intel core i7
TRANSCRIPT
A
SEMINAR REPORT
ON
“CORE i7 PROCESSORS”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the award of the
Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Engineering.
ACADEMIC SESSION 2012-13
Submitted To : Submitted By :
Mr. Andleeb Hussain
(HOD Deptt. of Computer Engineering)
Anagha Vijayvargia
(09EMHCS006)
MAHARISHI ARVIND INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
KOTA (RAJ.)
(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to Rajasthan Technical University, Kota)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Anagha Vijayvargia student of Maharishi Arvind International
Institute of Technology, Kota pursuing B.Tech in Computer Engineering has presented a
Seminar on CORE i7 PROCESSORS the topic allotted to him under the Seminar Lab.
He has presented a seminar on CORE i7 PROCESSORS and this report is approved for
submission.
Place : Kota
Date :
Mr. Ankur Agrawal
(Lecturer, Computer Engineering)
Mr. Andleeb Hussain
(HOD of Computer Engineering)
PREFACE
The Intel Core i7 processor is the latest in cutting edge processor with fastest, intelligent,
multi core technology for the desktop PC.
Intel Core i7 processor delivers four complete execution cores within a single processor,
delivering unprecedented performance and responsiveness in multi-threaded and multi-
tasking business and home use environments.
More instructions can be carried out per clock cycle, shorter and wider pipelines execute
commands more quickly, and improved bus lanes move data throughout the system faster.
Their performance is almost always higher, which is especially evident in case of multi-
threaded load and their power consumption is comparable with that of their predecessors.
Over clocking the core i7 processors also seems to be easier. Servers will also likely benefit
greatly from using an i7 - the memory bandwidth is simply insane. Core i7 is first processor
using Nehalem Micro-architecture, with faster, intelligent, multi-core technology that applies
processing power where it's needed most, new Intel Core i7 processors deliver an incredible
breakthrough in PC performance. They are the best desktop processor family on the planet. It
is the combination of Intel Turbo Boost technology and Intel Hyper-Threading technology,
which maximizes performance to match our workload.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to the Head of Department,
Computer Engineering of Maharishi Arvind International Institute of Technology, Kota.
Mr. Andleeb Hussain who has provided this opportunity to me to present a seminar on
CORE i7 PROCESSORS.
Further I am grateful to Mr. Ankur Agrawal, for his precious guidance and support in
preparation of this seminar report.
Anagha Vijayvargia
( 09EMHCS006 )
Table of Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction..........................................................................................................1
1.1. What is Processor ?.....................................................................................................1
1.2. Central Processing Unit...............................................................................................1
Chapter 2. INTEL..................................................................................................................4
Chapter 3. Intel Core..............................................................................................................6
3.1. Overview.....................................................................................................................6
Chapter 4. Enhanced Pentium M based.................................................................................8
4.1. Core Duo.....................................................................................................................8
4.2. Core Solo.....................................................................................................................9
Chapter 5. 64-Bit Core Microarchitecture Based................................................................10
5.1. Core 2 Solo................................................................................................................10
5.2. Core 2 Duo................................................................................................................11
5.3. Core 2 Quad...............................................................................................................12
5.4. Core 2 Extreme..........................................................................................................13
Chapter 6. Nehalem Microarchitecture Based.....................................................................15
6.1. Core i3.......................................................................................................................15
6.2. Core i5.......................................................................................................................16
6.3. Core i7.......................................................................................................................17
Chapter 7. Sandy Bridge Microarchitecture Based.............................................................20
7.1. Core i3.......................................................................................................................20
7.2. Core i5.......................................................................................................................21
7.3. Core i7.......................................................................................................................22
Chapter 8. INTEL CORE i7................................................................................................25
Chapter 9. Features And Benefits........................................................................................27
9.1. Quad-Core Processor.................................................................................................27
9.2. 8 MB Intel Smart Cache............................................................................................27
9.3. Intel Hyper-Threading Technology...........................................................................27
9.4. Intel 64-bit architecture.............................................................................................27
9.5. Intel Turbo Boost Technology...................................................................................27
9.6. Integrated memory controller....................................................................................28
9.7. Enhanced Intel Speed-Step Technology....................................................................28
Chapter 10. Specifications And Instruction Set.................................................................29
10.1. Specifications.........................................................................................................29
10.2. Instruction Set........................................................................................................30
Chapter 11. Advantages And Disadvantages.....................................................................31
11.1. Advantages.............................................................................................................31
11.2. Disadvantages........................................................................................................31
Chapter 12. Comparison Between i3, i5 and i7.................................................................32
Chapter 13. Conclusion......................................................................................................34
Refrences..................................................................................................................................35
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. What is Processor ?
A processor is multipurpose, programmable device that read binary instructions from
memory, accepts binary data as input and processes data according to that instruction, and
provides results as output.It can be viewed as data processing unit of a computer. It has
computing and decision-making capability.
1.2. Central Processing Unit
A central processing unit (CPU), also referred to as a central processor unit, is the
hardware within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by
performing the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system. The
term has been in use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s. The form, design,
and implementation of CPUs have changed over the course of their history, but their
fundamental operation remains much the same.
In older computers, CPUs require one or more printed circuit boards. With the invention of
the microprocessor, a CPU could be contained within a single silicon chip. The first
computers to use microprocessors were personal computers and small workstations. Since the
1970s the microprocessor class of CPUs has almost completely overtaken all other CPU
implementations, to the extent that even mainframe computers use one or more
microprocessors. Modern microprocessors are large scale integrated circuits in packages
typically less than four centimeters square, with hundreds of connecting pins.
A computer can have more than one CPU; this is called multiprocessing. Some
microprocessors can contain multiple CPUs on a single chip; those microprocessors are
called multi-core processors.
Two typical components of a CPU are the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs
arithmetic and logical operations, and the control unit (CU), which extracts instructions
from memory and decodes and executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary.
Not all computational systems rely on a central processing unit. An array processor or vector
processor has multiple parallel computing elements, with no one unit considered the "center".
In the distributed computing model, problems are solved by a distributed interconnected set
of processors.
