integumentary system
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Integumentary system ..Part of the skinTRANSCRIPT
Medical and Surgical Nursing
Integumentary System Lecture Notes
Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo RN,MAN 1
MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING
Integumentary System
Lecturer: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo RN,MAN
________________________________________________
Integument – Skin
The skin is the largest organ of the body
As the external covering of the body, the skin performs the
vital function of protecting internal body structures from
harmful microorganisms and substances.
FUNCTIONS:
1. Protection Covers and protects the entire body from
microorganisms
Protects from UV rays – melanin (pigment in the
skin)
Keratin – a protein in the outermost layer of the skin
“waterproofs” and “toughens” skin and protects
from excessive water loss, resists harmful
chemicals, and protects against physical tears
2. Regulation
Maintains normal body temperature by regulating
sweat secretion and regulating the flow of blood
close to the body surface.
Evaporation of sweat from the body
surface
Radiation of heat at the body surface due
to the dilation of blood vessels close to
the skin
Excessive heat loss causes shivering (contraction of
skeletal muscle) increasing heat production and
goosebumps (contraction of arrector pili muscle)
pulling hair shaft vertical, creating an insulated air
space over the skin.
3. Absorption
Absorbs oxygen and carbon dioxide and UV rays
Steroids (hydrocortisone) and fat-soluble vitamins
(ie D) are readily absorbed
Topical medications – motion sickness patch etc
4. Synthesis
Skin produces melanin, keratin, vitamin D
Melanin protects the skin from UV rays; determines
skin color
Keratin helps waterproof the skin and protects from
abrasions and bacteria
Vitamin D stimulated by UV light. Enters blood and
helps develop strong healthy bones. Vitamin D
deficiency causes Rickets
5. Sensory
Sensory nerve endings tell about environment
They respond to heat, cold, pressure, touch,
vibration, pain
LAYERS
A. Epidermis
Avascular outermost layer
Stratified squamous epithelium
Composed of keratinocytes (produce keratin
responsible for formation of hair and nails) and
melanocytes (produce melanin).
Form the appendages (hair and nails) and glands
Epidermis
Stratum basale
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
B. Dermis
Layer beneath the epidermis composed of
connective tissues.
Contains lymphatics, nerves and blood vessels.
Elasticity of the skin results from presence of
collagen, elastin and reticular fibers.
Responsible for nourishing the epidermis.
C. Subcutaneous layer
Layer beneath the dermis.
Composed of loose connective tissues and adipose
cells.
Stores fat.
Important for thermoregulation.
APPENDAGES
Hair
Covers most of the body surface (except the palms,
soles, lips, nipples and parts of the external
genitalia).
Hair follicles: tube-like structures, derived from the
epidermis, from which hair grows.
Functions as protection from external elements and
from trauma.
Protects scalp from ultraviolet rays and cushions
blows.
Eyelashes, hair in nostrils and in ears keep particles
from entering organ.
Hair growth controlled by hormonal influences and
by blood supply.
Scalp hair grows for 2 to 5 years.
Approximately 50 hairs are lost each day.
Sustained hair loss of more than 100 hairs each day
usually indicates that something is wrong
Nails
Dense layer of flat, dead cells, filled with keratin.
Systemic illnesses may be reflected by changes in
the nail or its bed:
Clubbing
Beau’s line
Glands
Eccrine sweat glands are located all over the body
and produce inorganic sweat which participate in
heat regulation.
Apocrine sweat glands are odiferous glands, found
primarily in the axillary, areolar, anal and pubic
areas; the bacterial decomposition of organic sweat
causes body odor.
Sebaceous glands are located all over the body
except for the palms and soles; produce sebum.
Medical and Surgical Nursing
Integumentary System Lecture Notes
Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo RN,MAN 2
ASSESSMENT
Health History
Presenting problem
Changes in the color and texture of the skin,
hair and nails.
Pruritus
Infections
Tumors and other lesions
Dermatitis
Ecchymoses
Dryness
Lifestyle practices
Hygienic practices
Skin exposure
Nutrition / diet
Intake of vitamins and essential nutrients
Water and Food allergies
Use of medications
Steroids
Antibiotics
Vitamins
Hormones
Chemotherapeutic drugs
Past medical history
Renal and hepatic disease
Collagen and other connective tissue diseases
Trauma or previous surgery
Food, drug or contact allergies
Family medical history
Diabetes mellitus
Allergic disorders
Blood dyscrasias
Specific dermatologic problems
Cancer
Physical Examination
Color
Areas of uniform color
Pigmentation
Redness
Jaundice
Cyanosis
Vascular changes
Purpuric lesions
Ecchymoses
Petechiae
Vascular lesions
Angiomas
Hemangiomas
Venous stars
Lesions
Color
Type
Size
Distribution
Location
Consistency
Grouping
Annular
Linear
Circular
Clustered
Edema (pitting or non-pitting)
Moisture content
Temperature (increased or decreased;
distribution of temperature changes)
Texture
Mobility / Turgor
Effects of Aging in the Skin
Skin vascularity and the number of sweat and
sebaceous glands decrease, affecting
thermoregulation.
Inflammatory response and pain perception
diminish.
Thinning epidermis and prolonged wound healing
make elderly more prone to injury and skin
infections.
Skin cancer more common.
LABORATORY / DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES
Blood chemistry / electrolytes: calcium, chloride,
magnesium, potassium, sodium
Hematologic studies
Biopsy
Removal of a small piece of skin for
examination to determine diagnosis
Nursing Interventions
Preprocedure
- Secure consent
- clean site
Postprocedure – place specimen in a
clean container & send to pathology
laboratory
- use aseptic technique for biopsy
site dressing, assess site for
bleeding & infection
- instruct px to keep dressing in
place for 8hrs & clean site daily
- instruct the patient to keep
biopsied area dry until healing
occur
Skin Culture
Used for microbial study
Viral culture is immediately placed on ice
Obtain prior to antibiotic administration
Wood’s Light Examination
Skin is viewed through a Wood’s glass
under UV
Nursing Interventions
Preprocedure – darken room
Postprocedure – assist px in adjusting to
light
Skin testing
Administration of allergens or antigens on
the surface of or into the dermis to
determine hypersensitivity
Types:
Patch
Prick
Intradermal
DIAGNOSIS
Impaired skin integrity
Pain
Body image disturbance
Risk for infection
Ineffective airway clearance
Altered peripheral tissue perfusion
Medical and Surgical Nursing
Integumentary System Lecture Notes
Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo RN,MAN 3
PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION
Goals
Restoration of skin integrity.
