intelligence & testing chapter 10, week 1. unit overview essential questions: how do...
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Unit OverviewEssential questions:
How do psychologists define and study intelligence?
How did the use of intelligence tests evolve?
In intelligence test, how do testing scores differ
between group and individual administrations?
Between genders? Races? Socioeconomic groups?
How do psychologists know whether a test is reliable
and/or valid? Why are these qualities of tests
important?
We shall learn... Intelligence theories
- Gardner vs. Sternberg
Intelligence testing
- Alfred Binet's contribution to intelligence testing
- Lewis Terman's role
- David Weschler's role
- Group tests vs individual tests
- aptitude vs achievement test
- reliability vs. validty
- gender, race, ethnic groups
Are Gifted People Easily Identified?
You have been asked to select a student, based on the three biographies below, to enroll in a new program for gifted
students. Look over the three biographies and decide which student you would choose.
Candidate 1 Candidate 2 Candidate 3
Name Bill Brown Alvin Lane Allen Erickson
Appearance Average Plain Homely
I.Q. 180+ 112 82
School Behavior Aloof, Organizer Well-liked Unsociable, disturbed
Physical Health Excellent Large for age Sickly
Emotional Health Excellent Easygoing, poor self-concept Had emotional breakdown
Interests Chess, Math Sports, reading, telling jokes Withdraws to fantasy world
Career Goals None mentioned Work in a retail store None mentioned
Personal Goals None mentioned Businessman Independence from family
Talents Photographic Good debater Plays violin, likes to read alone memory, published
original math formula
at age 10
Which student did you select and why?
Intelligence
Is intelligence one general ability
(g factor) or several abilities?
Is it in the brain? Can it be certain
behaviors, set of knowledge and skills?
What is intelligence?
Can you...Can you...
√ √ Learn from experience?Learn from experience?
√ √ Solve problems?Solve problems?
√ √ Use the knowledge to adapt to new situations? Use the knowledge to adapt to new situations?
Home work for the week
Schedule A Thursday 1/9
- Chpt 10 p.373-380 ½
- study for the vocab quiz Friday 1/10
- Chpt 10 p.380-387 ½
Agenda: Thursday
Homework review
General intelligence, normal distribution
Factor analysis
Multiple intelligence
What is intelligence?
In research studies, though...In research studies, though...
Intelligence = Intelligence = whatever the intelligence test whatever the intelligence test
measures.measures.
Reading abilityReading ability
Quantitative reasoningQuantitative reasoning
Information processingInformation processing
Short term memoryShort term memory
Spatial intelligenceSpatial intelligence
Intelligence Test Intelligence Test → → a method of
assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them to others, using numerical scores
Alfred Binet (1857-1911)
French psychologist who inventedFrench psychologist who invented
the first practical intelligence test.the first practical intelligence test.
→ Binet-Simon Test(1905)
Francis GaltonFrancis Galton
EugenicsEugenics
Created the Stanford-Binet test. Created the Stanford-Binet test. Believed in innate intelligence.Believed in innate intelligence.
From this, William Stern created From this, William Stern created the IQ formula:the IQ formula:
Lewis Terman
Mental Age = describes the level of intellectual functioning
= The age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance
Intelligence testing: the Origins
Intelligence Quotient (I.Q.)IQ is a measure that compares mental
age with physical age.
A seven-year-old child with a mental
age of eight will have an IQ of 114.
8 x 100 = 114.2857
7
What is the I.Q. of a 16-year-old girl with a
mental age of 20?
Ms. Kwon (age 27) has a mental age of 42.
What is her IQ?
Intelligence Quotient (I.Q.)IQ is a measure that compares mental
age with physical age.
•What is the I.Q. of a 16-year-old girl with a
mental age of 20? 125
Ms. Kwon (age 27) has a mental age of 42.
What is her IQ? 156
Homework Review
Quickwrite1
What is g and what evidences support its
existence?
What are the similiarities and differences between
Gardner's and Sternberg's theory of intelligence?
You can use your notes!
What are we measuring in the
intelligence tests?
Charles Spearman (1863-1945) says....g!
general intelligence (g) underlies specific mental
abilities.
