IntelligenceIntelligence

What makes us intelligent?Or

Not so intelligent?

Who’s more intelligent??Who’s more intelligent??

Essential Questions:Essential Questions:• What is intelligence?

• Where does intelligence come from? Is it determined by heredity or environment??

• Is there a difference between intelligence and creativity?

• Can we use simple tests to reliably measure intelligence?

• Are there ethnic or gender differences in intelligence test scores, and, if so, what do the differences mean?

Lets Talk Lets Talk Intelligence!!!Intelligence!!!

What is It?What is It? • Is it the ability to acquire Is it the ability to acquire knowledgeknowledge

from books or school?from books or school?

• Is it Is it “street smarts”“street smarts” ? ?

• Is it the ability to Is it the ability to solve problemssolve problems??

• Or is it the ability to Or is it the ability to adaptadapt to the to the demands of the environment?demands of the environment?

• Well it may be all these things and more…Well it may be all these things and more…

• The most widely used The most widely used definitiondefinition is… is… The capacity of an

individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal with the environment

IntelligenceIntelligence

According to the definition, are both Einstein and Babe Ruth intelligent?

Is intelligence one general Is intelligence one general ability or several specific ability or several specific

abilities combined together?abilities combined together?

TheoriesTheoriesOfOf

IntelligenceIntelligence

Theory 1: Sir Francis Galton and Theory 1: Sir Francis Galton and EugenicsEugenics

• The father of psychometricspsychometrics– The measurement of knowledge and ability by using

defined tests• Believed that intelligence was based on genetics• Inspired EugenicsEugenics movement

– “well-born” - -Selective breeding

Theory 2: Charles Theory 2: Charles Spearmen’s Spearmen’s “G”“G”

• One typeOne type of intelligenceof intelligence that allows people to do well on mental tests

• ““G”G” - general intelligencegeneral intelligence

• Observed that if people did well on one intelligence test or specific parts of a test, they generally did well on others– ““S”S” – specific abilities

• Eventually developed into what we now know as your “IQ”“IQ”

How did Spearman discover his “G”“G” ??

• By using a process called FACTOR FACTOR ANALYSISANALYSIS – A statistical procedurestatistical procedure

that identified groups of test items that were related on a IQ test.

– For example…if you did well on an analogy question - You probably would do well on all language comprehension questions

Theory 3:Thurstone’s “7”“7” Primary Mental AbilitiesPrimary Mental Abilities

• Didn’t believe that one factor (“g”)(“g”) could account for all intelligence

77 primarymental abilities

VerbalVerbalComprehensionComprehension

SpatialSpatialRelationsRelations

NumericalNumericalAbilityAbility

MemoryMemory

VerbalVerbalFluencyFluency PerceptualPerceptual

SpeedSpeed

InductiveInductiveReasoningReasoning

Theory 4:Howard Gardner’sMultiple IntelligencesMultiple Intelligences

• Disagreed with the concept of “G”“G”

• Believed intelligence was like ice cream– Called multiple

intelligencesVary from person to person

People can be high in one type but low in others or have a combination of intelligencesHuge educational influence

99th th ????

InterpersonalInterpersonalIntrapersonalIntrapersonal

NaturalisticNaturalistic

Musical-RhythmicMusical-Rhythmic

Visual-SpatialVisual-Spatial

Bodily-KinestheticBodily-Kinesthetic

Logical-MathematicalLogical-MathematicalVerbal-LinguisticVerbal-Linguistic

Criticisms of Howard Gardner’s Criticisms of Howard Gardner’s Multiple Multiple Intelligence TheoryIntelligence Theory

11stst – What is the difference – What is the difference between an intelligence and a skill??between an intelligence and a skill??

22ndnd – Why stop at 8? – Why stop at 8? Why musical intelligence Why musical intelligence

but not culinary intelligence orbut not culinary intelligence orpractical intelligence (street smarts)?practical intelligence (street smarts)?

