integration of point clouds from uav …€¦ · sion conclusion • high resolution uav and tls...

23
INTEGRATION OF POINT CLOUDS FROM UAV PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND LASERSCAN SURVEY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF THE RISK OF COLLAPSE OF THE VAULT OF AN UNDERGROUND CAVITY Davide Martinucci 1 , Simone Pillon 1 , Annelore Bezzi 1 , Giulia Casagrande 1 , Giorgio Fontolan 1 , Michele Potleca 2 , Fiorella Bieker 2 , Antonio Bratus 2 , Paolo Manca 2 , Rita Blanos 3 , Paolo Paganini 3 1 Università degli studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy ([email protected]) 2 Regione Autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trieste, Italy 3 Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale (OGS), Trieste, Italy EGU General Assembly Online|4 – 8 May 2020

Upload: others

Post on 20-Jul-2020

9 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: INTEGRATION OF POINT CLOUDS FROM UAV …€¦ · SION CONCLUSION • High resolution UAV and TLS surveys were successfully integrated thanks to an accurate georeferencing of the data

INTEGRATION OF POINT CLOUDS FROM UAV PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND LASERSCAN SURVEY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF THE RISK OF COLLAPSE OF THE VAULT OF AN UNDERGROUND CAVITYDavide Martinucci1, Simone Pillon1, Annelore Bezzi1, Giulia Casagrande1, Giorgio

Fontolan1, Michele Potleca2, Fiorella Bieker2, Antonio Bratus2, Paolo Manca2, Rita Blanos3,

Paolo Paganini3

1 Università degli studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy ([email protected])2 Regione Autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trieste, Italy3 Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale (OGS), Trieste, Italy

EGU General Assembly Online|4 – 8 May 2020

Page 2: INTEGRATION OF POINT CLOUDS FROM UAV …€¦ · SION CONCLUSION • High resolution UAV and TLS surveys were successfully integrated thanks to an accurate georeferencing of the data

AB

STR

AC

T

Photogrammetric surveys from UAV and LiDAR surveys are two techniques that allows the generation of very highresolution point clouds.The use of these techniques can provide a detailed reconstruction of difficult-to-access environments such asunderground cavities.A rigorous georeferencing of the acquired data allows the comparison of the hypogean development of the cave andthe overlying territory.This study presents a case of integration between these two techniques, applied to the risk assessment of thecollapse of the vaults in a natural cavity in the Trieste Karst (north east Italy).This site is particularly delicate given that on the slope above the cave there is an abandoned stone quarry.In order to survey the quarry above the cave, a flight was performed with UAV, while the cave was surveyed withLaser Scan from the ground. The flight was made using a UAV DJI Phantom RTK, which carried a 20 Mpixel 1“ sensorcamera. 8 ha of terrain was surveyed, capturing about 733 high resolution images and surveying 22 GCPs (GroundControl Point) with a GNSS RTK receiver. It was possible to reduce the number of GCPs, since the drone recorded theshooting positions very accurately with the on-board GPS RTK. Data were analyzed using Agisoft MetashapeProfessional to produce an orthophoto and a DSM (Digital Surface Model) with a ground resolution of 0.02 m and0.04 m respectively. The point cloud has a density of 586 points/m2.The LiDaR survey was carried out using an ILRIS 3D ER laser scanner from Optech. The point cloud has a density ofapproximately 2500 points/m2 and 5 stations were needed to cover the underground development of the cavity. Thegeoreferencing of the data was carried out by roto-translation on geo-referenced benchmarks, surveyed with GPSRTK and total station. The point cloud was processed using Terrascan software (Terrasolid).The two point clouds were aligned, geo-referenced and combined using Polyworks software (Innovmetric), in order toevaluate the thicknesses of the material present above the vault of the cave. The integration of epigean andhypogean data made it possible to identify some critical points related to a vault thickness of approximately 2meters, located at the quarry square.This work allowed to highlight critical issues difficult to detect without the integrated approach of these different surveymethodologies.