Thurstone on g factor
L.L Thurstone believed one factor cannot have a
more general application than others. He
analyzed instead seven clusters of independent
mental abilities, including:
1)Word Fluency
2)Verbal Comprehension
3)Spatial Ability
4)Perceptual Speed
5)Numerical Ability
6)Inductive Reasoning
7)Memory
How can you prove g?
Q: Is there a general ability factor that runs
throughout our specific mental abilities?
A: study how various abilities relate to one
another
Howard Gardner
He points to savant syndrom as proof.
Gardner proposes Gardner proposes
eight types of eight types of
intelligences and intelligences and
speculates about a speculates about a
ninth one — ninth one —
existential existential
intelligence.intelligence.
Robert Sternberg
Intelligence is broad and only
partly influenced by genes
Successful, intelligence
behavior needs a balance of 3
Gardner doesn’t define
intelligence and some are just
talents
Emotional Intelligence (EQ)?
=the ability to perceive, =the ability to perceive,
understand, and use emotions understand, and use emotions
(Salovey et al., 2005). (Salovey et al., 2005).
The EQ test measures overall The EQ test measures overall
emotional intelligence and its four emotional intelligence and its four
components.components.
Homework Review
Discuss with a partner:
What are the five components of creativity?
Can you think of an example how it works?
(e.g., describe someone or your own
process of creating)
Are some people naturally creative
geniuses? Have you had an experience
where your creativity was encouraged or
discouraged?
Intelligence & Creativity
• IQ and intelligence were IQ and intelligence were
somewhat correlated. somewhat correlated.
• Creative= pull existing Creative= pull existing
knowledge into a new situation knowledge into a new situation
and quickly sort through and quickly sort through
potential outcomes. potential outcomes.
Are you the source of your own creativity?
Elizabeth Gilbert: Your elusive creative genius (TED talks) 11min
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=86x-u-tz0MA
Intelligence & Creativity
““Creativity is just connecting things. When you Creativity is just connecting things. When you
ask creative people how they did something, ask creative people how they did something,
they feel a little guilty because they didn’t really they feel a little guilty because they didn’t really
do it, they just saw something. It seemed do it, they just saw something. It seemed
obvious to them after a while. obvious to them after a while. That’s because That’s because
they were able to connect experiences they were able to connect experiences
they’ve had and synthesize new things.they’ve had and synthesize new things.
And the reason they were able to do that was And the reason they were able to do that was
that they’ve had more experiences or they have that they’ve had more experiences or they have
thought more about their experiences than other thought more about their experiences than other
people.”people.”..
Homework for the week 1/13-1/17
Monday 1/13
Ch 10 p.387-393Tuesday 1/14
Ch 10 p.393-399Wednesday 1/15
Study for test Thursday 1/16
Study for test
Optional review session during lunchFriday 1/17
Ch 11 p.402-410
Monday 1/13 Agenda
Neurology of intelligence Homework review Aptitude/Achievement tests Reliability & Validity Extremes of intelligence
Vid of the day
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aykuFhQIob4
\
Brain Size and Complexity
There is a slight correlation (about 0.4+)
between head size (relative to body size) and
intelligence score.
Neurological speed
-> speed in which we execute cognitive tasks
-> includes information processing speed, efficiency,
perceptual speed, and working memory
Intelligence and neurological speed
There is a positive correlation between
intelligence and the brain’s neural processing
speed.
e.g., perception and info processing speed
correlated to verbal intelligence (Earl Hunt)
Neurological speed
Studies have found that highly intelligent
people’s brain waves register a simple
stimulus more quickly and with greater
complexity
In summary,
Brain function (speed of memory retrieval, speed Brain function (speed of memory retrieval, speed
of perception, speed of neural processing) of perception, speed of neural processing)
matters. matters.
––able to accumulate more info?able to accumulate more info?
-intelligence and speed share underlying -intelligence and speed share underlying
genetic influences?genetic influences?
Homework Review
Quickwrite 2:
What is the difference between achivement
and aptitude test?
What is the difference between validity and
reliability in a test? (use a specific example,
such as personality tests)
What are the three types of validity?