7
1.3. Generation of Processor
In this section we discuss main generations of processor of Intel family.
Intel 80386:
Intel 80836 is the first 32-bit microprocessor incorporating several main frame
computer Features. It has extensive memory management capabilities. Semiconductor
manufacturing process technology used is 1.0µm (micrometer).It has integrated memory
management unit.
Intel 80486:
It is the first Intel microprocessor with internal cache memory. It instruction
pipeline is more sophisticated than that of 80386 specially. Internal data conversion logic for
both 8 bit subsystem and 16-bit subsystem. Semiconductor manufacturing process technology
used is 1.0µm and 0.8µm (micrometer).
Pentium processor:
The Pentium is highly sophisticated compared to 80486. Pentium processor has several new
feature as compared to 80486; they are Superscalar architecture, Power management, 3.3v
operation. Pentium Processor is also abbreviated as Pentium Pro. Semiconductor
manufacturing process technology used is 0.8µm and 0.6µm and 0.35µm (micrometer).
Pentium II processor:
The Pentium II is a Pentium pro with on chip MMX. It has four low power states: Auto halt,
Stop Grant, Sleep and Deep sleep. Available also as a boxed processor along with heat sink.
Semiconductor manufacturing process technology used is 0.35µm and 0.25µm (micrometer).
Pentium III processor:
The dual processing Pentium Xeon processor is now available at speeds upto 1 GHz and
provides best choice for the entry to mid- range servers and workstations Solution. It utilizes
a 133 MHz system bus. Semiconductor manufacturing process technology used is 0.25µm
and 0.18µm (micrometer).
Pentium 4 processor: 8
The Pentium 4 microprocessor is externally superior microprocessor based on The Intel Net
Burst micro-architecture. The Pentium 4 microprocessor provides high performance for high
end applications. Semiconductor manufacturing process technology used is 0.18µm and
0.13µm(micrometer)and 90nm and 65nm(nanometer).
Core processor:
Core processor means it having more than one core working simultaneously to complete the
operation within time. It uses the size of manufacture technology 65 nm. It includes dual core
processor and core to duo processor. Semiconductor manufacturing process technology used
is 65nm (nanometer).
Core 2 processor:
Core 2 processor uses quad core architecture. It uses the 65nm and 45nm size of core size. As
it is quad core so 4 cores working simultaneously to work faster. Semiconductor
manufacturing process technology used is 65nm (nanometer).
Core i7 processor:
Core i7 processor also uses four core. It is the fastest processor on the planet. Semiconductor
manufacturing process technology used is 45 nm (nanometer).
9
Chapter 2. INTEL
Intel Corporation is an American multinational semiconductor chip maker corporation
headquartered in Santa Clara, California. Intel is the world's largest and highest valued
semiconductor chip maker, based on revenue. It is the inventor of the x86 series
of microprocessors, the processors found in most personal computers. Intel Corporation,
founded on July 18, 1968, is a portmanteau of Integrated Electronics (the fact that "intel" is
the term for intelligence information was also quite suitable).Intel also
makes motherboard chipsets, network interface controllers and integrated circuits, flash
memory, graphic chips, embedded processors and other devices related to communications
and computing. Founded by semiconductor pioneers Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore and
widely associated with the executive leadership and vision of Andrew Grove, Intel combines
advanced chip design capability with a leading-edge manufacturing capability. Though Intel
was originally known primarily to engineers and technologists, its "Intel Inside" advertising
campaign of the 1990s made it and its Pentium processor household names.
Intel was an early developer of SRAM and DRAM memory chips, and this represented the
majority of its business until 1981. Although Intel created the world's first commercial
microprocessor chip in 1971, it was not until the success of the personal computer (PC) that
this became its primary business. During the 1990s, Intel invested heavily in new
microprocessor designs fostering the rapid growth of the computer industry. During this
period Intel became the dominant supplier of microprocessors for PCs, and was known for
aggressive and sometimes illegal tactics in defense of its market position, particularly
against Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), as well as a struggle with Microsoft for control
over the direction of the PC industry. The 2011 rankings of the world's 100 most valuable
brands published by Millward Brown Optimor showed the company's brand value at number
58 and in 2012 at number 49.
Intel has also begun research in electrical transmission and generation. Intel has recently
introduced a 3-D transistor that improves performance and energy efficiency. Intel has begun
mass producing this 3-D transistor, named the Tri-Gate transistor, with their 22 nm process,
which is currently used in their 3rd generation core processors initially released on April 29,
2012. In 2011, SpectraWatt Inc., a solar cell spinoff of Intel, filed for bankruptcy under
Chapter 11.
10
The Open Source Technology Center at Intel hosts PowerTOP and LatencyTOP, and
supports other open-source projects such as Wayland, Intel Array Building Blocks, Intel
Threading Building Blocks, and Xen.
11
Chapter 3. Intel Core
Intel Core is a brand name used for various mid-range to high-end consumer and
business microprocessors made by Intel.
In general, processors sold as Core are more powerful variants of the same processors
marketed as entry-level Celeron and Pentium. Similarly, identically or more capable versions
of Core processors are also sold as Xeon processors for the server and workstation market.