ABSTRACT

Page 3: INTEGRATION OF POINT CLOUDS FROM UAV …€¦ · SION CONCLUSION • High resolution UAV and TLS surveys were successfully integrated thanks to an accurate georeferencing of the data

KEY

PO

INTS

• These techniques are:

KEY POINTS

• Caves are difficult-to-access environments

• The hypogean development of a cave may present risks to the above activities due tothe possibility of collapse

• Trieste Karst (north east Italy) is a territory with high presence of caves (more than2700)

• A precise and efficient method of integration between different techniques isnecessary to survey and relate the hypogean and epigean morphology of an area

• High resolution and accuracy UAV (Unmanned AerialVehicle) for epigean morphology

• TLS (Terretrial Laser Scanner) for hypogean cavedevelopment

Page 4: INTEGRATION OF POINT CLOUDS FROM UAV …€¦ · SION CONCLUSION • High resolution UAV and TLS surveys were successfully integrated thanks to an accurate georeferencing of the data

GEO

GR

AP

HIC

AL

SET

TIN

G:

• Italy - Friuli Venezia Giulia region• Trieste Karst (classic Karst)• Duino Aurisina county• «Caterina» cave (cod.146/239VG) and the above abandoned stone quarry

«Caterina» cave and quarry

Page 5: INTEGRATION OF POINT CLOUDS FROM UAV …€¦ · SION CONCLUSION • High resolution UAV and TLS surveys were successfully integrated thanks to an accurate georeferencing of the data

STU

DY

AR

EA«CATERINA» CAVE AND THE ABOVE ABANDONED STONE QUARRY

CAVE «CATERINA»ENTRANCE

STONE QUARRY

Page 6: INTEGRATION OF POINT CLOUDS FROM UAV …€¦ · SION CONCLUSION • High resolution UAV and TLS surveys were successfully integrated thanks to an accurate georeferencing of the data

STU

DY

AR

EA«CATERINA» CAVE AND THE ABOVE ABANDONED STONE QUARRY

CAVE ENTRANCE

CAVE ENTRANCE

STONE QUARRY

Page 7: INTEGRATION OF POINT CLOUDS FROM UAV …€¦ · SION CONCLUSION • High resolution UAV and TLS surveys were successfully integrated thanks to an accurate georeferencing of the data

UA

V S

UR

VEY

UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) SURVEY

• The UAV survey was carried out using aDJI Phantom RTK, connected to HxGN Smar tnet reference stations network for real time GNSS correction

• Flight plans planned with 80% sidelap and overlap in 3D mode with camera tilted at 60°

• 8 ha of terrain surveyed

• 733 high resolution images captured

Camera locations and image overlap

Page 8: INTEGRATION OF POINT CLOUDS FROM UAV …€¦ · SION CONCLUSION • High resolution UAV and TLS surveys were successfully integrated thanks to an accurate georeferencing of the data

UA

V G

CP

PO

SIT

ION

ING

UAV GCP (Ground Control Points)

• 22 GCPs ( ) surveyed with aGNSS STONEX S9 III NRTKreceiver (connected to HxGN Smar tnet) to achieve high accuracy in geoerefencingphotogrammetrical model

• 0.05 m total RMSE

Fieldwork: GCP survey

GCPs placement

Page 9: INTEGRATION OF POINT CLOUDS FROM UAV …€¦ · SION CONCLUSION • High resolution UAV and TLS surveys were successfully integrated thanks to an accurate georeferencing of the data

UA

V D

ATA

-PR

OC

ESS

ING

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC 3D MODEL

Data were analyzed using Agisoft Metashape Professional to produce a 3D model with high accuracy and resolution

3D model with texture: GCPs and camera snapshot are represented

Page 10: INTEGRATION OF POINT CLOUDS FROM UAV …€¦ · SION CONCLUSION • High resolution UAV and TLS surveys were successfully integrated thanks to an accurate georeferencing of the data

From 3D model we generated:

ORTOPHOTO(GSD1 0.02 m/px)

