integration renewable energy
TRANSCRIPT
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NTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
SYSTEMS
By Rajashekar P. MandiEnergy Conservation & Development Division
Central Power Research Institute, Bangalore
SERIES HYBRID SYSTEM
DG setBattery
charger
Battery
BankInverter
AC load
AC BUSDC BUS
Wind
Solar
PV
Micro
HydelRenewableEnergyS
ources
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SWITCHED HYBRID SYSTEM
DG set
Battery
Bank
Inverter
AC load
AC BUS
DC BUS
Wind
Solar PV
Micro Hydel
Renewable Energy Sources
Battery
charger
PARALLEL HYBRID SYSTEM
DG set
Battery
Bank
Inverter
AC load
AC BUS
DC BUS
Wind
Solar PV
Micro Hydel
Renewable Energy Sources
Battery
charger Synchronized
control
OPTIMIZATION CRITERIA
) Cost of the system
) Reliability of the system
) Availability of the energy throughout the year
) Site specific
) Operation and Maintenance of the system
) Ease of control and protection
) Grid connected or stand alone system
) Type of load
Sl.
No.
Energy systems Capital cost,
Rs. (lakhs)/kW
01 Wind Generators 5 kW to
225 kW (single units)
0.70 1.16
02 Solar Photo voltaic with
inverter 20 W to 300 W
(single units)
2.97 4.45
03 Micro-hydel 0.32 0.47
04 Bio-gas 0.85 1.30
CAPITAL COST
)1(........../.Pr
kWhyearRsyearperoductionEnergy
CostCapitalInstalledSCC =
)1(........../.
Pr
kWhyearRs
yearperoductionEnergy
CostCapitalInstalledSCC =
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Sl.
No.
Energy systems Running cost,
Rs. /kWh
01 Wind Generators 5 kW to
225 kW (single units)
0.45 1.35
02 Solar Photo voltaic with
inverter 20 W to 300 W
(single units)
0.35 1.15
03 Micro-hydel 0.35 1.05
04 Bio-gas 1.05 1.30
RUNNING COST
)1(........../.Pr
kWhyearRsyearperoductionEnergy
CostCapitalInstalledSCC =
.../.Pr
)()()&()*(kWhRs
yearperoductionEnergy
LRCMCMOFCRICCenergyofCost
+++=
COST OF ENERGY
)1(........../.Pr
kWhyearRsyearperoductionEnergy
CostCapitalInstalledSCC =
Where ICC Installed capital cost (Rs.),
FCR annual fixed charge rate (%),
O&M operation & maintenance cost including
overhaul, replacement of parts, etc. (Rs./year),
MC man power cost (Rs./year) and
LRC levelized replacement cost (Rs./year)
COST FOR WIND ENERGY
SYSTEM
Running
cost,
Rs. 1.28
per kWh
Project
cost,
Rs. 3.23
per kWh
O&M
charges
10 %
Interest on
debt
18 %
Civil
construction
2 %
Transforme
rs &
controls
7 %
Machine
63 %
TOTAL COST : Rs. 4.52 per kWh
)3(........../..int.
kWhNosyearainGeneratedEnergy
yearpererruptionsofNoTotalAESII=
RELIABILITY INDICES
)4(../)(int.
kWhhyearainGeneratedEnergy
yearperhoursinerruptionsofNototalofSumAESIDI=
)5(.........
.
hoursofNoTotal
yearperavailablesystemenergyofhoursofNoTotalAAI =
)6(...............yearperenergyestimatedTotal
yearpergeneratedEnergyTotalALFI =
d) Average Load Factor Index (ALFI)
c) Average Availability Index (AAI)
b) Average Energy System Interruption Duration Index (AESIDI)
a) Average Energy System Interruption Index (AESII)
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RELIABILITY INDICES
0.650.518.61 x 10-31.06 x 10-3WIND (50 kW)
0.950.468.91 x 10-31.78 x 10-3SOLAR (10 kW)
ALFIAAIAESIDIAESIIRenewable
energy
Figure 3: Variation of Machine down time of 225 kW wind
generator.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Jan Feb March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Machinedowntime,
%
AVERAGE DOWNTIME : 6.33 %
FAILURE ANALYSIS OF SPV SYSTEM
Inverter-ACD-open
0.46 %
Inverter-ACBCB-
open
0.46 %
Inverter sizing
0.93 %
Inverter - DCBCB-
open
0.93
Inverter fuse
failure
4.17 %Inverter internal
2.78 %Inverter DC Circuit
breaker
1.39 %
Inverter others
19.91 %
DC disconnect
1.39 % PV array
0.46 %
Data acquisition
2.78 %
AC disconnect
0.93 %
Inverter tracking
32.87 %
Electrical system
31.02 %
INVERTER FAILURE RATE : 64.35 %
TOTAL NO. OF INTERRUPTIONS : 54/yearFAILURE ANALYSIS OF WIND SYSTEM
Electrical
system, 14.5 %
Shaft &
bearing, 2.2 %
Blade, 4.5 %
Brake, 4.5 %
Generator, 1.7
%
Yaw system,
13.4 %
Blade tips,
1.9 % Pitch
Mechanism, 3.4Gear Box, 2.4 %
Control, 14.4 %
Others, 10.4 %
Instrumentation
, 26.7 %
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Figure 7: Variation of Solar Insolation with time.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time, h
SolarInsolation,
W/m2
Aug.
