price, around half consider the inflation rate and annual price limits. The majority does not apply the general principle of price cap.

Table 5: Price Fixing Principle of Drinking Water

What principles are used for fixing the price of dr inking water? Yes/no?

Cost covering principles

Inflation rate growth

Annual price limits

General principle of price cap

Others, please specify

Austria Yes Yes No No -

Belgium Yes n/a n/a n/a -

Bulgaria Yes No Yes No -

Cyprus Yes No No No -

Denmark Yes No No No -

Finland Yes No No No -

France Yes Yes No No -

Germany Yes No Yes No -

Hungary Yes Yes No No -

Italy Yes Yes Yes Yes Average tariff each year should cover operative costs, depreciation and capital revenue. At the



same time tariffs increase year by year taking into account inflation rate, growth and a price limit. A group of operators (old contracts with transitory regulations by CIPE) are regulated by price cap principle.

Lithuania Yes Yes No Yes -

Netherlands Yes No No No -

Northern Ireland (UK)

Yes Yes Yes Yes -

Poland Yes Yes No Yes -

Portugal Yes Yes No No Principle of rate of return.

Scotland Yes No Yes Yes -

Slovakia Yes Yes No No -

Spain Yes Yes No No -

Sweden Yes No No No -

UK No No Yes No -

However, decision-making concerning water prices varies considerably between and within the EU Member States. It is true that water-price levels and structures can be decided at the different levels (local, regional or national level), decisions on pricing are rarely ever completely decentralised with no supervisory power institutionalised at the national level.

The fact that municipalities hold relatively high decision power inevitably leads to a greater diversity of pricing practices within a given country than centralised decisions by government ministries. On top of that, independent regulatory authorities may have different perspectives on price setting than respective ministries, the former being perhaps more professional and technical in their approach and the latter being more political and bureaucratic.

As mentioned in Section 1, the European Commission’s position is to fix pricing according to the full cost recovery principle. This means that the water prices should be set at the full-cost levels and in direct relation to the water consumed or pollution produced. Specifically, with its EU Water Pricing Communication, the EC advocates an increased role for pricing in enhancing the sustainability of water resources. The aim is to create incentives to reduce pollution and improve the efficiency of water use. Additionally, Directive 2006/32/EC on energy end-use efficiency and energy services asks suppliers to base billing on actual energy consumption at actual prices.

This is why, the EC recommends a harmonised approach to water pricing across the EU, using volumetric charges to reflect and recover financial, environmental and resource costs. These recommendations are likely to have significant implications for the EU member states. Yet, the national diversity in water supply between the EU member states, has slowed down progress towards the harmonised EU water policy (Filippini et al 2010)



4. Water Market Key Players

The national systems determining the structure of the water market are quite diverse. Most of the players in the water market are public policy makers at national, regional and local level. Depending on the country, they can transfer certain responsibilities to private operators. The most important private operators at European level are presented. When it comes to technologies and metering, private companies play a major role as software companies and equipment providers. Due to the technological advancements and requirements, water providers are increasingly outsourcing technology needs to specific software companies and equipment providers. Associations play a role for the consumers.

4.1 Policy Makers in the Water Market

At present, the water market mainly consists of public players in most EU Member States. However, the roles and responsibilities of the different bodies vary widely by country. The following tables are adapted from the International Water Association (2010) and explain the precise role of policy makers in the water market in 20 Member States of the EU.

Table 6 explains that in most of the included countries, municipalities have the decision power concerning the water services organisation, price fixing and investments and financing vehicles.

Table 6: Who have the decisional power for

Organising the water services

Fixing the price of water services

Deciding about new investments and the way to

finance them Austria Municipalities Municipalities Water services, Regional water

holdings Belgium Regional

governments, Municipalities

Regional governments, Municipalities

Water services, Regional water holdings

Bulgaria Municipalities, State State Water services, State Cyprus Municipalities, State Municipalities, State Water services, Regional water

holdings, State Denmark Municipalities Municipalities Water services Finland Municipalities Municipalities Water services France Municipalities Municipalities Regional water holdings Germany Municipalities,

Municipalities enterprises

Municipalities, Municipalities enterprises

Water services

Hungary Municipalities, State Municipalities, State Regional water holdings, State Italy Municipalities Municipalities Water services, State Lithuania Municipalities Municipalities Regional water holdings, State Netherlands

Municipalities Municipalities Municipalities cover investments by raising sewerage taxes.


Regional governments

Regional governments

State

Poland Regional Regional Regional water holdings





Portugal Municipalities, State Municipalities, State Water services, State Scotland State State - Slovakia Municipalities Municipalities, State Water services Spain Municipalities Regional


Water services, Regional water holdings, State

Sweden Municipalities Municipalities Regional water holdings UK - - -

4.2 Public/Private Balance in Water Market

Despite the fact that the decision power mainly lies with public bodies, Table 7 shows that in most countries, there is a major market potential for the private sector as the many responsibilities including water service operation, consumer relation management, electromechanical renewal, existing infrastructure renewal, main infrastructure extension and R&D may be transferred to private operators . The countries that stand out are Ireland and Scotland who cannot transfer any of the responsibilities to the private sector as this is done at the national level.

Table 7: Responsibilities which can be transferred to privat e operators. Can they yes/no?

Water service

operation

Customer relation manage-

ment

Electro -mechanical

renewal

Existing infra-

structure renewal

Main infra -structure extension

R&D Other , please specify

Austria Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes -

Belgium Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes -

Bulgaria Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No -

Cyprus No No Yes Yes Yes Yes -

Denmark Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes -

Finland Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes -

France Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes -

Germany Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Mgt of surface waters, resource protection.

Hungary Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes -

Italy Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes -

Lithuania

No No Yes Yes No Yes -

Netherlands

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Final decision making and ultimate responsibility.


No No No No No No Cannot transfer responsibility for the provision of water and



sewerage services

Poland Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes -

Portugal Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes -

Scotland No No No No No No -

Slovakia Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes -

Spain Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes -

Sweden Yes Yes Yes No No Yes -

UK Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes -

Table 8 illustrates that, in almost all countries, several responsibilities have actually been transferred to private operators to a certain extent for almost all parts of the water services sector.

Table 8: Responsibilities which can be transferred to privat e operators. Do they exist yes/no?

Water service

operation

Customer relation manage-

ment

Electro -mechanical equipment

renewal

Existing infra-

structure renewal

Main infra - structure extension

R&D Others, please specify

Austria No No Yes No No n/a -

Belgium Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes -

Bulgaria Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No -

Cyprus No No Yes Yes Yes Yes -

Denmark Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes -

Finland Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No -

France Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes -

Germany Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Mgt of surface waters, resource protection.

