integumentary system lecture
TRANSCRIPT
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Integumentary System
NCM 104
CJ Cantos RN
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The Skin
As the external covering of the body, the skin performs the vital function of protecting internal body structures from harmful microorganisms and substances.
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Regions of the Skin
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
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Epidermis
The epidermis is what type of tissue?? Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Thick skin has five layers
Thin skin has four layers
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosumStratum spinosumStratum
basale
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Layers of the Epidermis
Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum
Keratinization Cells still alive
Stratum spinosum Epidermal dendritic cells
Stratum basale (germinativum) Melanocytes Tactile Cells
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Cells of the Epidermis
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Epidermal Dendritic Cells (Langerhans Cells)
Tactile Cells (Merkel Cells)
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A layer of squamous epithelial cells. Most of these cells produce a tough, fibrous
protein called keratin. The epidermis also produced specialized
cells called melanocytes. These produce melanin (skin pigment). Aggregations of melanocytes are nevi (moles and birthmarks).
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Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum basale
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Dermis
2 layers: Papillary (areolar) Reticular (dense
irregular)
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Hypodermis (subcutaneous)
Areolar and adipose connective tissue
Anchors skin to underlying structures
Allows skin to slide freely
Larger in women than men
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Epidermal Appendages
Glands Hair Nails
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Exocrine Glands
Sebaceous (oil) glands Occur over entire body,
except palms and soles Produce sebum as lubricant
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands Merocrine glands – most
numerous, sweat or sensible perspiration
Apocrine glands – confined to axillary, nipple, anal and genital areas; viscous sweat
Merocrine
Apocrine
Sebaceous
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Hair: Structure
Hair is composed of dead epidermal cells that begin to grow and divide in the base of the hair follicle.
As the cells are pushed toward the skin surface, they become keratinized and die.
Hair color is genetically determined.
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Hair Growth and Replacement Scalp hair grows for 2 to 5 years. Approximately 50 hairs are lost each day. Sustained hair loss of more than 100 hairs
each day usually indicates that something is wrong.
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Hair Growth
Rate of hair growth is about 2 mm/week
Growth cycles – active (2-5 years) and dormant phases (3-4 months)
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Hair
Three types of hair: Lanugo Terminal Vellus
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Hair Consists of root
and shaft Layers of the
hair: Medulla – central
core not found in all hair
Cortex – surrounds medulla
Cuticle – outermost layer
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Location and Functions Hair can be found EVERYWHERE,
except for on the palms, soles, lips, sides of fingers and toes, parts of the external genitalia, nipples
Functions: Protects from the sun and sweat Senses touch Reduces heat loss Screens nasal passages
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Male Pattern Baldness Genetic and hormonal
influences Genetic: 2 alleles, one
for uniform hair growth and one for baldness Baldness gene is
dominant in males Hormonal:
Testosterone causes terminal hair to be replaced by vellus hair
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Nails Scale like
modification of epidermis
Contain hard keratin
Grows from the nail matrix
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Nails:
- Produced by cells in the epidermis
- Nail plate (body): visible portion
- Nail root: located under cuticle
- Lunula: half moon crescent shaped
white portion under cuticle
- Nail bed: located under nail plate
- Hypoxia: decr. oxygen in blood, nail bed will turn blue- cyanosis
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Integumentary System Functions
Protection (chemical, physical, and biological barriers)
Prevents loss of water Temperature regulation Metabolic regulation Immune defense Sensory receptors Excretion by means of secretion
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Physiology:Protection
-Physical barrier that protects underlying tissues from injury, UV light and bacterial invasion.
Regulation of body temp.- high temp. pores open sweat comes to surface and is evaporated.
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Sensation:- nerve endings and receptors that detect pain, touch, pressure and temp.Pacinian corpuscles: pressureMeissner’s corpuscle: light touch
Excretion:- sweat removes water, salts, uric acid and ammonia from body surface.
Synthesis of Vit. D (calciferol):- UV light stimulates skin to make Vit. D.
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Effects of Aging on the Skin Skin vascularity and the number of
sweat and sebaceous glands decrease, affecting thermoregulation.