As of 2013 the current lineup of Core processors includes the latest Intel Core i7, Intel Core
i5, and Intel Core i3, and the older Intel Core 2 Solo, Intel Core 2 Duo, Intel Core 2 Quad,
and Intel Core 2 Extreme lines. Clock speed slowest 1.2 GHZ to fastest 3.5 GHZ (Or 3.9GHZ
via Intel Turbo Boost Technology)
3.1. Overview
Brand
Desktop Laptop
Code-namedCore
sFab Date released
Code-
namedCores Fab Date released
Core Solo Desktop version not available Yonah 1 65 nm January 2006
Core Duo Desktop version not available Yonah 2 65 nm January 2006
Core 2 Solo Desktop version not availableMerom-L
Penryn-L
1
1
65 nm
45 nm
September
2007
May 2008
Core 2 Duo
Conroe
Allendale
Wolfdale
2
2
2
65 nm
65 nm
45 nm
August 2006
January 2007
January 2008
Merom
Penryn
2
2
65 nm
45 nm
July 2006
January 2008
Core 2 QuadKentsfield
Yorkfield
4
4
65 nm
45 nm
January 2007
March 2008Penryn 4 45 nm August 2008
12
Core 2 Extreme
Conroe XE
Kentsfield XE
Yorkfield XE
2
4
4
65 nm
65 nm
45 nm
July 2006
November 2006
November 2007
Merom XE
Penryn XE
Penryn XE
2
2
4
65 nm
45 nm
45 nm
July 2007
January 2008
August 2008
Core i3
Clarkdale
Sandy Bridge
Ivy Bridge
2
2
2
32 nm
32 nm
22 nm
January 2010
February 2011
September
2012
Arrandale
Sandy
Bridge
Ivy Bridge
2
2
2
32 nm
32 nm
22 nm
January 2010
February 2011
June 2012
Core i5
Lynnfield
Clarkdale
Sandy Bridge
Sandy Bridge
Ivy Bridge
Ivy Bridge
Haswell
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
45 nm
32 nm
32 nm
32 nm
22 nm
22 nm
22 nm
September
2009
January 2010
January 2011
February 2011
April 2012
April 2012
June 2013
Arrandale
Sandy
Bridge
Ivy Bridge
Haswell
Haswell
2
2
2
4
2
32 nm
32 nm
22 nm
22 nm
22 nm
January 2010
February 2011
May 2012
June 2013
June 2013
Core i7
Bloomfield
Lynnfield
Gulftown
Sandy Bridge
Sandy Bridge-
E
Ivy Bridge
Haswell
4
4
6
4
4/6
4
4
45 nm
45 nm
32 nm
32 nm
32 nm
22 nm
22 nm
November 2008
September
2009
July 2010
January 2011
November 2011
April 2012
June 2013
Clarksfield
Arrandale
Sandy
Bridge
Sandy
Bridge
Ivy Bridge
4
2
4
2
2
45 nm
32 nm
32 nm
32 nm
22 nm
September
2009
January 2010
January 2011
February 2011
May 2012
Core i7
Extreme
Edition
Bloomfield
Gulftown
Sandy Bridge-
E
4
6
6
45 nm
32 nm
32 nm
November 2008
March 2010
November2011
Clarksfield
Sandy
Bridge
Ivy Bridge
4
4
4
45 nm
32 nm
22 nm
September
2009
January 2011
May 2012
13
Chapter 4. Enhanced Pentium M based
The original Core brand refers to Intel's 32-bit mobile dual-core x86 CPUs that derived from
the Pentium M branded processors. The processor family used a more enhanced version of
the Intel P6 microarchitecture. It emerged in parallel with the NetBurst
microarchitecture (Intel P68) of the Pentium 4 brand, and was a precursor of the 64-bit Core
microarchitecture of Core 2 branded CPUs. The Core brand comprised two branches:
the Duo (dual-core) and Solo (Duo with one disabled core, which replaced the Pentium M
brand of single-core mobile processor).
Intel launched the Core brand on January 6, 2006 with the release of the 32-bit Yonah CPU –
Intel's first dual-core mobile (low-power) processor. Its dual-core layout closely resembled
two interconnected Pentium M branded CPUs packaged as a single die (piece) silicon chip
(IC). Hence, the 32-bit microarchitecture of Core branded CPUs – contrary to its name – had
more in common with Pentium M branded CPUs than with the subsequent 64-bit Core
microarchitecture of Core 2 branded CPUs. Despite a major rebranding effort by Intel starting
January 2006, some computers with the Yonah core continued to be marked as Pentium M.
The Core series is also known for being the first Intel processor to be used as the main CPU
for an Apple Macintosh computer. The Core Duo was the CPU for the first generation
MacBook Pro while the Core Solo appeared in Apple's Mac mini line. Core Duo signified the
beginning of Apple's shift to Intel processors across their entire line. Intel began branding the
Yonah core CPUs intended for mainstream mobile computers as Pentium Dual-Core, not to
be confused with the desktop 64-bit Core microarchitecture CPUs also branded as Pentium
Dual-Core.September 2007 and January 4, 2008 marked the discontinuation of a number
of Core branded CPUs including several Core Solo, Core Duo, Celeron and one Core 2 Quad
chip.
1.1. Core Duo
Intel Core Duo (product code 80539) consists of two cores on one die, a 2 MB L2 cache
shared by both cores, and an arbiter bus that controls both L2 cache and FSB (front-side bus)
access.
Codename
(main
Brand name (list) L2 Cache Socket TDP
14
article)
Yonah
Core Duo T2xxx
2 MB Socket M
31 W
Core Duo L2xxx 15 W
Core Duo U2xxx 9 W
1.2. Core Solo
Intel Core Solo (product code 80538) uses the same two-core die as the Core Duo, but
features only one active core. Depending on demand, Intel may also simply disable one of the
cores to sell the chip at the Core Solo price—this requires less effort than launching and
maintaining a separate line of CPUs that physically only have one core. Intel used the same
strategy previously with the 486CPU in which early 486SX CPUs were in fact manufactured
as 486DX CPUs but with the FPU disabled.
Codename
(main article)Brand name (list) L2 Cache Socket TDP
Yonah
Core Solo T1xxx
2 MBSocket
M
27–31 W
Core Solo U1xxx 5.5–6 W
15
Chapter 5. 64-Bit Core Microarchitecture Based
The successor to Core is the mobile version of the Intel Core 2 line of processors using cores
based upon the Intel Core microarchitecture, released on July 27, 2006. The release of the
mobile version of Intel Core 2 marks the reunification of Intel's desktop and mobile product
lines as Core 2 processors were released for desktops and notebooks, unlike the first Intel
Core CPUs that were targeted only for notebooks (although some small form factor and all-
in-one desktops, like the iMac and the Mac Mini, also used Core processors).