The patient will experience relief of pain.
The patient will adapt to changes in
appearance.
The patient will be free from infection.
Maintenance of effective airway
clearance.
Maintenance of adequate peripheral tissue
perfusion.
Interventions: Skin Grafts
Replacement of damaged skin with
healthy skin to provide protection of
underlying structures or to reconstruct
areas for cosmetic or functional purposes.
Sources:
Autograft – patient’s own skin
Isograft – skin from a genetically
identical person
Homograft or allograft – cadaver
of same species
Heterograft or xenograft – skin
from another species
Nursing care: Preoperative
Donor site: Cleanse with
antiseptic soap the night before
and morning of surgery as ordered.
Recipient site: Apply warm
compresses and topical antibiotics
as ordered.
Nursing care: Postoperative
Donor site:
Keep area covered for 24 to
48 hours.
Use bed cradle to prevent
pressure and provide greater
air circulation.
Outer dressing may be
removed 24 to 72 hours post-
surgery; maintain fine mesh
gauze until it falls of
spontaneously.
Trim loose edges of gauze as
it loosens with healing.
Administer analgesic as
ordered (more painful than
recipient site).
Recipient site:
Elevate site when possible.
Protect from pressure through
the use of a bed cradle.
Apply warm compresses as
ordered.
Assess for hematoma, fluid
accumulation under graft.
Monitor circulation distal to
the graft.
Provide emotional support and
monitor behavioral adjustments;
refer for counseling if needed.
Provide client teaching and discharge
planning concerning:
Applying lubricating lotion to
maintain moisture on the surface
of healed graft for at least 6 to 12
months.
Protecting grafted skin from direct
sunlight for at least 6 months.
Protecting graft from physical
injury.
Need to report changes in graft.
Possible alteration in pigmentation
and hair growth; ability to sweat
lost in most grafts.
Sensation may or may not return.
EVALUATION
Healing of burned areas; absence of drainage,
edema and pain.
Relaxed facial expression/body posture.
Changes into self-concept without negating self-
esteem
Achieves wound healing
Lungs clear to auscultation
Palpable peripheral pulses of equal quality
Disorders of the Integumentary System
Primary Lesions of the Skin
Macule is a small spot that is not palpable and is
less than 1 cm in diameter
Patch is a large spot that is not palpable & that is >
1 cm.
Papule is a small superficial bump that is elevated
& that is < 1 cm.
Plaque is a large superficial bump that is elevated
& > 1 cm.
Nodule is a small bump with a significant deep
component & is < 1 cm.
Tumor is a large bump with a significant deep
component & is > 1 cm.
Cyst is a sac containing fluid or semisolid material,
ie. cell or cell products.
Vesicle is a small fluid-filled bubble that is usually
superficial & that is < 0.5 cm.
Bulla is a large fluid-filled bubble that is superficial
or deep & that is > 0.5 cm.
Pustule is pus containing bubble often categorized
according to whether or not they are related to hair
follicles:
follicular - generally indicative of local
infection
folliculitis - superficial, generally multiple
furuncle - deeper form of folliculitis
carbuncle - deeper, multiple follicles
coalescing
Secondary lesions of the Skin
Scale is the accumulation or excess shedding of the
stratum corneum.
Scale is very important in the differential
diagnosis since its presence indicates that the
epidermis is involved.
Scale is typically present where there is
epidermal inflammation, ie. psoriasis, tinea,
eczema
Crust is dried exudate (ie. blood, serum, pus) on the
skin surface.
Excoriation is a loss of skin due to scratching or
picking.
Lichenification is an increase in skin lines &
creases from chronic rubbing.
Maceration is raw, wet tissue.
Medical and Surgical Nursing
Integumentary System Lecture Notes
Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo RN,MAN 4
Fissure is a linear crack in the skin; often very
painful.
Erosion is a superficial open wound with loss of
epidermis or mucosa only
Ulcer is a deep open wound with partial or
complete loss of the dermis or submucosa
Distinct Lesions of the Skin
Wheal or hive describes a short lived (< 24 hours),
edematous, well circumscribed papule or plaque
seen in urticaria.
Burrow is a small threadlike curvilinear papule that
is virtually pathognomonic of scabies.
Comedone is a small, pinpoint lesion, typically
referred to as “whiteheads” or “blackheads.”
Atrophy is a thinning of the epidermal and/or
dermal tissue.
Keloid overgrows the original wound boundaries
and is chronic in nature.
Hypertrophic scar on the other hand does not
overgrow the wound boundaries.
Fibrosis or sclerosis describes dermal
scarring/thickening reactions.
Milium is a small superficial cyst containing keratin
(usually <1-2 mm in size
Vascular Skin Lesions
Petechiae is a round or purple macule, associated
with bleeding tendencies or emboli to skin
Ecchymosis a round or irregular macular lesion
larger than petechiae, color varies and changes from
black, yellow and green hues. Associated with
trauma and bleeding tendencies.
Cherry Angioma, popular and round, red or purple,
may blanch with pressure and a normal age-related
skin alteration.
Spider Angioma is a red, arteriole lesion, central
body with radiating branches. Commonly seen on
face,neck,arms and trunk. Associated with liver
disease, pregnancy and vitB deficiency.
