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Intel® Math KernelLibrary

Reference Manual

Copyright © 1994-2003 Intel CorporationAll Rights ReservedIssued in U.S.A.Document Number: 630813-6004

World Wide Web: http://developer.intel.com

http://developer.intel.com/software/products/perflib/index.htm

Intel® Math Kernel LibraryReference ManualRevision History

Revision Revision History Date

-001 Original Issue. 11/94

-002 Added functions crotg, zrotg. Documented versions of functions ?her2k, ?symm, ?syrk,and ?syr2k not previously described. Pagination revised.

5/95

-003 Changed the title; former title: “Intel BLAS Library for the Pentium® Processor ReferenceManual.” Added functions ?rotm,?rotmg and updated Appendix C.

1/96

-004 Documents Intel Math Kernel library release 2.0 with the parallelism capability.Information on parallelism has been added in Chapter 1 and in section “BLAS Level 3Routines” in Chapter 2.

11/96

-005 Two-dimensional FFTs have been added. C interface has been added to both one- andtwo-dimensional FFTs.

8/97

-006 Documents Intel Math Kernel Library release 2.1. Sparse BLAS section has been addedin Chapter 2.

1/98

-007 Documents Intel Math Kernel Library release 3.0. Descriptions of LAPACK routines(Chapters 4 and 5) and CBLAS interface (Appendix C) have been added.Quick Reference has been excluded from the manual; MKL 3.0 Quick Reference is nowavailable in HTML format.

1/99

-008 Documents Intel Math Kernel Library release 3.2. Description of FFT routines have beenrevised. In Chapters 4 and 5 NAG names for LAPACK routines have been excluded.

6/99

-009 New LAPACK routines for eigenvalue problems have been added inchapter 5. 11/99

-010 Documents Intel Math Kernel Library release 4.0. Chapter 6 describing the VMLfunctions has been added.

06/00

-011 Documents Intel Math Kernel Library release 5.1. LAPACK section has been extendedto include the full list of computational and driver routines .

04/01

-6001 Documents Intel Math Kernel Library release 6.0 beta. New DFT interface (chapter 8)and Vector Statistical Library functions (chapter 7) have been added.

07/02

-6002 Documents Intel Math Kernel Library 6.0 beta update. DFT functions description(chapter 8) has been updated. CBLAS interface description was extended.

12/02

-6003 Documents Intel Math Kernel Library 6.0 gold. DFT functions have been updated.Auxiliary LAPACK routines’ descriptions were added to the manual.

03/03

-6004 Documents Intel Math Kernel Library release 6.1. 07/03

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Celeron, Dialogic, i386, i486, iCOMP, Intel, Intel logo, Intel386, Intel486, Intel740, IntelDX2, IntelDX4, IntelSX2,Intel Inside, Intel Inside logo, Intel NetBurst, Intel NetStructure, Intel Xeon, Intel XScale, Itanium, MMX, MMXlogo, Pentium, Pentium II Xeon, Pentium III Xeon, and VTune are trademarks or registered trademarks of IntelCorporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries.

* Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.

Copyright © 1994-2003, Intel Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

Chapters 4 and 5 include derivative work portions that have been copyrighted:© 1991, 1992, and 1998 by The Numerical Algorithms Group, Ltd.

v

ContentsChapter 1 Overview

About This Software .............................................................. 1-1Technical Support ............................................................. 1-2BLAS Routines.................................................................. 1-2Sparse BLAS Routines ..................................................... 1-3Fast Fourier Transforms .................................................... 1-3LAPACK Routines ............................................................. 1-3VML Functions .................................................................. 1-3VSL Functions................................................................... 1-4DFT Functions .................................................................. 1-4Performance Enhancements ............................................ 1-4Parallelism......................................................................... 1-5Platforms Supported ......................................................... 1-5

About This Manual................................................................. 1-6Audience for This Manual ................................................. 1-6Manual Organization......................................................... 1-6Notational Conventions ................................................... 1-8

Routine Name Shorthand ............................................ 1-8Font Conventions ......................................................... 1-8

Related Publications ......................................................... 1-9Chapter 2 BLAS and Sparse BLAS Routines

Routine Naming Conventions ............................................... 2-2Matrix Storage Schemes ....................................................... 2-3BLAS Level 1 Routines and Functions .................................. 2-4

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Intel® Math Kernel Library Reference Manual

?asum ........................................................................ 2-5?axpy ........................................................................... 2-6?copy .......................................................................... 2-7?dot ............................................................................ 2-8?dotc ........................................................................... 2-9?dotu ........................................................................ 2-10?nrm2 ....................................................................... 2-11?rot ........................................................................... 2-12?rotg .......................................................................... 2-14?rotm ........................................................................ 2-15?rotmg ....................................................................... 2-17?scal .......................................................................... 2-18?swap ....................................................................... 2-20i?amax ....................................................................... 2-21i?amin ........................................................................ 2-22

BLAS Level 2 Routines ........................................................ 2-23?gbmv ....................................................................... 2-24?gemv ....................................................................... 2-27?ger ........................................................................... 2-30?gerc ......................................................................... 2-31?geru ......................................................................... 2-33?hbmv ....................................................................... 2-35?hemv ....................................................................... 2-38?her .......................................................................... 2-40?her2 ......................................................................... 2-42?hpmv ....................................................................... 2-44?hpr .......................................................................... 2-47?hpr2 ......................................................................... 2-49?sbmv ........................................................................ 2-51?spmv ....................................................................... 2-54?spr .......................................................................... 2-56?spr2 ......................................................................... 2-58

Contents

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?symv ....................................................................... 2-60?syr .......................................................................... 2-62?syr2 ......................................................................... 2-64?tbmv ........................................................................ 2-66?tbsv ......................................................................... 2-69?tpmv ....................................................................... 2-72?tpsv ......................................................................... 2-75?trmv ......................................................................... 2-77?trsv .......................................................................... 2-79

BLAS Level 3 Routines ....................................................... 2-82Symmetric Multiprocessing Version of Intel® MKL......... 2-82

?gemm ..................................................................... 2-83?hemm ...................................................................... 2-86?herk ........................................................................ 2-89?her2k ....................................................................... 2-92?symm ...................................................................... 2-96?syrk ...................................................................... 2-100?syr2k .................................................................... 2-103?trmm .................................................................... 2-107?trsm ....................................................................... 2-110

Sparse BLAS Routines and Functions ............................. 2-114Vector Arguments in Sparse BLAS ............................. 2-114Naming Conventions in Sparse BLAS ........................ 2-115Routines and Data Types in Sparse BLAS ................. 2-115BLAS Routines That Can Work With Sparse Vectors . 2-116

?axpyi .................................................................... 2-116?doti ........................................................................ 2-118?dotci ...................................................................... 2-119?dotui ...................................................................... 2-120?gthr ....................................................................... 2-121?gthrz ..................................................................... 2-122?roti ........................................................................ 2-123