Unlike the Intel Core, Intel Core 2 is a 64-bit processor, supporting Intel 64. Another
difference between the original Core Duo and the new Core 2 Duo is an increase in the
amount of Level 2 cache. The new Core 2 Duo has tripled the amount of on-board cache to 6
MB. Core 2 also introduced a quad-core performance variant to the single- and dual-core
chips, branded Core 2 Quad, as well as an enthusiast variant, Core 2 Extreme. All three chips
are manufactured at a 65 nm lithography, and in 2008, a 45 nm lithography and support Front
Side Bus speeds ranging from 533 MHz to 1600 MHz In addition, the 45 nm die shrink of the
Core microarchitecture adds SSE4.1 support to all Core 2 microprocessors manufactured at a
45 nm lithography, therefore increasing the calculation rate of the processors.
5.1. Core 2 Solo
The Core 2 Solo introduced in September 2007, is the successor to the Core Solo and is
available only as an ultra-low-power mobile processor with 5.5 Watt thermal design power.
The original U2xxx series "Merom-L" used a special version of the Merom chip
with CPUIDnumber 10661 (model 22, stepping A1) that only had a single core and was also
used in some Celeron processors. The later SU3xxx are part of Intel's CULV range of
processors in a smaller µFC-BGA 956 package but contain the same Penryn chip as the dual-
core variants, with one of the cores disabled during manufacturing.
Codename
(main
article)
Brand name (list) L2 Cache Socket TDP
Merom-L Mobile Core 2 Solo U2xxx 1 MB FCBGA 5.5 W
Penryn-L Mobile Core 2 Solo SU3xxx 3 MB BGA956 5.5 W
16
5.2. Core 2 Duo
The majority of the desktop and mobile Core 2 processor variants are Core 2 Duo with two
processor cores on a single Merom, Conroe, Allendale, Penryn, or Wolfdale chip. These
come in a wide range of performance and power consumption, starting with the relatively
slow ultra-low-power Uxxxx (10 W) and low-power Lxxxx (17 W) versions, to the more
performance oriented Pxxxx (25 W) and Txxxx (35 W) mobile versions and the Exxxx (65
W) desktop models. The mobile Core 2 Duo processors with an 'S' prefix in the name are
produced in a smaller µFC-BGA 956 package, which allows building more compact laptops.
Within each line, a higher number usually refers to a better performance, which depends
largely on core and front-side bus clock frequency and amount of second level cache, which
are model-specific. Core 2 Duo processors typically use the full L2 cache of 2, 3, 4, or 6 MB
available in the specific stepping of the chip, while versions with the amount of cache
reduced during manufacturing are sold for the low-end consumer market
as Celeron or Pentium Dual-Core processors. Like those processors, some low-end Core 2
Duo models disable features such as Intel Virtualization Technology. Details can be found at
the list of Intel Core 2 microprocessors.
Codename
(main
article)
Brand name (list) L2 Cache Socket TDP
Merom
Mobile Core 2 Duo U7xxx 2 MB
BGA479
10 W
Mobile Core 2 Duo L7xxx 4 MB 17 W
Mobile Core 2 Duo T5xxx 2 MB Socket
M
Socket P
BGA479
35 W
Mobile Core 2 Duo T7xxx 2–4 MB
Conroe and
Allendale
Core 2 Duo E4xxx 2 MB
LGA 775 65 W
Core 2 Duo E6xxx 2–4 MB
17
Penryn
Mobile Core 2 Duo SU7xxx
3 MB
BGA956
10W
Mobile Core 2 Duo SU9xxx
Mobile Core 2 Duo SL9xxx
6 MB
17 W
Mobile Core 2 Duo SP9xxx 25 W
Mobile Core 2 Duo P7xxx
3 MB
Socket P
FCBGA6
25 WMobile Core 2 Duo P8xxx
Mobile Core 2 Duo P9xxx 6 MB
Mobile Core 2 Duo T6xxx 2 MB
35 WMobile Core 2 Duo T8xxx 3 MB
Mobile Core 2 Duo T9xxx 6 MB
Mobile Core 2 Duo E8xxx 6 MB Socket P 35-55 W
Wolfdale
Core 2 Duo E7xxx 3 MB
LGA 775 65 W
Core 2 Duo E8xxx 6 MB
1.1. Core 2 Quad
Core 2 Quad processors are multi-chip modules consisting of two dies similar to those used
in Core 2 Duo, forming a quad-core processor. This allows twice the performance of dual-
core processors at the same clock frequency in ideal conditions.
18
All Core 2 Quad models were versions of Core 2 Duo desktop processors, Kentsfield derived
from Conroe and Yorkfield from Wolfdale, but later Penryn-QC was added as a high-end
version of the mobile dual-core Penryn.
The Xeon 32xx and 33xx processors are mostly identical versions of the desktop Core 2
Quad processors and can be used interchangeably.
Codename
(main
article)
Brand name (list) L2 Cache Socket TDP
Kentsfield Core 2 Quad Q6xxx 2×4 MB
LGA 775
95–105 W
Yorkfield
Core 2 Quad Q7xxx 2×1 MB 95 W
Core 2 Quad Q8xxx 2×2 MB
65–95 W
Core 2 Quad Q9xxx 2×3–2×6 MB
Penryn-QC Mobile Core 2 Quad Q9xxx 2×3–2×6 MB Socket P 45 W
1.2. Core 2 Extreme
Core 2 Extreme processors are enthusiast versions of Core 2 Duo and Core 2 Quad
processors, usually with a higher clock frequency and an unlocked clock multiplier, which
makes them especially attractive for overclocking.
This is similar to earlier Pentium processors labeled as Extreme Edition. Core 2 Extreme
processors were released at a much higher price than their regular version, often $999 or
more.
