integration of ict into an adult education program for indigenous communities
TRANSCRIPT
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Detfjrmtdhe hc DO\ deth me mluit fluomtdheprhjrma chr deldjfehus ohaauedtdfs
\bf omsf hc Jumdem, Ohiha`dm
Ifdly Sdvdmem Lmzm Pmahs
Amstfr hc ^bdihshpby deOhapmrmtdvf mel Detfremtdhemi Fluomtdhe
Lfpmrtafet chr Fluomtdhemi PfsfmrobVedvfrsdty hc Hsih
Ehvfa`fr 0>=6
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DD
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DDD
Detfjrmtdhe hc DO\ deth me mluit fluomtdhe
prhjrma chr deldjfehus ohaauedtdfs
\bf omsf hc Jumdem, Ohiha`dm.
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DS
Chrcmttfr Ifdly Sdvdmem Lmzm Pmahs
r 0>=6
Detfjrmtdhe hc DO\ deth me mluit fluomtdhe prhjrma chr deldjfehus ohaauedtdfs. \bf omsf hc
Jumdem, Ohiha`dm
Sdvdmem Lmzm Pmahs
Chrcmttfr
bttp;//www.luh.udh.eh/
\rygg; Pfprhsfetrmife, Vedvfrsdtftft d Hsih
http://www.duo.uio.no/http://www.duo.uio.no/http://www.duo.uio.no/ -
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S
M`strmot
\bds stuly fxpihrfs tbf detfjrmtdhe hc Dechramtdhe mel Ohaauedomtdhe \fobehihjdfs (DO\s)
deth mluit fluomtdhe chr deldjfehus pfhpif. Dt lhfs sh tbrhujb tbf memiysds hc m omsf stuly tbmtchousfs he me mluit fluomtdhe prhjrma dapifafetfl de Jumdem, Ohiha`dm de 0>=?. \bf
hvfrmrobdej purphsf hc tbds stuly ds th prhvdlf m oifmr uelfrstmeldej hc tbf pmrtdodpmets
pfrofptdhes rfjmrldej DO\s detfjrmtdhe deth `htb tbfdr fluomtdhe mel tbfdr ohaauedtdfs. \bds
stuly usfs m qumidtmtdvf rfsfmrob mpprhmob mel aftbhls de hrlfr th fxpihrfpmrtdodpmets vdfws
mel fxpfrdfeofs wdtb tbf prhjrma. De lhdej sh, cdeldejs mrf fxmadefl de idjbt hc Fvfrftt
Phjfrs ldccusdhe hc deehvmtdhe tbfhry mel Pdobmrl Pymes mel Flwmrl Lfods oheofpt hc
ahtdvmtdhe de fluomtdhe.
\bds stuly bms chuel tbmt pmrtdodpmets pfrofdvf tbf detfjrmtdhe hc DO\s deth tbf mluit
fluomtdhe prhjrma ms deehvmtdvf thhis tbmt phsdtdvfiy febmeof tbfdr tfmobdej mel ifmredej
prhofssfs. Ohesfqufetiy, tbds stuly rfvfmis tbmt `htb prhjrmas tfmobfrs mel stulfets vdfw
tbf usf hc DO\s de mel hutsdlf tbf oimssrhha ms me deehvmtdhe tbmt prhahtf detfrmotdvf mel
lyemado oimssfs. De mlldtdhe, cdeldejs sujjfst tbmt pmrtdodpmets pfrofptdhes hc tbf detfjrmtdhe
mel usf hc DO\s de tbf fluomtdhe prhjrma oihsfiy rfimtfs th tbfdr ahtdvmtdhes th tfmob, stuly
mel ifmre. Mish pmrtdodpmets pfrofdvf tbf detfjrmtdhe hc DO\s deth tbf fluomtdhe prhjrma mel
tbfdr ohaauedtdfs ms me hpphrtuedty th moofss gehwifljf mel dechramtdhe ms wfii ms th
ohaauedomtf wdtb htbfrs mel tbfrfhc fetfr tbf ldjdtmi whril.
Lfspdtf cdeldejs jfefrmiiy sbhw tbmt pmrtdodpmets vdfws mrf imrjfiy phsdtdvf, tbfrf mrf mish
htbfr ohecidotdej mspfots tbmt rfvfmi pmrtdodpmetsefjmtdvf pfrofptdhes. Chr destmeof, tbf DO\
thhis detfjrmtfl de tbf prhjrma mrf ohesdlfrfl ms vfry ldccdouit lfvdofs th bmelif `y shaf hc
tbf pmrtdodpmets, wbdob ohesdlfrm`iy idadt tbf usf hc tbfsf thhis chr tbfdr tfmobdej mel ifmredej
prhofss. De mlldtdhe, cdeldejs sujjfst tbmt pmrtdodpmets ohesdlfr tbmt tbf usf hc DO\s de tbfdr
ohaauedtdfs ome devhivf fxtfesdvf efjmtdvf fccfots he tbfdr ouiturf. \bfdr oheofres prdamrdiy
deoiulf yhuej ohaauedty afa`frs wbh mrf ohetdeuhusiy de ohetmot wdtb tfobehihjdfs (f.j.
\S, detfreft, ohaputfrs, tm`ifts mel vdlfh-jmafs) mel wbh eh ihejfr wmet th jft devhivfl de
trmldtdhemi mel ouiturmi motdvdtdfs wdtbde tbf ohaauedtdfs.
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SD
Mogehwifljafets
\bf cuicdiiafet hc tbds amstfr tbfsds whuil eht `f phssd`if wdtbhut tbf supphrt mel
pmrtdodpmtdhe hc whelfrcui pfhpif. Cdrst hc mii, D wmet th fxprfss ay lffpfst jrmtdtulf th aysupfrvdshr Lr. Jrtm @krg Juauelslttdr, chr bfr devmium`if supphrt, feohurmjfafet mel
gdelefss. Bfr gehwifljfm`if judlmeof mel usfcui ordtdqufs hc tbds amstfr tbfsds fxbhrtfl af
th miwmys lh ay `fst. Mii ay jrmtdtulf, mladrmtdhe mel rfspfot jh hut th bfr.
D whuil idgf th fxprfss ay sdeofrfst tbmegs th ay pmrfets, Sdothr mel Amrjhtb, chr mii yhur
supphrt mel tbmt ueoheldtdhemi ihvf D ohestmetiy cffi rfjmrlifss hc tdaf mel ldstmeof. Amadtm,
pmpdth; ihs mah decdedtmafetf, adi jrmodms! Mish, ay jrmtdtulf jhfs hut th ay lfmr Obrds, chr
yhur pmtdfeof, felifss supphrt mel ihvf. Fvfry stfp de tbds khurefy wms fmsdfr wdtb yhu `y ay
sdlf. D mish wmet th tbmeg ay lfmr crdfels de Ehrwmy mel fisfwbfrf, tbmeg yhu chr hpfedej
yhur bfmrts mel hccfrdej af yhur crdfelsbdp mel supphrt. D ma fspfodmiiy jrmtfcui th ay
crdfels de tbf ODF 0>=?-0>=6 prhjrma7 yhu bmvf amlf tbds khurefy `fmutdcui, cue mel
afahrm`if.
Imst, `ut eht ifmst, D whuil idgf th jrmet m jrfmt \bmeg Thu th mii tbf pmrtdodpmets wbh wfrf
devhivfl de tbf ohapiftdhe hc tbds stuly. Fspfodmiiy th tbf whelfrcui deldjfehus ohaauedtdfsmel pfhpif de Jumdem wbh hpfefl tbfdr bhafs mel idvfs th af lurdej tbf cdfilwhrg. D wdii
miwmys rfafa`fr tbds cmetmstdo fxpfrdfeof. Cdemiiy, ay jrmtfcui tbmegs mrf mish fxtfelfl th
mii tbf stmcc mt tbf Cuelmode \rmeschrafahs, chr yhur ohhpfrmtdhe mel supphrt.
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SDD
\m`if hc ohetfets
M`strmot ..................................................................................................................................... S
Mogehwifljafets .................................................................................................................... SD
\m`if hc ohetfets ..................................................................................................................... SDD
Idst hc cdjurfs, tm`ifs mel pbhths .............................................................................................. R
Idst hc m``rfvdmtdhes ................................................................................................................. RD
= Detrhluotdhe ........................................................................................................................ =
Deldjfehus mel mluit fluomtdhe de Ohiha`dm .............................................................. 0=.=
Mda hc tbf stuly mel rfsfmrob qufstdhes ..................................................................... ?.?.=
Mluit fluomtdhe de Ohiha`dm ............................................................................. 00?.?.0
Deldjfehus fluomtdhe de Ohiha`dm ..................................................................... 0?
?.?.?
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SDDD
6 Pfsfmrob aftbhlhihjy ..................................................................................................... ?2
_hodmi sodfeof rfsfmrob .............................................................................................. ?26.=
Pmtdhemif chr obhhsdej tbf qumidtmtdvf rfsfmrob mpprhmob ......................................... ?46.0
Pfsfmrob lfsdje .........................................................................................................
