UNIT II

(v)

INTELLCTUAL DEVELOPMENT

INTELLECTUAL/COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

JEAN PIAGET

SWISS BIOLOGIST

JEAN PIAGET

JEAN PIAGETSTAGES OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT

According to PiagetPattern of development is quite constant and universal

JEAN PIAGETSTAGES OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT

1. Sensory motor stage (from birth to about two years)2.Pre- Operational Stage ( about 2 to 7 years)3.Concrete Operational Stage (About 7 to 11 years)4. Formal operational Stage (about 12 to 15 years)

STAGES OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT

STAGES OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT

JEAN PIAGETSTAGES OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT1.Sensory motor stage (from birth to about two years)Characteristicsa) Absence of languageb)The stage is limited to direct sensory and motor interactions with the environment

1.Sensory motor stage

Pattern of development At birth: Exhibits a limited number of uncoordinated reflexes ; e.g.,Sucking, Looking,Reaching and Grasping

1.Sensory motor stageNext four months: Uncoordinated reflexes are coordinated in to simple schemas; e.g., Trying to suck anything which is put in to its mouthLooking at what ever it seesReaching for everythingGrasping all that is put in to its hands

1.Sensory motor stageBy the age of eight months:

The infant is able to react to objects outside himselfThe concept of object permanence evolves in the cognitive structure of the infant

JEAN PIAGETSTAGES OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT2. Pre- Operational Stage ( about 2 to 7 years)

Language developmentBegins to utter words and Development in thinkingSymbolic representation of images and things

JEAN PIAGET2. Pre- Operational Stage ( about 2 to 7 years) This stage can be further divided in to

Pre-Conceptual phase ( about 2 to 4 years)

Intuitive phase (app. 4 to 7 years)

JEAN PIAGET2. Pre- Operational Stage ( about 2 to 7 years) 2.1. Pre-Conceptual phase ( about 2 to 4 years)It is a period of rudimentary concept formationCharacteristicsa) They identify objects by names of classes E.g., all men are daddy, all women are mummy etc

JEAN PIAGET2.1. Pre-Conceptual phase ( about 2 to 4 years)Characteristicsb) Illogical mode of thinking and reasoninge.g., They would take cow for all animals of that size and featuresc) Highly imaginative e.g., Taking doll for baby, chair for bus ,wooden block for byke etc

JEAN PIAGET2.1. Pre-Conceptual phase ( about 2 to 4 years)Characteristics:d) Egocentric nature: The child can see the world only from his own stand point. It considers itself the centre of the world and people should perceive thigs as it perceives

JEAN PIAGET2. Pre- Operational Stage ( about 2 to 7 years)2.2 Intuitive phase (app. 4 to 7 years): In this stage Concepts are formed at a more advanced level

Thinking is carried out intuitively not logically

JEAN PIAGET2. Pre- Operational Stage ( about 2 to 7 years)

Reversibility (ability to reverse) and Conservation (ability to see an object as permanent even though its length, width or shape changes) are absent during this stage

JEAN PIAGET3.Concrete Operational Stage (About 7 to 11 years)CharacteristicsThinking becomes quite systematic and logical Develop ability to Conserve in terms of quantity and number of objectsThe child is no longer ego centricDevelop Number concept in concrete form

JEAN PIAGET3.Concrete Operational Stage (About 7 to 11 years)Characteristics5. Learns to tackle complex concrete problems

6. Understands relationships and discrepancies in things 7. Learns to classify things and arrange things in the increasing and decreasing order of size

JEAN PIAGET4. Formal operational Stage (about 12 to 15 years)Characteristics1. The child learns to deal with abstraction by logical thinking2. The child learns to use symbols effectively3. The child begins to construct relationships between symbols and concrete operations

JEAN PIAGET4. Formal operational Stage (about 12 to 15 years)Characteristics4. The child begins to appreciate hypothetical problems5. It begins to look at problems in many ways6. It reflects the most advanced stage of cognitive functioning ( higher order intellectual functioning)

JEAN PIAGETHigher order intellectual functioningCharacteristics1. Build up multiple hypotheses and alternate solutions2. Verify all solutions in a systematic manner 3. Generalize and arrive at abstract rule that cover many specific situations.

CONSERVATION

JEAN PIAGET INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT

He views intelligence in terms of biological development which facilitates an individuals interaction with environment at a particular psychological level

JEAN PIAGET INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT

His primary focus is on developing abilities to an optimum levelTo himIndividual should be active in discovering and structuring reality for himself

JEAN PIAGETHis concept of intelligence and learning is basically difined in terms of ContentStructure and Function

JEAN PIAGET

Content ; It refers to the organisms responseStructure ; It refers to the genetic aspect of developmentFunction ; It refers to certain modes of interaction with the environment

JEAN PIAGETIntellectual/Cognitive development

Cognitive development consists of structural changes required to accommodate new data.The structural units are called schemaSchema is the unit of cognitive structure.Schema is the important concept in his theory of intellectual development

JEAN PIAGET

Each stage is marked with a special schemaIt is associated with motor activitiesPhysical development is related to this motor activities which in turn decides his intellectual development

JEAN PIAGET

Schema

Motor activities

Physical development

Intellectual development

JEAN PIAGETHuman beings inherit two basic tendenciesOrganization and AdaptationOrganization: It is the tendency to systematize responses (and combine processes into coherent general system)Adaptation : It refers to the tendency to adjust to the environmentBoth physical and mental functioning are governed by these two tendencies

JEAN PIAGETAdaptationIt is the process of creating a good fit between ones own schema and new experiences one gets. It comprises two sub processes Assimilation and Accommodation

JEAN PIAGETAssimilation : It is the fitting of new experiences in the older stock of experiencesIt is the process of responding to the environment according to ones existing cognitive structureIt occurs when some thing new is drawn into the old pattern and becomes a part of the inner organizationIndividuals old schema does not change in this process. It alone does not lead to intellectual development

JEAN PIAGETAccommodation :It involves changing the existing experiences (schema) to incorporate the new ones.It involves modification of existing cognitive structureIt is the major vehicle or means of intellectual development

JEAN PIAGETEquilibration It is the innate tendency leading to the organization of ones experiences towards maximal adaptationIt is a continuous drive towards equilibrium or balanceIt is proceeding towards better forms of knowledge.It is the dual mechanism of assimilation and accommodation headed with equilibration which leads to steady intellectual development.

JEAN PIAGETInteriorisation The process of decreasing dependence on the physical environment and increased use of cognitive structure is termed as interiorisation.

EQUILIBRATION

Physical Environment

Perception

Accommodation

Cognitive Structure

Assimilation

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