Hungary Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes -

Italy Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes -

Lithuania

No No Yes Yes No Yes -

Netherlands

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes -


No No No No No No Cannot transfer responsibility for the provision of water and sewerage services.

Poland Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes -

Portugal Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes -

Scotland No No No No No No -

Slovakia Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes -

Spain Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes -

Sweden Yes Yes Yes No No Yes -

UK Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes -



4.3 Private Operators in the European Water Services Market

Clearly, private operators play an important role in most of the EU Member States’ water market. According to EUROSTAT (2013), there were 68,400 companies classified within the EU-27’s water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities sector in 2010 (Section E). Together, they created 1.3 million jobs and generated EUR 86.3 billion of value added. Water-related markets (water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities sector) were more fragmented and less dominated by large enterprises than, for instance, the mining and quarrying sector or the electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply sector. However, large enterprises in these water-related sectors still generated a greater share of value added of 49% in 2010 than the companies in the smaller size classes.

According to an analysis by Hall and Lobina (2012), there are three groups of companies operating internationally in the water sector in Europe, which are active in different regions.

� The first group includes large French companies that are active in France, with subsidies or collaborators in Italy, Spain and in Central Europe (predominantly the Czech Republic), as well as a small presence in other countries. These companies are no longer present in the UK. These are Suez, Veolia and SAUR.

� The second group comprises Spanish construction multinationals such as FCC and Sacyr that are active in Spain and Portugal, and in Central Europe (only FCC).

� The third groups consists of German and Austrian companies , notably the municipally owned companies Gelsenwasser and Energie AG that hold contracts for private water supply in central Europe, principally the Czech Republic.

Apart from these international operators, Hall and Lobina have identified three further categories of private companies in the sector:

� The fourth group includes various private equity companies , which now own most of the private water companies in the UK, and some of the privatised water contracts in the former Soviet Union, but there is no dominant fund or company.

� The fifth group contains domestic companies operating only in their home country including the remaining UK companies, such as Severn Trent and United Utilities (which also retains a single international contract, in Estonia); semi-privatised Italian companies such as Acea; the Spanish Urbaser (part of ACS); the German companies RWE and Rethmann, for whom water is a relatively small annex to their main business of energy and/or waste management; and some privately owned companies with contracts in former Soviet union countries.

� The sixth groups are Asian multinationals that own three of the UK water companies but show no signs of expanding elsewhere in the sector.

Creating an extensive list of the main private actors is a rather difficult endeavour. To compensate for that, the facts for the largest European countries are included in the following two images. As depicted in Figure 4, six of the higher populated EU Member States and regions illustrate the range of public-private partnerships that exist in

Deliverable 1.1


Europe. On the one extreme, in the Netherlands, for instance, 100%is in the hands of the public sector. On the other end of the scale, in England, for example, 100% of the water services share is under control of private & semicompanies.

Figure 4 : Water Services

Similarly, the private public distribution of market share is quite diverse amongst some of the largest countries in the EU. Whereas in the hands of private & semi-public companies, 100% is under control of private & semipublic companies in the UK as displayed in

Figure 5 : Waste Water Se

Interestingly, with the exception of the Netherlands, the leading public or private companies are the same in water as in waste water service for most countries: SAUR and United Utilities in Polant, BWB, Eurowasser, Gelsenwasser and OEWA in Germany, AGBAR and Aqualia in Spain, Veolia Water France, Lyonnaise des Eaux and SAUR in France and Severn Trent, Thames Water and United Utilities in England. In The Netherlands, with 100% in public halead water services whilst AGV, Van Delfland and Van Rijnland lead waste water services.



Europe. On the one extreme, in the Netherlands, for instance, 100%is in the hands of the public sector. On the other end of the scale, in England, for example, 100% of the water services share is under control of private & semi

: Water Services - Public-Private Market Share

Source: Agbar 2011 page 16

the private public distribution of market share is quite diverse amongst some of the largest countries in the EU. Whereas in the Netherlands, only 4% are in the

public companies, 100% is under control of private & semipublic companies in the UK as displayed in Figure 5.

: Waste Water Se rvices - Public- Private Market Share

Source: Agbar 2011 page 16

Interestingly, with the exception of the Netherlands, the leading public or private companies are the same in water as in waste water service for most countries: SAUR

in Polant, BWB, Eurowasser, Gelsenwasser and OEWA in Germany, AGBAR and Aqualia in Spain, Veolia Water France, Lyonnaise des Eaux and SAUR in France and Severn Trent, Thames Water and United Utilities in England. In The Netherlands, with 100% in public hands, Brabant Water, Evides and Vitens lead water services whilst AGV, Van Delfland and Van Rijnland lead waste water

38

Europe. On the one extreme, in the Netherlands, for instance, 100% of water services is in the hands of the public sector. On the other end of the scale, in England, for example, 100% of the water services share is under control of private & semi-public

the private public distribution of market share is quite diverse amongst some only 4% are in the

public companies, 100% is under control of private & semi-

Private Market Share

Interestingly, with the exception of the Netherlands, the leading public or private companies are the same in water as in waste water service for most countries: SAUR

in Polant, BWB, Eurowasser, Gelsenwasser and OEWA in Germany, AGBAR and Aqualia in Spain, Veolia Water France, Lyonnaise des Eaux and SAUR in France and Severn Trent, Thames Water and United Utilities in England.

nds, Brabant Water, Evides and Vitens lead water services whilst AGV, Van Delfland and Van Rijnland lead waste water



4.4 Software Companies

Most of the water companies use their proprietary software for water management, metering and other functions supplied by a local or software international expert. When researching the market share, a myriad of enterprises were found with some names recurring. However, it is not clear who are the leading companies. It seems, however, that most software companies offering water-related software carry this software as smaller part of a wider software and activities portfolio. Table 9 lists a few of the seemingly more important companies, a short description and website.