6.? Pfsfmrob sdtf ..............................................................................................................
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DR
Velfrstmeldej pmrtdodpmets pfrofptdhes............................................................ 2=:.=.=
DO\ detfjrmtdhe de tbf deldjfehus ohaauedtdfs ........................................................ 22:.0
Ohesfqufeofs hc deehvmtdhes ............................................................................. 22:.0.=
\fesdhes ............................................................................................................. 4>
:.0.0 Oheoiusdhe ................................................................................................................. 4=:.?
2
Pfcfrfeofs ........................................................................................................................ 46
Mppfeldx DD. ........................................................................................................................... =>2
Mppfeldx DDD. .......................................................................................................................... ===
Mppfeldx DS. .......................................................................................................................... ==?
Mppfeldx S. ........................................................................................................................... ==6
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R
Idst hc cdjurfs, tm`ifs mel pbhths
CdjurfsCdjurf 0.=; ^hidtdomi amp hc Jumdem mel dts ihomtdhe de Ohiha`dm ... 3
Cdjurf 0.0; \rmeschrafahs prhjrma Oyoif = tfxt-`hhg . =>
Cdjurf
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RD
Idst hc m``rfvdmtdhes
OHECD\FM Detfremtdhemi Ohecfrfeof he Mluit Fluomtdhe
LMEF Lfpmrtmafeth Mladedstrmtdvh Emodhemi lf Fstmldstdom (Emtdhemi Mladedstrmtdvf
Lfpmrtafet hc _tmtdstdos
FCM Fluomtdhe Chr Mii jhmis (VEF_OH)
CMPO Cufrzms Pfvhiuodhemrdms lf Ohiha`dm (Pfvhiutdhemry Mrafl Chrofs hc
Ohiha`dm)
DO\ Dechramtdhe mel Ohaauedomtdhe \fobehihjy
DIH Detfremtdhemi Im`hr Hrjmedzmtdhe
ALJ Adiifeedua Lfvfihpafet Jhmis
AFE Adedstfrdh lf Fluomode Emodhemi (Ohiha`dm Adedstry hc Fluomtdhe)
AHF Adedstry hc Fluomtdhe
HEDO Hrjmedzmode Deljfem lf Ohiha`dm (Ohiha`dme Deldjfehus Hrjmedzmtdhe)
_FD^ _dstfam Fluomtdvh Deljfem ^rhpdh (Hwe Deldjfehus Fluomtdhe _ystfa)
_L\ _fic-lftfrademtdhe \bfhry
_DEOBD Destdtuth Mamzedoh lf Devfstdjmodhefs Odfetcdoms (Mamzhe Destdtutf hc
_odfetdcdo Pfsfmrob)
VDF VEF_OH Destdtutf chr Fluomtdhe
VDI VEF_OH Destdtutf chr Idcfihej Ifmredej
VEL^ Vedtfl Emtdhes Lfvfihpafet rhjrma
VEF_OH Vedtfl Emtdhes Fluomtdhemi, _odfetdcdo mel Ouiturmi Hrjmedzmtdhe
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=
= Detrhluotdhe
\bf fluomtdhe prhvdsdhe chr deldjfehus pfhpif sffas th `f hef hc tbf ahst ehthrdhus
obmiifejfs chr Imtde-Mafrdome jhvfreafets (_obafigfs, 0>==). Euafrhus stuldfs bmvf
tbhrhujbiy lhouafetfl m ihej bdsthry hc fxoiusdhe mel ldsordademtdhe hc phhr pfhpif,
fspfodmiiy mjmdest deldjfehus ohaauedtdfs, wbdob bms rfsuitfl de bdjbiy uefqumi shodftdfs de
Imtde-Mafrdome ohuetrdfs (VEL , 0>=?). ^rhluot hc ldsordademtdhe mel jhvfreafetmi efjifot
amey deldjfehus pfhpif de tbf rfjdhe bmvf efvfr mttfelfl sobhhi hr wfrf chrofl th lrhp-hut
mt me fmriy stmjf luf th vmrdhus rfmshes. \bfrfchrf, diidtfrmoy cdjurfs mahej yhutb mel mluit
pfhpif de tbfsf ohuetrdfs mrf bdjb ms rfohrlfl de tbf Jih`mi Ahedthrdej rfphrt he Fluomtdhe
Chr Mii (FCM) jhmis (VEF_OH, 0>=?).
De rfofet lfomlfs, tbf ldsohursf mel rfsfmrob he deldjfehus fluomtdhe mel idtfrmoy bms jmdefl
deorfmsdej mttfetdhe mahej tbf sobhimrs wbh mrf detfrfstfl de tbf deldjfehus pfhpifs
fluomtdhemi effls. \h emaf shaf hc tbfsf stuldfs, _obafigfs (0>>6), oheluotfl m stuly he
tbf defqumidty hc prdamry fluomtdhe de rurmi mrfms de Afxdoh mel de 0>=< _obafigfs stuldfl
tbf bdjbfr fluomtdhe prhvdsdhe chr deldjfehus pfhpif de Afxdoh ms wfii. _dadimriy, Pfdafrs
(0>>>) jmtbfrfl, de bds `hhg Vefqumi sobhhis, uefqumi obmeofs, rfsfmrob stuldfs hc sfvfrmi
mutbhrs de ldccfrfet ohuetrdfs de Imtde Mafrdom. Chr fxmapif, Zdegifr (0>>>) chousfl bds
stuly he fluomtdhe chr ldsmlvmetmjfl rurmi mel deldjfehus obdilrfe de Imtde Mafrdom mel tbf
Omrd``fme. _obdfcfi`fde (0>>>), whrgfl he fluomtdhe mel phvfrty de Obdif mel _mradfeth
(0>>>), stuldfl fqudty mel fluomtdhe de Ohiha`dm. Pfsfmrobfrs mrjuf tbmt, de rfofet yfmrs,
deldjfehus fluomtdhe prhvdsdhe bms swdtobfl crha me mssdadimtdhe mpprhmob tbmt wms wdlfiy
prmotdofl de ohuetrdfs suob ms @hidvdm, Jumtfamim, Afxdoh mel Ohiha`dm thwmrls me mpprhmob
tbmt mogehwifljfs deldjfehus ouiturfs, imejumjfs mel whrilvdfws ms gfy ohaphefets hc tbfdr
fluomtdhe (Ihpfz & Gpfr, 0>>>, lf Afkdm, =442).
Moohrldej th VEF_OH, idtfrmoy mel mluit ifmredej pimy m vfry daphrtmet rhif de tbf
lfvfihpafet hc ldsmlvmetmjfl ohaauedtdfs. \bus, fluomtdhe ds `fidfvfl th faphwfr pfhpif
mel prhvdlf tbfa wdtb tbf sgdiis th hvfrohaf phvfrty mel chrjf `fttfr obmeofs th daprhvf
tbfdr idcf oheldtdhes (VEF_OH, 0>=6). Velfr tbds pfrspfotdvf, fluomtdhe chr deldjfehus
pfhpif, wbh idvf de phvfrty mel bmvf `ffe lfprdvfl hc tbfdr rdjbts th imel, bfmitb, mel shodmi
sfrvdofs, amy ohetrd`utf th miifvdmtf tbfdr oheldtdhe mel prhvdlf tbfa wdtb tbf efofssmry thhis
th strfejtb tbfdr ohaauedtdfs lfvfihpafet. He tbds dssuf, sfvfrmi rfsfmrobfrs bmvf
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0
lhouafetfl tbf emturf mel daphrtmeof hc fluomtdhe chr deldjfehus pfhpif. Jfefrmiiy, tbhsf
stuldfs chous he tbf ouiturmi mel idejudstdo rfifvmeof tbmt fluomtdhe sbhuil deoiulf wbfe
mllrfssdej deldjfehus ohaauedtdfs. \bus, dssufs suob ms idtfrmoy de tbf deldjfehus imejumjfs
(wbfe tbfsf bmvf me mipbm`ft) mel de tbf hccdodmi imejumjf hc tbf ohuetry, tbf strfejtbfedej hc
deldjfehus dlfetdty mel deldjfehus pfhpifs shodmi mel phidtdomi pmrtdodpmtdhe mrf rfifvmet de
tbf mjfelm chr fluomtdhe rfsfmrob mel phidoy amgdej (Ouaades, 0>>47 @rfdlidl, 0>=?7
_obafigfs, 0>==7 Jmrodm, 0>>4). Ms bms `ffe sbhrtiy lfsord`fl fluomtdhe chr mluits mel
yhutb, fspfodmiiy deldjfehus pfhpif, bms `ffe mllrfssfl ms m prdhrdty `y sfvfrmi rfsfmrobfrs
mel bms oimdafl ahrf mttfetdhe crha jhvfreafets mel phidoy amgfrs lurdej tbf imst lfomlfs
de Imtde-Mafrdom. \bf ohrf chous chuel de tbf idtfrmturf rfimtfs th tbf deldjfehus imejumjfs,
ftbedo dlfetdty mel ouiturmi mel pbysdomi prfsfrvmtdhe (_obafigfs, 0>==7 lf Afkdm, =4427
Ipfz, 0>=>2).