Inflammatory response and pain perception diminish.
Thinning epidermis and prolonged wound healing make elderly more prone to injury and skin infections.
Skin cancer more common.
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Assessment of Skin
Integrity. Color. Temperature
and moisture.
Texture. Turgor and
mobility. Sensation. Vascularity.
There are seven parameters that should be examined in performing physicalassessment of the skin:
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Skin LesionsPrimary Lesions
1. Macule and Patch – Flat, nonpalpable skin color changeMacule - <1cm, circumscribed borderPatch - >1cm, may have irregular border2. Blisters – Circumscribed, elevated, palpable mass containing serous fluidVesicle - <.5cmBullae - >.5cm3. Papule and Plaque – Elevated, palpable, solid mass, circumscribed borderPapule - <.5cmPlaque - >.5cm, flattened lesion
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4. Wheal – Elevated mass with transient borders, often irregular, with surrounding edema5. Nodule and tumor – Elevated, palpable solid mass, extends deeper into the dermis than a papuleNodule - .5 – 2cm circumscribedTumor - >1-2cm, don’t have always sharp borders6. Pustule – Pus – filled blisters or papules7. Cyst – Encapsulated fluid – filled or semisolid mass in the subq tissue or dermis
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Secondary Lesions Scale- flaky accumulation of
excess keratin Crust- collection of inflammatory
cells and dried serum, blood or pus
Erosion – loss of superficial epidermis
Scar – skin mark left after healing of a wound or lesion
Fissure – crack in the epidermis usually extending into the dermis
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Keloid – hypertrophied scar tissue, excessive collagen formation
Ulcer - deeper erosion, loss of epidermis and papillary dermis
Lichenification-thickening of skin secondary to chronic rubbing, irritation and scratching
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Vesicular Lesions Petechia – small, 1-2mm round red or purple
macule Ecchymosis – round or irregular macular
lesion, larger than petechia Cherry angioma – papular and round,
normal age – related skin alteration Spider angioma – red arteriole lesion,
central body with radiating branches, noted of face, neck arms and trunk
Telangiectasia – spider-like or linear, bluish or red, noted on legs and anterior chest, secondary to superficial dilation of venous vessels and capillaries
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Primary Lesions
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Secondary Lesions
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Vesicular Lesions
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Common Diagnostic Tests for Integumentary Disorders Biopsy
1. Shave2. Punch3. Incision4. Excision
Patch Testing. Tzanck smear. Skin scrapings.
Wood’s light examination
Culture and sensitivity.
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Diagnostic Tests
1) Skin Biopsy Punch, excisional, incisional & shave
Nursing Interventions
Preprocedure - Secure consent
- clean site
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Postprocedure – place specimen in a clean container & send to pathology laboratory
– use aseptic technique for biopsy site dressing, assess site for bleeding & infection
– instruct px to keep dressing in place for 8hrs & clean site daily
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Diagnostic Tests
2) Skin Culture Used for microbial study Viral culture is immediately placed on ice
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3) Wood’s Light Examination Skin is viewed through a Wood’s glass under
UV
Nursing Interventions
Preprocedure – darken room
Postprocedure – assist px in adjusting to light
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Diagnostic Test
4) Skin Testing Administration of an allergen by patch
or ID techniques
Nursing InterventionsPreprocedure – d/c systemic steroids or
antihistamines 48º prior, consent, ready resuscitation equipments
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Postprocedure
– keep skin-patch area dry
– instruct to avoid activities which can increase sweating if doing a patch test
– record site, date, time of test, ff-up & reading
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Wounds
A disruption in the integrity of the body. Three phases of healing:
Defensive (inflammatory) phase. Reconstructive (proliferative) phase. Maturation phase.
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Wound Drainage: Types
Serous Exudate (composed primarily of serum, the clear portion of blood; watery in appearance).
Purulent exudate (also called pus; may vary in color).
Hemorrhagic exudate (has a large component of RBCs; color depends on whether bleeding is old or fresh),
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Factors Affecting Wound Healing Age. Oxygenation. Smoking Drug therapy. Diseases such as diabetes. Nutrition and diet.
