intelligence in a globalizing world

INTELLIGENCE IN A INTELLIGENCE IN A GLOBALIZING WORLDGLOBALIZING WORLD

AFRICA DIALOGUE LECTURE SERIESAFRICA DIALOGUE LECTURE SERIES

CENTER FOR INTENATIONAL POLITICAL CENTER FOR INTENATIONAL POLITICAL STUDIESSTUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIAUNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA

22 NOVEMBER 200422 NOVEMBER 2004

TODAY’S PRESENTATIONTODAY’S PRESENTATION

Divided in 2 PartsDivided in 2 Parts

• Part 1: Global Intelligence SettingPart 1: Global Intelligence Setting

Understanding IntelligenceUnderstanding Intelligence

GlobalisationGlobalisation

Notable Global Intelligence TrendsNotable Global Intelligence Trends

Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks

TODAY’S PRESENTATIONTODAY’S PRESENTATION

• Part 2: South Africa’s Intelligence Part 2: South Africa’s Intelligence

DispensationDispensation

Legislative, Executive, Judicial and Civil Legislative, Executive, Judicial and Civil

Oversight institutionOversight institution Reflections of South Africa’s position in Reflections of South Africa’s position in

the worldthe world Concluding remarksConcluding remarks

GLOBAL INTELLIGENCE GLOBAL INTELLIGENCE SETTINGSETTING

PART 1

MISSION OF INTELLIGENCEMISSION OF INTELLIGENCE

The context of intelligence IS NOT the The context of intelligence IS NOT the

SAMESAME

The role and responsibilities remain The role and responsibilities remain

BROADLY SIMILAR though with specificity BROADLY SIMILAR though with specificity

of each situationof each situation• WARNWARN

• INFORMINFORM

• PREDICTPREDICT

• ADVISEADVISE

Area of focus: secret source collectionArea of focus: secret source collection

INTELLIGENCE CHARACTERINTELLIGENCE CHARACTER

RELIABLERELIABLE ACCURATEACCURATE TIMELY TIMELY USER-FRIENDLYUSER-FRIENDLY SECRET OR GIVE A NEW ANGLESECRET OR GIVE A NEW ANGLE EARLY WARNING/ PREDICTIVEEARLY WARNING/ PREDICTIVE

GLOBALISATIONGLOBALISATION

INTERDEPENDENCEINTERDEPENDENCE CLOSE COOPERATIONCLOSE COOPERATION FREEDOM OF MOVEMENTFREEDOM OF MOVEMENT

• Goods and PeopleGoods and People FREE TRADE AND COMMERCEFREE TRADE AND COMMERCE

• Serious restrictions in some areasSerious restrictions in some areas MORE PRONOUNCED PROBLEMSMORE PRONOUNCED PROBLEMS

• Demography: Stresses OnlyDemography: Stresses Only• New economy: Stresses and New economy: Stresses and

OpportunitiesOpportunities


““Globalisation as a concept has to be Globalisation as a concept has to be avoided as “it leads to misdiagnoses, avoided as “it leads to misdiagnoses,

witch-hunts, and spectacular witch-hunts, and spectacular misunderstandings. And as the misunderstandings. And as the

debate gets muddled, we all end up debate gets muddled, we all end up distracted from one of the most distracted from one of the most

pressing challenges on this planet: pressing challenges on this planet: global problem-solving”. global problem-solving”.

Rischard JFRischard JFHigh Noon, 20 Global Problems 20 Years to solve them.High Noon, 20 Global Problems 20 Years to solve them.


““Nation-states are struggling. International Nation-states are struggling. International

institutions are in the doghouse. institutions are in the doghouse.

Politicians, with their short electoral Politicians, with their short electoral

horizons and their territorial bent, are n’t horizons and their territorial bent, are n’t

about to produce solutions to urgent global about to produce solutions to urgent global

issues. Nor will protesters, whose tendency issues. Nor will protesters, whose tendency

to see non-existent plots often impedes to see non-existent plots often impedes

their search for solutions – in fact, they their search for solutions – in fact, they

have offered few so farhave offered few so far.” .”