De spdtf hc tbf fcchrts amlf th rfmob tbf ahst vuiefrm`if ohaauedtdfs de tbf ohuetry, tbfrf mrf
cfw mluit fluomtdhe mel idtfrmoy prhjrmas chr hut hc sobhhi yhutb mel mluits de euafrhus
rfjdhes wdtbde Ohiha`dm. \bds cmot moohuets chr tbf pfrofetmjf hc diidtfrmtf pfhpif de tbf
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?
ohuetry tbmt mpprhxdamtfs th 3% (VEF_OH, 0>=6). Me fxmapif hc tbds sdtumtdhe ds tbf
Mamzhe rfjdhe de Ohiha`dm, wbdob ds bhaf th sfvfrmi deldjfehus ohaauedtdfs wbh bmvf
debm`dtfl tbf imel chr ofeturdfs. Mitbhujb tbf Mamzhe rfjdhe ohvfrs me daphrtmet pmrt hc tbf
emtdhemi tfrrdthry dts phpuimtdhe ds mahejst tbf ahst vuiefrm`if mel ldsordademtfl mjmdest de
tbf ohuetry. Chr destmeof, tbf Jumdem ohuety ihomtfl de tbf Mamzhe rfjdhe `hrlfrdej @rmzdi
mel Sfefzufim ds bhaf th mpprhxdamtfiy =0,>>> deldjfehus pfhpif wbh mrf ldvdlfl deth 03
ftbedo jrhups. Bhwfvfr, tbf rfjdhe ds mish obmrmotfrdzfl `y m bdjb rmtf hc phvfrty (:2.2%) mel
(=:%) hc diidtfrmoy mahej dts debm`dtmets (LMEF, 0>>6).
Ohesfqufetiy, de 0>=? tbf Adedstry hc fluomtdhe, tbf rfjdhemi fluomtdhe sforftmrdmt mel tbf
ihomi jhvfreafet de Jumdem prhvdlfl m chrami mluit fluomtdhe prhjrma chr hut -hc-sobhhi
yhutb mel mluits. \bds fluomtdhe prhjrma wms lfvfihpfl mel mppidfl `y tbf Cuelmode
\rmeschrafahs, me hrjmedzmtdhe crha tbf odvdi shodfty tbmt bms dapifafetfl idtfrmoy mel mluit
fluomtdhe prhjrmas de mpprhxdamtfiy 06 sdtfs de Ohiha`dm lurdej tbf imst edef yfmrs. \bf
mluit fluomtdhe prhjrma wms `udit uphe tbf rfsuits hc me ftbehjrmpbdo stuly omrrdfl hut de
Jumdem `y tbf \rmeschrafahs chuelmtdhe de 0>=0. \bf hutohafs hc tbds stuly wfrf
ohesdlfrfl de hrlfr th mlmpt tbf ourrdouiua moohrldej th tbf deldjfehus ohaauedtdfs effls
mel ouiturfs (\rmeschrafahs, 0>=
yfmrs hil wbh bmvf lrhppfl hut hc sobhhi hr wbh efvfr mttfelfl hef. De mlldtdhe, tbf
prhjrma mish detfjrmtfs tbf usf hc tfobehihjy lfvdofs ms thhis th afldmtf ifmredej de mel
hutsdlf tbf oimssrhha. Mii tbf stulfets mel tfmobfrs de tbf \rmeschrafahsprhjrma de Jumdem
wfrf jdvfe ldjdtmi tm`ifts, wbdob bml shctwmrf tbmt detfjrmtfs mii tbf destruotdhemi tmsgs, thpdos,
motdvdtdfs mel fxfrodsfs crha tbf ourrdouiua. _deof tbfrf ds vfry idadtfl moofss th detfreft de
tbf rfjdhe, tbf shctwmrf detfjrmtfl de tbf tm`ifts ohuil `f usfl hcc-idef de mel hutsdlf tbf
oimssrhha. \bf DO\ detfjrmtdhe de tbf mluit fluomtdhe prhjrma jrmetfl emtdhemi meldetfremtdhemi afldm mttfetdhe sdeof dt ds ohesdlfrfl me deehvmtdhe de tbf fcchrt th prhvdlf
fluomtdhe chr deldjfehus ohaauedtdfs de tbf ohuetry.
Ohesdlfrdej tbf mchrfafetdhefl detfjrmtdhe hc Dechramtdhe mel ohaauedomtdhe tfobehihjdfs
(DO\), tbds stuly ds detfrfstfl de fxpihrdej mel uelfrstmeldej pmrtdodpmets pfrofptdhes he tbf
detfjrmtdhe hc DO\s de tbf mluit fluomtdhe prhjrma mel tbfdr deldjfehus ohaauedtdfs. Lurdej
tbf imst lfomlfs, tbf detfjrmtdhe hc DO\ de fluomtdhe bms lfvfihpfl m jrhwdej detfrfst de
detfremtdhemi momlfado rfsfmrob. _haf rfsfmrobfrs `fidfvf tbmt DO\ deciufeofs tbf lyemados
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=?7 Zmrsobmufr. 0>>>07
Zmrsobmufr, 0>==). Vechrtuemtfiy, idttif ds gehwe m`hut tbf rhif hc DO\ detfjrmtdhe he
fluomtdhe chr deldjfehus pfhpif de Ohiha`dm. Ohesfqufetiy, tbds stuly detfels th fxmadef tbf
rhif hc tbf DO\ detfjrmtdhe deth tbf \rmeschrafahs mluit fluomtdhe prhjrma dapifafetfl de
Jumdem. _pfodcdomiiy, tbds stuly wdii fxmadef tbf pmrtdodpmets uelfrstmeldejs mel vdfws
rfjmrldej tbf rhif hc DO\ de tbfdr tfmobdej mel ifmredej prhofss mel deldjfehus ohaauedtdfs.
Mda hc tbf stuly mel rfsfmrob qufstdhes=.0
\bf prdamry mda hc tbds stuly ds th uelfrstmel mel fxpihrf pmrtdodpmets pfrofptdhes hc tbf
detfjrmtdhe hc DO\s deth tbf mluit fluomtdhe prhjrma omrrdfl hut de Jumdem. _pfodcdo mttfetdhe
wdii `f jdvfe th tbf pmrtdodpmets vhdofs mel uelfrstmeldej hc tbf detfjrmtdhe hc DO\s deth tbfdr
fluomtdhe mel deth tbfdr deldjfehus ohaauedtdfs.
De hrlfr th judlf tbds stuly tbf chiihwdej rfsfmrob qufstdhes mrf fxpihrfl;
=. Bhw lh tbf prhjrma tfmobfrs mel stulfets pfrofdvf tbf rhif hc DO\ thhis de tbfdr
tfmobdej mel ifmredej prhofss8
0. Zbmt mrf tbf prhjrma tfmobfrs mel stulfets pfrofptdhes he tbf detfjrmtdhe hc tbf
tm`ifts de tbf deldjfehus ohaauedtdfs8
_truoturf hc tbf tbfsds=.?\bds tbfsds bms sfvfe obmptfrs. Chiihwdej tbds detrhluotdhe, obmptfr twh detrhluofs tbf
`mogjrhuel dechramtdhe m`hut tbf prhjrma mel tbf Jumdem rfjdhe de Ohiha`dm. Obmptfr ?
fxpihrfs tbf rfifvmet idtfrmturf chr mluit mel DO\ fluomtdhe ms wfii ms tbf ohetfxt chr
fluomtdhe de Ohiha`dm. Obmptfr < prhvdlfs me moohuet hc tbf stulys memiytdomi crmafwhrg
mel tbfhrdfs. Obmptfr 6 wdii prfsfet tbf aftbhlhihjdomi mspfots hc tbds stuly wbdif obmptfr 3
wdii fxpihrf tbf cdeldejs crha tbds fequdry. Cdemiiy, obmptfr : prhvdlfs m suaamry hc tbf
amkhr cdeldejs, ldsoussdhe hc tbfsf mel m cdemi oheoiusdhe.
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6
0 Ohetfxtumi `mogjrhuel
\bf sfotdhes tbmt chiihw prfsfet m jfefrmi hvfrvdfw hc Jumdem, Ohiha`dm, tbf rfjdhe wbfrf
tbf cdfilwhrg chr tbds stuly wms oheluotfl. Mish, tbds obmptfr prhvdlfs `mogjrhuel
dechramtdhe m`hut tbf \rmeschrafahs chuelmtdhe mel dts mluit fluomtdhe prhjrma.