Codename
(main article) Brand name (list) L2 Cache Socket TDP
Merom Mobile Core 2 Extreme X7xxx 4 MB Socket P 44 W
19
Conroe Core 2 Extreme X6xxx 4 MB LGA 775 75 W
Kentsfield Core 2 Extreme QX6xxx 2×4 MB LGA 775 130 W
Penryn Mobile Core 2 Extreme X9xxx 6 MB Socket P 44 W
Penryn-QC Mobile Core 2 Extreme QX9xxx 2×6 MB Socket P 45 W
Yorkfield Core 2 Extreme QX9xxx 2×6 MB LGA 775 / LGA 771 130–150 W
20
Chapter 2. Nehalem Microarchitecture Based
With the release of the Nehalem microarchitecture in November 2008, Intel introduced a
new naming scheme for its Core processors. There are three variants, Core i3, Core i5 and
Core i7, but the names no longer correspond to specific technical features like the number of
cores. Instead, the brand is now divided from low-level (i3), through mid-range (i5) to high-
end performance (i7), which correspond to three, four and five stars in Intel's Intel Processor
Rating following on from the entry-level Celeron (one star) and Pentium (two stars)
processors.Common features of all Nehalem based processors include an integrated DDR3
memory controller as well as QuickPath Interconnect or PCI Express and Direct Media
Interface on the processor replacing the aging quad-pumped Front Side Bus used in all earlier
Core processors. All these processors have 256 KB L2 cache per core, plus up to 12 MB
shared level 3 cache. Because of the new I/O interconnect, chipsets and mainboards from
previous generations can no longer be used with Nehalem based processors.
5.3. Core i3
The Core i3 was intended to be the new low end of the performance processor line
from Intel, following the retirement of the Core 2 brand. The first Core i3 processors were
launched on January 7, 2010. The first Nehalem based Core i3 was Clarkdale-based, with an
integrated GPU and two cores. The same processor is also available as Core i5 and Pentium,
with slightly different configurations.
The Core i3-3xxM processors are based on Arrandale, the mobile version of the Clarkdale
desktop processor. They are similar to the Core i5-4xx series but running at lower clock
speeds and without Turbo Boost. According to an Intel FAQ they do not support Error
Correction Code (ECC) memory. According to motherboard manufacturer Supermicro, if a
Core i3 processor is used with a server chipset platform such as Intel 3400/3420/3450, the
CPU will support ECC with UDIMM. When asked, Intel confirmed that, although the Intel 5
series chipset supports non-ECC memory only with the Core i5 or i3 processors, using those
processors on a motherboard with 3400 series chipsets it will support the ECC function of
ECC memory. A limited number of motherboards by other companies also support ECC with
Intel Core ix processors; the Asus P8B WS is an example, but it does not support ECC
memory under Windows non-server operating systems.
21
Codename
(main
article)
Brand name (list)Core
sL3 Cache Socket TDP I/O Bus
Clarkdale Core i3-5xx
2
4 MB LGA 1156 73 W
Direct Media Interface,
Integrated GPU
Arrandale
Core i3-3xxM 3 MB rPGA-988A 35 W
Core i3-3xxUM 3 MB BGA-1288 18 W
5.4. Core i5
The first Core i5 using the Nehalem microarchitecture was introduced on September 8, 2009,
as a mainstream variant of the earlier Core i7, theLynnfield core.Lynnfield Core i5 processors
have an 8 MB L3 cache, a DMI bus running at 2.5 GT/s and support for dual-channel DDR3-
800/1066/1333 memory and have Hyper-threading disabled. The same processors with
different sets of features (Hyper-Threading and other clock frequencies) enabled are sold
as Core i7-8xx and Xeon 3400-series processors, which should not be confused with high-end
Core i7-9xx and Xeon 3500-series processors based on Bloomfield.
The Core i5-5xx mobile processors are named Arrandale and based on the 32 nm
Westmere shrink of the Nehalem microarchitecture. Arrandale processors have integrated
graphics capability but only two processor cores. They were released in January 2010,
together with Core i7-6xx and Core i3-3xx processors based on the same chip. The L3 cache
in Core i5-5xx processors is reduced to 3 MB, while the Core i5-6xx will use the full cache
and the Core i3-3xx will have no support for Turbo Boost. Clarkdale, the desktop version of
Arrandale, is sold as Core i5-6xx, along with related Core i3 and Pentium brands. It has
Hyper-Threading enabled and the full 4 MB L3 cache.
According to Intel "Core i5 desktop processors and desktop boards typically do not support
ECC memory", but information on limited ECC support in the Core i3 section also applies to
Core i5 and i7.
Codename Brand name (list) Core L3 Cache Socket TDP I/O Bus
22
(main article) s
Lynnfield
Core i5-7xx
4 8 MB
LGA 1156
95 W
Direct Media Interface
Core i5-7xxS 82 W
Clarkdale Core i5-6xx
2
4 MB73–87
W
Direct Media Interface,
Integrated GPU
Arrandale
Core i5-5xxM
3 MB
rPGA-988A 35 W
Core i5-4xxM
Core i5-5xxUM
BGA-1288 18 W
Core i5-4xxUM[32]
5.5. Core i7
Intel Core i7 as an Intel brand name applies to several families of desktop and laptop 64 bit x86-
64 processors using the Nehalem Westmere, SandyBridge and Ivy Bridge microarchitectures. The
Core i7 brand targets the business and high-end consumer markets for both desktop and laptop
computers, and is distinguished from the Core i3 (entry-level consumer), Core i5 (mainstream
consumer), and Xeon (server and workstation) brands.
Intel introduced the Core i7 name with the Bloomfield Quad-core processor in late 2008. In
2009 new Core i7 models based on the Lynnfield desktop quad-core processor and
the Clarksfield quad-core mobile were added, and models based on the Arrandale dual-core
mobile processor were added in January 2010. The first six-core processor in the Core lineup
is the Gulftown, which was launched on March 16, 2010. Both the regular Core i7 and
the Extreme Edition are advertised as five stars in the Intel Processor Rating. In January
2011, Intel released the second generation of Core i7 processors. Both the first and second
generation of Intel Core i7 processors are rated as 5 stars in the Intel processor rating. The
23
second generation of Intel core processors are based on the "Sandy Bridge" core and were
updated in April 2012 with "Ivy Bridge".
In each of the first three microarchitecture generations of the brand, Core i7 has family
members using two distinct system-level architectures, and therefore two distinct sockets (for
example, LGA 1156 and LGA 1366 with Nehalem). In each generation, the highest-
performing Core i7 processors use the same socket and QPI-based architecture as the low-end
Xeon processors of that generation, while lower-performing Core i7 processors use the same
socket and PCIe/DMI/FDI architecture as the Core i5.
