intelligent infrastructure for coordinated control of a ... infrastructure... · ieee canada...
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Intelligent Infrastructure for Coordinated Control of a Self-Healing Power Grid
Khosrow Moslehi October 7, 2008
IEEE Canada
Electrical Power & Energy Conference 2008
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What is “Smart Grid”?
Wide range:From a new power application or device
To the Utopian Power Grid!
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Smart Grid: A Self-Healing Grid Perspective
“Electricity transmission and distribution network that uses robust two-way communications, advanced sensors, and distributed computers to improve the efficiency, reliability and safety of power delivery and use.” (Wikipedia)
A fundamental capability of a self-healing grid is its ability to prevent or contain major disturbances.
Conceptual design for an IT infrastructure:Realization of self-healing capabilities
With focus on transmission
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Increasingly Complex GridDiversification of Energy and Storage Resources
Aggravating congestion and controllability
“Active” Demand “Insufficient” Investment in Transmission/Load Growth
Contention for limited transfer capability
Market Driven OperationsLarger and longer transfersVolatility
Consolidation of Operating EntitiesLarger SystemsSmaller error marginsShorter decision times
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Increasingly Volatile Transfers
Source: TVA
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High Cost of Grid Unreliability, Blackouts….
“August 14, 2003 Blackout in the United States and Canada: Causes and Recommendations…”
“Overload in Germany's power network triggered outages leaving millions without electricity…”
“Italian blackout cuts short Rome all-night party...”
“Millions without power in Denmark, Sweden…”
……
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Lessons Learned: Need for a Smart IT Infrastructure
Grid is operated much closer to its limitsmore often!
Qualitatively a different operating environmentmore touchy
Off-line studies use for real-time decision makingless adequate
More data, more automation, more control
Need a higher performance/smart Monitoring and Control Infrastructure
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Fundamentals of a Smart InfrastructureMajor disturbances involve:
Cascading events within secondsAggravated by uncoordinated and unintelligent local actions
Prevention requires:Coordinated responseSub-second response
Centralized systems are too slowDistributed systems afford:
Fast intelligent local actions coordinated with higher level analysis
Local intelligent sub-second response is feasible with modern technology
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Realization of Smart Infrastructure
Better telemetry (time-stamped, faster, etc.)Intelligent DevicesDistributed autonomous architecture Virtual hierarchical operation
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Dimensions of the Infrastructure
Geographical/OrganizationalGrid, Region, …Control Area,…Substation
FunctionalFunctional areas (control, reliability enhancements, performance& reliability monitoring, and data processing)
Functions
TemporalScheduling to continuous
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Grid
Region iRegion 1
C Area ikC Area 12C Area 11 …..
…
…SS1 SS2 SSm SS.. SS… SS……
…..
Distributed Functional Agents
Agent Fss@SS1
Agent Fr@R1
Agent Fg@G
Agent Fr@Ri
Agent Fca@CA11
…..
Agent Fca@CAik
Agent Fca@CA12
Agent Fss@SS1
Agent Fss@SS1
Agent Fss@SS1
Agent Fss@SS1
Agent Fss@SS1
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SE - Agent n @Substation Z
StateEstimator
ComponentAlarming
component
SE - Agent m @Substation X
StateEstimator
Component
Alarmingcomponent
Real-time Datacomponent
SE - Agent j @Control Area H
StateEstimator
Component
Alarmingcomponent
SE - Agent i @Control Area G
Alarmingcomponent
StateEstimator
Component
Real-time Datacomponent
…..
StateEstimatorComponent
Real-time Datacomponent
Alarmingcomponent
SE - Agent 1 @Region A
Example of a Distributed Functional Agents
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Distributed Autonomous System
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Temporal Dimension: Distinct Time Scales
Hour-ahead5-minute1-minute2-second1-second100-millisec10-millisec“continuous” - traditional protection systems
Execution Cycles≥ 2 sec< 2 sec
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Execution Cycles and Temporal Coordination
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Typical Execution Cycles
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Technical Feasibility cont.
Better telemetryPMU type devices/technology
M-sec sampling with microsecond accuracy
Accuracy of 0.1% on magnitude and 0.2o on phase angle
Information up to the 64th harmonic
Intelligent DevicesFaster controls
Better diagnosis
More local intelligence (“intelligent” RAS/SPS, etc.)
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Technical Feasibility
CommunicationsLatency:
Within substations – less than 1 m-sec
Others: less than 0.5 sec
Time skew: less than 1 m-sec
Distributed autonomous architecture Better algorithms
“Internet” technologies
Large scale integration
Virtual hierarchical operation
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Financial Feasibility - Cost Model Components:
Software components/intelligent agentsHardwareSystem deployment and integrationControl equipment (if absolutely needed)Communication connectivity (not costed)
Intelligent agents/SWR&D / Prototype CostsProductization CostsShakedown Costs
Database development, system configuration & integration
Maturity through multiple implementations for “plug-and-play”status: e.g. implementations: 10 SSs, 5 ZNs, 2 CAs
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Financial Feasibility - Benefit Model
Limit improvement:Improved market prices/production costs
Blackout containment:Reduced unserved energy
Possible others: Reduction of emergency maintenance costsDeferral of capital expensesImproved power qualityEtc.
Selected Benefits
Σ Reduced Unserved
Energy
Reduced Prices/ Production Costs
Reduced Emergency
Maintenance
Potential Benefits
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Empirical Models – Costs and Benefits
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