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?sctr ....................................................................... 2-124Chapter 3 Fast Fourier Transforms

One-dimensional FFTs .......................................................... 3-1Data Storage Types .......................................................... 3-2Data Structure Requirements ........................................... 3-3Complex-to-Complex One-dimensional FFTs................... 3-3

cfft1d/zfft1d ................................................................. 3-4cfft1dc/zfft1dc .............................................................. 3-5

Real-to-Complex One-dimensional FFTs.......................... 3-7scfft1d/dzfft1d .............................................................. 3-8scfft1dc/dzfft1dc ....................................................... 3-10

Complex-to-Real One-dimensional FFTs........................ 3-12csfft1d/zdfft1d ............................................................ 3-13csfft1dc/zdfft1dc ........................................................ 3-15

Two-dimensional FFTs......................................................... 3-17Complex-to-Complex Two-dimensional FFTs ................. 3-18

cfft2d/zfft2d ............................................................... 3-19cfft2dc/zfft2dc ............................................................ 3-20

Real-to-Complex Two-dimensional FFTs ........................ 3-21scfft2d/dzfft2d ............................................................ 3-22scfft2dc/dzfft2dc ........................................................ 3-24

Complex-to-Real Two-dimensional FFTs ....................... 3-27csfft2d/zdfft2d .......................................................... 3-28csfft2dc/zdfft2dc ........................................................ 3-29

Chapter 4 LAPACK Routines: Linear EquationsRoutine Naming Conventions ............................................... 4-2Matrix Storage Schemes ....................................................... 4-3Mathematical Notation ........................................................... 4-3Error Analysis ........................................................................ 4-4Computational Routines ........................................................ 4-5

Routines for Matrix Factorization ..................................... 4-7?getrf ........................................................................... 4-7

Contents

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?gbtrf ......................................................................... 4-10?gttrf ......................................................................... 4-12?potrf ........................................................................ 4-14?pptrf ........................................................................ 4-16?pbtrf ........................................................................ 4-18?pttrf ......................................................................... 4-20?sytrf ......................................................................... 4-22?hetrf ......................................................................... 4-25?sptrf ........................................................................ 4-28?hptrf ......................................................................... 4-31

Routines for Solving Systems of Linear Equations ...... 4-33?getrs ........................................................................ 4-34?gbtrs ........................................................................ 4-36?gttrs ......................................................................... 4-38?potrs ....................................................................... 4-41?pptrs ....................................................................... 4-43?pbtrs ....................................................................... 4-45?pttrs ......................................................................... 4-47?sytrs ....................................................................... 4-49?hetrs ........................................................................ 4-51?sptrs ....................................................................... 4-53?hptrs ........................................................................ 4-55?trtrs ......................................................................... 4-57?tptrs ........................................................................ 4-59?tbtrs ........................................................................ 4-61

Routines for Estimating the Condition Number .............. 4-63?gecon ..................................................................... 4-63?gbcon ..................................................................... 4-65?gtcon ....................................................................... 4-67?pocon ..................................................................... 4-70?ppcon ...................................................................... 4-72?pbcon ...................................................................... 4-74

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?ptcon ...................................................................... 4-76?sycon ...................................................................... 4-78?hecon ...................................................................... 4-80?spcon ...................................................................... 4-82?hpcon ..................................................................... 4-84?trcon ....................................................................... 4-86?tpcon ...................................................................... 4-88?tbcon ...................................................................... 4-90

Refining the Solution and Estimating Its Error ................ 4-92?gerfs ........................................................................ 4-92?gbrfs ........................................................................ 4-95?gtrfs ......................................................................... 4-98?porfs ..................................................................... 4-101?pprfs ...................................................................... 4-104?pbrfs ..................................................................... 4-107?ptrfs ...................................................................... 4-110?syrfs ....................................................................... 4-113?herfs ..................................................................... 4-116?sprfs ...................................................................... 4-119?hprfs ...................................................................... 4-122?trrfs ........................................................................ 4-124?tprfs ....................................................................... 4-127?tbrfs ....................................................................... 4-130

Routines for Matrix Inversion ........................................ 4-133?getri ....................................................................... 4-133?potri ...................................................................... 4-135?pptri ....................................................................... 4-137?sytri ........................................................................ 4-139?hetri ....................................................................... 4-141?sptri ....................................................................... 4-143?hptri ....................................................................... 4-145?trtri ......................................................................... 4-147

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?tptri ........................................................................ 4-148Routines for Matrix Equilibration .................................. 4-150

?geequ..................................................................... 4-150?gbequ..................................................................... 4-153?poequ..................................................................... 4-155?ppequ..................................................................... 4-157?pbequ..................................................................... 4-159

Driver Routines ................................................................. 4-161?gesv ....................................................................... 4-162?gesvx ..................................................................... 4-163?gbsv ....................................................................... 4-170?gbsvx ..................................................................... 4-172?gtsv ........................................................................ 4-179?gtsvx ...................................................................... 4-181?posv ....................................................................... 4-186?posvx ..................................................................... 4-188?ppsv ....................................................................... 4-193?ppsvx ..................................................................... 4-195?pbsv ....................................................................... 4-200?pbsvx ..................................................................... 4-202?ptsv ........................................................................ 4-207?ptsvx ...................................................................... 4-209?sysv........................................................................ 4-212?sysvx...................................................................... 4-215?hesvx ..................................................................... 4-220?hesv ....................................................................... 4-224?spsv ....................................................................... 4-227?spsvx...................................................................... 4-230?hpsvx ..................................................................... 4-235?hpsv ....................................................................... 4-239

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Chapter 5 LAPACK Routines:Least Squares and Eigenvalue Problems

Routine Naming Conventions ............................................... 5-4Matrix Storage Schemes ....................................................... 5-5Mathematical Notation ........................................................... 5-5Computational Routines ...................................................... 5-6

Orthogonal Factorizations ................................................ 5-6?geqrf ......................................................................... 5-8?geqpf ...................................................................... 5-11?geqp3 ..................................................................... 5-14?orgqr ....................................................................... 5-17?ormqr ....................................................................... 5-19?ungqr ...................................................................... 5-21?unmqr ...................................................................... 5-23?gelqf ....................................................................... 5-25?orglq ....................................................................... 5-28?ormlq ....................................................................... 5-30?unglq ...................................................................... 5-32?unmlq ...................................................................... 5-34?geqlf ........................................................................ 5-36?orgql ....................................................................... 5-38?ungql ...................................................................... 5-40?ormql ....................................................................... 5-42?unmql ...................................................................... 5-45?gerqf ........................................................................ 5-48?orgrq ....................................................................... 5-50?ungrq ...................................................................... 5-52?ormrq ....................................................................... 5-54?unmrq ...................................................................... 5-57?tzrzf ......................................................................... 5-60?ormrz ....................................................................... 5-62?unmrz ...................................................................... 5-65

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?ggqrf ....................................................................... 5-68?ggrqf ....................................................................... 5-71