"Core i7" is a successor to the Intel Core 2 brand. Intel representatives stated that
the moniker Core i7 is meant to help consumers decide which processor to purchase as the
newer Nehalem-based products are released in the future.
Code
nameBrand name Cores
L3
CacheSocket TDP Process Busses
Release
Date
Gulftown
Core i7-9xxX Extreme
Edition
6 12 MB
LGA 1366130
W
32 nm
QPI,
3
× DDR3
Mar
2010
Core i7-9xx Jul 2010
Bloomfield
Core i7-9xx Extreme Edition 4 8 MB 45 nm
Nov
2008
Core i7-9xx
Lynnfield
Core i7-8xx
LGA 1156
95 W DMI,
PCI-e,
2
× DDR3
Sep 2009
Core i7-8xxS 82 W Jan 2010
Clarksfield Core i7-9xxXM Extreme
Edition
rPGA-
988A55 W
Sep 2009
Core i7-8xxQM 45 W
24
Core i7-7xxQM 6 MB
Arrandale
Core i7-6xxM
2 4 MB
35 W
32 nm
DMI,
PCI-e,
FDI,
2
× DDR3
Jan 2010Core i7-6xxLM
BGA-1288
25 W
Core i7-6xxUM 18 W
25
Chapter 1. Sandy Bridge Microarchitecture Based
In early 2011, a new microarchitecture named Sandy Bridge microarchitecture was
introduced; whilst keeping all the existing brands from Nehalem, including Core i3/i5/i7, it
introduces new model numbers. The initial set of Sandy Bridge processors includes dual- and
quad-core variants, all of which use a single 32 nm die for both the CPU and integrated GPU
cores, unlike the earlier microarchitectures. All Core i3/i5/i7 processors with the Sandy
Bridge microarchitecture have a four-digit model number. With the mobile version,
the thermal design power can no longer be determined from a one- or two-letter suffix but is
encoded into the CPU number. Starting with Sandy Bridge, Intel no longer distinguishes the
code names of the processor based on number of cores, socket or intended usage; they all use
the same code name as the microarchitecture itself. Ivy Bridge is the codename for Intel's
22 nm die shrink of the Sandy Bridge microarchitecture based on tri-gate ("3D") transistors,
introduced in April 2012.
1.1.Core i3
Released on January 20, 2011, the Core i3-2xxx line of desktop and mobile processors is a
direct replacement of the 2010 "Clarkdale" Core i3-5xx and "Arrandale" Core i3-3xxM
models, based on the new microarchitecture. While they require new sockets and chipsets, the
user-visible features of the Core i3 are largely unchanged, including the lack of support
for Turbo Boost and AES-NI. Unlike the Sandy Bridge based Celeron and Pentium
processors, the Core i3 line does support the new Advanced Vector Extensions.
The Ivy Bridge based Core-i3-3xxx line is a minor upgrade to 22 nm process technology and
better graphics.
Codename
(main article)Brand name (list)
Core
sL3 Cache Socket TDP I/O Bus
Sandy Bridge (Desktop)
Core i3-21xx 2 3 MB
LGA 1155
65 W Direct Media Interface,
Integrated GPU
Core i3-21xxT 35 W
Sandy Bridge (Mobile) Core i3-2xx0M rPGA-988B
26
BGA-1023
Core i3-2xx7M BGA-1023 17 W
Ivy Bridge (Mobile)
Core i3-3xx0MrPGA-988B
BGA-102335 W
Core i3-3xx7U 9Y BGA-102317 W
13 W
1.2. Core i5
In January 2011, Intel released new quad-core Core i5 processors based on the "Sandy
Bridge" microarchitecture at CES 2011. New dual-core mobile processors and desktop
processors arrived in February 2011.
The Core i5-2xxx line of desktop processors are mostly quad-core chips, with the exception
of the dual-core Core i5-2390T, and include integrated graphics, combining the key features
of the earlier Core i5-6xx and Core i5-7xx lines. The suffix after the four-digit model number
designates unlocked multiplier (K), low-power (S) and ultra-low-power (T).
The desktop CPUs now all have four non-SMT cores (like the i5-750), with the exception of
the i5-2390T. The DMI bus is running at 5 GT/s.
The mobile Core i5-2xxxM processors are all dual-core chips like the previous Core i5-5xxM
series and share most the features with that product line.
Codename
(main article)Brand name (list)
Core
sL3 Cache Socket TDP I/O Bus
Sandy Bridge (Desktop) Core i5-2xxx
Core i5-2xxxK
4 6 MB LGA 115595 W
Direct Media Interface,
Integrated GPU
Core i5-2xxxS 65 W
Core i5-25xxT 45 W
27
Core i5-23xxT 2 3 MB 35 W
Ivy Bridge (Desktop)
Core i5-3xxx
Core i5-3xxxK
4 6 MB
77 W
Core i5-3xxxS 65 W
Core i5-35xxT 45 W
Core i5-34xxT 2 3 MB 35 W
Sandy Bridge (Mobile)
Core i5-2xxxM
2 3 MB
rPGA-988B
BGA-102335 W
Core i5-2xx7M BGA-1023 17 W
Ivy Bridge (Mobile)
Core i5-3xx0MrPGA-988B
BGA-102335 W
Core i5-3xx7U 9Y BGA-102317 W
13 W
1.3. Core i7
The Core i7 brand remains the high-end for Intel's desktop and mobile processors, featuring
the Sandy Bridge models with the largest amount of L3 cache and the highest clock
frequency. Most of these models are very similar to their smaller Core i5 siblings. The quad-
core mobile Core i7-2xxxQM/XM processors follow the previous "Clarksfield" Core i7-
xxxQM/XM processors, but now also include integrated graphics.