DSM2

(GSD1 0.04 m/px)

1 Ground Sampling Distance; 2 Digital Surface Model

DAT

A-P

RO

CES

SIN

G

Page 11: INTEGRATION OF POINT CLOUDS FROM UAV …€¦ · SION CONCLUSION • High resolution UAV and TLS surveys were successfully integrated thanks to an accurate georeferencing of the data

POINT CLOUD (586 points/m2 density)

Closer viewPoints cloud sample display

From 3D model we generated:D

ATA

-PR

OC

ESS

ING

Page 12: INTEGRATION OF POINT CLOUDS FROM UAV …€¦ · SION CONCLUSION • High resolution UAV and TLS surveys were successfully integrated thanks to an accurate georeferencing of the data

TLS (Terrestrial Laser Scanner) SURVEY

• The LiDaR survey was carried out using an Optech

ILRIS 3D ER laser scanner.

• 5 stations were needed to cover the undergrounddevelopment of the cavity.

TLS and GPS TLS survey Total Station survey

Fieldwork

TLS

SU

RV

EY

Page 13: INTEGRATION OF POINT CLOUDS FROM UAV …€¦ · SION CONCLUSION • High resolution UAV and TLS surveys were successfully integrated thanks to an accurate georeferencing of the data

TLS BENCHMARKS

Data georeferencing was carried out by roto-translation on geo-referencedbenchmarks, surveyed with:

• GNSS Topcon GR5 NRTK

• Leica TPS 1200 total station

• Leica Disto X (v2) to survey spots hard to reach

Target

Disto X survey

GPS-Total Station survey

TLS

BEN

CH

MA

RK

S

Benchmark and target

Splash

Target

Trace

GPS

Ground target

Reference point

Types

Polygonal TS

Page 14: INTEGRATION OF POINT CLOUDS FROM UAV …€¦ · SION CONCLUSION • High resolution UAV and TLS surveys were successfully integrated thanks to an accurate georeferencing of the data

POINT CLOUD (2500 points/m2 density)

The TLS point cloud was processed using Terrascan software (Terrasolid).

TLS

DAT

A-P

RO

CES

SIN

G

TLS points cloud sample display

Page 15: INTEGRATION OF POINT CLOUDS FROM UAV …€¦ · SION CONCLUSION • High resolution UAV and TLS surveys were successfully integrated thanks to an accurate georeferencing of the data

Classified Lidar point cloud

Planimetry Sections

Volume Calculation

3D Model

Section Area Distance Max Vol. Min Vol.

Average

Vol.

# [m2] [m] [m3] [m3] [m3]

1 245,20 0

2 242,98 2 490,40 485,96 488,18

3 240,35 4 485,96 480,70 483,33

4 231,43 6 480,70 462,86 471,78

5 216,66 8 462,86 433,32 448,09

6 200,76 10 433,32 401,52 417,42

7 166,92 12 401,52 333,84 367,68

8 130,66 14 333,84 261,32 297,58

9 103,67 16 261,32 207,34 234,33

10 89,38 18 207,34 178,76 193,05

11 98,38 20 178,76 196,76 187,76

12 84,43 22 196,76 168,86 182,81

13 78,43 24 168,86 156,86 162,86

14 75,26 26 156,86 150,52 153,69

15 67,88 28 150,52 135,76 143,14

16 66,01 30 135,76 132,02 133,89

17 68,22 32 132,02 136,44 134,23

18 59,95 34 136,44 119,90 128,17

19 57,43 36 119,90 114,86 117,38

20 44,85 38 114,86 89,70 102,28

21 35,21 40 89,70 70,42 80,06

22 29,42 42 70,42 58,84 64,63

23 17,09 44 58,84 34,18 46,51

5.266,96 4.810,74 5.038,85TLS

DAT

A-P

RO

CES

SIN

GTLS point clouds classification and volume calculation through sections

Page 16: INTEGRATION OF POINT CLOUDS FROM UAV …€¦ · SION CONCLUSION • High resolution UAV and TLS surveys were successfully integrated thanks to an accurate georeferencing of the data

PO

INT

CLO

UD

S M

ERG

ETLS AND UAV POINT CLOUDS MERGE

The two point clouds were aligned, geo-referenced and combined using Polyworkssoftware (Innovmetric), in order to obtain an epigean and hypogean data model andcheck the thickness of the material placed above the vault of the cave.