Telangiectasia , shaped varies: spider-like or linear,
bluish in color or sometimes red. Does not blanch
when pressure applied. Secondary to superficial
dilation of venous vessels and capillaries.
Pruritus
General itching
Scratching the itchy area causes the inflamed cells
and nerve endings to release histamine, which
produces more generating itching.
Usually more severe at night and less frequently
reported during waking hours., probably because the
person is distracted by daily activities
Occurs frequently in elderly as a result of dry skin
Treatment:
Topical corticosteroid as anti-
inflammatory agent to reduce itching.
Oral antihistamines
- Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
- Hydroxyzine (Atarax)
Nursing Management:
Tepid bath as prescribed
Avoid vigorous rubbing of towel to the
affected parts
Avoid situations that causes vasodilation:
- overly warm environment
- ingestion of alcohol or hot foods/liquids
Activities causes much perspiration should be
avoided.
Advise wearing cotton clothing at night
Avoid vigorous scratching and nails kept
trimmed to prevent skin damage and infection
SECRETORY DISORDERS
Hydradenitis Suppurativa
Abnormal blockage of sweat gland causes recurring
inflammation.
Seborrheic Dermatoses
Excessive production of sebum
Two forms:
- Oily form appears moist or greasy, There may be
patches of sallow, greasy skin with slightly redness
- Dry form, consisting of flaky desquamation of the
scalp ( Dandruff )
Nursing Management:
Avoid secondary candidal infection by
cleaning carefully the affected areas .
Dandruff Treatment:
- Frequent shampooing with medicated
shampoo
- Two or three different type of shampoo
should be used in rotation to prevent the
seborrhea from becoming resistance to a
particular shampoo.
- The shampoo is left at least 5-10 min.
Avoid external irritants, excessive heat and
perspiration; rubbing and scratching prolong
the disease
Ance Vulgaris
Associated with increased production of sebum
from sebaceous glands at puberty.
Lesions include pustules, papules and comedones.
Primary lesions of acne are comedones:
- Close Comedones (whiteheads), formed from
impacted lipids or oil and keratin that plug the
dilated follicle.
- Open Comedones (blackheads), the content of
ducts are in open communication with the external
environment. The color result not from dirt, but
from an accumulation of lipid, bacterial and
epithelial debris.
Majority of adolescents experience some degree of
acne, mild to severe.
Lesions occur mostly on face, neck, shoulders and
back.
Caused by variety of interrelated factors including
increased activity of the sebaceous glands,
emotional stress, certain medications, menstrual
cycle.
The inflammatory response may result from the
action of certain skin bacteria such as:
Propionibacterium Acnes.
Medical and Surgical Nursing
Integumentary System Lecture Notes
Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo RN,MAN 5
Assessment findings:
Appearance of lesions is variable and
fluctuating.
Systemic symptoms absent.
Psychologic problems such as social
withdrawal, low self-esteem, feelings of being
“ugly.”
Pharmacologic Therapy
Benzoly Peroxide
Oral Antibiotics: Tetracycline,
Doxycycline, Minocycline
Oral Retinoids: Isotretinion (Accutane)
Note: commone side effect, is “cheilitis”
inflammation of lips
Hormone Therapy: Estrogen-progesterone
preparation.
Nursing Management:
Elimination of food products associated with a
flare-up of acne such as chocolate, cola and
fried foods
Milk products should be promoted
Advise the client to wash face at least twice a
day with mild soap.
Provide positive reassurance, listening actively
and being sensitive the feelings of the patient.
Discuss over-the-counter products and their
effects.
Patients are instructed to avoid manipulation of
pimples or blackheads. Squeezing merely
worsens the problem.
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
Impetigo
Is a superficial bacterial skin infection most
common among children 2 to 6 years old.
It is primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus,
and sometimes by Streptococcus pyogenes
Impetigo generally appears as honey-colored scabs
formed from dried serum, and is often found on the
arms, legs, or face.
The infection is spread by direct contact with
lesions or with nasal carriers.
The incubation period is 1–3 days. Dried
streptococci in the air are not infectious to intact
skin. Scratching may spread the lesions.
The lesions begin as small, red macules which
quickly become discrete, thin-walled vesicles that
soon ruptured and become coved with a loosely
adherent honey-yellow crust.
Medical Management:
Topical or oral antibiotics are usually
prescribed:
- Benzathine penicillin
- Penicillinase-Resistant- cloxacillin
- Penicillin-Allergic- erythromycin
Treatment may involve washing with soap and
water and letting the impetigo dry in the air.
Mild cases may be treated with bactericidal
ointment, such as fusidic acid, mupirocin,
chloramphenicol or neosporin, which in some
countries may be available over-the-counter.
Nursing Management:
Good hygiene practices can help prevent
impetigo from spreading. Those who are
infected should use soap and water to clean
their skin and take baths or showers regularly.
Non-infected members of the household
should pay special attention to areas of the
skin that have been injured, such as cuts,
scrapes, bug bites, areas of eczema, and
rashes. These areas should be kept clean and
covered to prevent infection.
In addition, anyone with impetigo should
cover the impetigo sores with gauze and tape.
All members of the household should wash
their hands thoroughly with soap on a regular
basis.
It is also a good idea for everyone to keep
their fingernails cut short to make hand
washing more effective.
Contact with the infected person and his or
her belongings should be avoided, and the
infected person should use separate towels for
bathing and hand washing.
If necessary, paper towels can be used in
place of cloth towels for hand drying. The
infected person's bed linens, towels, and
clothing should be separated from those of
other family members, as well.
While suffering from impetigo it is best to
stay indoors for a few days to stop any
bacteria getting into the blisters and making
the infections worse.
FOLLICULAR DISEASES
Folliculitis
Is the inflammation of one or more hair follicles.
Folliculitis starts when hair follicles are damaged by
friction from clothing, an insect bite, blockage of
the follicle, shaving or too tight braids too close to
the scalp traction folliculitis.