Singular Value Decomposition ...................................... 5-74?gebrd ....................................................................... 5-76?gbbrd ....................................................................... 5-79?orgbr ....................................................................... 5-82?ormbr ...................................................................... 5-85?ungbr ....................................................................... 5-88?unmbr ...................................................................... 5-91?bdsqr ....................................................................... 5-94?bdsdc ...................................................................... 5-98

Symmetric Eigenvalue Problems ................................. 5-101?sytrd ..................................................................... 5-105?orgtr ...................................................................... 5-107?ormtr ..................................................................... 5-109?hetrd ...................................................................... 5-111?ungtr ...................................................................... 5-113?unmtr ..................................................................... 5-115?sptrd ...................................................................... 5-117?opgtr ...................................................................... 5-119?opmtr ..................................................................... 5-120?hptrd ...................................................................... 5-122?upgtr ...................................................................... 5-124?upmtr ..................................................................... 5-125?sbtrd ...................................................................... 5-128?hbtrd ...................................................................... 5-130?sterf ....................................................................... 5-132?steqr ..................................................................... 5-134?stedc .................................................................... 5-137?stegr ..................................................................... 5-141?pteqr ..................................................................... 5-146?stebz .................................................................... 5-149?stein ..................................................................... 5-152

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?disna ..................................................................... 5-154Generalized Symmetric-Definite Eigenvalue Problems. 5-157

?sygst ..................................................................... 5-158?hegst .................................................................... 5-160?spgst ..................................................................... 5-162?hpgst .................................................................... 5-164?sbgst ...................................................................... 5-166?hbgst ..................................................................... 5-169?pbstf ...................................................................... 5-172

Nonsymmetric Eigenvalue Problems ........................... 5-174?gehrd ..................................................................... 5-178?orghr ...................................................................... 5-180?ormhr ..................................................................... 5-182?unghr ..................................................................... 5-185?unmhr ................................................................... 5-187?gebal .................................................................... 5-190?gebak .................................................................... 5-193?hseqr ..................................................................... 5-195?hsein ...................................................................... 5-199?trevc ....................................................................... 5-205?trsna ...................................................................... 5-210?trexc ....................................................................... 5-215?trsen ...................................................................... 5-217?trsyl ....................................................................... 5-222

Generalized Nonsymmetric Eigenvalue Problems ....... 5-225?gghrd ..................................................................... 5-226?ggbal ..................................................................... 5-230?ggbak .................................................................... 5-233?hgeqz .................................................................... 5-235?tgevc ...................................................................... 5-242?tgexc ...................................................................... 5-247?tgsen ..................................................................... 5-250

Contents

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?tgsyl ...................................................................... 5-256?tgsna ..................................................................... 5-261

Generalized Singular Value Decomposition ................. 5-266?ggsvp .................................................................... 5-267?tgsja ...................................................................... 5-271

Driver Routines ................................................................ 5-278Linear Least Squares (LLS) Problems ......................... 5-278

?gels ....................................................................... 5-279?gelsy ..................................................................... 5-282?gelss ..................................................................... 5-286?gelsd ..................................................................... 5-289

Generalized LLS Problems........................................... 5-293?gglse ..................................................................... 5-293?ggglm .................................................................... 5-296

Symmetric Eigenproblems............................................ 5-298?syev ....................................................................... 5-299?heev ...................................................................... 5-301?syevd ..................................................................... 5-303?heevd .................................................................... 5-306?syevx ..................................................................... 5-309?heevx .................................................................... 5-313?syevr ..................................................................... 5-317?heevr ..................................................................... 5-322?spev ...................................................................... 5-327?hpev ...................................................................... 5-329?spevd .................................................................... 5-331?hpevd ................................................................... 5-334?spevx .................................................................... 5-338?hpevx .................................................................... 5-342?sbev ...................................................................... 5-346?hbev ...................................................................... 5-348?sbevd .................................................................... 5-350

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?hbevd ..................................................................... 5-353?sbevx ..................................................................... 5-357?hbevx ..................................................................... 5-361?stev ........................................................................ 5-365?stevd ..................................................................... 5-367?stevx ...................................................................... 5-370?stevr ....................................................................... 5-374

Nonsymmetric Eigenproblems ...................................... 5-379?gees ....................................................................... 5-379?geesx ..................................................................... 5-384?geev ....................................................................... 5-390?geevx ..................................................................... 5-394

Singular Value Decomposition ...................................... 5-400?gesvd ..................................................................... 5-400?gesdd .................................................................... 5-405?ggsvd ..................................................................... 5-409

Generalized Symmetric Definite Eigenproblems........... 5-415?sygv ....................................................................... 5-416?hegv ...................................................................... 5-419?sygvd ..................................................................... 5-422?hegvd .................................................................... 5-425?sygvx ..................................................................... 5-429?hegvx ..................................................................... 5-434?spgv ....................................................................... 5-439?hpgv ...................................................................... 5-442?spgvd ..................................................................... 5-445?hpgvd .................................................................... 5-448?spgvx ..................................................................... 5-452?hpgvx ..................................................................... 5-456?sbgv ....................................................................... 5-460?hbgv ...................................................................... 5-463?sbgvd ..................................................................... 5-466

Contents

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?hbgvd .................................................................... 5-469?sbgvx .................................................................... 5-473?hbgvx .................................................................... 5-477

Generalized Nonsymmetric Eigenproblems ................. 5-482?gges ...................................................................... 5-482?ggesx .................................................................... 5-489?ggev ...................................................................... 5-497?ggevx .................................................................... 5-502

References........................................................................ 5-509Chapter 6 LAPACK Auxiliary Routines

?lacgv .......................................................................... 6-1?lacrm.......................................................................... 6-2?lacrt............................................................................ 6-3?laesy .......................................................................... 6-4?rot............................................................................... 6-6?spmv .......................................................................... 6-7?spr.............................................................................. 6-9?symv ........................................................................ 6-11?syr ............................................................................ 6-13i?max1 ....................................................................... 6-15ilaenv ......................................................................... 6-16lsame ......................................................................... 6-18lsamen ....................................................................... 6-19?sum1........................................................................ 6-20?gbtf2......................................................................... 6-21?gebd2....................................................................... 6-23?gehd2....................................................................... 6-26?gelq2 ........................................................................ 6-29?geql2 ........................................................................ 6-31?geqr2........................................................................ 6-33?gerq2........................................................................ 6-35?gesc2 ....................................................................... 6-37