Theory 5:Robert Sternberg’sTheory 5:Robert Sternberg’sTriarchicTriarchic (3 parts) (3 parts)

Theory of IntelligenceTheory of IntelligenceSaid intelligence had 3 parts that come

together to meet daily demands 1. Analytical Intelligence2. Practical Intelligence3. Creative Intelligence

Analytic IntelligenceAnalytic Intelligence• Analyzing, comparing,

evaluating, solving– Often the intelligence

stressed at school and on conventional IQ tests

Practical IntelligencePractical Intelligence• ““Common Sense”Common Sense” type of

intelligence – Maybe a “street smarts”“street smarts”

intelligence

• The ability to apply what we know to everyday life

Creative IntelligenceCreative Intelligence• Creating, inventing and

designing– Intelligence that allows

people to adapt and produce new ideas and solutions to problems

We need all three tobe successful in life

Believed we need to modifyIQ tests to measure all 3 parts

Sternberg thought…Sternberg thought…

Theory 6:A different type of IntelligenceTheory 6:A different type of IntelligenceDaniel Goleman’sDaniel Goleman’s

Emotional IntelligenceEmotional Intelligence

• Says there is a difference between academic intelligence and emotional emotional intelligenceintelligence (EI)(EI)

What isEmotional Intelligence??

Emotional Intelligence Emotional Intelligence is…is…• The ability to …

– PerceivePerceive emotions in others

• i.e. read faces and interpret music and stories - empathy

– ExpressExpress your emotions• In appropriate ways

– UnderstandUnderstand your emotions • how emotions change and blend

– RegulateRegulate your emotions• changing emotions in different dilemmas

– HelpHelp others handle their emotions

ALSO KNOWN AS SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE

What isWhat isIntelligence??Intelligence??

Spearman’s““G”G”

Gardner’sMI

Sternberg’s3 Parts

Thurstone’sPMA

Goleman’sEI

How do we Assess Intelligence?

History of Intelligence Testing

Social IntelligenceSocial Intelligence

• MEISMEIS – multifactor emotional intelligence scale

• Some studies show EQ to be a greater predictor for future success than IQ

Alfred Binet• Binet developed the 11stst test test to classify

children’s mental abilitychildren’s mental ability

• Used the concept of mental agemental age – what a person of a particular age should know and

be able to do - MAMA• Different than a child’s chronological age – CACA

• Assumed that… – intellectual abilities grew year by year and some kids would

struggle within their age group and be behind other kids– was worried that his test would be used to label some kids

“backward” and limit opportunities because of their intelligence level

Wilhelm Stern and Computing Intelligence

• Devised the IQ – intelligence quotient – an easy to interpret number used to express

a persons performance on a mental test

• Mental age / chronological age x 100 = Intelligence quotient

MA/CA x 100 = IQMA/CA x 100 = IQ

IQ Examples

• A 8 year old has a mental age of 10, what is her IQ?

• A 12 year old has the mental age of 9, what is his IQ?

• A boy has the mental age of 10 and an IQ of 200, how old is he?

125

75

5

Problems with the IQ Formula• It doesn’t always work well

on adults of different ages

– Leveling-off Leveling-off ProcessProcess

– Mental age levels off but CA does not

then his IQ would be 50!!!!!!

For example: if a 60 year old man

does as well as an average 30 year old

That makes no sense!!!!!

Lewis Terman:American Idea of IQ Testing

• Translated Binet’s test for use in America – Stanford-Binet Intelligence TestStanford-Binet Intelligence Test

• Established a way to compare individuals scores with those of the general population

Terman’s beliefs were often used to set early governmental policy on immigration

David Wechsler’s IQ Test

• Wechsler Intelligence ScalesWechsler Intelligence Scales – the most widely used IQ tests today

• Two important innovationsTwo important innovations– Different tests for different age groupsDifferent tests for different age groups

• preschool (WPPSI), school children (WISC), and adults (WAIS)

– Separate scores for verbal and nonverbal abilitiesSeparate scores for verbal and nonverbal abilities (Subtests)(Subtests)

• Verbal - vocab., math, and similar skills• Nonverbal - tasks such as assembly of objects and pictorial

recognition • allowed for examination of weaknesses and strengths of test

taker

Wechler and Deviation IQWechler and Deviation IQAn IQ score is based on deviationdeviation, or difference,

of a person’s test score fromthe norms for the person’s age group.