Rischard JFRischard JF

Demographic

Explosion

Unprecedented

Stresses

Technological

Revolution

Economic

Revolution

New World Economy

Unprecedented

Stresses

Unprecedented

Opportunities

GLOBAL INTELLIGENCE GLOBAL INTELLIGENCE TRENDSTRENDS

INTELLIGENCE RELEVANCE INTELLIGENCE RELEVANCE DEBATE HAS ENDEDDEBATE HAS ENDED• Shift towards effectiveness and Shift towards effectiveness and

coordination and cooperation coordination and cooperation within, between and amongst within, between and amongst ServicesServices

INTELLIGENCE AT THE CENTRE OF INTELLIGENCE AT THE CENTRE OF PEACE AND WARPEACE AND WAR• Change towards supporting war: Change towards supporting war:

global failureglobal failure


MOVE FROM MILITARY FOCUS TO MOVE FROM MILITARY FOCUS TO HUMAN SECURITY FOCUSHUMAN SECURITY FOCUS

• Economic intelligenceEconomic intelligence• Environmental IntelligenceEnvironmental Intelligence

All military intervention aimed at All military intervention aimed at human security advancementhuman security advancement

• US, UK and AustraliaUS, UK and Australia


PRIVATISATION OF SECURITY AND PRIVATISATION OF SECURITY AND INTELLIGENCEINTELLIGENCE

• New threats: New threats:

contamination of crime scenescontamination of crime scenes

Proliferation of weapons in private handsProliferation of weapons in private hands

Cheque book colonialismCheque book colonialism

MercenarismMercenarism


KEY DRIVERS OF PRIVATE INDUSTRYKEY DRIVERS OF PRIVATE INDUSTRY• Changed global security environmentChanged global security environment• Rising feelings of insecurity being unsafeRising feelings of insecurity being unsafe

MOVEMENT TO AVOWED MOVEMENT TO AVOWED INTELLIGENCE SERVICES FROM NON-INTELLIGENCE SERVICES FROM NON-AVOWALAVOWAL

INCREASING INTELLIGENCE INCREASING INTELLIGENCE OVERSIGHT DISPENSATIONSOVERSIGHT DISPENSATIONS

• Information sharing and co-supervision Information sharing and co-supervision needneed


INCREASING CIVIL SOCIETY INTEREST INCREASING CIVIL SOCIETY INTEREST IN INTELLIGENCE MATTERS:IN INTELLIGENCE MATTERS:

• Lack of access to information: stumbling Lack of access to information: stumbling blockblock

• Domination of Western and US Domination of Western and US information a probleminformation a problem

• [Need for local stories and more varied][Need for local stories and more varied] CRITICAL FOCUS ON INTELLIGENCE CRITICAL FOCUS ON INTELLIGENCE

PRODUCTSPRODUCTS• Actionable Intelligence esp. on Actionable Intelligence esp. on

International TerrorismInternational Terrorism


INCREASING RESOURCE ALLOCATIONINCREASING RESOURCE ALLOCATION• AustraliaAustralia• CanadaCanada• KenyaKenya• IndonesiaIndonesia• USAUSA

MORE PROTECTION FOR SOURCES, MORE PROTECTION FOR SOURCES, METHODS AND TOUGHER ESPIONAGE METHODS AND TOUGHER ESPIONAGE LAWS (SECURITY LAWS)LAWS (SECURITY LAWS)

SA INTELLIGENCE SA INTELLIGENCE DISPENSATIONDISPENSATION

PART 2

INTELLIGENCE MISSION IN INTELLIGENCE MISSION IN RSARSA

Safeguarding of the ConstitutionSafeguarding of the Constitution Upholding of individual rightsUpholding of individual rights Promotion of security, stability, Promotion of security, stability,

cooperation and developmentcooperation and development Achievement of national prosperityAchievement of national prosperity Active contribution to global peace Active contribution to global peace

and other global defined priorities and other global defined priorities Improve ability to face foreign threats Improve ability to face foreign threats

and to enhance its competitivenessand to enhance its competitiveness

EXPECTATIONS OF EXPECTATIONS OF INTELLIGENCEINTELLIGENCE

““South Africa became a democratic South Africa became a democratic country in 1994… but that didn’t country in 1994… but that didn’t mean that all our problems had mean that all our problems had been solved, because clearly there been solved, because clearly there are some things that are are some things that are happening in our society which happening in our society which threaten that democracy… The threaten that democracy… The question therefore must arise as to question therefore must arise as to what capacity we have to deal with what capacity we have to deal with those threats…”those threats…”

INTELLIGENCE DISPENSATION

COURTS

JUDGES OFHIGH COURTS

JUDICAL OVERSIGHT

JUD

ICA

L A

PP

RO

VA

LF

OR

OP

ER

AT

ION

S (127’s)