28
Codename
(main article)
Brand name
(list)
Core
s
L3
CacheSocket TDP Process I/O Bus
Release
Date
Ivy Bridge
(Desktop)
Core i7-37xx
4 8 MBLGA
1155
77 W
22 nm
Direct Media
Interface,
Integrated GPU
April 2012
Core i7-37xxK
Core i7-37xxS 65 W
Core i7-37xxT 45 W
Sandy Bridge-E
(Desktop)
Core i7-39xxX
6
15 MB
LGA
2011
130
W
32 nm
Direct Media
Interface
November
2011Core i7-39xxK 12 MB
Core i7-38xx 4 10 MB
Sandy Bridge
(Desktop)
Core i7-2xxxK,
i7-2xxx
8 MB
LGA
1155
95 WDirect Media
Interface,
Integrated GPUJanuary
2011
Core i7-2xxxS 65 W
Ivy Bridge
(Mobile)
Core i7-
3xx0QM, i7-
3xx0QE
rPGA-
988B
BGA-
1023
45 W
22 nm April 2012
Core i7-
3xx2QM, i7-
3xx2QE
35 W
29
Core i7-
3xxxXM
55 W
Sandy Bridge
(Mobile)
Core i7-
2xxxXM
32 nm
January
2011Core i7-
2xxxQM
6 or 8
MB
45 W
Core i7-2xxxQE 6 MB
Core i7-2xx0M
2 4 MB
35 W
February
2011Core i7-2xx9M
BGA-
1023
25 W
Core i7-2xx7M 17 W
30
Chapter 2. INTEL CORE i7
Core i7 is first processor using Nehalem Micro-architecture, with
faster, intelligent, multi-core technology that applies processing power
where it's needed most, new Intel Core i7 processors deliver an
incredible breakthrough in PC performance. They are the best desktop
processor family on the planet.
You will multitask applications faster and unleash incredible digital media creation. And
you'll experience maximum performance for everything you do, thanks to the combination of
Intel Turbo Boost technology and Intel Hyper-Threading technology, which maximizes
performance to match your workload. Following figure shows internal representation of core
i7 processor.
Fig.01 - Internal representation of processor i7
Among the key peculiarities of the new CPU we absolutely have to point out the
following:
Native quad-core structure. Single processor die contains four cores with 32-KB L1
cache for each and 256KB L2 cache each and 8MB shared L3 cache for all of them.
Memory controller built into the CPU supports triple-channel DDR3 SDRAM. Each
channel can work with two unbuffered DIMM modules.
There is SMT (Simultaneous Multithreading) technology It allows each Core i7 core
to process two computational threads simultaneously, so the operating system sees the
processor as an 8-core one.
31
Integrated PCU microcontroller that independently adjusts voltages and core
frequencies and can automatically over-clock some cores when others aren’t loaded
too heavily.
Core i7 is manufactured with 45nm process, consists of 731 million transistors.
Nehalem is the codename for an Intel processor micro-architecture, successor to the Core
micro-architecture. The first processor released with the Nehalem architecture is the desktop
Core i7.
Various sources have stated the specifications of processors in the Nehalem family:
Two, four, six, or eight cores
731 million transistors for the quad core variant
45 nm manufacturing process
Integrated memory controller supporting two or three memory channels of DDR3
SDRAM
Simultaneous multithreading (SMT) by multiple cores which enables two threads per
core. Intel calls this hyper-threading.
Native (monolithic, i.e. all processor cores on a single die) quad- and octa-core
processors.
The following caches:
32 KB L1 instruction and 32 KB L1 data cache per core.
256 KB L2 cache per core.
4–8 MB L3 cache shared by all cores
32
Chapter 3. FEATURES AND BENEFITS
3.1. Quad-Core Processor
Provides four complete execution cores in a single processor with 256KB of L2 cache and
8MB of L3 cache. Eight dedicated, physical threads help operating systems and applications
deliver additional performance, so end users can experience better multi-tasking and multi-
threaded performance across many types of applications and workloads.
1.1. 8 MB Intel Smart Cache
This large last-level cache enables dynamic and efficient allocation of shared cache to all four
cores to match the needs of various applications for ultra efficient data storage and
manipulation. It provides a higher-performance, more efficient cache subsystem. Optimized
for industry leading multi-threaded games.
1.2. Intel Hyper-Threading Technology
The processor supports Intel Hyper-Threading Technology which allows an execution core to
function as two logical processors. While some execution resources such as caches, execution
units, and buses are shared, each logical processor has its own architectural state with its own
set of general-purpose registers and control registers.
This feature must be enabled using the BIOS and requires operating system support. Intel
recommends enabling Hyper-Threading Technology with Microsoft Windows Vista,
Microsoft Windows XP Professional/Windows XP Home, and disabling Hyper-Threading
Technology using the BIOS for all previous versions of Windows operating systems.
1.3. Intel 64-bit architecture
Intel 64-bit architecture delivers 64-bit computing on server, workstation, desktop and mobile
platforms when combined with supporting software. Intel 64 architecture improves
performance by allowing systems to address more than 4 GB of both virtual and physical
memory.
1.4. Intel Turbo Boost Technology
Intel Turbo Boost Technology is one of the many exciting new features that Intel has built
into core i7 processor. It automatically allows processor cores to run faster than the base
33
operating frequency if it's operating below power, current, and
temperature specification limits.
The maximum frequency of Intel Turbo Boost Technology is
dependent on the number of active cores. The amount of time the
processor spends in the Intel Turbo Boost Technology state
depends on the workload and operating environment, providing the performance you need,
when and where you need it.
Any of the following can set the upper limit of Intel Turbo Boost Technology on a given
workload:
Number of active cores
Estimated current consumption
Estimated power consumption
Processor temperature
No special hardware support is necessary for Intel Turbo Boost Technology. BIOS and the
operating system can enable or disable Intel Turbo Boost Technology.
1.5. Integrated memory controller
Integrated memory controller enables three channels of DDR3 1066 MHz memory,
resulting in up to 25.6 GB/sec memory bandwidth. This memory controller's lower latency
and higher memory bandwidth delivers amazing performance for data-intensive applications.
1.6. Enhanced Intel Speed-Step Technology
Running a processor at high clock speeds allows for better performance. However, when the
same processor is run at a lower frequency, it generates less heat and consumes less power. In
many cases, the core voltage can also be reduced, Further reducing power.