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Wound Care
3 types of wound dressings:1. Passive
2. Interactive
3. Active
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5 Rules of Wound Care
1. Categorization
2. Selection
3. Change
4. Evolution
5. Practice
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Categories of Dressings
1. Occlusive
2. Wet
3. Moisture – retentivea. Hydrogels
b. Hydrocolloids
c. Foam dressings
d. Calcium Alginates
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INTEGUMENTARY
DISORDERS
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Pruritus
Itch-scratch cycle
Interventions:- Antihistamines- Avoid hot environment
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Hydradenitis Suppurativa
Chronic suppurative folliculitis of perianal, axillary and genital area or under breast
Commonly after puberty Unknown cause but genetics Abnormal blockage of sweat glands
causes recurrent inflammation then scarring occurs
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Management
Hot compresses Antibiotics Isotretinoin I and D Surgery
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Seborrheic Dermatoses Chronic increase production of sebum Etiology:
Genetic Hormones Nutritional status Infection Emotional stress
2 forms Oily Dry
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Management
No cure for seborrhea Corticorsteriods Maximal aeration of skin folds Frequent shampooing Antiseborrheic shampoo
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Acne Vulgaris
Inflammation of sebaceous glands and hair follicles
Etiology Unknown but related to:
Heredity Cosmetic use Drugs Bacteria
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Assessment
Papule Pustule Nodule Comedones
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Acne Vulgaris
Management: Topical- Benzoyl peroxide- Retinol Systemic- Tetracycline- Clindamycin
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Eczematous Disorders
Atopic Dermatitis
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Atopic DermatitisEtiology Unknown occurs more frequently in children
When one or both parents have allergies like asthma, hay fever, or contact dermatitis
Infantile eczema - infant allergies Eczema in older children - allergies to dust
mites Intensified by dry skin, detergents,
constricting clothing, or perfumed soaps and lotions
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Atopic Dermatitis
S/S: Infancy: red papules (raised lesions)
usually appears first in the cheeks and then spread to the forehead, scalp, and down extensor surfaces of the arms and legs
Intense Pruritus Childhood eczema characterized by dry,
scaly, papular patches of skin on wrists, hands, ankles, antecubital and popliteal spaces
No laboratory diagnostic test for eczema
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Nursing Interventions Bathe or shower daily with tepid water
using mild soap only on nonaffected areas
Pat, rather than rub, skin dry Immediately after bath, apply emollient
such as Eucerin or Lubriderm Avoid use of scented or perfumed
lotions Apply wet wraps to severely affected
skin after applying topical medications Use antibacterial soaps for hand
washing Avoid wool or constricting clothing
which can trap perspiration
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Nursing InterventionsAdminister prescribed meds as
ordered1. Topical steroids
(hydrocortisone 1% or triamcinolone 0.1%) are applied to lesions to reduce inflammation during flare ups
2. Antihistamines to control itching
3. Oral antibiotics for secondary infections
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Nursing Interventions
Perform health teaching on:
1. Identify foods that exacerbate rash
2. Avoid suspected environmental allergens
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Contact Dermatitis Skin reacts to external irritants
like: allergens (e.g. poison ivy or
cosmetics). harsh chemical substances
(detergents, insecticides). metals such as nickel. mechanical irritations from wool
or glass fibers. body substances like urine or
feces.
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Contact Dermatitis
Assessment: a. Pruritusb. Burningc. Edemad. Erythemae. Vesicles with drainage
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Contact Dermatitis
Treatment:1. Antihistamines2. Prophylactic antibiotics3. Topical steroids
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Interventions: a. Elevate to reduce edemab. Cold compressc. Prevent scratchingd. Assist in skin testinge. Use hypoallergenic materialsf. Administer antibiotics,
antipruritics, steroids
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Exfoliative Dermatitis Progressive inflammation of the
skin gradually worsens. The entire body is affected. Chills,
fever, and malaise set in. Severe reactions to drugs such as
penicillin may be causative. May also be due to underlying skin or systemic disease
Exfoliative dermatitis can be fatal.