\bf Jumdem rfjdhe0.=
\bf sdtf chr ay stuly prdamrdiy chousfs he Dedrdlm mel htbfr samii rurmi auedodpmidtdfs de tbf
Jumdem ohuety de Ohiha`dm. Dedrdlm ds tbf ompdtmi odty hc Jumdem (sff cdjurf 0,=) ihomtfl de
tbf shutb-fmst rfjdhe hc Ohiha`dm efmr tbf Sfefzufime mel @rmzdidme `hrlfrs de tbf Mamzhe.
Jumdem ds m rfimtdvfiy efw tfrrdthry. Dt wms heiy hccdodmiiy rfohjedzfl ms m ohuety de tbf
emtdhemi phidtdomi ohestdtutdhe hc =44=.
\brhujbhut bdsthry, Jumdem mel ahrf spfodcdomiiy, Dedrdlm, bmvf wdtefssfl m wdlf rmejf hc
`hha mel `ust oyoifs de dts shodh-fohehadomi spbfrfs. Lurdej tbf cdrst pmrt hc tbf 0>tb
ofetury tbf fohehay wms lrdvfe `y tbf fxpihdtmtdhe hc ru``fr mel imtfr hc jhil. \bds sdtumtdhe
prhahtfl tbf ah`didzmtdhe hc wbdtf/afstdzh pfhpif crha htbfr rfjdhes de Ohiha`dm ms wfii ms
chrfdjefrs th fstm`idsb tbfdr fohehado mel shodmi idvfs de Jumdem, tmgdej mlvmetmjf hc tbfstrmtfjdomiiy `hrlfr ihomtdhe hc tbf rfjdhe. \h tbf mchrfafetdhefl, tbf sdtumtdhe de Jumdem
wms systfamtdomiiy mjjrmvmtfl, ms dt wms chr tbf rfst hc tbf ohuetry, `y tbf detfremi mrafl
ohecidot prhluofl `y tbf ohecrhetmtdhe hc diifjmi mrafl jrhups mel tbf stmtf adidtmry chrofs.
@y tbf imtf =42>s tbf lfpmrtafet hc Jumdem, ms amey htbfr surrhueldej rfjdhes de tbf shutb
hc Ohiha`dm, wms lhademtfl `y tbf CMPO jufrrdiim, cmot wbdob lrmamtdomiiy deorfmsfl tbf
vdhifeof de tbf auedodpmidtdfs mel tbf rurmi mrfms, ms wfii ms tbf prhluotdhe hc diidodt emrohtdos
(_DEOBD, 0>>3).
Moohrldej th tbf mladedstrmtdvf lfpmrtafet chr emtdhemi stmtdstdos (LMEF), tbf phpuimtdhe de
Jumdem wms fstdamtfl th `f m`hut ,0>? debm`dtmets de 0>=?, wdtb 34% debm`dtdej rurmi mrfms
wbdif m ?>.4% debm`dtdej ur`me mrfms. Dedrdlm, dts ompdtmi mel `djjfst auedodpmidty, bms me
mpprhxdamtf phpuimtdhe hc =4,>43 debm`dtmets. Moohrldej th tbf imst phpuimtdhe ohuet omrrdfl
hut `y LMEF de 0>>6, mpprhxdamtfiy 3
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_hurof; Destdtuth jfhjrmcdoh Mjustde Ohlmzzd
Dedrdlm
\bf deldjfehus pfhpif wbh debm`dt Jumdem mrf ldspfrsfl mihej tbf tfrrdthry. \bfsf imels mrfbdjbiy rdob de emturmi rfshurofs. Ourrfetiy, tbfrf mrf sfvfrmi adefrmi fxpihdtmtdhe prhkfots de
tbf mrfm7 bhwfvfr, tbfrf mrf mish prhtfotfl imels luf th dts uedquf `dhldvfrsdty. Imel rhmls
mel trmesphrtmtdhe rhutfs de Jumdem mrf somrof mel daphvfrdsbfl. \bfrfchrf dt ds ldccdouit th
rfmob tbhsf deldjfehus vdiimjfs mel sfttifafets tbmt mrf sprfml mihej rdvfrsdlfs mel mrf lffp
de tbf chrfst. De thtmi, tbfrf mrf 03 deldjfehus imels (rfsfrvmtdhes), wbdob rfprfsfet 36.0>% hc
tbf thtmi tfrrdthry. \bfrf mrf euafrhus deldjfehus ohaauedtdfs de Jumdem7 fmob hef bms dts
hwe imejumjfs, ouiturfs mel trmldtdhes. \bfsf cmothrs moohuet chr tbf rdob ouiturmi melidejudstdo ldvfrsdty de tbf rfjdhe (LMEF, 0>>:).
\bfrf mrf chur amde deldjfehus jrhups de Jumdem; tbf Ourrdpmoh, ^dmphoh, ^udemvf mel
_dgumed. Mitbhujb tbfrf mrf amey ahrf deldjfehus ohaauedtdfs de tbf ohuety, tbf
mchrfafetdhefl jrhups mrf tbf ahst euafrhus mel rfprfsfetmtdvf de Jumdem. _haf hc tbf
deldjfehus ohaauedtdfs wbh debm`dt Jumdem stdii chiihw tbfdr trmldtdhes, ouiturf mel
idvfidbhhls. Chr destmeof, deldjfehus jrhups bmvf tbfdr hwe imejumjf, deoiuldej wrdttfe
chras, wbdob wfrf detrhluofl mel struoturfl `y sfvfrmi fvmejfidsts suob ms _hpbdm Aiifr
Cdjurf 0.=; ^hidtdomi amp hc Jumdem mel dts ihomtdhe de Ohiha`dm
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\m`if 0.=; Ftbedo ohaauedtdfs de Jumdem
lurdej tbf cdrst pmrt hc tbf RR ofetury (_DEOBD, 0>>3). Deldjfehus jrhups de Jumdem mish
fejmjf de cdsbdej mel buetdej motdvdtdfs7 typdomiiy, tbfy hwe m imel wbfrf tbfy ouitdvmtf mel
prhofss chhl. _haf deldjfehus pfhpif pmrtdodpmtf de rdtumis, mel bhil rfidjdhus `fidfcs mel
gehwifljf hc trmldtdhemi emturmi afldodef. Moohrldej th LMEF, tbf Ourrdpmoh ohaauedty ds
tbf `djjfst deldjfehus jrhup de Jumdem wdtb % hc tbf phpuimtdhe de tbf ohuety (LMEF, 0>>6). \bf chiihwdej tm`if diiustrmtfs tbf
deldjfehusphpuimtdhes pfrofetmjfs, tbfdr imejumjf rhhts mel tbf ohuetrdfs tbfy debm`dt.
Ohihedzmtdhe mel tbf su`-sfqufet rdsf hc vdhifeof mel ldspimofafet bmvf bml prhchuel fccfots
he tbf shodh-ouiturmi mel fohehado wfii-`fdej hc deldjfehus pfhpif de Jumdem. Moohrldej th
_DEOBD (0>>3), de Jumdem, shaf hc tbf deldjfehus imejumjfs, ouiturfs mel whrilvdfws mrf
stdii rfprfsfetfl `y tbf vmrdfl ftbedo jrhups wbh debm`dt tbf rfjdhe. Bhwfvfr, dts fxdstfeof ds
de daadefet lmejfr mel rfqudrfs tbf stmtf th orfmtf `fttfr mitfremtdvfs th prhtfot tbfa. De
Ohiha`dm, tbf Emtdhemi ^hidtdomi Ohestdtutdhe hc =44= rfohjedzfs tbf deldjfehus pfhpifs
rdjbts mel, mahej tbfsf, fstm`idsbfs tbf pmrmaftfrs chr fluomtdhe chr auitdftbedo mel
auitdidejumi adehrdtdfs de tbf ohuetry tbrhujb tbf ify jfefrmi lf fluomode ==6 (Jfefrmi
Fluomtdhe Imw ==6) mel judldej lhouafets suob ms tbf _FD^ (Hwe Deldjfehus Fluomtdhe
_ystfa), wbdob wdii `f fxpimdefl curtbfr ds obmptfr tbrff.
Lfspdtf tbf stmtus hc Jumdem ms hef hc tbf ahst ldvfrsf mel auitdouiturmi rfjdhes de tbf
ohuetry, dt ds mish hef hc tbf ahst vuiefrm`if mel uelfrlfvfihpfl rfjdhes, wdtb bdjb rmtfs hc
phvfrty mel diidtfrmoy. Moohrldej th m rfphrt prhluofl `y LMEF de 0>>6, fluomtdhe cdjurfs de
Jumdem mrf ihw ohapmrfl wdtb tbf emtdhemi pfrofetmjf, mel ferhiiafet rmtfs mrf vfry ihw ms
wfii. De Jumdem heiy m`hut
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hc lfsfrtdhe mel diidtfrmoy mrf vfry bdjb7 tbf diidtfrmoy rmtf ds m`hvf tbf twh cdjurfs mt =2.?%
(LMEF, 0>>6).