(explain)
David Wechsler (WAIS, WISC)
• Limits of Stanford-Binet test Limits of Stanford-Binet test
(single score, timed, invalid (single score, timed, invalid
for adults)for adults)
• Saw intelligence as Saw intelligence as
performance, not capacityperformance, not capacity
• Developed the widely-used Developed the widely-used
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Wechsler Adult Intelligence
Scale (WAIS)Scale (WAIS)
David Wechsler (WAIS, WISC)
• The Verbal scales: general knowledge, language, reasoning, and
memory skills
• The Performance scales measure spatial, sequencing, and
problem-solving skills.
Principles of Test Construction
An acceptable psychological test must fulfill the three criteriaAn acceptable psychological test must fulfill the three criteria::
1. Standardization
2. Reliability
3. Validity
Standardization
1.Use scores from representation sample to determine how
well one did on the test relatively
2.Create similar test conditions to prevent confounding
variables
Reliability
A test is A test is reliablereliable when it yields consistent when it yields consistent resultsresults
• Test-Retest Reliability: Test-Retest Reliability: Using the same test on two occasions to measure consistency.
• Split-half Reliability:Split-half Reliability: Dividing the test into two equal halves and assessing how consistent the scores are.
• Reliability using different tests:Reliability using different tests: Using different forms of the test to measure consistency between them.
Validity
Q: How do you tell a good test from a bad one?
A: If it measures what it is suppose to measure. A: If it measures what it is suppose to measure.
http://www.icecream.com/funfacts/index.asp?b=105
Also compare: distorted tunes test vs. Rorschach [roar-Also compare: distorted tunes test vs. Rorschach [roar-
shack] testshack] test
https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/tunetest/Pages/dtt.aspxhttps://www.nidcd.nih.gov/tunetest/Pages/dtt.aspx
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=76UXSdUVuLk (0:00-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=76UXSdUVuLk (0:00-
1:25)1:25)
Validity
Content validityContent validity: does it include the total meaning of the concept?: does it include the total meaning of the concept?
Criterion/predictive validityCriterion/predictive validity: how well are your evaluations : how well are your evaluations
related to other (objective) measures? or how successfully does it related to other (objective) measures? or how successfully does it
make predictions?make predictions?
Construct validityConstruct validity: is it really evaluating (an ideal)?: is it really evaluating (an ideal)?
Tuesday 1/14 Agenda
• Dynamic and extremes of intelligence• Nature & nurture effects on intelligence• Crystalized vs. fluid intelligence• Group & gender differences
Dynamics of Intelligence
Does intelligence remain Does intelligence remain stablestable over a over a lifetime lifetime or does it or does it changechange??
Evidence for IQ stability: Ian Deary et al. (A Lifetime of Intelligence: Follow-Up Studies of the Scottish Mental Surveys of 1932 and 1947)
IQ =stability or change?
Evidence for change: Sue Ramsden (2004) retested teenagers 3~4 years later and 33% showed large change.
Extremes of Intelligence
.
A valid intelligence test divides two groups of A valid intelligence test divides two groups of people into two extremes: people into two extremes:
the intellectually disabled the intellectually disabled (IQ 70) and individuals (IQ 70) and individuals with with high intelligencehigh intelligence (IQ 135). (IQ 135).
Extremes of Intelligence
.
Contrary to popular belief, people with high Contrary to popular belief, people with high
intelligence test scores tend to be healthy, well intelligence test scores tend to be healthy, well
adjusted, as well as academically successful. adjusted, as well as academically successful.
Virtue of persistence and grit
Fritz Grobe on “I don’t believe in Genius”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lC3JEZMiK74
Genetics or Environment?
The graph provides evidence for which influence--Genes or Environment? Explain why.
Genetics or Environment?
The graph provides evidence for which influence--Genes or Environment? Explain why.
Genetics or Environment?The image provides an argument
for which influence—
Genes or Environment?
Explain why.
Genetics or Environment?Twins studies rarely involve vastly different homes
(stress, neglect, abuse).
• In higher SES (socioeconomic status), difference in intelligence was explained by genetic influence.
• In low SES, the “poor” twin’s score was less determined by heredity (gene) and more by the environment.
Early Intervention Effects
.