March
Nov.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18Time, h
Monthlymeanpowerfedtoload,k
WJan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
July
MarchRATING OF SPV : 72 kW
15
19
23
27
31
35
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Time, h
Ambienttemperature,oC
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Dec
April
22
24
26
28
30
32
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Time, month
Monthlydailyaveragetemperature,
oC Ambient temp.
Cell temp.
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12.4
12.6
12.8
13.0
13.2
23 25 27 29 31
Cell temperature, oC
Cellefficiency,%
0.980
0.985
0.990
0.995
1.000
1.005
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Tilt angle, o
Poweroutputfraction Latitude : 25
o
TILT ANGLE
Figure 7: Variation of Solar energy density at a typical site.
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
Jan
Feb
March
April
May
June Ju
lyAu
g.
Sept
.Oc
t.No
v.De
c.
Energydensity,
kWh/m2-month Annual energy = 2056.2 kWh/m2 - year
Figure 4: Variation of Wind velocity with time.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0 4 8 12 16 20 24Time, h
MeanWindvelocity,
m/s
MARCH
NOV
AUG
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Figure 2: Variation of Wind energy density at a typical site.
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
Jan
Feb
March
April
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Energydensity,kWh/m
2-month
Annual Energy = 318 kWh/m2 - year
Figure 5: Variation of energy density of wind
energy systems.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Energydensity,
kWh/m2
250 kW
225 kW
Figure 6 : Variation of specific energy generation
(SEG) of wind energy systems.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecSpecificenergygen
eration,kWh/kW
250 kW
225 kW
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Time, h
SolarInsolation,W/m2
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
WindVelocity,m/
wind
Solar
0.0
WIND SOLAR INTEGRATION
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SITE SPECIFIC
Sl.No. Name of thestation Wind speed,km/h Sl. No. Name of thestation Wind speed,km/h
I TAMIL NADU V GUJARAT
1 Alagiyapandiyapuram
20.88 1 Bamanbore -2
20.72
2 Andipatti 18.96 2 Bhandariya # 20.18
3 Arasampalayam 20.18 3 Dhank - 1 24.53
4 Ayikudy 21.35 4 Dhank - 2 25.32
5 Edayarpalayam 22.43 5 Harshad 20.02
6 Ennore # 19.18 6 Jamanvada # 20.20
7 Gangalikondan 18.15 7 Kalyanpur 22.21
8 Kannankulam ^ 21.57 8 Kukma 19.19
9 Kattadimalai 23.66 9 Lamba # 19.47
10 Kayattar 20.29 10 Limbara # 20.02
11 Kethanur 21.91 11 Mundra 19.54
12 Kumarapuram ^ 24.61 12 Navadra # 21.33
13 Muppandai 25.48 13 Navi Bander 19.46
14 Nettur ^ 20.89 14 Okha 19.43
15 Onamkulam ^ 20.40 15 Okhamadhi 19.05
16 Ottapidaram # 18.22 16 surajbari 19.53
SITE SPECIFIC
Sl.
No.