Company Table 9: Software Companies in Water Sector Website

Badger Meter

Our utility software solutions are specially designed to collect, organize and analyze meter data from water and gas utilities, creating a powerful management tool.

http://www.badgermeter.com/

Accenture Accenture is a global management consulting, technology services and outsourcing company, with more than 244,000 people serving clients in more than 120 countries. Combining unparalleled experience, comprehensive capabilities across all industries and business functions, and extensive research on the world’s most successful companies, Accenture collaborates with clients to help them become high-performance businesses and governments. The company generated net revenues of US$25.5 billion for the fiscal year ended Aug. 31, 2011.

www.accenture.com/utilities

ADD Group

ADD GRUP is a modern, technological company with more than 20 years of success worldwide. Being situated in the Republic of Moldova, company disposes manufacturing facilities with up-to-date equipment from the best manufacturers in the world. Hundreds of utilities and more than 2.7 million consumers in different countries (among them Sweden, Poland, Brazil, Bulgaria, Russia, South Africa etc) benefit from ADDAX IMS.

www.addgrup.com

CapGemini

With around 120,000 people in 40 countries, Capgemini is one of the world's foremost providers of consulting, technology and outsourcing services. The Group reported 2011 global revenues of EUR 9.7 billion. Together with its clients, Capgemini creates and delivers business and technology solutions that fit their needs and drive the results they want. A deeply multicultural organization, Capgemini has developed its own way of working, the Collaborative Business ExperienceTM, and draws on Rightshore ®, its worldwide delivery model.

www.capgemini.com/energy

Echelon Corporation (as well for equipment)

Echelon Corporation is an Energy Control Networking company, with the world's most widely deployed proven, open standard, multi-application platform, selling complete systems and embedded sub-systems for smart grid, smart city and smart building applications. Our platform is embedded in more than 100 million devices, 35 million homes, and 300,000 buildings and powers energy savings applications for smart grids, smart cities and smart buildings. We help our customers reduce operational costs, enhance satisfaction and safety, grow revenues and prepare for a dynamic future.

http://www.echelon.com

Elster Elster (NYSE: ELT) is one of the world’s largest electricity, gas and water measurement and control providers. Its offerings include distribution monitoring and control, advanced smart metering, demand response, networking and software solutions, and numerous related communications and services – key components for enabling consumer choice, operational efficiency and conservation. Its products and solutions are widely used by utilities in the traditional and emerging Smart Grid markets.

www.elster.com.

Elster Metering

Elster offers a broad range of intelligent metering solutions in the form of automated meter reading (AMR) and advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) systems.

http://www.elstermetering.co.uk/en/water.html



Elster/Amc

Elster/Amco currently offers dual pulse outputs for its evoQ4 electromagnetic meters and plans dual encoder output and pulse output in the 2011-2012.

http://www.elsteramcowater.com/en/index

EnVerv EnVerv is a System-on-Chip Semiconductor company located in the United States with Headquarters in San Jose, corporate offices in San Diego and sales offices worldwide. Our PLC solutions enable high performance communications via Low-Voltage (LV) and Medium-Voltage (MV) power lines providing efficient and effective communications means for Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) as well as other power line-based smart control and monitoring applications.

www.enverv.com

F.S. Brainard & Company/Meter-Master

F.S. Brainard & Company/Meter-Master manufacturers flow and pressure monitoring equipment and software that is compatible with several manufacturers’ water meters. The Model 80 Encoder Interface can be wired to a meter register to provide pulse, encoder and for 8-wheel output encoder registers, 4-20 ma outputs. It has not been tested with the AMR system DEP is using and it presently does not work with Radio (RF) AMR systems (just touch read systems).

http://www.meter-master.com/index.html

Ferranti Computer Systems

As a leading solution provider Ferranti Computer Systems delivers innovative IT solutions and services to the global energy, water & utilities industries. MECOMS™ is a business support system for energy and utility companies, providing both Meter Data Management (MDM) and a Customer Information System (CIS). It combines flexibility, efficiency and smart insights to drastically cut cost-to-serve, even in a changing environment. MECOMS™ is Microsoft’s only recommended solution for energy and utility companies across the globe.

www.ferranti.be or www.mecoms.com

Firefly -Datamatic

The FIREFLY for water meters represents a breakthrough in AMR technology. It is the "first solution to deliver a universally compatible" interfacing strategy teamed with integrated ProfilePLUS™ Usage Profiling in an economical package.

http://www.datamatic.com/profileplus_water.html

IBM At IBM, our priority is to help utility organizations transform energy and sustainability issues into opportunities to positively impact the world while optimizing their operations. Today, IBM experts are working with energy and utility organizations globally to accelerate the adoption of smart grids that can make them more reliable and more efficient. From smart metering systems and services, to network revitalization, to asset management, to plant operations, IBM offers smarter solutions, practices, and technology that help utilities transform their operations for the 21st century.

ibm.com/energy

Intel Intel designs and manufactures advanced integrated digital technology platforms. Intel’s platforms are used in a wide range of applications, such as PCs (including Ultrabook™ systems), data centers / cloud, tablets, smartphones, automobiles, automated factory systems, and a multitude of embedded devices in many Industries. Intel also develops and sells software and services primarily focused on security and technology integration.

http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/embedded-developers-engineers/energy-overview.html

ITF-EDV Fröschl GmbH

Is a specialist for software solutions in the field of reading and processing of energy data. They have different products for industry data metering and client web browsing.

http://www.itf-edv.de/index.php?id=18&L=1

Itron Itron supplies complete water meters and associated automatic meter reading systems for all applications in the Residential and Commercial Industrial markets

https://www.itron.com/productsAndServices/water/Pages/default.aspx

Itron (as well for equipment)

Itron is the leading provider of energy and water resource management solutions for nearly 8,000 utilities around the world. We offer end-to-end solutions that include electricity, gas, water and heat measurement and control technology; communications systems; software; and professional services. With nearly 9,000 employees doing business in more than 130 countries, Itron empowers utilities to responsibly and efficiently manage

itron.com



energy and water resources.