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Manifestations Generalized erythema Fever and GI symptoms Skin color turning dark red Scaling after a week High output heart failure Hyperuricemia
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Management
Comfortable room temperature Fluid and Electrolyte balance Antibiotics Oral/Parenteral Steroids Provide symptomatic relief
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Scaling DisordersPsoriasis
A chronic inflammatory disease marked by epidermal proliferation High incidence among Caucasian/European Most common in 15 – 35 yrs old
Etiology: Unknown but related to heredity/genetics Exacerbating factors:
Local trauma, Overexposure to sun, Infection and Illness
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Psoriasis Manifestations
Profuse, erythematous silvery scales or plaques.
Often covering large areas of the body
Pruritus, accompanied with pain Psoriatic arthritis Guttate psoriasis Palmar – pustular psoriasis Erythrodermic psoriasis
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Psoriasis
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Psoriasis
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Psoriasis
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Nursing Management Gentle removal of scales
Coal tar therapy/Oil baths Topical corticosteroid
Discuss the administration of additional medical treatments Topical nonsteroidal – Calcipotreine and Tazarotene Intralesional therapy Systemic cytotoxic medication1. Methotrexate2. Hydroxyurea3. Cyclosporine4. Oral retinoids Photochemotherapy
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Nursing Management
Photochemotherapy Binds with DNA and decrease cell
proliferation Oral psoralens, phototherapy of UV A light
(PUVA) or (PUVB)
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Pyodermas
Impetigo
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Impetigo A highly contagious, superficial skin
infection caused by staphylococci or streptococci or both
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Impetigo
Etiology: Acquired through contact with
infected person who share toys, books, towels, or toiletries
GABH Streptococci Bullous impetigo always caused
by S. aureus
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ImpetigoManifestations Painful, burning sensation over lesions Pruritus may be present Nonbullous impetigo begins as a single
erythematous macule that rapidly progresses to a vesicle or pustule.
Pustule ruptures leaving a honey-colored crust over the superficial erosion
Mild regional lymphadenopathy may occur
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Nursing Management
Soak crusts in warm water Gently wash with
antibacterial soap and remove crusts
Good hand washing Do not touch or pick at
lesions Keep fingernails short and
clean to prevent spread of infection
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Nursing Management
Administer meds as ordered Topical antibiotic Systemic antibiotic for:1. Non bullous – Oral penicillin2. Bullous – Cloxacillin,
Dicloxacillin3. Penicillin allergy -
Erthyromycin
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Erysipelas & CellulitisErysipelas
– inflammation, acute, superficial, rapidly spreading caused by B-hemolytic Streptococcus
Cellulitis – inflammation/infection of deeper dermis usually caused by Streptococcus pyogenes
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Erysipelas & Cellulitis
Assessment:- Swelling or edema- Redness- Pain or tenderness- Fever- Pruritus
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Erysipelas & Cellulitis
Treatment:- IV antibiotics (Penicillin,
Cloxacillin)- Antipyretics- Elevate affected area- Warm compress for 2x a day
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Folliculitis, Furuncle, Carbuncle Folliculitis
- infection of hair follicle Furuncle
- deep in 1 or more hair follicles and spread in surrounding dermis
Carbuncle - abscess of the skin and subcutaneous
tissues; extension of a furuncle, large and deep - seated
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Folliculitis, Furuncle, Carbuncle Assessment:- Papule, pustule, nodule, node, cyst- Fever- Pain and tenderness
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Folliculitis, Furuncle, CarbuncleManagement- Don’t destroy wall of induration- Never squeeze or prick, specially if
in the face- Oral antibiotics- Bed rest- I and D- Warm, moist compress- Wear gloves
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Fungal InfectionsTinea
Etiology:- Dermatophytes, yeasts
1. Tinea Pedis- Prevalent on communal showers and pools- Potassium permanganate - Topical antifungal agents - Keep feet dry as possible
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Tinea2. Tinea Corporis
- ringed lesions on face, neck, trunk and extremities
- animal contact (pets)- topical antifungal - use clean towel daily