34
Chapter 2. SPECIFICATIONS AND INSTRUCTION SET
2.1.Specifications
Clock frequency 2.66 GHz to 3.33GHz
Code name “Bloomfield” & “Lynnfield”
Cores 4
Core Stepping C0
Core Voltage 1.18V-1.21V
Bus/Core Ratio 20
Thermal Specification 62.2°C
Typical heat(thermal design power) 105 W
Manufacturing technology 45 nm
No of Transistors 731 million
Chipset support Express 58
Instruction set MMX,SSE,SSE2,SSE3,
SSSE3,SSE4
Intel Hyper-Threading Technology Yes
Intel Turbo Boost Technology Yes
Intel Virtualization Technology Yes
Enhanced Intel Speed Step Technology Yes
Execute Disable Bit Yes
Intel 64-bit architecture Yes
Intel smart cache 8MB
Processor Integrated Memory
ControllerYes
Number of Memory Channels 3 (DDR3 1066 MHz)
35
1.1.Instruction Set
An instruction set is a list of all the instructions, and all their variations, that a processor can
execute. A single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) machine is one in which a single
instruction stream has the ability to process multiple data streams simultaneously. These
machines are useful in applications such as general digital signal processing, image
processing, and multimedia applications such as audio and video. Originally, supercomputers
known as array processors or vector processors provided SIMD processing capabilities.
Almost all computers today implement some form of SIMD instruction set.
Intel core i7 processors implement the MMX, Streaming SIMD Extensions
(SSE), Streaming SIMD Extensions 2 (SSE2), and Streaming SIMD Extensions 3
(SSE3), Supplemental Streaming SIMD Extensions 3(SSSE4), Streaming SIMD
Extensions 4(SSE4) instruction sets that are capable of processing multiple data
elements in a single clock. The multiple data elements are stored in the floating point
registers. A multiple instruction, multiple data (MIMD) machine is capable of is
executing multiple instruction streams, while working on a separate and independent
data stream. The instruction set MMX is 64-bit instruction set. The instruction set
SSE is 128-bit instruction set.
Name Description
MMX MMX SIMD instructions
SSE Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE) instructions
SSE2 Streaming SIMD Extensions 2 instructions
SSE3 Streaming SIMD Extensions 3 instructions
SSSE3 Supplemental Streaming SIMD Extensions 3
instructions
SSE4 Streaming SIMD Extensions 4 instructions
36
Chapter 2. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
2.1. Advantages:
Big cache size:
This processor has 8 Mb last level caches shared among four cores. This helps to
increase Instruction execution speed.
Very fast:
Using the combination of Intel Turbo Boost Technology and Intel Hyper-Threading
Technology processor speed is becomes faster. It is very fast processor as compared
to other processor.
Better cooling system:
A 4-pin connector is included for fan speed control to help minimize the acoustic
noise levels generated from running the fan at higher speeds for thermal performance.
For the cooling of processor it provides Cooler running technology, less heat and less
noise. Supplied with Intel reference heat-sink & fan, as temperature increase speed of
fan get become increase.
2.2. Disadvantages
Cost:
The main disadvantage of core i7 processor is its cost, It a expensive processor as
compared to previous processor. Its cost is over 15000 Rs.
Power Consumption:
Power consumption of core i7 processor is not better as compared with the core 2 duo
processors.
37
Chapter 3. COMPARISON BETWEEN i3, i5 and i7
Fig. - Processors i3, i5 and i7
Intel Core i3 Processor
This particular Intel processor is the entry level processor of this new series of Intel
processors. While it may not be the fastest one of the bunch, it can get the job done, at least
for most applications.
Uses 4 threads. Yes, it uses hyperthreading technology which is the latest craze
due to its improved efficiency over earlier processors that were put on the market.
This processor consists of 2-4 cores, depending on which one you get your hands
on.
Contains A 3-4 MB Cache
Uses less heat and energy than earlier processors, which is always a good thing in
this day and age.
Intel Core i5 Processor
This is the mid-size processor of this bunch, recommended for those who demand a little
speed, but not quite enough where the user will be running resource-intensive applications.
As with the Core i3 processor, this comes with 2-4 cores, the main difference is
that it has a higher clock speed than the Core i3.
This is also a heat and energy efficient processor, but it does seem to be better at
this particular job than the Core i3 processor.38
The number of threads used in this is no different than the Core i3 with 2-4
threads, and it also uses hyperthreading technology for a boost in performance.
The cache of the Core i5 is bigger than the Core i3, it’s at 3-8 MB.
The Core i5 is where the turbo mode is made available, this provides users with
the opportunity to turn off a core if it’s not being utilized.
Intel Core i7 Processor
This is for the users that demand power, yes it does provide more power and Great for gamers
and other resource intensive users.
The cache on this one is 4-8 MB.
This processor comes with 8 threads, definitely enough to get the job done
quickly, may be even at the speed of light if you’re lucky.
It also utilizes hyper-threading technology as well as turbo boost technology.
You will have four cores to take advantage of with this particular series.
And just like the other ones in this Intel series of processors, it is more energy
efficient and produces less heat.
39
Chapter 4. CONCLUSION
We have finally got acquainted with the new Core i7 processors, the first solutions on
Nehalem micro architecture targeted for desktop systems.
This processor is brilliant from multiple standpoints. It supports new interesting technologies,
such as SMT and Turbo Boost, and has an integrated memory controller with unprecedented
performance. In most applications except a few gaming titles, the new processors turned out
faster than Core 2 processors working at the same clock speed.
New Core i7 are indisputably better in most aspects than Core 2 Quad processors of
comparable price. Their performance is almost always higher, which is especially evident in
case of multi-threaded load and their power consumption is comparable with that of their
predecessors.
Over-clocking the core i7 processors also seems to be easier. Servers will also likely benefit
greatly from using an i7 - the memory bandwidth is simply insane. It is more energy efficient
and produces less heat.
The core i7 utilizes Hyper-Threading technology as well as Turbo Boost Technology. Core i7
is first processor using Nehalem Micro-architecture, with faster, intelligent, multi-core
technology that applies processing power where it's needed most, new Intel Core i7
processors deliver an incredible breakthrough in PC performance.
40
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41
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42