Landis+Gyr

Landis+Gyr is the leading global provider of integrated energy management products tailored to energy company needs and unique in its ability to deliver true end-to-end advanced metering solutions. Today, the Company offers the broadest portfolio of products and services in the electricity metering industry, and is paving the way for the next generation of smart grid.

www.landisgyr.eu

Meters and More AISB

Meters and More AISB (Association Internationale Sans But Lucratif) is an international not-for-profit organization founded in 2010 with the scope to adopt, maintain and evolve an open communication protocol for smart metering solutions within well defined open rules; promote smart metering standardization; promote the existence of a range of interoperable devices, applications and services and provide a certification process to assure products compliance with Meters and More specifications.

www.metersandmore.eu

Metron -Farnier

Offers the HRI Pulse Output Module as a clip-on addition for its encoder registers that provides a switch closure output for the company’s Spectrum single-jet meters. Metron is planning to release its electronic E-register in mid-2011 that will provide output in the customer’s choice of two of three formats: encoder with pulse or 4-20 ma. The all-electronic register can display cubic feet or gallons and will have a resolution of 0.1 gpm.

http://www.metronfarnier.com/index.php

Motorola C&I AMR

Offers Commercial & Industrial (C&I) AMR solutions that allows the management of energy and gas consumption, power quality as well as monitor loads and outages more easily.

http://www.motorolasolutions.com/

Mueller Systems

Mueller Systems' advanced AMR system design outpaces every other contender. Conveying data every two seconds and on multiple channels, Hot RodTM transmitters increase your ability to capture drive-by meter readings up to 400%.

http://www.muellersystems.com

MuniBilling

Easy and affordable way to do water billing, sewer billing, trash billing, electricity billing, HOA services billing or rent billing

http://www.munibilling.com/utility-billing-software/water-billing

Neptune Technology group

Is a technology group that offers solutions to AMR/AMI and also online water metering systems

http://neptunetg.com/

Netinium Creating value for a smarter world™ Netinium is a leader in advanced smart metering and smart grid solutions, with the Netinium Platform supporting the largest smart metering production environment in the Netherlands. Netinium provides an open standards based, future-proof foundation for data collection, management and control, reducing complexity and cost by enabling adaptability to changing legislation, technology and business requirements.

www.netinium.com

Nuri Telecom

Nuri AiMiR Head-End software is an advanced smart grid data collection and management software running on an AiMiR Head-End Server. It is a highly scalable, flexible, and offers standards based integration interfaces empowering full integration within a utility’s enterprise architecture and various Smart Grid applications. The software provides real-time two way communications, AMI control and management, demand management through Home Area Network and consumer access to energy consumption data.

http://www.nuritelecom.com/products/aimir-ami-head-end-software.html

SAP As market leader in enterprise application software, SAP helps companies of all sizes and industries run better. SAP empowers people and organizations to work together more efficiently and use business insight more effectively to stay ahead of the competition. SAP applications and services enable more than 183,000 customers to operate profitably, adapt continuously, and grow sustainably.

www.sap.com/utilities



Schneider Electric

As a global specialist in energy management with operations in more than 100 countries, Schneider Electric offers integrated solutions to make energy safe, reliable, efficient, productive and green across multiple market segments.

www.schneider-electric.com

Sensus Offers FlexNet™ that is the industry's solution for utilities that demand unmatched customer service and pinpoint-accurate reads.

http://sensus.com/

Siemens (also for equipment)

The Siemens Infrastructure & Cities Sector (Munich, Germany) with approximately 87,000 employees, offers sustainable technologies for metropolitan areas and their infrastructures. Its offerings include integrated mobility solutions, building and security technology, power distribution, smart grid applications, and low- and medium-voltage products. The Sector comprises the Divisions Rail Systems, Mobility and Logistics, Low and Medium Voltage, Smart Grid, Building Technologies, and Osram AG

http://www.siemens.com/infrastructure-cities

Telvent To meet the needs of the evolving electric industry, Telvent has developed a full suite of Smart Grid solutions designed to arm utilities with the toolset necessary to take an active role in the rapidly emerging smart grid system.

www.telvent.com/smartgrid

Toshiba Toshiba is a world leader and innovator in pioneering high technology, a diversified manufacturer and marketer of advanced electronic and electrical products spanning digital consumer products; electronic devices and components; power systems, including nuclear energy; industrial and social infrastructure systems; and home appliances.

www.toshiba.co.jp/worldwide

Universal Metering

A complete solution, with prepayment software, electronic water metering and customer friendly 'split smart card system' to guarantee revenue and service.

http://www.universalmetering.co.uk/prepayment.htm

Water Online

The STAR® Network NCC allows utilities to better manage their AMI data including information about customer accounts, meter transmitters, and data collectors.

http://www.wateronline.com/

Xemex For 15 years Xemex develops leading telemetry communication gateways based on local needs and specs. The company is currently market leader in The Netherlands and Belgium and supplies to Europe’s utilities, meter manufactures, telecom operators and system integrators.

www.xemex.eu

ZPA Smart Energy

ZPA Smart Energy is a subsidiary of Electrometer El Sewedy; a global manufacturer of advanced metering products and innovative energy management solutions with facilities operating worldwide.

4.5 Equipment Providers

Similarly to software providers, there is a myriad of equipment providers for the European water market. Many of them are specialised in water-related markets and a few carry products beyond that.

Company Table 10: Equipment Provi ders in the Water Sector Website

A & J Fabtech Ltd

Suppliers of waste and water treatment equipment (also other design and manufacture services).

http://www.waterindustryforum.com/member-services/members-directory/

ACWA Technologies for water and wastewater treatment, water re-use and desalination, air pollution control, feasibility study and operation and maintenance.


Adams Hydraulics

Design and supply equipment for water and sewage treatment industries.


Adasa Technologies applied to the water and environmental sector. http://www.afre.es/index.php?id=100

Apator PoWogaz

One of the largest Polish and European manufacturers of water meters.

http://www.dmsltd.com/Water_Meters_-_Hot_and_Cold



Apollo Manufacture flowmeters and can adapt what we supply to suit your particular application. We also supply displays and instruments to measure rate, total or batch volume of water and liquids and sight glasses to view the flow, colour or presence or leaks of water, liquids and slurries.

http://www.environmental-expert.com/products/domestic-water-meters-35812

Azud Spanish companies specialized in water management and control. http://www.afre.es/index.php?id=101

B & V Water Treatment

Water and waste water treatment products, services and equipment both in the UK and overseas.


Balmart Specialised in the manufacturing, installation and marketing of electronic equipment.

http://www.afre.es/index.php?id=296

CARSYSTEM

Water irrigation pumps and similar. http://www.afre.es/index.php?id=359

Cepex Is a leader in supplying material for transporting liquids. www.cepex.com

DANISH WASTEWATER EQUIPMENT A/S

Danish - European based company with over 40 years of experience. Supplier of high-quality mechanical equipment for Wastewater Treatment Plants. We have a variety of high quality products from Inlet to Outlet. Waste and effluent treatment. Treatment of waste and effluent.

www.environmental-expert.com/water-wastewater/water-wastewater-screens/companies/location-europe/order-recommended/page-7

Espa Leading national manufacturer of pumps in the world of integrated water management.


GWF MessSysteme AG

Market leader in Switzerland for measuring and collecting consumption data for water, heat and natural gas.