3. Tinea Capitis- hair shafts- red scaling patches- classic sign: “black dots”, temporary
hair loss- Griseofulvin; topical has no effect- shampoo 2-3x a week with Nizoral
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Tinea4. Tinea Cruris
- “itch jock”- young, joggers, obese and tight clothing- topical antifungal- avoid excessive heat- avoid synthetic clothing and wet bathing
suit5. Tinea Ungum
- onychomycosis- nails become thickened and friable and
lusterless- antifungal therapy 6 weeks for
fingernails and 12 weeks for toenails
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Candidal Intertrigo
Predisposing factors: Obesity DM Recent antibiotic therapy Warm, moist environment
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Candidal Intertrigo
Hx and Assessment: Pruritus Pain Well-demarcated, beefy-red,
erythematous patches surrounded by satellite pustules
Restricted to intertriginous areas In infants- diaper rash
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Candidal Intertrigo
Treatment: Topical antifungal Reduce moisture Reduce friction through weight loss
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Parasitic Infections
Pediculosis Capitis
Infestation of the hair and scalp with lice
Highly communicable parasite Spread through direct or
indirect contact
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Pediculosis Capitis
Etiology: Lice live and reproduce only in
humans Incubation period 8 to 10 days Lice can survive for up to 48 hours
from human host Nits can survive for 8 to 10 days away
from human host Lice bites release saliva into dermis
which causes itching
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Pediculosis CapitisManifestations Look for nits – silvery, glistening oval
bodies Commonly found in back of neck and
ears Pruritus Erythema, scaling, and skin
excoriation
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Nursing Management Apply about 2 oz of pediculicide; agent onto
wet hair and add additional water to lather Rinse hair thoroughly Remove nits from damp hair Delouse environment by washing all of
child’s daily clothes and linens in hot water and detergent and drying fro 20 minutes in a hot dryer
Stuffed toys and items that cannot be washed should be sealed in a plastic bag for 2 weeks to make sure nits are dead
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Nursing Management
Administer meds as ordered:Permethrin (Nix), Pyrethrum (Rid), Lindane (Kwell)
After initial treatment, one additional treatment may be needed no sooner than 7 days
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Scabies Contagious skin condition
caused by the human mite sarcoptes scabiei
May affect anyone
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ScabiesAssessment: Lesions appear as linear, grayish
burrows 1 to 10 cm long ending in a pinpoint vesicle, papule, or nodule
Lesions - @ webs of the fingers, body creases, axilla, waistline, and near genitalia
Secondary lesions (crust, vesicles, nodules & excoriations)
Intense pruritus that worsens at night
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Scabies
Diagnosis Scraped skin from the burrows placed
on a slide and examined through a microscope
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Nursing Management Warm soap and water bath Apply scabidal lotion to cool, dry skin
over the entire body Leave on for 12 to 24 hours before
washing off Treat all contacts Clothing, bedding, and towels should be
changed daily Vacuum floors, carpets, and furniture Items that cannot be washed should be
bagged for 4 days before use
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Nursing Management Administer meds as ordered:1. Crotamiton (Eurax),
Permethrin 5% cream (Elimite), and Lindane (Kwell, Scavene).
2. Oral antihistamines3. Soothing creams or lotions4. Antibiotics for secondary
infection if present
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Autoimmune disordersPemphigus
Group of serious skin disease characterized by appearance of bullae on normal skin and mucous membranes
Genetics, Jewish or Mediterranean Middle and late adulthood Also associated with the use of
penicillins, captopril and myasthenia gravis
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Pemphigus Clinical manifestations
Oral lesions – painful, bleed easily and heal slowly
Skin bullae rupture and leave painful eroded areas that are oozing and weeping
Offensive odor Nikolsky’s sign Complications:
Secondary bacterial infections Fluid and electrolyte imbalances Hypoalbuminemia
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Pemphigus
Nursing management Corticosteroids in High doses Immunosuppresants Plasmapheresis
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TEN and Stevens Johnson Syndrome a life-threatening condition affecting
the skin, in which due to cell death the epidermis separates from the dermis.
