intelligence the origins of intelligence testing
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Intelligence
The Origins of Intelligence Testing
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Origins of Intelligence Testing
Alfred Binet Attempted to
predict school achievement
Need for standardized test
Developed concept of Mental Age
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Origins of Intelligence Testing
Lewis Terman Interpreted Binet’s
exam as a measure of innate intelligence
“The children of successful and cultured parents test higher than children form wretched and ignorant homes for the simple reason that their heredity is better”
Lewis Terman 1916
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Origins of Intelligence Testing
Stanford-Binet the widely used American revision of Binet’s original
intelligence test Used to assess immigrants and World War I army
recruits Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
defined originally the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100
IQ = ma/ca x 100 on contemporary tests, the average performance for a
given age is assigned a score of 100 What do intelligence test questions look like?
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Pattern Recognition
• 5. Which of the diagrams follows?•
• Correct answer: AExplanation: All the characters are letters back to back (C,D,E,F)
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Pattern Recognition
• 2. Find the picture that follows logically from the diagrams to the right.
• Correct answer: C
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Pattern Recognition
Please find the figure continuing the series:
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Verbal
• 2. Find the answer that best completes the analogy
• people : democracy :: wealthy :• A. oligarchy
B. oligopolyC. plutocracyD. timocracyE. autocracy
• Correct answer: plutocracy
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Verbal
• . Rearrange the following letters to make a word and choose the category in which it fits.
• RAPETEKA• A. city
B. fruitC. birdD. vegetable
• Correct answer: bird (parakeet)
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Verbal
• 4. Which one of the sets of letters below can be arranged into a five letter English word.
A. atrunB. podebC. rnaslD. mohatE. etlrn
• Correct answer: rnasl (snarl)
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Verbal
• 2. If you rearrange the letters "BARBIT", you would have the name of a:OCEAN - COUNTRY - STATE - CITY - ANIMAL
• Correct Answer: Animal (Rabbit)
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Verbal
• The word "smart" can be created using five letters from the word "barnstorm".
• Correct answer: true
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Logic
• 30 years ago it took a worker five hours to make a chair. Today it takes him just 30 minutes.
• a) Man has become more industrious.• b) People work faster in order to avoid
unemployment.• c) Chairs have a shorter life cycle. • d) Workers have more spare time. • e) Productivity has increased.
• Correct answer: E
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Logic
• Drinking and Driving causes many accidents. • a) People drink too much alcohol.• b) People should not drive when over the
legal limit. • c) There is a 20 per cent chance of causing an
accident by drunken driving.• d) Alcohol diminishes driving skills.• e) The police should carry out more
breathanalysing tests.
• Correct answer: D
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Logic
• If all Boogles are Battuns, and some Battuns are Trandles, all Trandles must be Boogles
• Correct answer: False
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Logic
• If a tree branch can hold three people and John weighs twice as much as Adam, and Rachel weighs half as much as Adam, then Rachel, John and Adam can all sit together on the tree branch safely.
• Correct answer: True
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Logic
• 2. The day before the day before yesterday is three days after Saturday. What day is it today?
A. MondayB. TuesdayC. WednesdayD. ThursdayE. Friday
• Correct answer: E
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Logic
• 5. 165135 is to peace as 1215225 is to• A. lead
B. love C. loop D. castle
• Correct answer: love
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Logic
• 6. Library is to book as book is to• Binding Copy Page Cover• A. page
B. copy C. binding D. cover
• Correct answer: page
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Math
• 6. What is the missing letter?
• Correct answer: HExplanation: Convert each letter to its numerical equivalent in the alphabet e.g. the letter "C" is assigned the number "3". Afterwards, for each row, multiply the numerical equivalents of the first two columns in order to calculate the letter in the third column.
E C O
B A B
G B N
D B ?
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Math
• . Which number should come next in this series?• 25,24,22,19,15• A. 4
B. 5C. 10D. 14
• Correct answer: CExplanation: The pattern decreases progressively: -1, -2, -3, -4, -5
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Math
• 2. Which number should come next in this series?• 3,5,8,13,21,• A. 4
B. 21C. 31D. 34
• Correct answer: DExplanation: 3+5=8, 5+8=13 and so on.
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Classification
• 1. Which one of the five is least like the other four?BEAR - SNAKE - COW - DOG - TIGER
• Correct answer: Snake
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Classification
• 3. Which one of the five is least like the other four?POTATO - CORN - APPLE - CARROT - BEAN
• Correct answer Apple
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Spatial
• 1. Which diagram results from folding the diagram on the left?
• • Correct answer: A
• Correct answer: A
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Spatial
• 3. Which one of the Rubik's cube below can be part of the sequence?
• Correct answer: C
A B C D
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Visual
• 2. Which figure is the odd one out?
• Correct answer: D
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Visual
• 4.Which of the following figures is the odd one out?
• Correct answer: C
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Assessing Intelligence
Modern Tests of Mental Abilities Aptitude Test
a test designed to predict a person’s future performance
aptitude is the capacity to learn Achievement Test
a test designed to assess what a person has learned
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Assessing Intelligence
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) most widely used intelligence
test subtests
verbal performance (nonverbal)
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Assessing Intelligence: Sample Items from the WAIS
From Thorndike and Hagen, 1977
VERBAL
General Information Similarities Arithmetic ReasoningVocabularyComprehensionDigit Span
PERFORMANCE
Picture Completion Picture ArrangementBlock DesignObject AssemblyDigit-Symbol Substitution
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Assessing Intelligence
Principles of Test Construction Standardization
defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pre-tested “standardization group”
Normal Curve the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that
describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes
most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes
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The Normal Curve
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Assessing Intelligence
• The Flynn Effect– Tests are often restandardized to keep
the average score near 100– Intelligence test performance has been
improving•The average person’s intelligence test
score 80 years ago by today’s standards would be a 76
– Causes are unknown
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Assessing Intelligence
Reliability the extent to which a test
yields consistent results assessed by consistency of
scores on:Test/retestSplit-half
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Assessing Intelligence
Validity the extent to which a test measures or
predicts what it is supposed to Content Validity
Does the test measure what it is supposed to measure?
ex: driving test that samples driving tasks
Criterion behavior (such as college grades) that a
test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict
the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity
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The Dynamics of Intelligence
Mental Retardation a condition of limited mental ability indicated by an intelligence score below
70 produces difficulty in adapting to the
demands of life varies from mild to profound
Down Syndrome retardation and associated physical
disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one’s genetic makeup
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The Dynamics of Intelligence