Name of the
station
Wind speed,
km/h
Sl. No. Name of the
station
Wind speed,
km/h
I TAMIL NADU VI MAHARASTRA
17 Pongalur 19.43
18 Poolavadi 21.16 1 Chalkewadi 20.17
19 Poosaripatti ^ 20.39 2 Gude
Panchagani
20.01
20 Puliyamkulam 18.93 3 Kotholi # 19.69
21 Ramaswaram 23.91 4 Panchgani 18.39
22 Sankaneri ^ 22.06 5 Vijayadurg 19.61
23 Sembgaramanpu
dur
21.69 6 Koregaon ^ 20.80
24 Sultanpet 18.96 7 Khokade ^ 18.07
25 Talayathu 20.51 8 Thosigragh # 21.62
Sl.
No.
Name of the
station
Wind speed,
km/h
Sl. No. Name of the
station
Wind speed,
km/h
II ANDHRAPRADESH VII KARANATAKA
1 Badhrampalli
Kottal
21.46 1 B. B. Hill 20.78
2 Bhimunipatnamq 19.11 2 Bommanahalli
18.06
3 Jamalamadugu -
2 ^
18.81 3 Chikodi ^ 24.00
4 Kadavakallu ^ 23.08 4 Gokak 18.93
5 Kakula Konda 23.08 5 Hanamsagar 20.23
6 Kottur ^ * 19.13 6 Haumanhatti 20.08
7 M. P. R. Dam 19.85 7 Haradenahalli
#
18.16
8 Mustikovala # 20.16 8 Horti ^ 21.05
9 Narasimha
Konda
20.08 9 Jogimatti 29.85
10 Nazeerabad ^ 20.98 10 Khanderayan
ahalli
20.48
11 Nallakonda ^ 22.38 11 Khamkarkatti
^
21.47
12 Pampanoor
Thanda ^
19.56 12 Malgatti 19.32
13 Payalakuntla 20.09 13 Sangundi 18.56
14 Ramagiri - 1 19.52 14 Godekere ^ 19.80
Sl.No.
Name of thestation
Wind speed,km/h
Sl. No. Name of thestation
Wind speed,km/h
II ANDHRAPRADESH
15 Ramagiri - III # 18.36 VIII KERALA
16 Singanamala # 23.40 1 Kanjicode 22.32
17 Tallimadugulu 22.13 2 Kotamala 18.41
18 Tirumala 20.43 3 Kottathara 19.40
III RAJASTAN 4 Kuttikanam # 18.14
1 Jaswanthgrah # 18.51 5 Panchalimedu
#
20.61
2 Damotar # 18.28 6 Ponmudi 18.10IV LAKSHADWEEP 7 Pamakalmedu 30.02
1 Agathi 18.22 IX MADHYA PRADESH
2 Minicoy 18.29 1 Jamgodrani 18.44
^ 25 m Mast Height # Relocated Stations * State Owned Project
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SITE SPECIFIC
)Solar power available varies at different
site based on lattitude
)Mini/Micro hydel potential available at
hilly areas or very remote places
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
4 Check gear box & hydraulic system
4 Inspection of oil leakages
4 Inspection of the cables running down the tower
4 Unusual Vibration
4 Checking the alignment of gear box, blades, etc
4 Checking of brake adjustment, pad wear
4 Bearing greasing
4 Pitch calibration checks
4 Checking performance of yaw drive & brake
4 Blade cleaning
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Dust accumulation, %
Powero
utputfraction
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
CONTROLS & PROTECTION
@Yaw control & Pitch control in wind
@Control of reactive power in case of inductiongenerator
@Protection against very high wind velocity
@Control & protection of battery charging@Inverter control
@Protection against leakage current in PVsystem
@Protection against lightning
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GRID CONNECTED OR STAND ALONE
SYSTEMS
Grid connected are preferred where the grid
is within 3 km
For large wind farms grid will be preferred
Solar rooftop systems are installed with grid
TYPE OF LOAD & TECHNOLOGY
Load AC or DC
Continuous,
Intermittent,
Peak load sharing
Varying loads
DC GENERATOR
WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGIES
WIND TURBINE
AC BUSCOMPOUND WOUND DC
GENERATOR
INVERTER
GEAR
BOX
DC BUS
WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGIES
CAPACITOR EXCITED INDUCTION GENERATOR
AC BUSWIND TURBINE
GEAR BOX
SQUIRREL CAGE
INDUCTION GENERATOR
CAPACITOR
BANKS
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WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGIES
INDUCTION GENERATOR DIRECTLY COUPLED TO GRID
AC
GRID
WIND TURBINE
GEAR BOX
SQUIRREL CAGE
INDUCTION GENERATOR
DOUBLY FED INDUCTION GENERATOR
AC
GRID
WIND TURBINE
GEAR BOX
DOUBLY FED WOUND ROTOR
INDUCTION GENERATOR
CONVERTOR
WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGIES
DIRECT DRIVE SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
AC
GRID
WIND TURBINE
DIRECT DRIVE SYNCHRONOUS
GENERATOR
CONVERTOR
WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGIES DIFFERENT PHOTO VOLTAIC CELLS
0.46
0.24
0.11
0.40
0.40
Temp.