CABINET

PRESIDENT

CABINETCOMMITTEES

NATIONALSECURITYCOUNCIL

MINISTER

NICOC

OFFICE PRESIDENCY

EXECUTIVE OVERSIGHT

DG CLUSTER NSC DG CLUSTER

SANDF SAPS

DFA

NICOC STAFF

NIA SASS

MINISTRY STAFF

ACT 39/94

ACT 38/94

AC

T 40/94

PARLIAMENTARY OVERSIGHT

PUBLIC PROTECTOR

HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION

PUBLIC

JOINT STANDING COMMITTEE

ON INTELLIGENCE

INSPECTOR GENERAL

AUDITOR GENERAL

JOINT STANDING COMMITTEE

ON INTELLIGENCE

PARLIAMENT

NATIONAL ASSEMBLY

NATIONAL COUNCIL OF PROVINCES

LEGISLATIVE OVERSIGHTLEGISLATIVE OVERSIGHT

MINISTRY

SANAI NCC NIA SASS

CABINET

COMSEC

ISC

PSUOIC

OIGI

MACT

EXECUTIVE OVERSIGHTEXECUTIVE OVERSIGHTEXECUTIVE OVERSIGHTEXECUTIVE OVERSIGHT

PRESIDENT

MINISTER FOR INTELLIGENCESERVICES

NICOC

CIVIL OVERSIGHTCIVIL OVERSIGHT

PUBLIC PROTECTOR

COMMISSION FOR THE PROMOTION

OF THE RIGHTS OF CULTURAL, RELIGIOUS AND LUNGUISTIC

COMMUNITIES

HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION

COMISSION FOR GENDER EQUALITY

ELECTORAL COMMISSIONAUDITOR-GENERAL

INSTITUTIONS SUPPORTING DEMOCRACY

Act 65/2002 COMSEC 68/2002Act 40/1994

PRESIDENCY

NCCJOINT STANDING

COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE

INSPECTORGENERAL

NIA

SASS

SANAI

NICOC

SANDF(DI)

NIA

SASS

DFA

SAPS (CI)

PRESIDENCY

MINISTERIAL RESPONSIBILITYMINISTERIAL RESPONSIBILITY

MINISTER FOR INTELLIGENCE SERVICES

Act 39/1994

Regulation on Interception of CommunicationAnd Provision of Communication Related

Act 70/2002

InterceptionCenters

NICOC COMPOSITIONNICOC COMPOSITION

COORDINATOR FORINTELLIGENCE

Section 4(1)(b)(CHAIR)

HEAD CRIMEINTELLIGENCE (SAPS)

Section 4(1)(f)

DG SASSSection 4(1)(d)

DG NIASection 4(1)(c)

CHIEF DEFENCEINTELLIGENCESection 4(1)(e)

DG DFA(Co-opted)

DG Presidency(Co-opted)

MINISTER Control, functioning & supervision of NICOC

CABINETCABINET

ECONOMICSECTOR (ES)

CAB COMMITTEECH-PRES

ECONOMICSECTOR (ES)

CAB COMMITTEECH-PRES


(NSC)


(NSC)

GOVERNMENT ANDADMINISTRATION

(G&A)CAB COMMITTEE

CH-PRES

GOVERNMENT ANDADMINISTRATION

(G&A)CAB COMMITTEE

CH-PRES

INTERNATIONALRELATIONS PEACE

AND SECURITY (IRPS)CAB COMMITTEE

CH-PRES

INTERNATIONALRELATIONS PEACE

AND SECURITY (IRPS)CAB COMMITTEE

CH-PRES

SOCIALSECTOR (SS)

CAB COMMITTEECH- DEP PRES

SOCIALSECTOR (SS)