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?getc2 ........................................................................ 6-39?getf2 ......................................................................... 6-40?gtts2 ........................................................................ 6-42?labad ........................................................................ 6-43?labrd ......................................................................... 6-45?lacon......................................................................... 6-48?lacpy ......................................................................... 6-50?ladiv .......................................................................... 6-51?lae2 .......................................................................... 6-52?laebz......................................................................... 6-54?laed0 ........................................................................ 6-60?laed1 ........................................................................ 6-64?laed2 ........................................................................ 6-67?laed3 ........................................................................ 6-70?laed4 ........................................................................ 6-73?laed5 ........................................................................ 6-74?laed6 ........................................................................ 6-75?laed7 ........................................................................ 6-78?laed8 ........................................................................ 6-83?laed9 ........................................................................ 6-87?laeda ........................................................................ 6-89?laein.......................................................................... 6-92?laev2......................................................................... 6-95?laexc ......................................................................... 6-98?lag2 ........................................................................ 6-100?lags2....................................................................... 6-103?lagtf ........................................................................ 6-105?lagtm ...................................................................... 6-108?lagts........................................................................ 6-110?lagv2....................................................................... 6-113?lahqr ....................................................................... 6-115?lahrd ....................................................................... 6-118?laic1........................................................................ 6-121

Contents

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?laln2 ....................................................................... 6-124?lals0 ....................................................................... 6-127?lalsa ....................................................................... 6-132?lalsd ....................................................................... 6-136?lamch ..................................................................... 6-139?lamc1 ..................................................................... 6-140?lamc2 ..................................................................... 6-141?lamc3 ..................................................................... 6-142?lamc4 ..................................................................... 6-143?lamc5 ..................................................................... 6-144?lamrg...................................................................... 6-145?langb ...................................................................... 6-146?lange ...................................................................... 6-148?langt ....................................................................... 6-149?lanhs ...................................................................... 6-151?lansb ...................................................................... 6-152?lanhb ...................................................................... 6-154?lansp ...................................................................... 6-156?lanhp ...................................................................... 6-158?lanst/?lanht ............................................................ 6-159?lansy ...................................................................... 6-161?lanhe ...................................................................... 6-163?lantb ....................................................................... 6-164?lantp ....................................................................... 6-167?lantr........................................................................ 6-169?lanv2 ...................................................................... 6-171?lapll ........................................................................ 6-172?lapmt ...................................................................... 6-174?lapy2 ...................................................................... 6-175?lapy3 ...................................................................... 6-176?laqgb ...................................................................... 6-176?laqge ...................................................................... 6-179

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?laqp2 ...................................................................... 6-181?laqps....................................................................... 6-183?laqsb....................................................................... 6-185?laqsp....................................................................... 6-187?laqsy....................................................................... 6-189?laqtr ........................................................................ 6-191?lar1v ....................................................................... 6-194?lar2v ....................................................................... 6-196?larf .......................................................................... 6-198?larfb ........................................................................ 6-200?larfg ........................................................................ 6-202?larft ......................................................................... 6-204?larfx ........................................................................ 6-207?largv ....................................................................... 6-208?larnv ....................................................................... 6-210?larrb ........................................................................ 6-212?larre ........................................................................ 6-214?larrf ......................................................................... 6-216?larrv ........................................................................ 6-218?lartg ........................................................................ 6-221?lartv ........................................................................ 6-223?laruv ....................................................................... 6-224?larz ......................................................................... 6-225?larzb ....................................................................... 6-227?larzt ........................................................................ 6-230?las2......................................................................... 6-233?lascl ........................................................................ 6-234?lasd0....................................................................... 6-236?lasd1....................................................................... 6-238?lasd2....................................................................... 6-241?lasd3....................................................................... 6-246?lasd4....................................................................... 6-249

Contents

xxi

?LASD5 ................................................................... 6-251?LASD6 ................................................................... 6-252?lasd7 ...................................................................... 6-257?lasd8 ...................................................................... 6-262?lasd9 ...................................................................... 6-264?lasda ...................................................................... 6-267?lasdq ...................................................................... 6-271?lasdt ....................................................................... 6-274?laset ....................................................................... 6-275?lasq1 ...................................................................... 6-277?lasq2 ...................................................................... 6-278?lasq3 ...................................................................... 6-280?lasq4 ...................................................................... 6-281?lasq5 ...................................................................... 6-283?lasq6 ...................................................................... 6-284?lasr ......................................................................... 6-286?lasrt........................................................................ 6-288?lassq ...................................................................... 6-289?lasv2 ...................................................................... 6-291?laswp...................................................................... 6-292?lasy2 ...................................................................... 6-294?lasyf ....................................................................... 6-296?lahef ....................................................................... 6-299?latbs ....................................................................... 6-301?latdf ........................................................................ 6-304?latps ....................................................................... 6-307?latrd........................................................................ 6-309?latrs ........................................................................ 6-313?latrz ........................................................................ 6-317?lauu2 ...................................................................... 6-320?lauum..................................................................... 6-321?org2l/?ung2l ........................................................... 6-323

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?org2r/?ung2r........................................................... 6-324?orgl2/?ungl2 ........................................................... 6-326?orgr2/?ungr2........................................................... 6-328?orm2l/?unm2l ......................................................... 6-330?orm2r/?unm2r......................................................... 6-332?orml2/?unml2 ......................................................... 6-335?ormr2/?unmr2......................................................... 6-337?ormr3/?unmr3......................................................... 6-340?pbtf2 ....................................................................... 6-343?potf2 ....................................................................... 6-345?ptts2 ....................................................................... 6-346?rscl.......................................................................... 6-348?sygs2/?hegs2 ......................................................... 6-349?sytd2/?hetd2........................................................... 6-351?sytf2........................................................................ 6-354?hetf2 ....................................................................... 6-356?tgex2....................................................................... 6-358?tgsy2....................................................................... 6-361?trti2 ......................................................................... 6-366xerbla........................................................................ 6-367

Chapter 7 Vector Mathematical FunctionsData Types and Accuracy Modes ......................................... 7-2Function Naming Conventions .............................................. 7-2

Functions Interface ........................................................... 7-3Vector Indexing Methods ...................................................... 7-6Error Diagnostics .................................................................. 7-6VML Mathematical Functions ............................................... 7-8

Inv ............................................................................. 7-10Div ............................................................................ 7-11Sqrt ........................................................................... 7-12InvSqrt ...................................................................... 7-13Cbrt .......................................................................... 7-15

Contents

xxiii

InvCbrt ..................................................................... 7-16Pow .......................................................................... 7-17Powx ........................................................................ 7-18Exp ........................................................................... 7-20Ln ............................................................................. 7-21Log10 ....................................................................... 7-22Cos .......................................................................... 7-23Sin ............................................................................ 7-24SinCos ..................................................................... 7-25Tan ........................................................................... 7-27Acos ......................................................................... 7-28Asin .......................................................................... 7-29Atan ......................................................................... 7-30Atan2 ....................................................................... 7-31Cosh ........................................................................ 7-32Sinh .......................................................................... 7-34Tanh ......................................................................... 7-35Acosh ....................................................................... 7-36Asinh ........................................................................ 7-37Atanh ....................................................................... 7-39Erf ............................................................................ 7-40

VML Pack/Unpack Functions ............................................ 7-42Pack ......................................................................... 7-42Unpack ..................................................................... 7-44