UAV and TLS points cloud sample display N

Page 17: INTEGRATION OF POINT CLOUDS FROM UAV …€¦ · SION CONCLUSION • High resolution UAV and TLS surveys were successfully integrated thanks to an accurate georeferencing of the data

TLS AND UAV POINT CLOUDS MERGE: VIEWS

PO

INT

CLO

UD

S M

ERG

E

W - E E - W

NE - SW 3D view of ground contours and cave sections

Page 18: INTEGRATION OF POINT CLOUDS FROM UAV …€¦ · SION CONCLUSION • High resolution UAV and TLS surveys were successfully integrated thanks to an accurate georeferencing of the data

TLS AND UAV POINT CLOUDS MERGE: SECTIONSP

OIN

T C

LOU

DS

MER

GE

Page 19: INTEGRATION OF POINT CLOUDS FROM UAV …€¦ · SION CONCLUSION • High resolution UAV and TLS surveys were successfully integrated thanks to an accurate georeferencing of the data

TLS AND UAV POINT CLOUDS MERGE: SECTIONS

PO

INT

CLO

UD

S M

ERG

E

Page 20: INTEGRATION OF POINT CLOUDS FROM UAV …€¦ · SION CONCLUSION • High resolution UAV and TLS surveys were successfully integrated thanks to an accurate georeferencing of the data

DTMs SUBTRACTION

DS

M C

OM

PA

RIS

ON

Roof of the cave

Stone quarry

VAULT THICKNESS

Integration of DTMs derived from UAV and TLS survey

Page 21: INTEGRATION OF POINT CLOUDS FROM UAV …€¦ · SION CONCLUSION • High resolution UAV and TLS surveys were successfully integrated thanks to an accurate georeferencing of the data

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

VAULT THICKNESSRock thickness between the vault of the cave and the outer surface

Thicknesscontourlines (m)

0,0 - 1,0

1,1 - 2,0

2,1 - 3,0

3,1 - 4,0

4,1 - 5,0

5,1 - 6,0

6,1 - 7,0

7,1 - 8,0

8,1 - 9,0

9,1 - 10,0

10,1 - 11,0

11,1 - 12,0

12,1 - 13,0

13,1 - 14,0

14,1 - 15,0

15,1 - 16,0

16,1 - 17,0

17,1 - 18,0

18,1 - 19,0

19,1 - 20,0

20,1 - 21,0

21,1 - 22,0

22,1 - 23,0

Thicknessclass (m)

Analysis of critical areas due to vault thickness

CR

ITIC

AL

PO

INTS

Page 22: INTEGRATION OF POINT CLOUDS FROM UAV …€¦ · SION CONCLUSION • High resolution UAV and TLS surveys were successfully integrated thanks to an accurate georeferencing of the data

CO

NC

LUS

ION

CONCLUSION

• High resolution UAV and TLS surveys were successfully integrated thanks to anaccurate georeferencing of the data acquired

• The methodology can be useful for vulnerability assessment in similar context and forimprovement of karst phenomena research

• The integration of epigean and hypogean data made it possible to identify withhigh accuracy some critical areas related to a vault thickness, located at theborder of the quarry’s square

• The integration of UAV and TLS dense cloud made it possible to create a real andcomplete 3D model of the cave and the quarry

Page 23: INTEGRATION OF POINT CLOUDS FROM UAV …€¦ · SION CONCLUSION • High resolution UAV and TLS surveys were successfully integrated thanks to an accurate georeferencing of the data

EGU2020-7669

https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-7669

EGU General Assembly 2020© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed underthe Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION