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INTELLIGENCE The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations Slide 2 What is intelligence? Intelligence is a socially constructed concept that differs from culture to culture Intelligence is a socially constructed concept that differs from culture to culture Reify: treat it as though it were a real object, not an abstract concept Reify: treat it as though it were a real object, not an abstract concept I.Q. is not something that somebody has, it is how they scored on a test I.Q. is not something that somebody has, it is how they scored on a test Debate: Debate: Is intelligence one overall ability, or many? Is intelligence one overall ability, or many? Can neuroscientists locate and measure intelligence within the brain? Can neuroscientists locate and measure intelligence within the brain? Slide 3 GENERAL INTELLIGENCE Factor Analysis: A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test Factor Analysis: A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test Used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie ones total score Used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie ones total score People tend to show about the same level of competence in all abilities in a cluster People tend to show about the same level of competence in all abilities in a cluster Vocabulary and reading comprehension Vocabulary and reading comprehension Spatial ability and reasoning ability Spatial ability and reasoning ability Charles Spearman named this common level of intelligence the g factor Charles Spearman named this common level of intelligence the g factor Slide 4 GENERAL INTELLIGENCE L.L. Thurston disagreed L.L. Thurston disagreed He identified 7 different clusters of primary mental abilities He identified 7 different clusters of primary mental abilities He did not rank individuals on a single scale of general aptitude He did not rank individuals on a single scale of general aptitude Results still showed some evidence of a g factor Results still showed some evidence of a g factor Slide 5 Contemporary Intelligence Theories Howard Gardner disputes the idea of one general intelligence (proposes 8 independent intelligences) Howard Gardner disputes the idea of one general intelligence (proposes 8 independent intelligences) Slide 6 Contemporary Intelligence Theories Howard Gardner cont. Howard Gardner cont. Savant Syndrome: a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill Savant Syndrome: a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill 4 in 5 are male, and many have autism 4 in 5 are male, and many have autism Robert Sternberg agrees with Gardner, but his Triarchic theory proposes only 3 intelligences Robert Sternberg agrees with Gardner, but his Triarchic theory proposes only 3 intelligences Analytical (academic problem solving) Analytical (academic problem solving) Creative (adapt to novel situations and develop novel ideas) Creative (adapt to novel situations and develop novel ideas) Practical (required for everyday tasks) Practical (required for everyday tasks) Slide 7 Table 11.2 Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright 2007 by Worth Publishers Slide 8 EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions Perceive: recognizing them in faces, music, and stories Perceive: recognizing them in faces, music, and stories Understand: to predict them and how they change and blend Understand: to predict them and how they change and blend Manage: know how to express them in varied situations Manage: know how to express them in varied situations Use: enable adaptive or creative thinking Use: enable adaptive or creative thinking Enables success in career, marriage, and parenting situations Enables success in career, marriage, and parenting situations Critics warn of stretching the idea of intelligence too far Critics warn of stretching the idea of intelligence too far Slide 9 Intelligence and Creativity Creativity: the ability to create novel and valuable ideas Creativity: the ability to create novel and valuable ideas 5 Components of Creativity Expertise Expertise Imaginative thinking skills (think outside the box) Imaginative thinking skills (think outside the box) Venturesome personality Venturesome personality Intrinsic motivation Intrinsic motivation Support offered by a creative environment Support offered by a creative environment Convergent thinking vs. Divergent thinking Convergent thinking vs. Divergent thinking 2+2: Thinking in only one way(convergent) 2+2: Thinking in only one way(convergent) Name as many things as you can that are hot(div) Name as many things as you can that are hot(div) Slide 10 Is Intelligence Neurologically Measurable? Recent studies indicate some correlation (about +.40) between brain size and intelligence score Recent studies indicate some correlation (about +.40) between brain size and intelligence score Brain size and non-verbal intelligence test scores decrease in later adulthood Brain size and non-verbal intelligence test scores decrease in later adulthood Autopsies of highly educated people revealed above average volumes of synapses and gray matter Autopsies of highly educated people revealed above average volumes of synapses and gray matter Slide 11 Is Intelligence Neurologically Measurable? Dont confuse correlation with causation! Dont confuse correlation with causation! Large brain may enable greater intelligence Large brain may enable greater intelligence Greater intelligence may lead to experiences that exercise the brain and build more connections Greater intelligence may lead to experiences that exercise the brain and build more connections A third factor may be at work A third factor may be at work Slide 12 Is Intelligence Neurologically Measurable? Brain Function Brain Function Studies of brain functioning show that people who score high on intelligence tests tend also to retrieve information from memory more quickly, and to perceive stimuli faster Studies of brain functioning show that people who score high on intelligence tests tend also to retrieve information from memory more quickly, and to perceive stimuli faster These differences are reflected in neurological