\bf detfrmotdvf \rmechrafahs fluomelh0.0systfa
\bf chuelmtdhe chr shodmi lfvfihpafet \rmeschrafahs ds m eheprhcdt odvdi shodfty
hrjmedzmtdhe tbmt wms orfmtfl de Ohiha`dm de 0>>3. \bf chuelmtdheshvfrmii h`kfotdvf ds th
chrjf buame mel ohaauedty lfvfihpafet tbrhujb fluomtdhemi prhvdsdhes chr ldsmlvmetmjfl
pfhpif. _pfodcdomiiy, tbf chuelmtdhesmda ds th prhvdlf fluomtdhe chr yhutb mel mluits wbh,
luf th vmrdhus rfmshes, lrhppfl-hut hr efvfr mttfelfl tbf chrami fluomtdhe systfa.
Ohesfqufetiy, tbf chuelmtdhe sffgs th faphwfr pfhpif mel prhvdlf tbfa wdtb thhis th
daprhvf tbfdr idcf oheldtdhes tbrhujb ohetfxtumidzfl mel rfifvmet fluomtdhe. \bf
\rmeschrafahs fluomelh systfa `fmrs de adel rfjdhemi mel ouiturmi ldccfrfeofs, mel de
lhdej sh, tbf fluomtdhe prhjrmas mrf spfodcdomiiy struoturfl moohrldej th tbf rfjdhes mel
ohaauedtdfs wbfrf tbf prhjrma ds dapifafetfl.
De mlldtdhe, tbf \rmeschrafahsprhjrma mish bdjbidjbts tbf cuelmafetmi rhif hc tfobehihjy de
fluomtdhe ms m afmes th strfejtbfe pfhpifs ldjdtmi sgdiis mel tbfrfchrf, tbfdr cuturfhpphrtuedtdfs. \bf chuelmtdhe chstfrs tbf orfmtdhe hc detfrmotdvf oimssrhhas wdtb ldccfrfet
tfobehihjdomi thhis suob ms ldjdtmi tm`ifts, vdlfh-`fmas, ohaputfrs mel tbf usf hc detfreft
wbfe mvmdim`if. \bf \rmeschrafahs detfrmotdvf systfa mish deoiulfs hcc-idef shctwmrf, wbdob
deoiulfs muldh-tfxts, vdlfhs, fxfrodsfs, mel prhjrma ohetfet. \bf chuelmtdhes h`kfotdvf dsth
fejmjf ohaauedtdfs deth idtfrmoy mel ldjdtmi ouiturfs sdauitmefhusiy (\rmeschrafahs, e.l.
(m))
\bf \rmeschrafahs fluomelh systfa ohevfys pflmjhjdomi, ohetfxtumi, ldjdtmi mel detfrmotdvf
ohaphefets de tbf mluit fluomtdhe prhjrmas. \bf chuelmtdhe mish dlfetdcdfs cifxd`didty mel
qumidty hc fluomtdhe ms gfy fifafets chr struoturdej tbf ourrdouiuas chr mluit fluomtdhe. \bus,
`fchrf dapifafetdej tbf prhjrmas tbf chuelmtdhe mlkusts mel struoturfs fmob ourrdouiua de
moohrlmeof wdtb tbf ohaauedtdfs mel rfjdhesspfodcdo effls. \bfrfchrf, tbf fluomtdhe ds eht
heiy cifxd`if `ut mish afmedejcui chr tbf prhjrmas stulfets(\rmeschrafahs, e.l. (m)).
\bf \rmeschrafahs fluomelh sytfa ds ifjmiiy `msfl he tbf Lforff-Imw ?>== hc =44: (sff
curtbfr obmptfr tbrff), wbdob fstm`idsbfs tbf ifjdsimtdhe mel pmrmaftfrs chr mluit fluomtdhe de
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tbf ohuetry (AFE, =44:). Ohesfqufetiy, tbf chuelmtdhe hccfrs detfrmotdvf chrami fluomtdhe
systfas chr fifafetmry fluomtdhe (idtfrmoy prhjrmas), `msdo sfohelmry fluomtdhe mel uppfr-
sfohelmry fluomtdhe, `msfl he tbf hccdodmi stmelmrls mel ourrdouimr judlfidefs fstm`idsbfl `y
tbf emtdhemi AhF. \bfrfchrf, tbf \rmeschrafahs prhjrmas eht heiy mda th tmogif tbf bdjb
diidtfrmoy rmtfs de Ohiha`dm, `ut mish prhvdlf pfhpif wdtb tbf efofssmry sgdiis th cdedsb bdjb
sobhhi mel `fjde tfrtdmry hr vhomtdhemi fluomtdhe (\rmeschrafahs, 0>=>.>>> pfhpif.
_deof dts orfmtdhe, tbf \rmeschrafahs chuelmtdhe bms whrgfl th fluomtf yhutb mel mluits chr
pfmof wbdif chstfrdej afmedejcui ifmredej fevdrheafets mel shodmi lfvfihpafet chr
ldsmlvmetmjfl phpuimtdhes de Ohiha`dm. \bf chuelmtdhe bms `ffe mwmrlfl wdtb sdjedcdometprdzfs hvfr tbf yfmrs. Chr destmeof, de 0>=0 VEF_OH mwmrlfl tbf chuelmtdhe wdtb tbf
VEF_OH-OHECVODV_ prdzf chr idtfrmoy, wbdob rfohjedzfs tbf motdvdtdfs hc deldvdlumis mel
hrjmedzmtdhes wbh whrg he idtfrmoy prhjrmas, fspfodmiiy wdtb rurmi mluits mel hut-hc-sobhhi
yhutb mrhuel tbf whril (\rmeschrafahs, e.l. (m)).
\bf \rmeschrafahs fluomelhprhjrma de Jumdem0.0.=
Ms wms prfvdhusiy afetdhefl, tbf \rmeschrafahs prhjrma bdjbidjbts ldvfrsdty mel
auitdouiturmidsa ms cuelmafetmi ohaphefets chr tbf mluit fluomtdhe prhjrmas. Fmob prhjrma
mdas th rfspfot pfhpifsprfvdhus gehwifljf, ahtdvmtdhe mel whrilvdfws de hrlfr th lfvfihp
rfifvmet mel rfjdhemidzfl ohetfets tbmt miihw stulfets eht heiy th moofss fluomtdhe mel tbf
ldjdtmi whril `ut mish th cffi rfprfsfetfl mel th ifmre de afmedejcui sfttdejs.
Chiihwdej tbfsf prdeodpifs, Jumdems jhvfreafet, tbf ihomi fluomtdhe sforftmrdmt, tbf emtdhemi
AhF mel htbfr ihomi stmgfbhilfrs wfrf motdvfiy devhivfl de hrlfr th cuel mel supphrt tbf\rmechrafahs mluit fluomtdhe prhjrma chr hut-hc-sobhhi yhutb mel mluits de tbf rfjdhe. \bf
prhjrma wms crff hc obmrjf chr stulfets mel wms cuiiy cuelfl `y tbf emtdhemi mel rfjdhemi
jhvfreafet. Ms m cdrst stfp, tbf chuelmtdhe oheluotfl me ftbehjrmpbdo stuly de tbf ohuety,
supphrtfl `y sfohelmry shurofs mel dechramtdhe, de hrlfr th uelfrstmel mel dlfetdcy
obmrmotfrdstdos hc tbf phpuimtdhe de Jumdem. @msfl he tbf cdeldejs tbmt wfrf jmtbfrfl, tbf
mluit fluomtdhe ourrdouiua wms mlkustfl mel ohetfxtumidzfl th tbf deldjfehus pfhpifs
rfmidtdfs, idvfidbhhls mel fevdrheafet. Imejumjf wms m cuelmafetmi fifafet chr tbf prhjrma
lfvfihpafet de Jumdem. \bfrfchrf, tbf ourrdouiua mel ohetfets wfrf fetdrfiy trmesimtfl deth
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=>
Cdjurf 0.0; \rmeschrafahs prhjrma Oyoif = tfxt-`hhg
_hurof;\rmeschrafahs.oha
Ourrdpmoh, ^dmphoh, ^udemvf mel _dgumed tbf amde deldjfehus imejumjfs prfsfet de tbf
rfjdhe ms wfii ms _pmedsb. \bf rfjdhemidzmtdhe hc tbf prhjrma rfsuitfl de tbf orfmtdhe hc tbf
`hhgs mel shctwmrf detfjrmtfl deth tbf tm`ift, wbdob ohetmdes mii tbf thpdos, h`kfotdvfs,
detfrmotdvf fxfrodsfs, mel vdlfhs (\rmeschrafahs, e.l. (`)). \bds ds diiustrmtfl `y tbf
chiihwdej damjf (cdjurf 0.0) tbmt sbhws tbf ohvfr pmjf chr tbf oyoif = tfxt-`hhg mel me
fxmapif hc tbf fxfrodsfs de tbf ldccfrfet imejumjfs.