VML Service Functions ..................................................... 7-47SetMode ................................................................... 7-47GetMode ................................................................... 7-50SetErrStatus ............................................................. 7-51GetErrStatus ............................................................. 7-53ClearErrStatus .......................................................... 7-54SetErrorCallBack ...................................................... 7-55GetErrorCallBack ...................................................... 7-57

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ClearErrorCallBack .................................................... 7-58Chapter 8 Vector Generators of Statistical Distributions

Conventions........................................................................... 8-2Mathematical Notation ...................................................... 8-3Naming Conventions......................................................... 8-4

Basic Pseudorandom Generators.......................................... 8-6Random Streams .............................................................. 8-6Data Types ........................................................................ 8-7

Service Subroutines .............................................................. 8-7NewStream .................................................................. 8-9NewStreamEx ........................................................... 8-10DeleteStream ............................................................ 8-11CopyStream .............................................................. 8-12LeapfrogStream ........................................................ 8-13SkipAheadStream ..................................................... 8-16GetStreamStateBrng ................................................. 8-19

Pseudorandom Generators ................................................. 8-20Continuous Distributions ................................................. 8-21

Uniform ...................................................................... 8-21Gaussian ................................................................... 8-23Exponential ............................................................... 8-26Laplace ...................................................................... 8-28Weibull ....................................................................... 8-31Cauchy ...................................................................... 8-33Rayleigh .................................................................... 8-36Lognormal ................................................................. 8-38Gumbel ...................................................................... 8-41

Discrete Distributions ...................................................... 8-43Uniform ...................................................................... 8-44UniformBits ................................................................ 8-46Bernoulli .................................................................... 8-48Geometric .................................................................. 8-50

Contents

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Binomial .................................................................... 8-52Hypergeometric ........................................................ 8-54Poisson ..................................................................... 8-56NegBinomial ............................................................. 8-57

Advanced Service Subroutines ........................................... 8-59Data types ...................................................................... 8-60

RegisterBrng ............................................................. 8-62GetBrngProperties .................................................... 8-63

Formats for User-Designed Generators.............................. 8-64iBRng ......................................................................... 8-67sBRng........................................................................ 8-68dBRng........................................................................ 8-69

Chapter 9 Advanced DFT FunctionsComputing DFT..................................................................... 9-2DFT Interface ........................................................................ 9-9Status Checking Functions ................................................. 9-10

ErrorClass ............................................................... 9-11ErrorMessage ......................................................... 9-13

Descriptor Manipulation ...................................................... 9-15CreateDescriptor ..................................................... 9-15CommitDescriptor ................................................... 9-17CopyDescriptor ....................................................... 9-18FreeDescriptor ........................................................ 9-20

DFT Computation................................................................ 9-21ComputeForward .................................................... 9-21ComputeBackward ................................................. 9-23

Descriptor Configuration ..................................................... 9-26SetValue ................................................................. 9-31GetValue ................................................................ 9-33

Configuration Settings .................................................... 9-35Precision of transform................................................ 9-35Forward domain of transform..................................... 9-36

xxvi


Transform dimension and lengths .............................. 9-36Number of transforms ................................................ 9-37Sign and scale............................................................ 9-37Placement of result .................................................... 9-38Packed formats .......................................................... 9-38Storage schemes ....................................................... 9-39Input and output distances ......................................... 9-48Strides ........................................................................ 9-49Initialization Effort....................................................... 9-52

Ordering .......................................................................... 9-52Workspace ...................................................................... 9-54Transposition................................................................... 9-54

Appendix A Routine and Function ArgumentsVector Arguments in BLAS .................................................... A-1Vector Arguments in VML ..................................................... A-3Matrix Arguments ................................................................ A-4

Appendix B Code ExamplesAppendix C CBLAS Interface to the BLAS

CBLAS Arguments ................................................................... 1Enumerated Types .......................................................... 2

Level 1 CBLAS ......................................................................... 3Level 2 CBLAS ......................................................................... 6Level 3 CBLAS ....................................................................... 14Sparse CBLAS ....................................................................... 18

GlossaryIndex

1-1

Overview 1The Intel® Math Kernel Library (Intel® MKL) provides Fortran routinesand functions that perform a wide variety of operations on vectors andmatrices. The library also includes fast Fourier transform functions and newdiscrete Fourier transform functions, as well as vector mathematical andvector statistical functions with Fortran and C interfaces. The Intel MKLenhances performance of the programs that use it because the library hasbeen optimized for Intel® processors.This chapter introduces the Intel Math Kernel Library and providesinformation about the organization of this manual.

About This SoftwareThe Intel Math Kernel Library includes the following groups of routines:

• Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms (BLAS):−vector operations−matrix-vector operations−matrix-matrix operations

• Sparse BLAS (basic vector operations on sparse vectors)• Fast Fourier transform routines (with Fortran and C interfaces)• LAPACK routines for solving systems of linear equations• LAPACK routines for solving least-squares problems, eigenvalue and

singular value problems, and Sylvester’s equations• Auxiliary LAPACK routines• Vector Mathematical Library (VML) functions for computing core

mathematical functions on vector arguments (with Fortran and Cinterfaces)

• Vector Statistical Library (VSL) functions for generating vectors ofpseudorandom numbers with different types of statistical distributions

• Advanced Discrete Fourier Transform Functions (DFT).

1-2

1 Intel® Math Kernel Library Reference ManualFor specific issues on using the library, please refer to the MKL ReleaseNotes.

Technical Support

Intel MKL provides a product web site that offers timely andcomprehensive product information, including product features, whitepapers, and technical articles. For the latest information, check:http://developer.intel.com/software/products/

Intel also provides a support web site that contains a rich repository of selfhelp information, including getting started tips, known product issues,product errata, license information, user forums, and more (visithttp://support.intel.com/support/ ).

Registering your product entitles you to one year of technical support andproduct updates through Intel® Premier Support. Intel Premier Support isan interactive issue management and communication web site providingthese services:

• Submit issues and review their status.• Download product updates anytime of the day.To register your product, contact Intel, or seek product support, please visit:http://www.intel.com/software/products/support

BLAS Routines

BLAS routines and functions are divided into the following groupsaccording to the operations they perform:

• BLAS Level 1 Routines and Functions perform operations of bothaddition and reduction on vectors of data. Typical operations includescaling and dot products.

• BLAS Level 2 Routines perform matrix-vector operations, such asmatrix-vector multiplication, rank-1 and rank-2 matrix updates, andsolution of triangular systems.

• BLAS Level 3 Routines perform matrix-matrix operations, such asmatrix-matrix multiplication, rank-k update, and solution of triangularsystems.

http://developer.intel.com/software/products/perflib/index.htmhttp://support.intel.com/support/performancetools/libraries/mklhttp://developer.intel.com/software/products/support

Overview 1

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Sparse BLAS Routines

Sparse BLAS Routines and Functions operate on sparse vectors (that is,vectors in which most of the elements are zeros). These routines performvector operations similar to BLAS Level 1 routines. Sparse BLAS routinestake advantage of vectors’ sparsity: they allow you to store only non-zeroelements of vectors.