Etiology: hypersensitivity complex affecting
the skin and the mucous membranes idiopathic possible medications infections
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TEN and Stevens Johnson Syndrome Infections
herpes simplex virus, influenza, mumps, histoplasmosis, Epstein-Barr virus
Allergic reactions to drugs (Dicloflex, Fluconazole, Valdecoxib,
Penicillins, Barbiturates, Sulfas, Phenytoin, Modafinil, Ibuprofen
Idiopathic factors (up to 50% of the time) Malignancy (carcinomas and lymphomas) Herbal supplements containing ginseng. SJS
may also be caused by cocaine usage
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TEN and Stevens Johnson Syndrome Clinical manifestations
Skin cracks Blisters on the lips and mouth Fever and red patches on the skin Burning sensation of the skin with
extensive blistering and ulceration May be localized to one part of the body
or systemic from head to toe Mucosal involvement Scalded – skin syndrome
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TEN and Stevens Johnson Syndrome
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TEN and Stevens Johnson Syndrome
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TEN and Stevens Johnson Syndrome Steroids like prednisone Antipyretics Analgesics Offending drug must be removed at once!
IV Ig
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Nursing Management
Administer meds as ordered Assess for s/s of infection Maintain hydration status of the pt Apply petroleum jelly over the skin
lesions to prevent excessive dryness WOF s/s of bleeding/ hypotension/
shock Prepare to administer Potassium
Permanganate
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Nursing Management
Potassium per Manganate Dilute in 1 L of sterile water Enough to make it light pink to
prevent burns Let it drip over open lesions to
promote healing and dryness Psychosocial support
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Burn Injury an alteration in skin integrity resulting in tissue loss or injury caused by heat, chemicals, electricity or radiation.
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Burn InjuryCauses: Thermal
results from dry heat (flames) or moist heat(steam or hot liquids). It is the most common type.
Chemical caused by direct contact with either
acidic or basic agents. It destroys tissue perfusion leading to necrosis
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Burn Injury Electrical
severity depends on type and duration of current and amount of voltage.
It follows the path of least resistance (muscles, bone, blood vessels and nerves).
Includes direct current, alternating current and lightning.
Radiation usually associated with sunburn or radiation
treatment for cancer. It is usually superficial. Extensive exposure to radiation may lead to tissue damage and multisystem damage.
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Classification of burn according to depth:Superficial/partial thickness burn (1st degree)
Deep partial thickness burn
Full thickness burn (3rd degree)
Area involved epidermis Epidermis and part of dermis Epidermis, dermis hypodermis.
Appearance
Clinical findings Very painful, tingling and hyperesthesia, erythema, blanching, minimal or no edema.
Severe pain, sensitivity to cold air, blistering, edema
Painless, dry, pale white or charred, shock, hematuria and hemolysis.
Causes Sunburn, flash of flame Scalding, prolonged contact Fire, prolonged exposure
Treatment cooling Grafting Grafting scarring, escharotomy
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Classification of burns based on extent
1. Minor Burn Injury- 2nd degree burn of <15% total body surface area (TBSA) in adults or <10% TBSA in children- 3rd degree burn of <2% TBSA not involving special care areas- Excludes all patients with electrical injury, inhalation injury or concurrent trauma and all poor-risk patients
2. Moderate, Uncomplicated Burn Injury- 2nd degree burns of 15-25% TBSA in adults or 10-20%
in children- 3rd degree burns of <10% TBSA not involving special
care areas- Excludes all patients with electrical injury, inhalation
injury or concurrent trauma and all poor-risk patients
3. Major Burn Injury- 2nd degree burns >25% TBSA in adults or >20% in children- All 3rd degree burns >10% TBSA- All burns involving special care areas- All Inhalation injury, electrical injury or concurrent trauma and poor risk patients
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Burn InjuryAssessment Extent of burn using body surface area and cause. Head and both upper ext., 9% each; front and back
of trunk, 18% each, lower ext., 18%; perineum 1% Cardiac status/BP, dehydration and shock Respiratory status-airway patency Pain management requirements Increased nutritional needs Mobility deficits Past medical history which may require more
intense observation (e.g DM, CVD, etc)
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Physiologic Changes Following Burns
Hypovolemic phase Changes Diuretic phase
-vascular to interstitial
hemoconcentration
Extracellular fluid shift -interstitial to vascular
hemodilution
- renal flow from BP & C.O.
oliguria
Renal function - renal flow from blood v.
diuresis
-Na reabsorption by kidneys but Na lost in exudate and trapped in edema fluid.