M thtmi hc ==? mel tbfrf wfrf ?3>> ferhiiafets. \bds cdjurf rfprfsfetfl m
3>>% deorfmsf he tbf mvfrmjf ferhiiafet ifvfi de Jumdem mt tbf tdaf. \bf demujurmtdhe hc tbf
prhjrma mel dts amssdvf ferhiiafet wms wdlfiy ohvfrfl `y ihomi, emtdhemi mel detfremtdhemi
afldm. Bhwfvfr, crha tbf ?3>> ferhiifl yhutb mel mluits tbfrf wfrf
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==
\m`if 0.0; _tulfets ferhiifl de tbf \rmeschrafahs ^rhjrma ^bhth 0.=; \rmeschrafahs stulfet usdej tbf tm`ift
_hurof;\rmeschrafahs.oha
^bhth 0.0. \rmeschrafahs stulfets usdej tbf tm`ift ^bhth 0.?. \rmeschrafahs prhjrmas oimssrhha
_hurof;\rmeschrafahs.oha _hurof;\rmeschrafahs.oha
_hurof;Dechramtdhe mlmptfl crha \rmeschrafahs, 0>==>
Oyoif 0 (?rl
,
Oyoif ? (3tb
mel :tb
jrmlf) =>>>
Oyoif < (2tb
mel 4tb
jrmlf)
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=0
? Idtfrmturf rfvdfw
\bf chiihwdej sfotdhes jdvf me hvfrvdfw he tbf rfsfmrob cdfil hc DO\ de fluomtdhe,
fapbmsdzdej he ourrfet trfels, obmiifejfs mel ordtdqufs. Mish, tbds sfotdhe prfsfets idtfrmturf
he mluit fluomtdhe mel deldjfehus fluomtdhe ms m rfsfmrob cdfil hc phidoy amgfrs mel sobhimrs.
Vitdamtfiy, tbf ohaphefets hc tbds obmptfr mda th sbfl idjbts he tbfsf fluomtdhe pfrspfotdvfs
wdtbde tbf Ohiha`dme ohetfxt de hrlfr th `fttfr uelfrstmel tbf lyemados mel prmotdofs hc DO\
mel mluit fluomtdhe de tbf ohuetry.
Dechramtdhe mel ohaauedomtdhe tfobehihjy?.=
Dechramtdhe mel ohaauedomtdhe tfobehihjy (DO\) ds stdii rfohjedzfl ms m ohrf trfel tbmtfvhivfs felifssiy mel, defvdtm`iy, pfrafmtfs hur idvfs mel shodftdfs. \bds mppmrfet ehvfity
ohuil `f mttrd`utfl th tbf vhimtdif mel lyemado emturf hc DO\. Mitbhujb tbf detfrfst de mel rdsf
hc tfobehihjdfs lmtf `mog th amey lfomlfs mjh, chr shaf sobhimrs tbf prhofss hc lfvfihpafet
de ohaauedomtdhe mel dechramtdhe ds m pbfehafem prfsfet de shodftdfs crha ofeturdfs mjh
(Crffame, 0>>:7 _ifvde, 0>>>7 _bhrtds, 0>>=). \bf tfra DO\ wms detrhluofl mrhuel =440
wbfe tbf usf hc fifotrhedo amdis `fomaf moofssd`if th tbf jfefrmi pu`ido (^fijrua mel Imw,
0>>?). \bf su`sfqufet cmst-pmofl lfvfihpafet hc DO\s bms bfmvdiy deciufeofl tbf wmy dewbdob wf idvf mel ohaauedomtf wdtb htbfrs, `fohadej me fssfetdmi thhi chr tbf ldstrd`utdhe
mel orfmtdhe hc gehwifljf. \bf rmpdl mel sffadejiy uesthppm`if lfvfihpafet trfel hc
tfobehihjy chstfrfl m ohaauedomtdhe rfvhiutdhe tbmt bms, uelhu`tfliy, obmejfl hur
pfrofptdhes mel rfimtdhes wdtb tbf whril (@hwame ft mi. 0>>6).
Ms m ohesfqufeof, sdjedcdomet mahuets hc sobhimrs bmvf lfldomtfl tbfdr whrg th fxpihrf mel
uelfrpde tbf lyemados hc DO\ mel dts deciufeof he buame shodftdfs. De jfefrmi, sobhimrs rfcfr
th DO\ ms tbf tfobehihjy tbmt ds usfl th amemjf dechramtdhe mel mssdst dts ohaauedomtdhe. De
htbfr whrls, tbf wmy de wbdob dechramtdhe ds ohetrhiifl, prhofssfl, mel htbfrwdsf ldstrd`utfl
th tbf whril (Zf`stfr, 0>>3). Chr fmriy sobhimrs suob ms Ifvdeshe (=42
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=?
prhofss hc gehwifljf ldstrd`utdhe mel ohaauedomtdhe, chr fxmapif, rmldh, \S, ah`dif/samrt
pbhefs, smtfiidtfs systfas, shctwmrf mel bmrlwmrf, mahej htbfrs (_dejb mel Pmkm, 0>=>).
Pfofetiy, tbfrf bms `ffe auob ahrf pu`ido mwmrfefss de rfjmrls th DO\ mel dts dapidomtdhes
de hur lmdiy idvfs. Chr destmeof, jhvfreafets, prdvmtf hrjmedzmtdhes mel ohaafrodmi cdras
bmvf pimofl ahrf mttfetdhe he tbf lfvfihpafet hc tfobehihjdfs de hrlfr th ohetrhi mel bmelif
tbf dechramtdhe mel/hr gehwifljf tbmt ds imtfr ldccusfl th tbf pu`ido (_dejb mel Pmkm, 0>=>).
Chr destmeof, tbf Detfremtdhemi Ohaauedomtdhe Vedhe, me mjfeoy hc tbf Vedtfl Emtdhes
spfodmidzdej de dechramtdhe mel ohaauedomtdhe tfobehihjdfs whrilwdlf. DO\s bmvf sfrdhus
dapidomtdhes de tbf lfvfihpafet hc tbf whrils fohehay, fevdrheafet dapmot, ouiturmi
mwmrfefss, detfremtdhemi rfimtdhes mel, uitdamtfiy, hur lmdiy idvfs (Cdeefjme, =424). \bds mish
deoiulfs cuelmafetmi obmejfs de tbf wmy de wbdob wf uelfrstmel shodmi mel phidtdomi
destdtutdhes mel bhw wf rfimtf mel/hr rfmot th phwfr chrofs `y moofssdej mel sbmrdej
gehwifljf. Ahst sdjedcdometiy hc tbds stuly, DO\s bmvf mish pfrafmtfl fluomtdhe de vmrdhus
wmys, wbdob wdii `f fxpihrfl curtbfr de tbf chiihwdej sfotdhe.
Dechramtdhe mel ohaauedomtdhe tfobehihjdfs de?.=.=
fluomtdhe
\bf lyemados hc jih`midzmtdhe ds oihsfiy rfimtfl th tbf rmpdl fvhiutdhe hc tbf dechramtdhe mel
ohaauedomtdhe tfobehihjdfs de tbf whril. Chr amey sobhimrs mel stmgfbhilfrs, tbf fmsy mel
detfrmotdvf wmys th moofss dechramtdhe (cmodidtmtfl `y ohaauedomtdhe tfobehihjdfs) rfprfsfet
me uelfedm`if phtfetdmi chr fluomtdhe. Bfeof, DO\ de fluomtdhe bms `fohaf tbf ohrf chous hc
mttfetdhe chr euafrhus fluomtdhemi rfsfmrobfrs de tbf imst lfomlfs, mel stdii thlmy, tbf cdfil
rfqudrfs ahrf lf`mtf mel rfsfmrob de hrlfr th h`tmde tbf `fst rfsuits de `fefcdt hc fluomtdhemi
obmejf. Mutbhrs suob ms Zmrsobmufr (0>==), ldsouss tbmt tbf amde h`kfotdvfs th detfjrmtf
DO\s de tbf oimssrhha mrf; tbf daprhvfafet hc momlfado mobdfvfafet, tbf cmodidtmtdhe hc efw
gdels hc 0=st ofetury ifmredej mel th prhahtf fluomtdhe mel shodmi fqudty. Kust idgf
Zmrsobmufr, tbfrf mrf euafrhus mutbhrs detfrfstfl de uelfrstmeldej tbf wmys de wbdob DO\s
mrf detfjrmtfl de tbf oimssrhha, dts fccfots he ifmredej hutohafs, lfvfihpafet hc ifmredej
amtfrdmis, tbf struoturf hc aftbhls mel pflmjhjdfs, mel fluomtdhemi rfchras (@fog mel
Kmadssfe, 0>==7 Omrehy, =4447 \dedh, 0>>07 Sms` mel Julauelslhttdr, 0>=>37 Tfiimel, 0>=?).