Hermanos Piston

Collaborates with the most important national and international construction companies

www.hermanospiston.com

Hidroten Company created by professionals with over 40 years experience in the market, its main field of activity is the supply of water, in the areas of irrigation, construction, light industry and water treatment.


In-Nobo Specialized in automation of hydraulic systems, developing a range of remote product prodction, known as RF Gootem, leading brand in Spain via remote market supply facilities and water distribution for large communities of irrigators .


JWC Environmental

JWC Environmental’s family of wastewater, stormwater and sewage treatment products are legendary for quality and reliability

www.environmental-expert.com/water-wastewater/water-wastewater-screens/companies/location-europe/order-recommended/page-7

Krüger A/S

Acts as consultant, contractor as well as supplier of equipment, services, solutions within the field of drinking water, process water, municipal and industrial wastewater, sludge, sewage, soil and groundwater as well as control, regulation and supervision of water treatment plants. Internationally, Krüger manages the parent company Veolia Water Solutions & Technologies' activities in Scandinavia, Finland, Poland and the Baltic countries.

http://www.kruger.dk/en/

MeterRSit MeteRSit has been established to provide gas utility companies with a new generation of remotely controlled gas meters named Domusnext together with all the necessary communications infrastructure at a highly competitive price. Domusnext G4 & G6 gas meters are suitable for domestic applications while Domusnext G16 & G25 meters are suitable for industrial applications.

www.metersit.com

PacTec, Inc.

Experienced manufacturer providing the environmental and waste industries with quality products, at a fair price, and backed by unsurpassed service.

http://www.environmental-expert.com/companies/pactec-inc-2721

Sappel Manufacturing and marketing water, industrial, and heat meters, as well as remote reading systems.




Sensus Sensus provides technology solutions that enable utilities and consumers to conserve water. We are the world's largest manufacturer of water meters and have a substantial share of sales of automatic meter reading (AMR) and advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) devices through our sale of advanced systems to North American water utilities.

http://sensus.com/web/usca/products/water

Toro Equipment

Leading European company specialized in the design and manufacture of equipment for industrial and urban wastewater treatment, water processing, water reuse and sludge treatment.

http://www.toroequipment.com/presworld.aspx

Veolia Water Solutions & Technologies (VWS)

Veolia Water Solutions & Technologies (VWS) creates comprehensive water and wastewater solutions for industrial and municipal customers. Through its subsidiaries, VWS provides innovative technologies and complete services ranging from design, engineering and pilot testing to project management and turnkey execution. VWS, and its member companies, tailor solutions that meet the performance, compliance and budget requirements for your water and wastewater projects.

www.environmental-expert.com/companies/veolia-water-solutions-technologies-north-america-22178

WesTech Engineering, Inc.

Supplier of products and services for water and wastewater treatment and liquid-solid separation

http://www.environmental-expert.com/

4.6 Associations in the Water Market

The main role of water associations is to defend consumer interests and to provide information on the national and international water market. Here a list of the national Associations with description and link to the website.

Country Association Table 11: European Water Associations Website

Austria Österreichischer Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaftsverband (ÖWAV) Austrian Water and Waste Management Association;

Main activities The Austrian Water and Waste Management Association (ÖWAV) is a voluntary collective of all parties interested in water and waste management in Austria, which leads to the exchange of experience in economy, administration and science. It is considered as an “independent counsellor” with the goal of achieving sustainable objectives of the water, wastewater and waste management in Austria. Challenging topics • climate change • buildings and water • sewage sludge platform • maintenance of sewage systems • courses and advanced training for the staff of water treatment plants and waste management facilities.

www.oewav.at

Belgium Belgian Committee of the International Water Association (B-IWA)

B-IWAs activities The B-IWA is a national network organization that aims to stimulate interaction between education – science – industry – water management and policy, mainly in the fi eld of wastewater collection and treatment as well as drinking water production and distribution. Yearly, several master classes are organized to stimulate interaction between students/young water professionals and diverse water experts from academia, industry as government.

www.b-iwa.be

Belgium Vlario VZW VLARIOs activities: VLARIO is an independent non-governmental and non-profit organization in Flanders (Belgium).

www.vlario.be



VLARIO is the consulting platform and information and knowledge centre for Flemish sewer systems with the following targets: VLARIO offers an independent platform for experts of rainwater, wastewater and integral water management; VLARIO collects knowledge through continuous consultation and exchange of experience with all market players, national and international; VLARIO propagates this knowledge via publications and the organization of seminars, workshops, lectures and study clubs; VLARIO supports the ambition of Flemish towns and cities in purifying quality and applying the ‘Principles of integrates sewage management’.

Belgium B-IWA/VLARIO

B-IWA/VLARIO are partners in the EWA European network to support the making and implementation of the European water policy. Living in Belgium and at home in Brussels, we feel obliged to do better and more, in close contact with all the EWAMembers and Cooperation Organisations.

www.b-iwa.be www.vlario.be

Bulgaria Bulgarian Water Association (BWA) Bulgarska Asocia po Vodite

The BWA is a non-governmental, nonprofit organization whose main fields of interest are water supply and wastewater disposal, as well as management, preservation and utilization of water resources. It takes part in discussions related to new regulations and develops expert appraisals, standpoints and strategies in its field. The BWA organizes workshops, conferences, round tables and is also involved in the training of water/ wastewater operators. The Association has 85 corporate and 185 individual members. Challenging topics 1. water losses reduction 2. water act amendments implementation 3. education and training of water operators 4. development of new national water strategy 5. urban water infrastructure development

www.bwa-bg.com

Cyprus The Water Board of Nicosia; There are 2 other Water Boards (Larnaka and Limassol), as well as the Union of Cyprus Municipalities and Communities. In the field of wastewater there are 6 urban Sewerage Boards and various rural Sewerage Boards

Czech Republic

Asociace pro vodu ČR The Czech Water Association (CzWA)

The CzWA is the association representing Czech specialists and companies working in the fi elds of wastewater, waste and water management and quality control of surface waters. The main activities of the association cover both technical-scientifi c subjects and the economic and legal aspects of water environment protection. The association provides consultancy to the state and local authorities and to private subjects. The CzWA organizes professional seminars and conferences on both national and international level and provides training courses on diff erent levels. Challenging topics In 2011 CzWA established a new specialist group dealing with drinking water treatment and supply. With this the number of CzWA specialist groups has reached twelve and these groups cover most of the professional topics in water sector. The CzWA has fi nished its conversion from initially beeing a wastewater association to an association of all Czech water professionals and has become an adequate

www.czwa.cz



member of international organizations like EWA or IWA. The CzWA wants to continue or to improve the cooperation with water associations in neighbouring countries. The CzWA has a contract on cooperation with the AČE in the Slovak Republic, the ÖWAV in Austria and DWA in Germany. The CzWA has also established good working contacts with the MaSzeSz in Hungary. The cooperation with neighbouring association helps to keep the standard of CzWA biennial conferences on high scientific and technical international level. The international contacts of the CzWA makes the association more attractive for young water professionals (YWP) who are now forming a significant fraction among the CzWA individual members. Another all time challenge is the Elbe from the mountains to the border with Germany.