Coefficient
17.7 %Copper indium
Diselenide (CIS)
5
7 %Cadmium Telluride
(CdTe)
4
5 9 %Amorphous Silicon(a-Si)
3
10 14 %Polycrystalline Silicon
(Poly-Si)
2
15 20 %Single Crystal silicon
(Mon-Si)
1
Cell efficiencyTypeSl.
No.
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INVERTERS
Inverters
Low efficiency : 75 80 %, power quality issues
Average efficiency : 80 88 %, reduced power
quality problems, cost 1.4 1.5 times
High efficiency : 87 96 %, cost 1.6 to 1.8 times
Rotary converters
TYPES OF MINI/MICRO HYDEL PLANTS
PARTICULAR Head, m Output, kW
Pelton 100 550 50 6000
Micro pelton 39 70 5 15
Turgo 30 200 15 3000
Micro turgo 10 75 3 45
Francis 15 250 15 7000
Kaplan 3 30 500 7500
Semi Kaplan 3 25 10 6000
Propeller 3 25 10 6000
Bulb 2 12 100 2600
DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS
LessModerately
high
Good2.85 5.55Solar Wind
Hydel DG set
5
LessMediumGood4.15 7.75Solar Wind DG
set
4
LessModerately
High
Poor1.94 2.95Hydel DG set3
MoreHighPoor3.38 7.50Wind DG set2
LessLessGood5.69 8.54Solar DG set1
Man power
requirement
O & MReliabilityLife cycle
cost,
Rs./kWh
Integration systemSl.
No.
INTEGRATION OF SOLAR PV - DIESEL
DieselGenerator
PV
DC PowerConditioning
module
Battery Bank
Inverter/Converter
Figure 1: Schematic of Integration of Solar PV with DG set.
Chargecontroller
Load Bus
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Yes
Controller
DG set (PDG)
PSPV > 0
Batt. (PB)SPV Energy System
(PSPV)Load (PL)
PL>PB
PCH > PB
Chargebattery
PCH = dumpload
PL< .40PB
PSPV supplypower to
load
PCH = PSPV - PL
PB supplypower to
load
PDG supplypower to
load
PCH = 0.85 PDGR- PL
PL> PSPV + PB
PSPV & PDGsupply
power toload
PCH = (0.85 PDGR+PSPV)- PL
Yes
YesYes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Figure 2: Flow diagram of integrated energy system
INTEGRATION OF SOLAR PV - DIESEL
Table 2 : Variation of rating and energy supplied by energy sources.
50.4343.2535.75Energy supplied by Battery bank to load,
(kWh/day)
10
81.73112.81144.00Total energy supplied by DG set, (kWh/day)09
10.3625.7033.25Energy supplied by DG set for battery
charging, (kWh/day)
08
71.3687.11110.75Energy supplied by DG set to load,
(kWh/day)
07
124.3593.2762.08Total energy supplied by SPV, (kWh/day)06
40.0717.552.50Energy supplied by SPV for battery
charging, (kWh/day)
05
84.2975.7259.58Energy supplied by SPV to load, (kWh/day)04
7.0/516.0/444.5/36Battery bank capacity, Peak power, (kW)/
Energy, (kWh/day)
03
10.012.515.0Rating of DG set, (kVA)02
16.012.08.0Peak Power Rating of SPV, (kW)01
Config. CConfig. BConfig. AParticulars
Sl.No.
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24Time, (h)
Power,(kW)
Load variation Load variation
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Battery-Inverter
Solar PV-
Inverter
DG set
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time, h
Power,(kW)
S P V = 5 9 . 5 8 k W h / d D G s e t = 110 . 7 5 k W h / d B a t t e r y = 3 5 . 7 5 k W h / d
T O T A L E n e r g y = 2 0 6 . 0 8 k W h / d
Configuration A
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Energygeneration,
(MWh/month)
Solar Power DG Power Share of SPV
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
ShareofSPV,
(%ofload
30.0
Configuration A
Configuration A
Table 3: Life cycle cost analysis for Configuration A.