In most cases of folliculitis, the damaged follicles
are then infected with the bacteria Staphylococcus
Symptoms:
rash (reddened skin area)
pimples or pustules located around a hair
follicle
o may crust over
o typically occur on neck, axilla, or
groin area
o may be present as genital lesions
itching skin
spreading from leg to arm to body through
improper treatment of antibiotics
Furuncles (Boils)
Is a skin disease caused by the infection of hair
follicles, resulting in the localize accumulation of
pus and dead tissue.
The symptoms of boils are red, pus-filled lumps that
are tender, warm, and extremely painful. A yellow
or white point at the center of the lump can be seen
when the boil is ready to drain or discharge pus.
In a severe infection, multiple boils may develop
and the patient may experience fever and swollen
lymph nodes. A recurring boil is called chronic
furunculosis.
In some people, itching may develop before the
lumps begin to form.
Boils are most often found on the back, stomach,
underarms, shoulders, face, lip, eyes, nose, thighs
and buttocks, but may also be found elsewhere.
Medical and Surgical Nursing
Integumentary System Lecture Notes
Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo RN,MAN 6
Sometimes boils will exude an unpleasant smell,
particularly when drained or when discharge is
present, due to the presence of bacteria in the
discharge.
The cause are bacteria such as staphylococci.
Bacterial colonization begins in the hair follicles
and can lead to local cellulitis and abscess
formation.
Carbuncles
Is an abscess larger than a boil.
It is usually caused by bacterial infection, most
commonly Staphylococcus aureus.
The infection is contagious and may spread to other
areas of the body or other people.
A carbuncle is made up of several skin boils. The
infected mass is filled with fluid, pus, and dead
tissue. Fluid may drain out of the carbuncle, but
sometimes the mass is so deep that it cannot drain
on its own.
Carbuncles may develop anywhere, but they are
most common on the back and the nape of the neck.
Men get carbuncles more often than women.
Things that make carbuncle infections more likely
include friction from clothing or shaving, generally
poor hygiene and weakening of immunity.
Nursing Management
Carbuncles usually must drain before they will
heal. This most often occurs on its own in less
than 2 weeks.
Placing a warm moist cloth on the carbuncle
helps it to drain, which speeds healing.
The affected area should be soaked with a
warm, moist cloth several times each day.
The carbuncle should not be squeezed, or cut
open without medical supervision, as this can
spread and worsen the infection.
Treatment is needed if the carbuncle lasts
longer than 2 weeks, returns frequently, is
located on the spine or the middle of the face,
or occurs along with a fever or other
symptoms.
A doctor may prescribe antibacterial soaps and
antibiotics applied to the skin or taken by
mouth.
Deep or large lesions may need to be drained
by a health professional.
Proper excision under strict aseptic conditions
will treat the condition effectively.
Proper hygiene is very important to prevent the
spread of infection.
Hands should always be washed thoroughly,
preferably with antibacterial soap, after
touching a carbuncle.
Washcloths and towels should not be shared or
reused. Clothing, washcloths, towels, and
sheets or other items that contact infected areas
should be washed in very hot (preferably
boiling) water.
Bandages should be changed frequently and
thrown away in a tightly-closed bag.
If boils/carbuncles recur frequently, daily use
of an antibacterial soap or cleanser containing
triclosan, triclocarban or chlorhexidine, can
suppress staph bacteria on the skin.
VIRAL SKIN INFECTION
Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
Commonly known as shingles, is a viral disease
characterized by a painful skin rash with blisters in
a limited area on one side of the body, often in a
stripe.
The infection is caused by varicella zoster virus.
Symptoms
The earliest symptoms of herpes zoster,
which include headache, fever, and
malaise.
These symptoms are commonly followed
by sensations of burning pain, itching,
hyperesthesia (oversensitivity), or
paresthesia ("pins and needles": tingling,
pricking, or numbness).
The pain may be extreme in the affected
dermatome, with sensations that are often
described as stinging, tingling, aching,
numbing or throbbing, and can be
interspersed with quick stabs of agonizing
pain.
After 1–2 days (but sometimes as long as
3 weeks) the initial phase is followed by
the appearance of the characteristic skin
rash.
Later, the rash becomes vesicular,
forming small blisters filled with a serous
exudate, as the fever and general malaise
continue.
The painful vesicles eventually become
cloudy or darkened as they fill with blood,
crust over within seven to ten days, and
usually the crusts fall off and the skin
heals: but sometimes after severe
blistering, scarring and discolored skin
remain.
Medical management:
Analgesics
Corticosteroids
Acetic acid compresses
Acyclovir (Zovirax)
Nursing interventions:
Apply acetic acid compresses or white
petrolatum to lesions
Administer medications as ordered.
Analgesics for pain
Systemic corticosteroids:
monitor for side effects of
steroid therapy.
Acyclovir: antiviral agent which
reduces the severity when given
early in illness.
Herpes Simplex Virus
Assessment findings:
Clusters of vesicles, may ulcerate or crust
Burning, itching, tingling
Usually appears on lip or cheek.
Nursing interventions:
Keep lesions dry.
Apply topical antibiotics or anesthetic as
ordered.
Medical and Surgical Nursing
Integumentary System Lecture Notes
Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo RN,MAN 7
Condition Description Illustration
Herpes labialis
Infection
occurs when
the virus
comes into
contact with
oral mucosa
or abraded
skin.
Herpes
genitalis
When
symptomatic,
the typical
manifestation
of a primary
HSV-1 or
HSV-2
genital
infection is
clusters of
inflamed
papules and
vesicles on
the outer
surface of the
genitals
resembling
cold sores.
FUNGAL INFECTION
Types and
Location
Clinical
Manifestation
Treatment
Tinea
Capitis
( Head)
- Oval, scaling,
erythematous patches
- small papules or
pustules in scalp
- brittle hair
- Griseofulvin for 6
weeks
- Shampoo hair 2
or 3 times with
Nizoral or
Selenium sulfide
shampoo
Tinea
Corporis
(Body)
- Begins with red
macule, which spreads
to a ring of papules
- lesions found in
cluster
- very pruritic
- Mild condition:
Topical antifungal
creams
-Severe condition:
Griseofulvin or
Terbinafine
Tinea
Cruris
(Groin)
- Begins with small,
red scaling patches
which spread to form
circular elevated
plaques.