Romanian orphans with minimal human interaction are
delayed in their development.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qBTduNwupk (3:15-6)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g_jGdvZKkWQ
Schooling Effects
.
Increased schooling correlates with higher intelligence scores. Increased schooling correlates with higher intelligence scores. Research indicates that Head Start programs are most beneficial to participants from disadvantaged home environments.
Catell-Horn Theory of Crystallized & Fluid intelligence
Raymond Cattell on
fluid intelligence:
"…the ability to perceive relationships
independent of previous specific practice or
instruction."
Group Differences in test scores
.
Why do groups differ in intelligence? Why do groups differ in intelligence?
How can we make sense of these differences?How can we make sense of these differences?
Controversy: The Bell Curve (1994)
.
The issue:
1.Determinants of success: IQ > SES
2. Low measured intelligence → anti-social behavior?
3. Poor genes → low IQ scores.
4. Their national policy recommendations.
Agenda Block day 1/15-1/16
Bell Curve Aptitude test bias (Cross-cultural
intelligence tests) Gender difference Test review and/or BBC documentary
Controversy: The Bell Curve (1994)
.
Young adults who identify as “liberal” and “atheists”
have higher IQs than those who are “conservative” and
“religious.”
Is there a gene for intelligence only/more among atheists
and liberals? I doubt it.http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/sex-murder-and-the-meaning-life/201004/atheistic-
liberals-are-smarter-funny-reason
Controversy: The Bell Curve (1994)
.
The issue:
1.Determinants of success: IQ > SES
2. Low measured intelligence → anti-social behavior?
3. Poor genes → low IQ scores.
4. Their national policy recommendations.
Controversy: The Bell Curve (1994)
.
I encourage you to go read the
excellent webpage that
summarizes the contents and lists
judicious criticisms:
http://www.intelltheory.com/
bellcurve.shtml
Controversy: The Bell Curve (1994)
.
• Cross cultural studies show that socially
discriminated groups perform worse in IQ test
than the socially dominant group even if there
is no racial difference
Buraku-min (Japan)
Bias of Aptitude TestsAn intelligence test devoid of cultural bias?
Attempt 1. Eliminate language and design tests with demonstrations and pictures
Attempt 2. Realize that culture-free tests are not possible and design culture-fair tests instead. These tests draw on experiences found in many cultures.
Bias of Aptitude TestsMany college students will have a middle-class background and may have difficulty appreciating the biases that are part of standardized intelligence tests.
Let’s try taking intelligence tests which make non-mainstream cultural assumptions…
On a sheet of paper…
Write the question # and answer!Write the question # and answer!
The Australian/American Intelligence Test
The 10-item Australian/American Intelligence Test is drawn from typical items on standard Western-European intelligence tests.
http://wilderdom.com/personality/
intelligenceAustralianAmericanTest.html
On a sheet of paper…
Test #2 The Original Australian Intelligence Test
The 10-item Original Australian Intelligence Test is based on the culture of the Edward River Australian Aboriginal community in North Queensland.
http://wilderdom.com/personality/intelligenceOriginalAustralian.html
On a sheet of paper…Test #3 Chitling Test of Intelligence
:Utilizes distinctively black-ghetto experiences.
The Chitling Test was designed by Adrian Dove, a Black sociologist. Aware of the dialect differences, he developed this exam as a half-serious attempt to show that American children are just not all speaking the same language. Those students who are not "culturally deprived" will score well.
http://wilderdom.com/personality/intelligenceChitlingTestShort.html
Discussion
• How would you feel if these tests were replaced for the SAT?
• In what way were these intelligence tests fair or unfair?
• How would you evaluate someone’s intelligence if he/she scored IQ of 90 on a standardized intelligence test but did very well on another test?
How does the graph demonstrate stereotype threat? What does it tell you about the math performance gap between men and women?
Gender Differences
• math and spatial aptitudesmath and spatial aptitudes
• emotion-detecting abilityemotion-detecting ability
*map reading vs remember a past conversation*map reading vs remember a past conversation
Hormonal differenceHormonal difference
*Exposure to testosterone during prenatal *Exposure to testosterone during prenatal development is likely to facilitate development of development is likely to facilitate development of spatial ability.spatial ability.