Fast Fourier Transforms

Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs) are used in digital signal processing andimage processing and in partial differential equation (PDE) solvers.Combined with the BLAS routines, the FFTs contribute to the portability ofthe programs and provide a simplified interface between your program andthe available library. To obtain more functionality and ease of use, consideralso using the new DFT functions described in Chapter 9.

LAPACK Routines

The Intel Math Kernel Library covers the full set of the LAPACKcomputational and driver routines. These routines can be divided into thefollowing groups according to the operations they perform:

• Routines for solving systems of linear equations, factoring andinverting matrices, and estimating condition numbers (see Chapter 4).

• Routines for solving least-squares problems, eigenvalue and singularvalue problems, and Sylvester’s equations (see Chapter 5).

• Auxiliary routines used to perform certain subtasks or commonlow-level computation (see Chapter 6).

VML Functions

VML functions (see Chapter 7 ) include a set of highly optimizedimplementations of certain computationally expensive core mathematicalfunctions (power, trigonometric, exponential, hyperbolic etc.) that operateon real vector arguments.

1-4

1 Intel® Math Kernel Library Reference ManualVSL Functions

Vector Statistical Library (VSL) functions (see Chapter 8 ) include a set ofpseudorandom number generator subroutines implementing basiccontinuous and discrete distributions. To provide best performance, VSLsubroutines use calls to highly optimized Basic Random NumberGenerators and the library of vector mathematical functions, VML.

DFT Functions

The newly developed Discrete Fourier Transform functions (see Chapter 9 )provide uniformity of DFT computation and combine functionality withease of use. Both Fortran and C interface specification are given. Users areencouraged to migrate to the new interface in their application programs.

Performance Enhancements

The Intel Math Kernel Library has been optimized by exploiting bothprocessor and system features and capabilities. Special care has been givento those routines that most profit from cache-management techniques.These especially include matrix-matrix operation routines such asdgemm().

In addition, code optimization techniques have been applied to minimizedependencies of scheduling integer and floating-point units on the resultswithin the processor.

The major optimization techniques used throughout the library include:

• Loop unrolling to minimize loop management costs.• Blocking of data to improve data reuse opportunities.• Copying to reduce chances of data eviction from cache.• Data prefetching to help hide memory latency.• Multiple simultaneous operations (for example, dot products in dgemm)

to eliminate stalls due to arithmetic unit pipelines.• Use of hardware features such as the SIMD arithmetic units, where

appropriate.

These are techniques from which the arithmetic code benefits the most.

Overview 1

1-5

Parallelism

In addition to the performance enhancements discussed above, the IntelMKL offers performance gains through parallelism provided by thesymmetric multiprocessing performance (SMP) feature. You can obtainimprovements from SMP in the following ways:

• One way is based on user-managed threads in the program and furtherdistribution of the operations over the threads based on datadecomposition, domain decomposition, control decomposition, orsome other parallelizing technique. Each thread can use any of the IntelMKL functions because the library has been designed to be thread-safe.

• Another method is to use the FFT and BLAS level 3 routines. Theyhave been parallelized and require no alterations of your application togain the performance enhancements of multiprocessing. Performanceusing multiple processors on the level 3 BLAS shows excellent scaling.Since the threads are called and managed within the library, theapplication does not need to be recompiled thread-safe (see also BLASLevel 3 Routines in Chapter 2).

• Yet another method is to use tuned LAPACK routines. Currently theseinclude the single- and double precision flavors of routines for QRfactorization of general matrices, triangular factorization of general andsymmetric positive-definite matrices, solving systems of equationswith such matrices, as well as solving symmetric eigenvalue problems.

For instructions on setting the number of available processors for the BLASlevel 3 and LAPACK routines, see the Release Notes.

Platforms Supported

The Intel Math Kernel Library includes Fortran routines and functionsoptimized for Intel® processor-based computers running operating systemsthat support multiprocessing. In addition to the Fortran interface, the IntelMKL includes a C-language interface for the fast Fourier transformfunctions, new discrete Fourier transform API, as well as for the VectorMathematical Library and Vector Statistical Library functions.

1-6

1 Intel® Math Kernel Library Reference ManualAbout This Manual

This manual describes the routines of the Intel Math Kernel Library. Eachreference section describes a routine group consisting of routines used withfour basic data types: single-precision real, double-precision real,single-precision complex, and double-precision complex.

Each routine group is introduced by its name, a short description of itspurpose, and the calling sequence for each type of data with which eachroutine of the group is used. The following sections are also included:

Discussion Describes the operation performed by routines ofthe group based on one or more equations. Thedata types of the arguments are defined in generalterms for the group.

Input Parameters Defines the data type for each parameter on entry,for example:

a REAL for saxpyDOUBLE PRECISION for daxpy

Output Parameters Lists resultant parameters on exit.

Audience for This Manual

The manual addresses programmers proficient in computational linearalgebra and assumes a working knowledge of linear algebra and Fouriertransform principles and vocabulary.

Manual Organization

The manual contains the following chapters and appendixes:

Chapter 1 Overview. Introduces the Intel Math Kernel Librarysoftware, provides information on manual organization,and explains notational conventions.

Chapter 2 BLAS and Sparse BLAS Routines. Providesdescriptions of BLAS and Sparse BLAS functions androutines.

Overview 1

1-7

Chapter 3 Fast Fourier Transforms. Provides descriptions of fastFourier transforms (FFT).

Chapter 4 LAPACK Routines: Linear Equations. Providesdescriptions of LAPACK routines for solving systems oflinear equations and performing a number of relatedcomputational tasks: triangular factorization, matrixinversion, estimating the condition number of matrices.

Chapter 5 LAPACK Routines: Least Squares and EigenvalueProblems. Provides descriptions of LAPACK routinesfor solving least-squares problems, standard andgeneralized eigenvalue problems, singular valueproblems, and Sylvester’s equations.

Chapter 6 LAPACK Auxiliary Routines. Describes auxiliaryLAPACK routines that perform certain subtasks orcommon low-level computation.

Chapter 7 Vector Mathematical Functions. Provides descriptionsof VML functions for computing elementarymathematical functions on vector arguments.

Chapter 8 Vector Generators of Statistical Distributions. Providesdescriptions of VSL functions for generating vectors ofpseudorandom numbers.

Chapter 9 Advanced DFT Functions. Describes new functions forcomputing the Discrete Fourier Transform.

Appendix A Routine and Function Arguments. Describes the majorarguments of the BLAS routines and VML functions:vector and matrix arguments.

Appendix B Code Examples. Provides code examples of callingBLAS functions and routines.

Appendix C CBLAS Interface to the BLAS. Provides the C interfaceto the BLAS.

The manual also includes a Glossary and an Index.