Denmark Danish Water Forum (DWF)

The Danish Water Forum (DWF) is a network of Danish water organisations aimed at highlighting expertise and knowledge and facilitating concerted actions. The competences and high standards of its members make the DWF an excellent entry point to the Danish water sector and its services and expertise within virtually all aspects of water industry, technology, science and management. DWF represents: • contractors and manufacturers • water companies and consultants • research institutions • government authorities and NGOs The unique member blend of researchers, consultants, contractors, manufactures and users gives DWF an integrated knowledge about all aspects of the entire water sector, including issues relating to the environment, agriculture and health. The Danish Water Forum has its main area of interest in the developing world and is a North-South focussed association.

www.danishwaterforum.dk

Estonia Eesti Veeühing Estonian Water Association

The Estonian Water Association promotes and facilitates the evolution of legislation, terminology, education, science and engineering of water management. It offers opinions on Estonian water management problems. Arranges meetings, events and conferences related to water usage, surface and groundwater protection and other water management sectors.

www.veeyhing.ee

Finland Suomen Vesiyhdistys ry Water Association Finland

Main activities The Water Association Finland is a nongovernmental body with some 500 individual members and 20 corporate members, founded in 1969. The purpose of this body is to improve and distribute knowledge and promote professional networking in Finland and abroad. The purpose of the association is to improve and disseminate knowledge and promote professional networking in Finland and abroad. The core issues are mostly dealt with by standing committees for hydrology, limnology, water supply and wastewater treatment, water legislation, river basin management, water ecology and water pollution control, fisheries, and hydraulic engineering. Challenging topics 1. the renewed Finnish water legislation. 2. implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive.

www.vesiyhdistys.fi



3. climate change eff ects on water management and water environment.

France Association Scientifi que et Technique pour l`Eau et l`Environnement association (ASTEE) (“Scientifi c and Technical Association for Water and Environment“)

Fédération Professionnelle des Entreprises de l'Eau - FP2E - now represents nearly all private companies managing water and wastewater services both inside and outside of France, where its members (Alteau, Lyonnaise des Eaux, Nantaise des Eaux Services, Saede, Saur, Société des Eaux de Fin d’Oise, Sogedo, Veolia Water) employ around 130,000 people, of which 32,200 work in France. These companies supply water to 46 million people and treat the wastewater of 28 million people in France. Since its founding in 1905, the “Association Scientifi que et Technique pour l’Eau et l’Environnement (ASTEE)” has been a privileged centre point for the exchange of technical, scientifi c and administrative information between the various persons and organisations involved in the design, production and operation of urban and rural equipments and infrastructures, with a strong emphasis on environment and hygiene related utilities. Water ecosystems and resources are also addressed in a more global view.

www.astee.org

Germany

Deutsche Vereinigung für Wasserwirtschaft, Abwasser und Abfall e. V. German Association for Water, Wastewater and Waste (DWA)

The DWA – German Association for Water, Wastewater and Waste – is intensively committed to the development and distribution of a secure and sustainable water management. It acts as a politically and economically independent organisation in the field of water management, sewage, waste and soil protection. In Europe the DWA is the association with the largest number of members within this field and therefore takes on a special position. It provides professional competence regarding standardisation, professional training and information towards the public. Approximately 14,000 members represent the experts and executives from local authorities, universities, engineering offices, municipalities and enterprises.

www.dwa.de

Greece EDEYA (Hellenic Union of Municipal Enterprises for Water Supply and Sewerage)

The Hellenic Union of Municipal Enterprises for Water Supply and Sewerage (EDEYA) - EDEYA has 177 DEYA (Municipal Enterprises for Water Supply and Sewerage ) members all over Greece. The Union is run by a seven member Board of Management consisted mainly by Mayors. The law 1069/80 was the reason why the Union was established. Its purpose is to coordinate the activities of its members and represent them. Furthermore, it assists its members to improve their services in the water supply and sewage sectors.

http://www.edeya.gr

Hungary Magyar Szennyvíztechnikai Szövetség (MaSzeSz) Hungarian Wastewater Association

The Hungarian Wastewater Association was founded in 1997. The Association has around 300 individual, institutional and company members. The members are mostly design engineers, operators, professors from several universities dealing with water wastewater technologies and sewage systems.

www.maszesz.hu

Ireland County and City Managers' Association - CCMA

The County and City Managers’ Association (CCMA) is the “representative voice” of the local government management network. Its members include Managers from the County and City Councils and the Dublin City Council Assistant Managers. It is a non-statutory body that works to ensure that the influence of Managers is brought to bear on the development and implementation of relevant policy.

http://www.lgma.ie



It operates through a number of established committees each of which is concerned with a specific policy area as follows: • Community, Social, Economic & Development (CSED) • Environment • Finance • Housing • Land Use & Transportation (LUTS) • Water Each Committee, which is made up of County and City Managers and Directors of Service / Heads of Finance, interfaces with senior management of the Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government (DoECLG) and other relevant Departments and organisations. The CCMA represents its members on external committees, steering groups and organisations and develops evidence-based positions and makes submissions on relevant issues.

Italy Federazione delle Impresse Energetiche e Idriche - Federutility

Federazione delle Impresse Energetiche e Idriche - Federutility - is the Association of Italian public and private utilities. A federation uniting and representing local public utility companies operating in the water and energy sectors. More than 460 electricity, gas and water companies are members of Federutility.The Federation’s National Collective Labour Contracts (CCNL Gas-Acqua and CCNL Energia Elettrica) currently cover more than 45,000 employees. Federutility members currently supply water to about 76% of the Italian population , distribute gas to over 40% of the population and electricity to about 15%

http://www.federutility.it/

Latvia Latvian Water and Waste Water Works Association

The Latvian Water and Waste Water Works Association venture cooperates with related organizations. Suggestions and changes may be implemented into legislation and elaboration of normative documentation through The Ministry of Environmental of the Republic of Latvia. 24 enterprises are currently member of the Latvian Water and Waste Water Works Association. The target program of the Association is to ensure the provision of stable high quality water supply and wastewater services to the residents. General tasks and methods: Co-operating with government and administrative institutions working on elaboration and improvement of laws and regulative enactments in the fi eld of water supply and wastewater.

http://www.ewaonline.de/pages/members.htm

Lithuania

Clean Water Association (CWA) - Vandenų Švaros Asociacija

The Clean Water Association (CWA) is a non-governmental environmental organization and was founded on May 31, 1996. The CWA’s mission is the reduction of pollution of surface and ground water.