studies that show faster brain response times These differences are reflected in neurological studies that show faster brain response times Slide 13 History of Intelligence Tests The first intelligence tests were devised by Sir Francis Galton, who sought to show that intelligence is inherited The first intelligence tests were devised by Sir Francis Galton, who sought to show that intelligence is inherited Modern intelligence testing was launched in 1905 by Alfred Binet, who devised a scale to measure a childs mental age. Modern intelligence testing was launched in 1905 by Alfred Binet, who devised a scale to measure a childs mental age. Lewis Terman revised the Binet scale to produce the Stanford-Binet scale in 1916, which introduced the intelligence quotient (IQ) Lewis Terman revised the Binet scale to produce the Stanford-Binet scale in 1916, which introduced the intelligence quotient (IQ) Slide 14 History of Intelligence Tests In 1939, David Wechsler published an improved measure of intelligence for adults, which introduced the deviation IQ score based on the normal distribution. In 1939, David Wechsler published an improved measure of intelligence for adults, which introduced the deviation IQ score based on the normal distribution. Today there are many individual and group intelligence tests. Today there are many individual and group intelligence tests. Slide 15 Key Concepts in Testing Standardization: refers to the uniform procedures used in administering and scoring a test. Standardization: refers to the uniform procedures used in administering and scoring a test. Percentile Scores indicate the percentage of people who score at or below specific scores. Percentile Scores indicate the percentage of people who score at or below specific scores. Slide 16 Key Concepts in Testing Types of Tests Types of Tests Mental Ability Tests: Mental Ability Tests: Measure general intelligence, aptitude for specific types of learning, or achievement in specific areas of study Measure general intelligence, aptitude for specific types of learning, or achievement in specific areas of study Personality Tests: Personality Tests: Measure various types of personality traits, as well as motives, interests, values, and attitudes. Measure various types of personality traits, as well as motives, interests, values, and attitudes. Slide 17 Key Concepts in Testing Reliability: Reliability: Refers to the measurement consistency of a test. (A reliable test gets consistent results) Refers to the measurement consistency of a test. (A reliable test gets consistent results) Validity: Validity: Refers to the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure Refers to the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure Content Validity refers to the degree to which the content of a test is representative of the domain it is supposed to cover Content Validity refers to the degree to which the content of a test is representative of the domain it is supposed to cover Criterion-related Validity (Predictive Validity) is estimated by correlating subjects scores on a test with their scores on an independent measure of the trait (What is the ACT test supposed to predict?) Criterion-related Validity (Predictive Validity) is estimated by correlating subjects scores on a test with their scores on an independent measure of the trait (What is the ACT test supposed to predict?) Slide 18 Unreliable and Invalid TEST Construct (i.e., intelligence) Scores on test LO 8.9 How intelligence tests are constructed Menu Slide 19 Reliable But Invalid TEST Construct (i.e., intelligence) Scores on test Test can be RELIABLE but still be INVALID! LO 8.9 How intelligence tests are constructed Menu Slide 20 Reliable AND Valid TEST Construct (i.e., intelligence) Scores on test Test MUST be RELIABLE to be VALID! LO 8.9 How intelligence tests are constructed Menu Slide 21 Slide 22 Intelligence Testing Intelligence tests contain a diverse mixture of questions that tap abstract reasoning skills. Intelligence tests contain a diverse mixture of questions that tap abstract reasoning skills. Modern deviation IQ scores indicate where people fall in the normal distribution of intelligence for their age. Modern deviation IQ scores indicate where people fall in the normal distribution of intelligence for their age. For most modern tests, the mean score is 100 and the standard deviation is 15. For most modern tests, the mean score is 100 and the standard deviation is 15. IQ tests are intended to measure intellectual potential rather than factual knowledge, but they really reflect both. IQ tests are intended to measure intellectual potential rather than factual knowledge, but they really reflect both. Slide 23 Figure 11.4 Sample items from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) subtests Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright 2007 by Worth Publishers Slide 24 Figure 11.5 The normal curve Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright 2007 by Worth Publishers Slide 25 Figure 11.6 Getting smarter? Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright 2007 by Worth Publishers Slide 26 Intelligence Testing Individuals IQ scores can vary across testings, but intelligence tests tend to have very high reliability. Individuals IQ scores can vary across testings, but intelligence tests tend to have very high reliability. There is ample evidence that IQ tests are valid measures of academic/verbal intelligence, but they do not tap social or practical intelligence. There is ample evidence that IQ tests are valid measures of academic/verbal intelligence, but they do not tap social or practical intelligence. IQ scores are correlated with occupational attainment, but doubts have been raised about how well they predict performance within a specific occupation. IQ scores are correlated with occupational attainment, but doubts have been raised about how well they predict performance within a specific occupation. IQ tests are not widely used in most non- Western cultures. IQ tests are not widely used in most non- Western cultures. Slide 27 Extremes of Intelligence Mental Retardation Mental Retardation Refers to sub-average general mental ability (IQ