1-8

1 Intel® Math Kernel Library Reference ManualNotational Conventions

This manual uses the following notational conventions:

• Routine name shorthand (?ungqr instead of cungqr/zungqr).• Font conventions used for distinction between the text and the code.

Routine Name Shorthand

For shorthand, character codes are represented by a question mark “?” innames of routine groups. The question mark is used to indicate any or allpossible varieties of a function; for example:

?swap Refers to all four data types of the vector-vector?swap routine: sswap, dswap, cswap, and zswap.

Font Conventions

The following font conventions are used:

UPPERCASE COURIER Data type used in the discussion of inputand output parameters for Fortraninterface. For example, CHARACTER*1.

lowercase courier Code examples:a(k+i,j) = matrix(i,j)

and data types for C interface, forexample, const float*

lowercase courier mixed Function names for C interface,with UpperCase courier for example, vmlSetMode

lowercase courier italic Variables in arguments and parametersdiscussion. For example, incx.

* Used as a multiplication symbol in codeexamples and equations and whererequired by the Fortran syntax.

Overview 1

1-9

Related Publications

For more information about the BLAS, Sparse BLAS, LAPACK, VML,VSL, and DFT routines, refer to the following publications:

• BLAS Level 1C. Lawson, R. Hanson, D. Kincaid, and F. Krough. Basic LinearAlgebra Subprograms for Fortran Usage, ACM Transactions onMathematical Software, Vol.5, No.3 (September 1979) 308-325.

• BLAS Level 2J. Dongarra, J. Du Croz, S. Hammarling, and R. Hanson. An ExtendedSet of Fortran Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms, ACM Transactionson Mathematical Software, Vol.14, No.1 (March 1988) 1-32.

• BLAS Level 3J. Dongarra, J. DuCroz, I. Duff, and S. Hammarling. A Set of Level 3Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms, ACM Transactions onMathematical Software (December 1989).

• Sparse BLASD. Dodson, R. Grimes, and J. Lewis. Sparse Extensions to theFORTRAN Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms, ACM Transactions onMathematical Software, Vol.17, No.2 (June 1991).D. Dodson, R. Grimes, and J. Lewis. Algorithm 692: ModelImplementation and Test Package for the Sparse Basic Linear AlgebraSubprograms, ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, Vol.17,No.2 (June 1991).

• LAPACKE. Anderson, Z. Bai, C. Bischof, S. Blackford, J. Demmel,J. Donagarra, J. Du Croz, A. Greenbaum, S. Hammarling,A. McKenney, and D. Sorensen. LAPACK Users' Guide, Third Edition,Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), 1999.G. Golub and C. Van Loan. Matrix Computations, Johns HopkinsUniversity Press, 1989.

• VMLJ.M.Muller. Elementary functions: algorithms and implementation,Birkhauser Boston, 1997.IEEE Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic. ANSI/IEEE Std754-1985.

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1 Intel® Math Kernel Library Reference Manual• VSL[Bratley87] Bratley P., Fox B.L., and Schrage L.E. A Guide to

Simulation. 2nd edition. Springer-Verlag, New York,1987.

[Coddington94] Coddington, P. D. Analysis of Random NumberGenerators Using Monte Carlo Simulation. Int. J. Mod.Phys. C–5, 547, 1994.

[Gentle98] Gentle, James E. Random Number Generation andMonte Carlo Methods, Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.,1998.

[L’Ecuyer94] L’Ecuyer, Pierre. Uniform Random Number Generation.Annals of Operations Research, 53, 77–120, 1994.

[L’Ecuyer99] L’Ecuyer, Pierre. Tables of Linear CongruentialGenerators of Different Sizes and Good LatticeStructure. Mathematics of Computation, 68, 225,249-260, 1999.

[L’Ecuyer99a] L’Ecuyer, Pierre. Good Parameter Sets for CombinedMultiple Recursive Random Number Generators.Operations Research, 47, 1, 159-164, 1999.

[L’Ecuyer01] L’Ecuyer, Pierre. Software for Uniform Random NumberGeneration: Distinguishing the Good and the Bad.Proceedings of the 2001 Winter Simulation Conference,IEEE Press, 95–105, Dec. 2001.

[Kirkpatrick81] Kirkpatrick, S., and Stoll, E. A Very Fast Shift-RegisterSequence Random Number Generatory. Journal ofComputational Physics, V. 40. 517–526, 1981.

[Knuth81] Knuth, Donald E. The Art of Computer Programming,Volume 2, Seminumerical Algorithms. 2nd edition,Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading,Massachusetts, 1981.

[NAG] NAG Numerical Libraries.http://www.nag.co.uk/numeric/numerical_libraries.asp

http://www.nag.co.uk/numeric/numerical_libraries.asp

Overview 1

1-11

• DFT[1] E. Oran Brigham, The Fast Fourier Transform and Its Applications,Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1988.[2] Athanasios Papoulis, The Fourier Integral and its Applications, 2ndedition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984.[3] Ping Tak Peter Tang, DFTI, a New API for DFT: Motivation,Design, and Rationale, July 2002.[4] Charles Van Loan, Computational Frameworks for the Fast FourierTransform, SIAM, Philadelphia, 1992

For a reference implementation of BLAS, sparse BLAS, and LAPACKpackages (without platform-specific optimizations) visit www.netlib.org.

http://www.netlib.org/

2-1

BLAS and Sparse BLASRoutines 2

This chapter contains descriptions of the BLAS and Sparse BLAS routinesof the Intel® Math Kernel Library. The routine descriptions are arranged infour sections according to the BLAS level of operation:

• BLAS Level 1 Routines and Functions (vector-vector operations)• BLAS Level 2 Routines (matrix-vector operations)• BLAS Level 3 Routines (matrix-matrix operations)• Sparse BLAS Routines and Functions.Each section presents the routine and function group descriptions inalphabetical order by routine or function group name; for example, the?asum group, the ?axpy group. The question mark in the group namecorresponds to different character codes indicating the data type (s, d, c,and z or their combination); see Routine Naming Conventions on the nextpage.

When BLAS routines encounter an error, they call the error reportingroutine XERBLA. To be able to view error reports, you must include XERBLAin your code. A copy of the source code for XERBLA is included in thelibrary.

In BLAS Level 1 groups i?amax and i?amin, an “i” is placed before thecharacter code and corresponds to the index of an element in the vector.These groups are placed in the end of the BLAS Level 1 section.

2-2

2 Intel® Math Kernel Library Reference ManualRoutine Naming Conventions

BLAS routine names have the following structure:

( )

The is a character that indicates the data type:

s real, single precision c complex, single precisiond real, double precision z complex, double precision

Some routines and functions can have combined character codes, such assc or dz. For example, the function scasum uses a complex input array andreturns a real value.

The field, in BLAS level 1, indicates the operation type. Forexample, the BLAS level 1 routines ?dot, ?rot, ?swap compute a vectordot product, vector rotation, and vector swap, respectively.