[email protected]

Luxemburg

Association Luxembourgeoise des Services d’Eau (ALUSEAU) The Luxembourg Water Services Association

The ALUSEAU is the national association of water services in the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, regrouping members of the drinking-water sector and of the wastewater area. ALUSEAU is a politically independent and non-profi t making association. The main objectives of the association are to promote the common interests of all authorities and public services dealing with water management. To that effect ALUSEAU aims at advocating the study of all scientific, technical, economic and administrative problems relating to drinking-water supply and sewage collection and treatment, promoting a suitable management of the water resources of the country. The ALUSEAU is also

www.aluseau.lu



representing its members in international associations dealing with the same objectives just described.

Malta The Water Services Corporation (WSC)

The Water Services Corporation (WSC) - was set up in 1993 to produce and distribute potable water in the Maltese Islands. Some thirty-one million cubic meters of good quality water are produced annually to cater for the needs of Malta's 400,000 inhabitants as well as the over 1 million tourists who visit every year. In 2004 the Corporation took over the wastewater operations including the operations of the wastewater treatment plants. Approximately fifty-seven percent of all potable water is produced at the Corporation's three reverse osmosis plants namely, Pembroke, Cirkewwa and Ghar Lapsi. The remaining water is groundwater i.e. produced from boreholes and pumping stations. Between 2005 and 2010 the Corporation built three new wastewater treatment plants so that by 2011 all wastewater is being treated prior to discharge into the environment making Malta compliant with the Urban Waste Water Directive.

http://www.wsc.com.mt/

Netherlands

Unie van Waterschappen (UvW)

The Association of Water Boards (UVW, Unie van Waterschappen)- The Association aims to promote the interests of Dutch Regional Water Authorities (‘waterschappen’) at a national and international level. All 25 DutchRegional Water Authorities are member of the Association. ; The Association of Dutch Water Companies (Vewin, Vereniging van waterbedrijven) - represents the interests of the Dutch drinking water companies. The Dutch water companies produce clean and safe drinking water of the highest quality.; The Association of Regional Water Authorities (Dutch: Unie van Waterschappen) is the umbrella organisation of all 25 regional water authorities in the Netherlands.

http://english.uvw.nl/

Poland IZBA GOSPODARCZA "WODOCIĄGI POLSKIE" Polish Waterworks Chamber of Commerce - IGWP

Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operators Association, Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, Polish Association of Sanitary Engineers and Technicians, Polish Chamber Of Maritime Commerce. ; Polish Waterworks Chamber of Commerce - IGWP - is the only organization in the economic self-government water and sewerage industry in Poland.

http://www.igwp.org.pl/

Portugal Associação Portuguesa de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental (APESB)

The Associação Portuguesa de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental – Portuguese Association for Sanitary and Environmenta Engineering (APESB) is a Portuguese non-profi t, scientifi c and technical association, founded in 1980, for an indeterminate period of time, recognized as a corporate body of public interest since March 1990.

www.apesb.org

Romania The Romanian Water Association (ARA)

http://www.ara.ro/index.php/home/categorii/cooperari-si-parteneriate

www.ara.ro

Slovakia Asociácia čistiarenských expertov SR (AČE SR) Association of the

The AČE SR is the Slovak membership association which groups professionals acting in the fields of wastewater management and water protection. The AČE SR covers all aspects of wastewater pollution control, collection, treatment and disposal; promotes exchange of the latest skills, techniques and knowledge on all aspects of

www.acesr.sk



Wastewater Treatment Experts of the Slovak Republic

wastewater, water and sludge management. The mission is to enable the improvement of groundwater and surface water quality in an environmentally sustainable way. The AČE SR disseminates knowledge by means of conferences, workshops, specialised meetings, publications, electronic media and expert services.

Slovenia Slovenian Water Pollution Control Association (SDZV) Slovensko DruŠtvo Za ZaŠČito Voda

The purpose of the Association is to associate societies and individuals working in water and wastewater management, especially regarding quality issues. The main activities in this sector are to act in water pollution control, drinking and wastewater treatment; to develop consciousness of the importance of water preservation; to follow, study and work on water preservation and its uses, supplies of potable water, and dealing with used and waste waters; to inform and educate: professional, scientifi c and other public institutions by publications, lectures, meetings, sharing of experiences, excursions, by courses and similar activities and achievements in the fi eld of water control; cooperation with similar local, foreign and international societies and organizations.

www.sdzv-drustvo.si

Spain Asociación para la defensa de la calidad de las aguas (ADECAGUA)

The Spanish Water and Wastewater Association (Asociación Española de Abastecimientos de Agua y Saneamiento, AEAS) a non-profit association of public and private entities and stakeholders that promotes the development of various aspects of urban water supply and sanitation services—is integrated by 330 members of which 135 are water supply and/or sanitation administrators providing services to over 35 million people in more than 1,700 municipalitie

www.adecagua.es

Sweden The Swedish Water and Wastewater Association (Svenskt Vatten, SWWA)

The Swedish Water & Wastewater Association was set up by the municipalities in 1962 to assist with technical, economic and administrative issues and to represent the interests of the municipalities in negotiations with authorities and other organisations on regulations etc.

http://www.svensktvatten.se/

Sweden The Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions (SALAR)

The Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions represents the governmental, professional and employer-related interests of Sweden's 290 municipalities and 20 county councils, including the regions of Gotland, Halland, Skåne and Västra Götaland. Activities: The Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions plays an active role in a number of different platforms and organisations at European and international level.

http://english.skl.se

United Kingdom

Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management (CIWEM)

Water UK represents almost all UK water and wastewater service suppliers for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, providing a framework for the water industry to engage with government, regulators, stakeholder organizations and the public. In UK there are 15 water only companies and 12 water and sewerage companies. Working for the public benefit for a clean, green and sustainable world, CIWEM (The Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management) is the only independent, chartered professional body and registered charity with an integrated approach to environmental, social and cultural issues.

http://www.ciwem.org/



4.7 Overview of European Water Market Players

The water market involves a list of actors with different roles, which is highly related to the national or regional context. At the core, public institutions are responsible for legislations and policies. Amongst the public actors, municipalities tend to have the most important decision power concerning the organisation of the water services and fixing the prices. In most countries, the decisions about new investments and the way to finance them, however, tends to be the responsibility of the national (regional) water services.