- very pruritic
- Mild condition:
Topical antifungal
creams
-Severe condition:
Griseofulvin or
Terbinafine
Tinea Pedis
“athletes
foot”
- soles of feet have
scaling and mild
redness with
maceration in toe webs
- Soak feet in
vinegar and water
solution.
- Resistant
infection:
griseofulvin or
terbinafine
- Lamisil daily for
3 months
Tinea
Ungum
(toenails)
- Nails thicken,
crumble easily and
luck cluster
- whole nail maybe
destroyed
- Itraconazole
(sporanox)
Nursing Management
Keep feet dry as much as possible, including area
between the toes.
Wear clothing and socks should be made of cotton
Anti-fungal powder may applied twice a day to keep
feet dry.
Instruct the patient to always use a clean towel and
washcloth daily
Each person should have separate comb and
hairbrush to prevent spread of tinea capitis..
Household pets should be examined.
PEDICULOSIS
Parasitic infestation
Adult lice are spread by close physical contact such
as sharing combs, clips, caps, hats, etc.
Occurs in school-age children particularly those
with long hair.
Medical management:
Special medicated shampoos (Lindane).
Use of fine-tooth comb to remove nits.
Assessment findings:
White eggs (nits) firmly attached to base of
hair shafts.
Pruritus of scalp.
Nursing interventions:
Institute skin isolation precautions.
Use special shampoo and comb the hair.
Provide client teaching and discharge planning
concerning:
How to check self and other family members
and how to treat them.
Washing of clothes, bed linens, etc.;
discouraging sharing of brushes, combs and
hats.
Contact Dermatitis
Irritation of the skin from a specific substance
which came in contact with the skin.
Usually caused by irritants and allergens
Contact dermatitis is a localized rash or irritation of
the skin caused by contact with a foreign substance.
Only the superficial regions of the skin are affected
in contact dermatitis. Inflammation of the affected
tissue is present in the epidermis (the outermost
Medical and Surgical Nursing
Integumentary System Lecture Notes
Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo RN,MAN 8
layer of skin) and the outer dermis (the layer
beneath the epidermis)
Symptoms of both forms include the following:
Red rash. This is the usual reaction. The
rash appears immediately in irritant
contact dermatitis; in allergic contact
dermatitis, the rash sometimes does not
appear until 24–72 hours after exposure to
the allergen.
Blisters or wheals. Blisters, wheals
(welts), and urticaria (hives) often form in
a pattern where skin was directly exposed
to the allergen or irritant.
Itchy, burning skin. Irritant contact
dermatitis tends to be more painful than
itchy, while allergic contact dermatitis
often itches.
Nursing Interventions:
Apply wet dressings of Burrow’s solution
for 20 minutes, 4 times a day to help clear
oozing lesions.
Provide relief from pruritus.
Administer topical steroids and antibiotics
as ordered.
Allowing crusts and scales to drop off
skin naturally as healing occurs.
Avoidance of wool, nylon, or fur fibers on
sensitive skin.
Need to use gloves if handling irritant or
allergenic substances.
Provide client teaching and discharge
planning concerning:
Avoidance of causative agent.
Preventing skin dryness:
Use mild soaps.
Soak in plain water for 20 to 30
minutes.
Apply prescribed steroid cream
immediately after bath.
Avoid extremes of heat and cold.
Psoriasis
Is a chronic, non-contagious autoimmune disease
which affects the skin and joints.
It commonly causes red scaly patches to appear on
the skin. The scaly patches caused by psoriasis,
called psoriatic plaques, are areas of inflammation
and excessive skin production.
Skin rapidly accumulates at these sites and takes on
a silvery-white appearance.
Plaques frequently occur on the skin of the elbows
and knees, but can affect any area including the
scalp and genitals. Predisposing factors:
Stress
Trauma
Infection
Changes in climate
Excessive alcohol consumption
Smoking
Familial factors
Medical management:
Topical corticosteroids
Coal tar preparations
Ultraviolet light
Antimetabolites (methotrexate)
Nursing Interventions:
Apply occlusive wraps over prescribed
topical steroids.
Protect areas treated with coal tar
preparation from direct sunlight for 24
hours.
Administer methotrexate as ordered, assess
for side effects.
Provide client teaching and discharge
planning concerning:
Feelings about changes in appearance of
skin (encourage client to cover arms
and legs with clothing if sensitive about
appearance).
Importance of adhering to prescribed
treatment and avoidance of commercially advertised products.
Vitiligo
Is a chronic disorder that causes depigmentation in
patches of skin.
It occurs when the melanocytes, the cells
responsible for skin pigmentation which are derived
from the neural crest, die or are unable to function.
Unknown caused, but there is some evidence
suggesting it is caused by a combination of
autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors.
Symptom of vitiligo is depigmentation of patches of
skin that occurs on the extremities. Although
patches are initially small, they often enlarge and
change shape.
When skin lesions occur, they are most prominent
on the face, hands and wrists.
Depigmentation is particularly noticeable around
body orifices, such as the mouth, eyes, nostrils, genitalia and umbilicus
Skin Cancer
Types of skin cancers:
Basal cell epithelioma – most common type
of skin cancer; locally invasive and rarely
metastasizes; most frequently located between
the hairline and upper
lip.