CAB COMMITTEECH- DEP PRES

INVESTMENT ANDEMPLOYMENT (IE)CAB COMMITTEE

CH-PRES

INVESTMENT ANDEMPLOYMENT (IE)CAB COMMITTEE

CH-PRES

JUSTICE CRIMEPREVENTION &

SECURITY (JCPS)CAB COMMITTEE

CH- DEP PRES

JUSTICE CRIMEPREVENTION &

SECURITY (JCPS)CAB COMMITTEE

CH- DEP PRES

NICOCNICOC

NSCDG

COMM

NSCDG

COMM

JOINTSJOINTS

ES DG CLUSTERCOMMITTEE

CH – DG AGRIC

ES DG CLUSTERCOMMITTEE

CH – DG AGRIC

G&A DG CLUSTERCOMMITTEE

CH – PRES OFF DG

G&A DG CLUSTERCOMMITTEE

CH – PRES OFF DG

IRPS DG CLUSTER COMMITTEECH – DG DFA

IRPS DG CLUSTER COMMITTEECH – DG DFA

SS DG CLUSTERCOMMITTEE

CH – DG WELFARE

SS DG CLUSTERCOMMITTEE

CH – DG WELFARE

IE DG CLUSTERCOMMITTEECH –DG DTI

IE DG CLUSTERCOMMITTEECH –DG DTI

JCPS DG CLUSTER COMMITTEE

CH – NAT COMM

JCPS DG CLUSTER COMMITTEE

CH – NAT COMM

NICOC CLIENTS

THANKTHANKYOUYOU

COMPILED BY NICOCSeptember 2004

INTELLIGENCE IN THE ERA INTELLIGENCE IN THE ERA OF GLOBALISATIONOF GLOBALISATION

INTELLIGENCE IN THE ERA INTELLIGENCE IN THE ERA OF GLOBALISATIONOF GLOBALISATION

22 NOVEMBER 2004

UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA

NATIONAL NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE INTELLIGENCE

AGENCYAGENCY

INTELLIGENCE INTELLIGENCE FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS

To gather, correlate, evaluate and To gather, correlate, evaluate and analyse domestic intelligenceanalyse domestic intelligence

To fulfill the national counter-To fulfill the national counter-intelligence responsibilityintelligence responsibility

To gather intelligence at the request To gather intelligence at the request of any interested department of of any interested department of state and to transmit it to the state and to transmit it to the relevant department and to NICOCrelevant department and to NICOC

To supply intelligence to NICOC for To supply intelligence to NICOC for coordination and interpretationcoordination and interpretation

POLITICAL INTELLIGENCEPOLITICAL INTELLIGENCE

Intelligence on all issues in the Intelligence on all issues in the political sphere having an effect political sphere having an effect or potential effect on stability or potential effect on stability and security.and security.

AREA OF INTEREST: AREA OF INTEREST: COUNTER INTELLIGENCECOUNTER INTELLIGENCE

Focus Area: EspionageFocus Area: Espionage Focus Area: ProliferationFocus Area: Proliferation Focus Area: Cyber ThreatsFocus Area: Cyber Threats Focus Area: Protective SecurityFocus Area: Protective Security Focus Area: Information SecurityFocus Area: Information Security

SOUTH AFRICAN SOUTH AFRICAN SECRET SERVICESECRET SERVICE

To gather, correlate, evaluate and To gather, correlate, evaluate and analyse foreign intelligence, excluding analyse foreign intelligence, excluding foreign military intelligenceforeign military intelligence

To institute counter-intelligence To institute counter-intelligence measures within the servicemeasures within the service

To gather departmental intelligence To gather departmental intelligence at the request of any interested at the request of any interested department of state and to transmit it department of state and to transmit it to the department and to NICOCto the department and to NICOC


SASS: INTELLIGENCE SASS: INTELLIGENCE FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS

SASS CORE BUSINESSSASS CORE BUSINESS

NATIONAL SECURITY INTELLIGENCE

POLITICAL INTELLIGENCE

ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE

Information is provided on significant economic developments to support the strategic goals of Departments of State, Parastatals and Private Companies abroad and contribute to the RSA’s economic security and wellbeing.

SASS provides an essential information service for the strategic management of the political, economic and national security interests of South Africa by its government. This is done within the following three critical performance areas:

Information is provided on significant political events in the domestic theatre of a country and Multilateral Organisations, which impact on South Africa’s foreign policy objectives and the interests of SADC, AU as well as the Developing World.

Information is provided on developments in the domestic theatre of a country or multilateral organisation, which impact on South Africa’s national security

NATIONAL NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONSCOMMUNICATIONS

CENTRECENTRE

““A World Leader in Signals A World Leader in Signals

Intelligence and Communications Intelligence and Communications

Security”Security”

““A World Leader in Signals A World Leader in Signals

Intelligence and Communications Intelligence and Communications

Security”Security”

NCC VISIONNCC VISION

To provide signals intelligence in To provide signals intelligence in support of National Policy objectives;support of National Policy objectives;

To provide communications security To provide communications security thus enhancing national security;thus enhancing national security;

To develop and retain highly skilled, To develop and retain highly skilled, professional and motivated personnelprofessional and motivated personnel

MISSION OF THE NCCMISSION OF THE NCC

The Global Collection (Offensive) and The Global Collection (Offensive) and

Protection (Defensive) of electronic Protection (Defensive) of electronic

communications in the interest of communications in the interest of

national security national security

The Global Collection (Offensive) and The Global Collection (Offensive) and

Protection (Defensive) of electronic Protection (Defensive) of electronic

communications in the interest of communications in the interest of

national security national security

NCC CORE BUSINESSNCC CORE BUSINESS

SOUTH AFRICAN SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL ACADEMY NATIONAL ACADEMY

OF INTELLIGENCEOF INTELLIGENCE (SANAI) (SANAI)

CORE FUNCTIONS: SANAICORE FUNCTIONS: SANAI

Deliver intelligence training and Deliver intelligence training and developmentdevelopment