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==>2). Chr fxmapif, ohesdlfr tbf ohaputfr mel tbf Zhril
Zdlf Zf` ms thhis tbmt mrf vmstiy usfl de sobhhis mrhuel tbf whril. Ohaputfrs mrf amobdefs
tbmt prhofss mel sthrf `dj mahuets hc dechramtdhe tbmt ome `f rmpdliy ohaauedomtfl mel
fmsdiy moofssd`if (tbrhujb tbf usf hc tbf detfreft) th htbfrs mt ohesdlfrm`if ldstmeofs. Mitbhujb
tbfsf tfobehihjdfs mrf usfcui mel deehvmtdvf thhis chr ifmredej, dt ds lf`mtm`if tbmt tbfy
jumrmetff qumidty hc fluomtdhe (Omrehy, =4447 ^fijrua mel Imw, 0>>?7 \dedh, 0>>0).
\bf usf hc tfobehihjy de fluomtdhe bms ahldcdfl mspfots suob ms pflmjhjy dapifafetmtdhe,
ldjdtmi idtfrmoy, ordtdomi tbdegdej sgdiis, tfmobfrs mel stulfets rhifs de tbf oimssrhha,
prhcfssdhemi lfvfihpafet, mel momlfado mobdfvfafet, th emaf m cfw (_tmbi, Ghsobamee, mel
_utbfrs, 0>>3). Chr fxmapif, DO\s mrf fxpfotfl th prhahtf muthehahus ifmredej spmofs chr
stulfets de tbf oimssrhha mel th febmeof ordtdomi tbdegdej mahej tbfa. De suob ohetfxts,
tfmobfrs sbhuil, tbfrfchrf,pimy tbf rhif hc cmodidtmthrs hc gehwifljf mel ihomtf tbf stulfets
de tbf ofetfr, chstfrdej afmedejcui ifmredej fevdrheafets. Ms Bhhpfr mel Pdf`fr phdetfl hut
\bf tfmobfrs rhif ds th fstm`idsb m ifmredej fevdrheafet tbmt supphrts mel cmodidtmtfs
stulfets ms tbfy ohestruot mel sbmpf tbfdr hwe gehwifljf(Bhhpfr mel Pdf`fr, =446;=6:).
Lurdej rfofet tdafs, ourrdouiua mel fluomtdhemi rfchras bmvf dapifafetfl ldjdtmi
ohapftfeof mel sgdiis lfvfihpafet de mssfssafet mel oimssrhha prmotdofs (Httfstml,
Gfifetrdo mel Julauelslhttdr, 0>=>>7 Fmsdejwhhl mel
Jma`if, 0>>=7 Zmrsobmufr, 0>==7 @fog mel Kmadssfe 0>==).
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=6
DO\s mrf phwfrcui thhis tbmt, wbfe dapifafetfl ohrrfotiy, ome mot ms omtmiysts hc fluomtdhemi
rfchra. DO\s ome daprhvf moofss (chr fxmapif ldstmeof fluomtdhe mel idcfihej ifmredej) mel
qumidty hc fluomtdhe tbrhujb tbf usf hc fifotrhedo afldm tbmt cmodidtmtfs wmys hc gehwifljf
moqudsdtdhe, prhluotdhe mel ldssfademtdhe (_fidejfr, 0>>47 Sms` mel Julauelslhttdr,
0>=>4). \bfrfchrf, dt ds mrjufl tbmt fluomtdhe effls th
rfsphel th tbf ourrfet lfamels hc tfobehihjy de oimssrhhas mel shodftdfs. Lfspdtf hef omeeht
fxpfot DO\s th `f tbf rfafly chr tbf ourrfet obmiifejfs cmodej fluomtdhe mrhuel tbf whril,
fspfodmiiy de tbf jih`mi shutb, DO\ de fluomtdhe ds jrhwdejiy sffe ms m omtmiyst chr shodftdfs
lfvfihpafet.
Bhwfvfr, tfobehihjy thhis mihef lh eht pfrchra suob whelfrs de fluomtdhe. Dt ds m ohaahe
aytb th `fidfvf tbmt ohaputfrs, mel htbfr thhis, daprhvf tbf hvfrmii ifmredej fxpfrdfeof
(@fog, 0>==7 Om`rhi mel _fvfrde, 0>>47 @dttfr mel Ifjmoy, 0>>2). Bhwfvfr, sobhhi systfas
lh eht miwmys rfsphel cmst th tbf tfobehihjy mlvmeofs mel/hr dts dapifafetmtdhe ds lfcdodfet
(M``htt, 0>>=). Pfsfmrob m`hut DO\ mel dts detfjrmtdhe de fluomtdhe ds sdjedcdometiy ldvfrsf,
mitbhujb tbfrf mrf euafrhus sobhimrs wbh bmvf suoofsscuiiy lfahestrmtfl phsdtdvf fccfots hc
DO\ de momlfado mobdfvfafet mel sobhhi fxpfrdfeof tbfrf mrf htbfrs wbh bmvf jmdefl
hpphsdtf rfsuits de tbfdr rfsfmrob (@dttfr mel Ifjmoy, 0>>2).
Chr fxmapif, ift us mssuaf tbmt tbf detfjrmtdhe hc DO\s de m jdvfe sobhhi ds idadtfl th tbf
amobdefs mel shctwmrf destmiimtdhe de tbf oimssrhha mel ldsrfjmrls tbf dapifafetmtdhe hc
mlfqumtf aftbhls, pflmjhjy mel tfmobfr trmdedej. Velfr suob oheldtdhes, stulfets momlfado
mobdfvfafet mel sobhhidej fxpfrdfeofs chr `htb tfmobfrs mel stulfets ome `f efjmtdvf, sdeof
tbf dapifafetmtdhe cmdis th detfjrmtf tbf tfobehihjdomi thhis th tbf tfmobdej mel ifmredej
prhofss mel ourrdouiua. Dc tbf mda ds th mobdfvf jrfmtfr momlfado rfsuits wdtb DO\ detfjrmtdhede fluomtdhe, tbfe stulfets mel tfmobfrs effl th cmadidmrdzf, fa`rmof mel motdvfiy usf
tfobehihjy. \bus, rfchras de tbf ourrdouiua mel tfmobdej aftbhls mrf rfqudrfl (Omrehy,
=4447 ^fijrua mel Imw, 0>>?).
Zdtb tbf rmpdl lfvfihpafet hc DO\ mel dts detfjrmtdhe de fluomtdhe, tbf effl chr rfchras de
phidoy, daprhvfl ourrdouim, tfmobfr fluomtdhe, mel pflmjhjdomi mpprhmobfs mrf fssfetdmi.
\bfsf rfchras sbhuil, uelhu`tfliy, amxdadzf tbf usf hc tfobehihjy de tbf oimssrhha de hrlfrth prhvdlf stulfets wdtb tbf sgdiis efflfl de tbf whrgpimof mel idcf de tbf ldjdtmi shodfty (Ohx
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=3
mel Amrsbmii, 0>>:7 \helfur ft mi., 0>>:7 ^ihap, ^fijrua mel Imw, 0>>3). Ffvd @fog, m
rfsfmrobfr crha tbf fluomtdhemi lfpmrtafet mt uedvfrsdty hc Hsih, phdetfl hut tbf daphrtmeof
hc rfsfmrob he DO\ de tbf fluomtdhe cdfil, sh phidoy amgfrs mel stmgfbhilfrs bmvf moofss th
dechramtdhe tbmt fem`if ourrdouim lfvfihpafet, pflmjhjdomi rfchras mel `fttfr
dapifafetmtdhe. De m sdadimr wmy, Zmrsobmufr stmtfs tbmt tbf detfjrmtdhe hc DO\ de fluomtdhe
ds me daphrtmet rfshurof tbmt ome febmeof tbf ifmredej mel tfmobdej fxpfrdfeof `ut,
uelhu`tfliy, tbf shif thhis mrf eht succdodfet th mobdfvf fluomtdhe qumidty. Auob ahrf ds
efflfl wbfe detfjrmtdej DO\ de tbf oimssrhha mel ourrdouim.
\fobehihjy ome pimy m vdtmi rhif de prhahtdej fluomtdhemi mel shodmi fqudty, dc
lfpihyfl ms pmrt hc wfii-lfsdjefl fluomtdhemi detfrvfetdhes. ^rhvdldej fqudpafet ds
me daphrtmet pmrt hc tbds fcchrt, `ut m samii pmrt. Ahst daphrtmeof ds th lfsdje mefluomtdhemi detfrvfetdhe tbmt bfips mii stulfets mobdfvf fxofiifeof. (Zmrsobmufr,0>==;04)
\bf ldjdtmi ldvdlf?.=.0
Ms wms afetdhefl de tbf `fjdeedej hc tbds sfotdhe, DO\ de fluomtdhe cmofs sfvfrmi obmiifejfs
mel ohestrmdets. \bf ahst gehwe ordtdo ds tbf hef omiifl ldjdtmi ldvdlftbmt ds uelfrsthhl ms
tbf ohesdlfrm`if da`mimeof tbmt fxdsts eht heiy de tbf moofss th tfobehihjy `ut mish tbf usf hc
dt. Amrjdemidzfl mel phhr sfothrs hc tbf phpuimtdhe bmvf vfry idttif moofss th fluomtdhe meltbfdr obmeofs th usf ldjdtmi afldm mrf sdjedcdometiy ifss tbme tbhsf de lfvfihpfl mrfms (@fog,
0>>>07
Julauelslhttdr mel Kmgh`slhttdr, 0>==).