Risk factors:
- UV rays
- May take several forms: nodular,
ulcerative, pigmented ad superficial
Hx and Assessment:
- Usually asymptomatic unless
secondarily infected in advanced
disease
- Pearly-colored PAPULE
- External surface - fine
telangiectasia and is translucent
Treatment:
- Curettage
- Surgical
- Cryosurgery
- Radiation
- prevention
- Mohr’s micrographic surgery
Medical and Surgical Nursing
Integumentary System Lecture Notes
Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo RN,MAN 9
Squamous cell carcinoma (epidermoid) –
grows more rapidly than basal cell carcinoma
and can metastasize; frequently seen on
mucous membranes, lower lip, neck and
dorsum of the hands.
Risk factors:
- UV rays
- Radiation
- Actinic keratosis
- Immunosuppression
- Industrial carcinogens
History and Assessment:
- Slowly evolving
- Assymptomatic
- Occassionaly bleeding and pain
- Exophytic nodules w/ varying
degree of scaling or crusting
Diagnosis:
- Biopsy- irregular masses of
anaplastic epidermal celss
proliferating down to the dermis
Treatment
- Surgical excision
- Mohr’s micrographic surgery
- Radiation
Malignant melanoma – least frequent of skin
cancers, but most serious; capable of invasion
and metastasis to other organs.
Risk factors:
- Sun exposure
- Fair skin
- Positive family history
- Presence of dysplastic nevi
Hx and Assessment:
- Usually asymptomatic until late
- Pruritus or mild discomfort
- Recent changed in a previous skin
lesion
asymetry
border irregularity
color variation
diameter(large)
Diagnosis:
- Biopsy- melanocytes w/ marked
cellular atypia and melanocytic
invasion of the dermis
Treatment:
- Surgical excision
- Chemotherapy- metastasis
Precancerous lesions:
Leukoplakia – white shiny patches in the
mouth or on the lip.
Nevi (moles) – junctional nevus may become
malignant; compound and dermal nevi
unlikely to become cancerous.
Senile keratoses – brown, scale-like spots on older individuals.
Nursing interventions:
Limitation of contact with chemical irritants.
Need to report lesions that change
characteristics and/or those that do not heal.
Protection against UV rays from the sun
Wear thin layer of clothing.
Use sunblock or lotion containing PABA.
BURNS
Direct tissue injury due to:
o Thermal: scald, hot grease, sunburn,
contact with flames
o Electrical
o Chemical o Smoke inhalation: fumes, gasses, smoke
I. TYPES
A. Full thickness
1. First degree burns (superficial)
Epidermis
Common cause is thermal burn
(+) blanching upon pressure and
erythema
(+) pain
2. Second degree burns (deep burn)
Chemical
(+) very painful
(+) erythema or fluid filled blisters
B. Partial thickness
1. Third to fourth degree burns
Affect all layers of skin, muscle and
bones
Electrical burns
Less painful than 1st and 2nd degree
burns
Dry, thick, leathery texture
Eschar – devitalized tissue
A description of the traditional and current
classifications of burns.
Nomenclature Traditional
nomenclature Depth
Clinical
findings
Superficial
thickness First-degree
Epidermis
involvement
Erythema,
minor pain,
lack of
blisters
Partial
thickness –
superficial
Second-degree
Superficial
(papillary)
dermis
Blisters,
clear fluid,
and pain
Partial
thickness –
deep
Second-degree
Deep
(reticular)
dermis
Whiter
appearance
Full thickness
Third- or
Fourth-
degree*
Dermis and
underlying
tissue and
possibly
fascia, bone,
or muscle
Hard,
leather-like
eschar,
purple fluid,
no sensation
(insensate)
Medical and Surgical Nursing
Integumentary System Lecture Notes
Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo RN,MAN 10
C. STAGES
1. Emergent – removal of client from source of
burn
Thermal – smother burn beginning
with the head.
Smoke inhalation – ensure patent
airway.
Chemical – remove clothing that
contains chemical; lavage are with
copious amounts of water.
Electrical – note victim position,
identify entry and exit routes; maintain
airway.
Wrap in dry, clean sheet or blanket to
prevent further contamination of
wound and to provide warmth.
Assess how and when burn occurred.
Provide IV route if possible.
Transport immediately.
2. Shock phase (24-48 hours) – shifting of fluids
from intravascular to interstitial
hypovolemia
Elevated HCT
Tachycardia
Metabolic acidosis
Low serum sodium
Low serum potassium
Hypotension
3. Diuresis Phase/Fluid remobilization phase –
characterized by the return of fluids from
interstitial to intravascular
Assessment findings:
Elevated blood pressure, increased
urine output.
Hypokalemia, hyponatremia,
metabolic acidosis
4. Convalescent/Recovery phase – characterized
by continuous wound healing
Healing starts immediately after
injury
Assessment findings:
Elevated blood pressure, increased
urine output.
Hypokalemia, hyponatremia,
metabolic acidosis
D. ASSESSMENT FINDINGS
1. Rule of 9’s
Head and neck = 9
Anterior chest = 18
Posterior chest = 18
Upper extremity = 9 x 2
Lower extremity = 18 x 2
Genital = 1
2. Severity of burns:
Major: partial thickness greater than 25%;
full thickness greater than or equal to
10%.
Moderate: partial thickness 15%-25%; full
thickness less than 10%.
Minor: partial thickness less than 15%;
full thickness less than 2%.
E. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT:
1. Supportive therapy: IV fluid management,
catheterization
2. Wound care:
Hydrotherapy
Debridement (enzymatic or surgical)
3. Drug therapy:
Topical antibiotics
Systemic antibiotics
Tetanus toxoid or hyperimmune human
tetanus globulin
Analgesics
4. Surgery: excision and grafting
F. NURSING MANAGEMENT
1. Administer medications as ordered
Tetanus toxoid
Burn surface area is a good source of
microbial growth
CLOSTRIDIUM TETANY
Tetanospain
Tatanolysin
Narcotic analgesics – morphine
Systemic antibiotics
Cephalosporins
Penicillin
Tetracyclines
Topical antibiotics
Silver sulfadiazide
Silver nitrate
Povidone iodine
2. Provide relief/control of pain:
Administer morphine sulfate and
monitor vital signs closely.