Research on topical issuesResearch on topical issues Provide a resource centre for trainingProvide a resource centre for training Studies on:Studies on:

• CollectionCollection• Security issuesSecurity issues• Analytical methodologyAnalytical methodology• Training methodologiesTraining methodologies

SANAI MISSIONSANAI MISSIONSANAI MISSIONSANAI MISSION

To train a cadre-ship of loyal, To train a cadre-ship of loyal, committed, knowledgeable and committed, knowledgeable and

competent intelligence competent intelligence professionals delivering quality professionals delivering quality

intelligence products and services intelligence products and services for the well-being of the people of for the well-being of the people of

South Africa and the African South Africa and the African continentcontinent

CEO/PRINCIPAL

DEPUTY PRINCIPAL

CORPORATE SERVICES

Auxiliary

Finance

Human Resources

STRATEGIC SERVICES

Centre for Education, Training & development

Security

Client Liaison Communications

Legal

ACADEMIC FACULTY

Dept of Analysis, Intelligence & Strategic Studies

Dept of Operational Training

Dept of Management & General Studies

KEY FUNCTIONS : SANAIKEY FUNCTIONS : SANAIKEY FUNCTIONS : SANAIKEY FUNCTIONS : SANAI

INTELLIGENCEINTELLIGENCESERVICES COUNCIL SERVICES COUNCIL ON CONDITIONS OF ON CONDITIONS OF

SERVICESERVICE

scintel ligence services council

To initiate institutional change within the Civilian Intelligence Community

To develop and review the Regulations and to monitor the implementation thereof

To develop a consultation and mandating framework

To develop and implement a communication and marketing plan

To build and nurture core business delivery capacity

KEY STRATEGIC KEY STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES: ISCOBJECTIVES: ISC

scintel ligence services council

Conduct research on Conditions of Service and HR matters; Review policies as developed by Services/Agencies Evaluate and monitor the implementation of such policies Invite the Directors-General, the Chief Executive Officer, the

Chairpersons of the Staff forums, members and any other interested party to give presentation on any matter relating to the purview of its functions

Confer with the Public Service Commission Assist in ensuring effective HR utilization Provide guidelines/framework on Organizational Diagnosis and

Development Ensure compliance with broader Intelligence Regulations on HR

and Conditions of Service Provide advice on HR practices Drive the process and implementation of Veterans Association

legal formation and implementation of the Strategic Plan.

CONFIDENTIAL

FUNCTIONS: ISCFUNCTIONS: ISC scintel ligence services council

DEFENCE DEFENCE INTELLIGENCEINTELLIGENCE

To gather, correlate, evaluate and To gather, correlate, evaluate and use foreign military intelligenceuse foreign military intelligence

Institute counter-intelligence Institute counter-intelligence measures within the SANDFmeasures within the SANDF


SANDF: INTELLIGENCE SANDF: INTELLIGENCE FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS

OUTPUT OF DIOUTPUT OF DI

Participates in national intelligence Participates in national intelligence structuresstructures

Ensure “checks and balances” in Ensure “checks and balances” in respect of the national intelligence respect of the national intelligence picturepicture

LEGAL MANDATELEGAL MANDATE

Constitution, Act 108 of 1996Constitution, Act 108 of 1996 Defence Act, Act 42, 2002Defence Act, Act 42, 2002 National Strategic Intelligence Act, National Strategic Intelligence Act,

Act 39 of 1994 Act 39 of 1994 Intelligence Service Control Act, Intelligence Service Control Act,

Act 40 of 1994 Act 40 of 1994 SANDF and DI Policy DirectivesSANDF and DI Policy Directives

Crime Crime IntelligenceIntelligence

To gather, correlate, evaluate and To gather, correlate, evaluate and use crime intelligenceuse crime intelligence

To institute counter-intelligence To institute counter-intelligence measures within SAPSmeasures within SAPS


SAPS: INTELLIGENCE SAPS: INTELLIGENCE FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS

PRODUCTION CYCLEPRODUCTION CYCLE

MultipleSource

Collection

NIE and NIP

Verification

Service CollectionPriorities

Analysis

Production,

Dissemination

and Feedback

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

Moral authority and responsibility for Moral authority and responsibility for Africa’s futureAfrica’s future

Problem solving through a good Problem solving through a good intelligence systemintelligence system

Robust interaction between intelligence Robust interaction between intelligence and government policy is and government policy is essentialessential

Strive to ensure peace Strive to ensure peace and stability and stability

Development of our country, Development of our country, region & continent region & continent

intelligence in a globalizing world

Documents