Levelizedcost of energy : Rs. 9.62 per kWh
7.10093.82750.44650.37132.455631.3971Total
0.086500.04370.00880.03400.4368Inverter
0.030200.00590.01720.00710.0903Battery
4.08833.82750.17890.06430.01760.2268DG set
2.895900.21800.28102.396930.6432Solar PV
Total Annu-
alized cost
(Rs. in lakhs
/y)
Annual fuel
cost, (Rs. in
lakhs /y)
Annual
O&M cost,
(Rs. in
lakhs /y)
Annualized
replacement
cost, (Rs. in
lakhs /y)
Annualize
d capital
cost, (Rs in
lakhs./y)
Intial
cost,
(Rs in
lakhs)
Component
Configuration B
Battery-Inverter
Solar PV-Inverter
DG set
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time, (h)
Pow
er,(kW)
(
SPV = 75.72 kWh/day DG set = 87.11 kWh/day Battery = 43.25 kWh/day
TOTAL Energy = 206.08 kWh/day
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Configuration B
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
Jan Feb Mar A pr May Jun Ju l A ug Sep Oc t Nov D ec
Energygeneration,(MWh/month
Solar Power DG Power Share of SPV
0.0
8.0
16.0
24.0
32.0
40.0
48.0
ShareofSPV,(%o
fload
Configuration B
Table 3: Life cycle cost analysis for Configuration A.Table 4: Life cycle cost analysis for Configuration B.
Levelized cost of energy : Rs. 10.04 per kWh
7.4184
3.40960.48680.43423.087839.1314Total
0.1087
00.05460.01130.04280.5460Inverter
0.0571
00.00670.01640.03400.0924Battery
3.6322
3.40960.15250.05540.01470.1890DG set
3.6204
00.27300.35112.996338.3040Solar PV
Total Annu-
alized cost
(Rs. in lakhs
/y)
Annual
fuel cost,
(Rs. in
lakhs /y)
Annual
O&M cost,
(Rs. in lakhs
/y)
Annualized
replacement
cost, (Rs. in
lakhs /y)
Annualize
d capital
cost, (Rs in
lakhs./y)
Intialcost,
(Rs in
lakhs)
Component
Configuration C
Battery-Inverter
Solar PV-
Inverter
DG set
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2 1 22 23 24Time, (h)
Pow
er,(kW
(
SP V = 84.29 kWh/day DG s et = 71.36 kWh/day
Batte ry = 50.43 kWh/day TOTAL Energy = 206.08 kWh/day
Configuration C
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Energygeneration,(MWh/month)
Solar Power DG Power Share
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
ShareofSPV,(%o
fload)
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Configuration C
Table 3: Life cycle cost analysis for Configuration A.Table 4: Life cycle cost analysis for Configuration B.Table 5: Life cycle cost analysis for Configuration C.
Levelizedcost of energy : Rs. 11.93 per kWh
8.8096
2.63340.65110.64184.883462.4217Total
0.1739
00.08740.01810.06850.8736Inverter
0.0349
00.00760.01930.00800.1008Battery
2.8077
2.63340.11930.04240.01260.1609DG set
5.7931
00.43680.56204.794361.2864Solar PV
Total Annu-alized cost
(Rs. in lakhs
/y)
Annualfuel cost,
(Rs. in
lakhs /y)
AnnualO&M cost,
(Rs. in lakhs
/y)
Annualizedreplacement
cost, (Rs. in
lakhs /y)
Annualized capital
cost, (Rs
in
lakhs./y)
Intial cost,(Rs in lakhs)Component
Capital cost & Annualized cost with
SPV share
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 10 20 30 40 50Sare of SPV, % of load
Intialcost,Rs.
Inlakh
Initial cost Annualized cost
Annualizedcapitalcost,Rs.inlakhs/year
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
Cost of energy with SPV share
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0 10 20 30 40 50
Sare of SPV, % of load
Levelizedco
stofenergy,
Rs./
kWh
Figure 7 : Variation of load and power supplied by Wind generator, DG set & Battery with low wind
penetration.
Battery-Inv.
Wind-Gen.
DG set
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time, h
Power,kW
Wind = 60.58 kWh/day (29.75 %) DG set = 120.40 kWh/day (59.13 %) Battery = 22.65 kWh/day (11.12 %) TOTAL Energy =
203.63 kWh/day
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Figure 9 : Variation of DG set e nergy for charging of battery and load supplied by battery.