Administer analgesics/narcotics 30
minutes before wound care.
Position burned areas in proper
alignment.
3. Monitor alterations in fluid and electrolyte
balance:
Assess for fluid shifts and electrolyte
alterations.
Administer IV fluids as ordered.
Monitor Foley catheter output hourly
(30 ml/hr desired).
4. Monitor alterations in fluid and electrolyte
balance:
Weigh daily.
Monitor circulation status regularly.
Administer/monitor
crystalloids/colloids/water solutions.
5. Formula in IVF administration:
Evans Formula:
Colloids: 1 ml x wt (kg) x % BSA
burned
Electrolytes (saline):
1 ml x wt (kg) x % BSA burned
Glucose (D5W): 2000 ml for
insensible loss.
Day 1: half to be given in 1st 8 hours;
remaining half over next 16 hours.
Day 2: half of previous day’s colloids and
electrolytes; all of insensible fluid replacement.
Maximum of 10 L over 24 hours.
Medical and Surgical Nursing
Integumentary System Lecture Notes
Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo RN,MAN 11
Second and third-degree burns
exceeding 50% BSA calculated on
basis of 50% BSA
Brooke Army Formula:
Colloids: 0.5 ml x wt (kg) x % BSA
burned
Electrolytes (lactated Ringer’s):
1.5 ml x wt (kg) x % BSA burned
Glucose (D5W): 2000 ml for
insensible loss
Day 1: Half to be given in first 8 hours,
remaining half over next 16 hours.
Day 2: Half of colloids, half of electrolytes, all
of insensible fluid replacement.
Second and third-degree burns
exceeding 50% BSA calculated on
basis of 50% BSA
Parkland/Baxter Formula:
Lactated Ringer’s:
4 ml x wt (kg) x % BSA burned
Day 1: Half to be given in first 8 hours; half to
be given over next 16 hours.
Day 2: Varies; colloid is added.
Consensus Formula:
Lactated Ringer’s:
2-4 ml x wt (kg) x % BSA burned
Half to be given in first 8 hours after burn;
remaining fluid to be given over next 16 hours.
6. Prevent wound infection.
Place the patient in a controlled sterile
environment.
Maintain strict aseptic technique
Use hydrotherapy for no more than 30
minutes to prevent electrolyte loss.
Observe wound for separation of eschar
and cellulitis.
Apply mafenide (sulfamylon) as ordered:
Administer analgesics 30 minutes
before application.
Monitor acid-base status and renal
function studies.
Provide daily tubbing for removal of
previously applied cream.
Apply silver sulfadiazine as ordered.
Administer analgesics 30 minutes
before application.
Observe and report hypersensitivity
reactions.
Store drug away from heat.
Apply silver nitrate as ordered.
Handle carefully: solution leaves
gray or black stain on skin, clothing
and utensils.
Administer analgesics 30 minutes
before application.
Keep dressings wet with solution;
dryness increases the concentration
and causes precipitation of silver
salts in the wound.
Apply povidone-iodone solution as
ordered.
Administer analgesics before
application.
Assess for metabolic acidosis/renal
function studies.
Administer gentamicin as ordered: assess
vestibular/auditory and renal functions at
regularly intervals.
7. Promote maximal nutritional status:
Diet high in CHO, CHON, VIT C
Monitor tube feedings/TPN if ordered.
When oral intake permitted, provide high-
calorie, high-protein, high carbohydrate
diet with vitamin and mineral
supplements.
Serve small portions.
Schedule wound care and other treatments
at least 1 hour before meals.
8. Prevent GI complications:
Assess for signs and symptoms of
paralytic ileus.
Assist with insertion of NGT to
prevent/control Curling’s/stress ulcer;
monitor patency/drainage.
Administer prophylactic antacids through
NGT and/or IV cimetidine or ranitidine.
Monitor bowel sounds.
Test stools for occult blood.
9. If (+) to burn of the head and neck and face
Assist in intubation
10. Assist in hydrotherapy
11. Assist in surgical wound debridement
Analgesics before debridement
12. Prevent complications
Infections
Septicemia
Paralytic ileus
Curling’s ulcers (H2 receptor
antagonists)
13. Assist in surgical procedure
14. Provide client teaching and discharge planning
concerning:
Care of healed burn wound
Assess daily for changes.
Wash hands frequently during
dressing change.
Wash area with prescribed solution
or mild soap and rinse well with
water; dry with clean towel.
Apply sterile dressing.
Prevention of injury to burn wound.
Avoid trauma to area.
Avoid use of fabric softeners or
harsh detergents (might cause
irritation).
Avoid constrictive clothing over burn
wound.
Adherence to prescribed diet.
Importance of reporting formation of local
trophic changes.
Methods of coping and resocialization.
Medical and Surgical Nursing
Integumentary System Lecture Notes
Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo RN,MAN 12
Wound Healing Process
Wound healing, or wound repair, is an intricate
process in which the skin (or some other organ)
repairs itself after injury.
In normal skin, the epidermis (outermost layer) and
dermis (inner or deeper layer) exists in a steady-
stated equilibrium, forming a protective barrier
against the external environment.
Once the protective barrier is broken, the normal
(physiologic) process of wound healing is
immediately set in motion
The classic model of wound healing is divided into
three or four sequential, yet overlapping, phases:
(1) hemostasis
(2) inflammatory,
(3) proliferative and
(4) remodeling
A. Homostasis
Within minutes post-injury, platelets (thrombocytes)
aggregate at the injury site to form a fibrin clot.
This clot acts to control active bleeding (hemostasis)
B. Inflammatory Phase
When tissue is first wounded, blood comes in
contact with collagen, triggering blood platelets to
begin secreting inflammatory factors.
Platelets, release a number of things into the blood,
including ECM proteins and cytokines, including
growth factors.Growth factors stimulate cells to
speed their rate of division.
Platelets also release other proinflammatory factors
like serotonin, bradykinin, prostaglandins,
prostacyclins, thromboxane, and histamine, which
cause blood vessels to become dilated and porous.