In most countries, responsibilities concerning water service operation, consumer relation management, electromechanical renewal, existing infrastructure renewal, main infrastructure extension and R&D may be transferred to private operators, which is already the case is most countries at least for a few areas. This implies a major market potential for private operators.

The actors of the water services and waste water services sector can be split into six large groups including internationally active large French companies (Suez, Veolia, SAUR), Spanish construction multinationals (FCC Sacyr), German and Austrian companies (Gelsenwasser, Energie AG) as well as nationally operating private equity companies, domestic companies operating only in their home country, and Asian multinationals.

The water software provider and water equipment manufacturer segments of the market are highly fragmented with a myriad of players and national and international level. Most software providers carry water management software as one product of a larger portfolio and create customary software for the different water services companies. Equipment providers tend to specialize in the water-related markets but not limited to water services, but also working with industrial applications and agriculture. It is true, however, that there is a tendency towards outsourcing as technological advancements especially in metering are very demanding and require some degree of expertise and specialisation.

National water associations play an important consultative role and represent the interest of consumers as well as provide information on the relevant water markets.



5. Take-Away Points for the UrbanWater Technology

Political Context - Global

� Global water demand to increase by 55% by 2050 linked to population growth � United Nation promotes full cost recovery principle and water as human right

Political Context - EU

� EU Water Framework Directive: River basins, harmonised water pricing policies, full cost recovery

� Challenges: o Privatisation of the water sector and lobbying o Lack of investment in rural and municipal water supply o Availability but high cost and effort-intensive technologies o Water supply limitation o Need for investment into infrastructure

Political Context – National/Regional

� Policy direction from national governments (except Scotland, England/Wales, NI) � Management mostly under responsibility of municipalities � Several countries have designated water authorities/regulators � Tendency towards privatization ranging from England/Wales fully privatized to Belgium

prohibiting the involvement of private sector investors in inter-communal companies

Technological Context

Communication media that may be suitable for the purposes of AMR / AMI are the following: � UPSTN; � GSM/GPRS/UMTS (or other 2.5/3G technologies); � Powerline Communication (PLC); � Ethernet; � Wireless / radio mesh network.

To send meter readings/data to the billing centre the following communications technologies/standards are commonly used: U2G/2.5 G GSM/GPRS/EDGE, 3G UMTSU for immediate transmission using mobile enabled handheld UPSTN analogue modem, xDSL for transmission from reader’s local office. In terms of metering and charging the most common used protocols and standards are WMBUS and OneApi respectively.The most applicable standards in energy management and distribution systems are IEC61969 and IEC61970. We have also describe the significant standards of relevance with the aim of capturing core requirements for hydrological observational data like ArcHydro, WaterML2.0, CSML..etc

Market Size

� Water and wastewater sector is crucial in EU with over 600,000 jobs and 70,000 water service companies

� Water usage varies significantly amongst countries but needs to be lowered to make water demand sustainable

� Water prices also vary significantly with a 3,40€ (including taxes) average for a consumption of 120 m3 per yea with free water in Ireland to €6 per cubic meter in Denmark

Deliverable 1.1


Market Players

� Most of the decision power related to water services organisation and price fixing lies with municipalities

� Responsibilities may be transferred to � Water services companies

o Large French companies (Suez, Veolia, SAUR) o Spanish construction multinationals (FCC Sacyr)o German and Austrian companies (Gelsenwasser, Energie AGo Nationally operating private equity companieso Domestic companies operating only in their o Asian multinationals.

� Different levels of private

� Software providers are highly fragmented and tend to carry waterportfolio

� Equipment manufacturersrelated equipment

� Tendency towards outsourcing increasingly complex and demanding technological requirements and advances

� Water associations play adinterest



Most of the decision power related to water services organisation and price fixing lies

Responsibilities may be transferred to private operators in most countriesWater services companies can be segmented into 6 large groups

Large French companies (Suez, Veolia, SAUR) Spanish construction multinationals (FCC Sacyr) German and Austrian companies (Gelsenwasser, Energie AG Nationally operating private equity companies Domestic companies operating only in their home country

private-public mix in water market:

are highly fragmented and tend to carry water-technology as part of their

Equipment manufacturers are also highly fragmented and usually specialise in water

Tendency towards outsourcing by water operators to software providers due to increasingly complex and demanding technological requirements and advances

play advisory role, provide information and represent consumer

53

Most of the decision power related to water services organisation and price fixing lies

in most countries

technology as part of their

are also highly fragmented and usually specialise in water-

by water operators to software providers due to increasingly complex and demanding technological requirements and advances

visory role, provide information and represent consumer



List of Figures

Figure 1: Global Water Demand ................................................................................... 3

Figure 2: ArcHydro Conceptual Model ........................................................................ 19

Figure 3: Daily Water Usage in Selected European Countries in 2012 ...................... 29

Figure 4: Water Services - Public-Private Market Share ............................................ 38

Figure 5: Waste Water Services - Public-Private Market Share ................................. 38

List of Tables

Table 1: National Water Systems and Highlights .......................................................... 7

Table 2: Legislation and Control Measures (as of 2008) ............................................ 13

Table 3: Water Usage and Consumption .................................................................... 30

Table 4: Waste Water Collecting Systems and Production ........................................ 31

Table 5: Price Fixing Principle of Drinking Water ........................................................ 32

Table 6: Who have the decisional power for ............................................................... 34

Table 7: Responsibilities which can be transferred to private operators. .................... 35

Table 8: Responsibilities which can be transferred to private operators. .................... 36

Table 9: Software Companies in Water Sector ........................................................... 39

Table 10: Equipment Providers in the Water Sector ................................................... 42

Table 11: European Water Associations .................................................................... 44



References

Addams, L., Boccaletti, G., Kerlin,M. and Stuchtey, M. 2009. Charting Our Water Future. Economic frameworks to inform decision-making. McKinsey & Company. Retreived from: http://www.mckinsey.com/App_Media/Reports/Water/Charting_Our_Water_Future_Exec%20Summary_001.pdf

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