Na deficit
Na level -Na loss with diuresis, becomes normal in 1 week.
Na deficit
-released by tissue and RBC injury, decreased excretion from decreased renal function.
hyperkalemia
K level -K moves back into cells, lost by diuresis.
hypokalemia
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Loss into tissues through increased capillary permeability
hypoproteinemia
CHON level -loss during continued catabolism
hypoproteinemia
-Tissue catabolism; CHON loss in tissue; more nitrogen loss that take in
negative nitrogen balance
Nitrogen balance -tissue catabolism, CHON loss immobility
negative nitrogen balance
-Anaerobic metabolism from decreased tissue perfusion; increased acid and products decreased renal output (this leads to retention of acids end products) loss of NaHCO3
metabolic acidosis
Acid-base balance
-occurs because of trauma
decreased renal flow
Stress response Occurs because of prolonged nature of injury or psychological threat to self
stress ulcers
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Burn Injury
Diagnostic and lab test findings CBC-elevated HCT and decrease HGB due to
fluid shifts. UO indicated adequacy of renal status Electrolytes-decrease sodium and increase
potassium due to fluid shift BUN and creatinine-elevated due to
dehydration ABG’s and pulse oximetry-assess
respiratory failure. CVP - hydration status
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Burn Injury
Goal of care Maintain fluid balance Prevent and manage infection Preserve mobility Decrease pain
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Phases of Burn Management
1. Emergent/ Shock Phase2. Acute/ Diuretic Phase3. Rehabilitative Phase
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Emergent/Resuscitative/ Shock Stage
Lasts from the onset of injury through successful fluid resuscitation
Fluid shifting from IVC - ITC
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Emergent/Resuscitative/Shock Stage
Diagnostic and lab test findings- Elevated hematocrit and
decreased hemoglobin due to fluid shift
*Decreased sodium and increased potassium due to fluid shift
Elevated BUN and creatinine due to dehydration
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Emergent/Resuscitative/Shock Stage
Fluid resuscitationConsensus formula 2-4mL/kg/%TBSA burn
½ given first 8 hrs. ½ next 16
Parkland (Baxter) 4 ml/kg/%BSA burn for 24 hour
pd. ½ first 8 hrs ½ next 16 hrs
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Nursing Interventions remove jewelry and clothing to
decrease constriction of affected area,
flush burn with water, evaluate extent and depth of
burn, cover burn with clean cloth, arrange transfer to emergencyfacility maintain airway clearance.
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Nursing Interventions
Medication Therapy Pain therapy Tetanus prophylaxis Topical antimicrobial as well as
systemic antibiotics
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Emergent/Resuscitative Stage
High Priority Nursing Diagnoses
Fluid volume deficit Ineffective airway Altered nutrition requirements
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Acute/ Diuretic Stage
Begins with the start of diuresis and ends with closure of the burn wound
Movement of fluid from ITC-IVT
S/s of hypervolemia, CHF Needs proper regulation of
fluid intake
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Nursing Interventions Wound care management Nutritional therapies Infection control Pain management Psychosocial support Physical therapy Hydrotherapy Maintain fluid/hydration
status Maintain heated
environment.
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Nursing interventions
Medication Therapy Antibiotic therapy-topical and systemic
Narcotic pain control usually required
IV fluid administration
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Autograftingcare of graft site
a. Elevate & immobilizeb. Keep free from pressurec. Check for infectiond. Instruct client to protect
affected area from sunlighte. Use splints & support
garment
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Rehabilitative Stage Begins with wound closure
and ends when the client returns to the highest level of health restoration.
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Nursing Interventions Psychosocial evaluation, Support and management-
arrange counseling if necessary,
Prevention of immobility contractures-exercises or ongoing physical therapy
Assist in resumption to work, family and social life.
Preventative measures for scar formation
Assess home environment for needs and accessibility