The main factor involved in causing vasodilation is
histamine. Histamine also causes blood vessels to:
Increased Capillary Permeability causes hyperemia
that leads to redness (rubor) and presence of heat
(calor) and
Fluid and cellular exudation that causes edemaand
presence of exudates
Within an hour of wounding, polymorphonuclear
neutrophils (PMNs) arrive at the wound site and
become the predominant cells in the wound for the
first two days after the injury occurs.They also
cleanse the wound by secreting proteases that break
down damaged tissue.
Neutrophils usually undergo apoptosis once they
have completed their tasks and are engulfed and
degraded by macrophages
The macrophage's main role is to phagocytise
bacteria and damaged tissue and it also debrides
damaged tissue by releasing proteases.
Macrophages also secrete a number of factors such
as growth factors and other cytokines, especially
during the third and fourth post-wounding days.
These factors attract cells involved in the proliferation stage of healing to the area
C. Proliferative Phase
Fibroblasts begin to enter the wound site, marking
the onset of the proliferative phase even before the
inflammatory phase has ended.
Angiogenesis occurs concurrently with fibroblast
proliferation when endothelial cells migrate to the
area of the wound.
The tissue in which angiogenesis has occurred
typically looks red (is erythematous) due to the
presence of capillaries
Fibroblasts mainly proliferate and migrate, while
later, they are the main cells that lay down the
collagen matrix in the wound site.
Fibroblasts begin secreting appreciable collagen.
Collagen deposition is important because it
increases the strength of the wound; before it is laid
down.
Formation of granulation tissue in an open wound
allows the reepithelialization phase to take place, as
epithelial cells migrate across the new tissue to form
a barrier between the wound and the environment
D. Remodeling Phase
When the levels of collagen production and
degradation equalize, the maturation phase of tissue
repair is said to have begun.
The maturation phase can last for a year or longer,
depending on the size of the wound and whether it
was initially closed or left open.
During Maturation, type III collagen, which is
prevalent during proliferation, is gradually degraded
and the stronger type I collagen is laid down in its
place
Primary Intention:
When wound edges are directly next to one another
Little tissue loss
Minimal scarring occurs
Most surgical wounds heal by first intention healing
Wound closure is performed with sutures, staples, or adhesive at the time of initial evaluation
Secondary Intention:
The wound is allowed to granulate
Surgeon may pack the wound with a gauze or use a
drainage system
Granulation results in a broader scar
Healing process can be slow due to presence of
drainage from infection
Wound care must be performed daily to encourage
wound debris removal to allow for granulation tissue formation
Tertiary Intention (Delayed primary closure):
Medical and Surgical Nursing
Integumentary System Lecture Notes
Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo RN,MAN 13
The wound is initially cleaned, debrided and observed, typically 4 or 5 days before closure
Pressure Ulcer
• Lesion from unrelieved pressure causing damage of
underlying tissue or a localized area of cellular
necrosis resulting from vascular insufficiency in
tissues under pressure
• Occurs with limited mobility
• Once formed, pressure ulcers are slow to heal
• Result from mechanical forces • Occurs most often over bony prominences
Pressure Points
• Mechanical Forces
– Pressure
– Friction
– Shear
Risk Factors for Developing Pressure Ulcer
Prolong pressure on tissue
Immobility, compromised mobility
Loss of protective reflexes
Poor skin perfusion
Edema
Malnutrition
Friction
Shearing forces
Trauma
Incontinence of urine and feces
Altered skin moisture
Excessively dry skin
Advance age Equipment: cast,traction and restraints
Pressure Ulcers: Wound Assessment
• Appearance changes with the depth of injury
• Assess for:
– Location, size, color
– Extend of tissue involvement
– Condition of surrounding tissue – Presence of foreign bodies
Stages of Ulcer
Stage I
Area of erythema
Erythema does not blanch with pressure
Skin temperature elevated
Tissue are swollen
Patient complains of discomfort
Erythema progresses to dusky blue-gray
Stage II
Skin breaks
Abrasion, blister or shallow crater
Edema persists
Ulcer drains
Infection may develop
Stage III
Ulcer extends into subcutaneous tissue
Necrosis and drainage continue
Infection develops
Stage IV
Ulcer extends to underlying muscle and
bone.
Deep pockets of infection develop
Necrosis and drainage continue
Pressure Ulcers: Key Things to Remember
• Pressure relieving/reducing devices do not take the
place of observation of skin color, integrity, and
temperature at intervals to determine capillary blood
flow.
• In some clients pressure can occur in less than 2
hours– the actual turning/repositioning schedule
should be individualized based upon assessment
data
Pressure Ulcers: Nursing Diagnosis
• Impaired skin integrity
• Pain
• Disturbed body image
• Ineffective coping
• Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements
• Deficient knowledge
Nursing Intevention
Prevention of Pressure:
o Turned and repositioned at 1-2 hours
interval
o Encourage to shift weight actively every
15 minutes
o Pressure relief and reduction devices:
Dynamic vs. Static
Frequent monitoring of ulcer progress
Avoid massaging reddened areas, because this may
increase the damage
To avoid shearing forces when repositioning the
patient, the nurse lifts and avoid dragging the
patient across a surface
Increase protein intake, iron, vitamin C
Prevention of infection and wound extension
o Be alert for classic signs of wound
infection
o Prevent further pressure damage
Maintaining a safe environment
o Meticulous local wound care
o Minimize cross-contamination with
pathogens
o Standard precautions
o Thorough handwashing before and after
dressing changes
Medical and Surgical Nursing
Integumentary System Lecture Notes
Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo RN,MAN 14
Anatomy of the Skin
Hair / Hair Growth
Medical and Surgical Nursing
Integumentary System Lecture Notes
Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo RN,MAN 15
Nail Skin Testing Wood’s Light Examination
Secondary Skin Lesion
Skin Grafting