AverageAverage

Group IQ TestsGroup IQ Tests• Test regularly given in

schools

• First developed by the Army to assess recruits cognitive abilities during WWI

• Not as reliable as individual tests but cheaper and easier to give and score

Basic Basic Questions Questions

About About Intelligence Intelligence

TestingTesting

Does Intelligence Change Over Time?

• By age 4, a child’s IQ can predict adolescent IQ scores.

• Also depends on the type of intelligence

Brain Size and Intelligence

Is there a link?Is there a link?

• Small +.15 correlation between head size and head size and intelligence scoresintelligence scores

IQ Ranges

• IQ ranges, average IQ scores, and IQ ratings are usually only relative - and they can change over time and with different tests.

Average IQ = 100

Statistically this means:• 2.5% of people are mentally deficient /

impaired / retardation (under 70)

• 50% of people have Intelligence Quotient scores between 90 and 110

• 96% of all people fall within 30 points of 100

•

• 2.5% of people are very superior in intelligence (over 130)

• 0.5% of people are near genius or genius (over 140)

IQ LevelsTo help put IQ into perspective:To help put IQ into perspective:

• 50 or below50 or below - most adults cannot cope outside of an institution. They can typically be taught to read at a 3rd or 4th grade level. They typically require special training programs.

• Between 50 and 75Between 50 and 75 - Generally cannot complete elementary school. Most adults will need help to cope with day to day living.

• Between 75 and 105Between 75 and 105 - Generally cannot complete a college prep course in high school.

• Between 105 and 115Between 105 and 115 - May graduate from college but generally, not with grades that would qualify them for graduate school.

• Above 115Above 115 - No restrictions

Intelligence Test Intelligence Test Construction and ValidityConstruction and Validity

What makes one test What makes one test better than another??better than another??

Aptitude TestsAptitude Testsvs.

Achievement TestsAchievement Tests

What's the difference??What's the difference??

AptitudeAptitude• A test to predict

future performance.• The ability for a

person to learn. • IQ Tests

AchievementAchievement• A test designed to

assess what a person has learned.

Characteristics of a Good Test Characteristics of a Good Test of Intelligenceof Intelligence

Tests must be:Tests must be:

•StandardizedStandardized•ReliableReliable

•ValidValid

StandardizationStandardization• The process of setting a common

standard• A basis for comparing scores with

others’ performance

ReliabilityReliability• The consistency of

tests scores over time. – Scores don’t change

over time or each time you take it

• Different types of reliabilityreliability– Spilt halves ,test–

retest, or scorer method.

Test – Retest Reliability• Scores look the same the second time as

the first

Split-half Reliability• The score on the even numbered

questions should be about the same as the odd numbered questions

Scorer Reliability • Two people should be able to score the

same test and get the same result

ValidityValidity

How well a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to measure.

• Content or Face ValidityContent or Face Validity – does the test measure material that is

supposed to be tested?

• Predictive ValidityPredictive Validity– does the test accurately predict how well a

person will do in the future?

Heredity and Environment as Influencers of Intelligence

Is intelligence a Is intelligence a product of nature or product of nature or

nurture??nurture??

Nature Argument

Evidence for Hereditary Influence

• Twin Studies– If identical twins are more similar in intelligence than

fraternal twins then IQ could be considered inherited

• Adoptions Studies– If adopted children resemble their biological parents

in IQ even though they were not raised by these parents, then this would support genetics

• Heritability Estimates– a ratio that estimates the proportion of a trait is due

to genetics ( 60% - 40% for intelligence) (on average)

Nurture Argument

Evidence for Environmental Influence

• Adoption Studies– Many adopted children show some

resemblance to their foster parents in IQ

– Siblings raised together are more similar in IQ than those raised apart•Same is true for identical twins

– Unrelated adopted kids show a significant resemblance in IQ when raised in same environment

Evidence for Environmental Influence• Environmental Deprivation, Enrichment,

Home and Schooling Effects

– Cumulative Deprivation Hypothesis•Environmental deprivation did lead to IQ

erosion•However, when kids are removed from this

environment and placed in an enriching environment IQ increased

– Two parent homes have a positive impact on IQ

– School attendance has a positive impact on IQ

Flynn Effect

Points to Environment Points to Environment FactorsFactorsSuch as better nutrition and health

care

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