Battery to loadBattery charging
0
2
4
6
8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time, h
Power,
kW
DG set energy for Battery charging = 31.36 kWh/day (20.66 % of total DG power) Energy from
Battery to load = 22.66 kWh/day (11.12 % of total load)
100
75
50
25
0
Battery
charge
state,
Batt. Char e state
Figure 8 : Variation of total energy generated by Wind and DG set with low penetration.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time, h
Pow
er
,kW
Wind = 60.59 kWh/dayDG = 121.98 kWh/day
Figure 7 : Variation of load and power supplied by Wind generator, DG set & Battery with high wind
penetration.
Battery-Inv.
Wind-Gen.
DG set
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time, h
Power
,kW
Wind = 131.64 kWh/d ay (64.65 %) DG set = 55.85 kWh/day (27.43 %) Batte ry = 16.14 kWh/d ay (7.92 %)TOTAL Ener gy =
203.63 kWh/day
Figure 9 : Variation of DG set and w ind energy us ed for battery charging.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time, h
Power,
kW
DG to Battery charging = 8.61 kWh/day (13.36 % of total DG power)
Wind to Battery charging = 13.73 kWh/day (9.44 % of total Wind gen.)
Battery to load = 16.14 kWh/day (7.92 % of total load)
100
80
60
40
20
0
120
140
Battery
charge
state,%
Batt .Char e state
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Figure 8 : Variation of total energy generated by Wind and DG set w ith high penetration.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time, h
Pow
er,
kW
Wind = 145.37 kWh/day
DG = 64.46 kWh/day
Figure 7 : Variation of load and power supplied by Wind gener aotr and Battery with high wind pene tration.
Battery-Inverter
Wind Generatorr
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time, h
Power,
kW
Wind generator = 158.82 kWh/day Battery = 44.81 kWh/day TOTAL Energ y = 203.63 kWh/day
Figure 9 : Variation of wind energy for charging of battery and load supplied by battery.
Battery to load
Battery charging
0
2
4
6
8
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time, h
Power,
kW
Wind energy for Battery charging = 62.01 kWh/day (28.12 % of total wind gen.)
Energy from Battery to load = 44.80 kWh/day (22.01 % of total load)
100
80
60
40
20
0
Batterychargestate,
Batt. Charge state
Figure 8 : Variation of total energy gener ated by Wind with high penetr ation.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time, h
Pow
er,
kW
Wind = 220.53 kWh/day
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Figure : Variation of energy generation by wind, load met, unmet load and excess energy w ith
wind generator capacity
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Wind generator capacity, kW
Energy,
MWh/y
Load met
Wind gen.
Unmet load
Excess energy
Figure : Variation of levellized cost of energy with wind generator capacity
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Wind generator capacity, kW
Levellizedcostofenergy,
Rs./
kWh
Figure : Variation of initial investment with wind generator capacity
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Wind generator capacity, kW
InitialInvestm
ent,
Rs.
In
lakh
Figure : Variation of relative investment for battery, controller and wind generator with wind
generator capacity
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Wind generator capacity, kW
Investment,%
oftotalcost
Battery
Wind gen.
Controller
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Figure : Variation of capacity shortage, unmet load and excess generation with wind generator
capacity
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Wind generator capacity, kW
Capacityshortage,unmetload&
Excessgen,
%
unmet load
Excess gen.Capacity shortage
Figure : Variation of energy generation by wind, DG set, load met, unmet load and excess energy with wind
generator capacity
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Wind generator capacity, kW
Ener
,M
W
h/
Load met
Wind gen.
DG gen.
Unmet loadExcess energy
Figure : Variation of levelized cost of energy with wind generator capcity
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Wind generator capacity, kW
Levelized
co
stofener
,Rs./
kW
h
Diesel price Rs.30/litre
Diesel price Rs.35/litre
Diesel price Rs.40/litre
Diesel price Rs.45/litre
Diesel price Rs.50/litre
Diesel price Rs.55/litre
Diesel price Rs.60/litre
CONCLUSIONS
Integration of individual renewable system
with DG and battery storage is not
economically attractive, reliability &
availability also not encouraging
Integration of two or more renewable energysystem with DG is economical and improved
availability & reliability factors.
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Thank you
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