In BLAS level 2 and 3, reflects the matrix argument type:

ge general matrixgb general band matrixsy symmetric matrixsp symmetric matrix (packed storage)sb symmetric band matrixhe Hermitian matrixhp Hermitian matrix (packed storage)hb Hermitian band matrixtr triangular matrixtp triangular matrix (packed storage)tb triangular band matrix.

The field, if present, provides additional details of the operation.BLAS level 1 names can have the following characters in the field:

c conjugated vectoru unconjugated vectorg Givens rotation.

BLAS level 2 names can have the following characters in the field:mv matrix-vector productsv solving a system of linear equations with matrix-vector operationsr rank-1 update of a matrixr2 rank-2 update of a matrix.

BLAS and Sparse BLAS Routines2

2-3

BLAS level 3 names can have the following characters in the field:mm matrix-matrix productsm solving a system of linear equations with matrix-matrix operationsrk rank-k update of a matrixr2k rank-2k update of a matrix.

The examples below illustrate how to interpret BLAS routine names:

ddot: double-precision real vector-vector dot product

cdotc: complex vector-vector dot product, conjugated

scasum: sum of magnitudes of vector elements, singleprecision real output and single precision complex input

cdotu: vector-vector dot product, unconjugated,complex

sgemv: matrix-vector product, general matrix, singleprecision

ztrmm: matrix-matrix product, triangular matrix,double-precision complex.

Sparse BLAS naming conventions are similar to those of BLAS level 1.For more information, see Naming conventions in Sparse BLAS.

Matrix Storage SchemesMatrix arguments of BLAS routines can use the following storage schemes:

• Full storage: a matrix A is stored in a two-dimensional array a, with thematrix element aij stored in the array element a(i,j).

• Packed storage scheme allows you to store symmetric, Hermitian, ortriangular matrices more compactly: the upper or lower triangle of thematrix is packed by columns in a one-dimensional array.

• Band storage: a band matrix is stored compactly in a two-dimensionalarray: columns of the matrix are stored in the corresponding columnsof the array, and diagonals of the matrix are stored in rows of the array.

For more information on matrix storage schemes, see Matrix Arguments inAppendix A.

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2 Intel® Math Kernel Library Reference ManualBLAS Level 1 Routines and Functions

BLAS Level 1 includes routines and functions, which perform vector-vectoroperations. Table 2-1 lists the BLAS Level 1 routine and function groupsand the data types associated with them.

Table 2-1 BLAS Level 1 Routine Groups and Their Data Types

Routine orFunctionGroup Data Types Description

?asum s, d, sc, dz Sum of vector magnitudes (functions)

?axpy s, d, c, z Scalar-vector product (routines)

?copy s, d, c, z Copy vector (routines)

?dot s, d Dot product (functions)

?sdot sd, d Dot product with extended precision(functions)

?dotc c, z Dot product conjugated (functions)

?dotu c, z Dot product unconjugated (functions)

?nrm2 s, d, sc, dz Vector 2-norm (Euclidean norm) a normalor null vector (functions)

?rot s, d, cs, zd Plane rotation of points (routines)

?rotg s, d, c, z Givens rotation of points (routines)

?rotm s, d Modified plane rotation of points

?rotmg s, d Givens modified plane rotation of points

?scal s, d, c, z, cs, zd Vector scaling (routines)

?swap s, d, c, z Vector-vector swap (routines)

i?amax s, d, c, z Vector maximum value, absolute largestelement of a vector where i is an index tothis value in the vector array (functions)

i?amin s, d, c, z Vector minimum value, absolute smallestelement of a vector where i is an index tothis value in the vector array (functions)


2-5

?asumComputes the sum of magnitudes of thevector elements.

res = sasum ( n, x, incx )

res = scasum ( n, x, incx )

res = dasum ( n, x, incx )

res = dzasum ( n, x, incx )

Discussion

Given a vector x, ?asum functions compute the sum of the magnitudes of itselements or, for complex vectors, the sum of magnitudes of the elements’real parts plus magnitudes of their imaginary parts:

res=| Rex(1)| +| Imx(1)| +| Rex(2)| +| Imx(2)| +...+| Rex(n)| +| Imx(n)|where x is a vector of order n.

Input Parameters

n INTEGER. Specifies the order of vector x.

x REAL for sasumDOUBLE PRECISION for dasumCOMPLEX for scasumDOUBLE COMPLEX for dzasum

Array, DIMENSION at least (1 + (n-1)*abs(incx)).

incx INTEGER. Specifies the increment for the elements of x.

Output Parameters

res REAL for sasumDOUBLE PRECISION for dasumREAL for scasumDOUBLE PRECISION for dzasum

Contains the sum of magnitudes of all elements’ realparts plus magnitudes of their imaginary parts.

2-6

2 Intel® Math Kernel Library Reference Manual?axpyComputes a vector-scalar product andadds the result to a vector.

call saxpy ( n, a, x, incx, y, incy )

call daxpy ( n, a, x, incx, y, incy )

call caxpy ( n, a, x, incx, y, incy )

call zaxpy ( n, a, x, incx, y, incy )

Discussion

The ?axpy routines perform a vector-vector operation defined as

y := a*x + y

where:

a is a scalar

x and y are vectors of order n.

Input Parameters

n INTEGER. Specifies the order of vectors x and y.

a REAL for saxpyDOUBLE PRECISION for daxpyCOMPLEX for caxpyDOUBLE COMPLEX for zaxpy

Specifies the scalar a.

x REAL for saxpyDOUBLE PRECISION for daxpyCOMPLEX for caxpyDOUBLE COMPLEX for zaxpy




2-7

y REAL for saxpyDOUBLE PRECISION for daxpyCOMPLEX for caxpyDOUBLE COMPLEX for zaxpy

Array, DIMENSION at least (1 + (n-1)*abs(incy)).

incy INTEGER. Specifies the increment for the elements of y.

Output Parameters

y Contains the updated vector y.

?copyCopies vector to another vector.

call scopy ( n, x, incx, y, incy )

call dcopy ( n, x, incx, y, incy )

call ccopy ( n, x, incx, y, incy )

call zcopy ( n, x, incx, y, incy )

Discussion

The ?copy routines perform a vector-vector operation defined as

y = x

where x and y are vectors.

Input Parameters

n INTEGER. Specifies the order of vectors x and y.

x REAL for scopyDOUBLE PRECISION for dcopyCOMPLEX for ccopyDOUBLE COMPLEX for zcopy



2-8

2 Intel® Math Kernel Library Reference Manualy REAL for scopy

DOUBLE PRECISION for dcopyCOMPLEX for ccopyDOUBLE COMPLEX for zcopy

Array, DIMENSION at least (1 + (n-1)*abs(incy)).

incy INTEGER. Specifies the increment for the elements of y.

Output Parameters

y Contains a copy of the vector x if n is positive.Otherwise, parameters are unaltered.

?dotComputes a vector-vector dot product.

res = sdot ( n, x, incx, y, incy )

res = ddot ( n, x, incx, y, incy )

Discussion

The ?dot fu