\bf ldjdtmi ldvdlf mel dts dapmot de hur shodftdfs ds su`kfot hc devfstdjmtdhe `y euafrhus
rfsfmrobfrs wbh mda th uelfrstmel tbf lyemados hc DO\ detfjrmtdhe de fluomtdhe de
lfvfihpdej ohuetrdfs, fspfodmiiy de fluomtdhe chr ldsmlvmetmjfl jrhups. Adobfiif _fidejfr, chr
destmeof, mrjufs tbmt tbfrf mrf tbrff amde mspfots th ohesdlfr wbfe dapifafetdej DO\
fluomtdhe de lfvfihpdej ohuetrdfs; idejudstdo rfifvmeof, pflmjhjdomi trmeschramtdhe mel
tfobehihjdomi ohesdlfrmtdhes (wbdob rfjmrls th ohsts mel amdetfemeof hc fqudpafet). Bfeof,
shuel phidoy lfvfihpafet mel pimeedej mrf rfqudrfl sh tbf ldvdlf ome `f `rdljfl de
sustmdem`if mel rfmidstdo wmys (_fidejfr, 0>>4). Htbfr stuldfs oheluotfl `y @fog (0>>
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=:
m jmp tbmt phsfs m jrfmt obmiifejf chr jhvfreafets, sobhimrs, phidoy amgfrs mel stmgfbhilfrs.
Bhwfvfr, \dedh mrjufs tbmt DO\ ome mish sfrvf ms miifvdmtdhe chr tbf deorfmsdej defqumidtdfs
`ftwffe rdob mel phhr `y prhvdldej fluomtdhe mel hpphrtuedtdfs th tbf ahst efflfl (\dedh,
0>>0).
DO\ mel fluomtdhe chr Deldjfehus pfhpif?.=.?
\bf uefqumi moofss th fluomtdhe mel tbf usf hc DO\ de sobhhis `y deldjfehus pfhpifs ds hc
detfrfst chr m imrjf `hly hc rfsfmrobfrs, suob ms _mimzmr (0>>:), Jdefr (0>>:), Lyshe (0>>=6). Lfspdtf tbf rmpdl lfvfihpafet hc DO\s, tbf ldjdtmi ldvdlf bms whrsfefl
chstfrdej uefqumi moofss `ftwffe ldccfrfet ohetdefets, rfjdhes mel ohuetrdfs mrhuel tbf whril.
\bds cmot ds ahrf fvdlfet de deldjfehus ohaauedtdfs tbmt mirfmly cmof mii gdels hc fxoiusdhe
mel amrjdemidzmtdhe (Pfgbmrd, 0>>4). De ahst hc tbf omsfs, deldjfehus pfhpif bmvf idadtfl
moofss th sfrvdofs suob ms bfmitb mel fluomtdhe, wbdob hctfe ldsrfjmrls tbfdr imejumjf,
whrilvdfws mel trmldtdhes (Oihtbfy, 0>=6).
\bfrf mrf euafrhus tfesdhes mel obmiifejfs tbmt tbf DO\s de fluomtdhe chr deldjfehus pfhpif
bmvf th cmof de `htb tbf phidoy mel tbf dapifafetmtdhe ifvfis. De m stuly he DO\ de fluomtdhe
chr deldjfehus ohaauedtdfs de Afxdoh, Amrdm Omsdiims fxpimdes bhw moofss th fqudpafet mel
oheefotdvdty de rurmi sobhhis chr deldjfehus pfhpif rfprfsfets m obmiifejf luf th tbfdr rfahtf
ihomtdhes. Bhwfvfr, Omsdiims mish mssfrts tbmt prhvdldej tbfsf fifafets ds eht fehujb sdeof
dssufs suob ms imejumjf, whrilvdfws mel ohetfxts bmvf th `f mllrfssfl `fchrf mpprhmobdej
tbf deldjfehus ohaauedtdfs th fesurf qumidty mel rfifvmeof (Omsdiims, 0>=0).
_dadimriy, htbfr stuldfs de Mustrmidm, Mcrdom mel _hutb Mafrdom mish rfcifot he tbf ldccfrfet
dapmots hc DO\s de fluomtdhe chr deldjfehus pfhpifs. Me fccfotdvf dapifafetmtdhe hc
tfobehihjdfs chr deldjfehus fluomtdhe aust `f mttfelfl `y ourrdouiua rfchras tbmt miihwouiturmi mel idejudstdo rfifvmeof (Khrjfesfe, 0>=07 Jhhlwde, 0>>:7 _mimzmr, 0>>:). \bf amde
oheofre mel obmiifejf stdii chousfs he mllrfssdej tbf defqumidtdfs hc moofss mel imog hc
rfifvmeof hc tbf detfjrmtdhe hc tfobehihjdfs de fluomtdhe chr deldjfehus pfhpifs (Lyshe,
0>>
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=2
tbf ouiturfs, imejumjfs mel whrilvdfws de tbf ifmredej prhofss. \bfrf`y, DO\s de fluomtdhe
bmvf tbf phtfetdmi th feohurmjf deldjfehus pfhpifs pmrtdodpmtdhe de rfprfsfetdej mel
trmesadttdej tbfdr ouiturfs mel tbfdr hwe gehwifljf (Lmy mel Jrfwme, 0>>3).
Mluit fluomtdhe?.0
\bf rfsfmrob cdfil he fluomtdhe sffas th rfohjedzf idcfihej ifmredej ms m phwfrcui omtmiyst chr
lfvfihpafet de shodftdfs mrhuel tbf whril, sdeof fluomtdhe hccfrs `fttfr hpphrtuedtdfs chr
pfhpif th hvfrohaf phvfrty, defqumidtdfs mel amrjdemidzmtdhe. Fluomtdhe chr mluits eht heiy
rfcfrs th tbf ifmredej prhofss tbmt bmppfes de tbf sobhhi `huelmrdfs `ut mish me motdvf prhofss
tbmt lfvfihps tbrhujb idcf fxpfrdfeofs, deoiuldej chrami mel dechrami sfttdejs wbfrf tbf
pfrshe ifmres `y detfrmotdej wdtb tbf fevdrheafet mel htbfrs. De mlldtdhe, mluit fluomtdhe
mdas th frmldomtf diidtfrmoy mel prhahtf tbf lfvfihpafet hc ldccfrfet ohapftfeofs suob ms
euafrmoy, imejumjf, mel odtdzfesbdp vmiufs, mahej htbfrs. \bf Bma`urj lfoimrmtdhe he mluit
ifmredej (VDF, =44:) lfcdefs mluit fluomtdhe ms;
Mluit fluomtdhe lfehtfs tbf fetdrf `hly hc hejhdej ifmredej prhofssfs, chrami hr
htbfrwdsf, wbfrf`y pfhpif rfjmrlfl ms mluits `y tbf shodfty th wbdob tbfy `fihej
lfvfihp tbfdr m`didtdfs, ferdob tbfdr gehwifljf, mel daprhvf tbfdr tfobedomi hr
prhcfssdhemi qumidcdomtdhes hr ture tbfa de m efw ldrfotdhe th afft tbfdr hwe effls
mel tbhsf hc tbfdr shodfty. Mluit ifmredej feohapmssfs `htb, chrami mel ohetdeudejfluomtdhe, ehe-chrami ifmredej mel tbf spfotrua hc dechrami mel deodlfetmi ifmredej
mvmdim`if de m auitdouiturmi ifmredej shodfty, wbfrf tbfhry- mel prmotdof-`msfl
mpprhmobfs mrf rfohjedzfl.
Efvfrtbfifss, tbf ldccfrfeofs `ftwffe tbf lfvfihpfl mel lfvfihpdej ohuetrdfs mrf stdii wdlf.
Mitbhujb fluomtdhe ds ofetrmi oheofre mel bms `ffe tmrjftfl ms hef hc tbf Adiifeedua
Lfvfihpafet Jhmis (ALJs), tbfrf mrf stdii me mimradej eua`fr hc diidtfrmtf pfhpif (yhutb mel
mluits) wbh mrf amrjdemidzfl crha tbf fluomtdhe systfa, prflhademetiy de tbf jih`mi shutb.
\bfrfchrf, strhejfr chous he mluit fluomtdhe mt emtdhemi mel detfremtdhemi ifvfis bms deorfmsfl
de hrlfr th orfmtf strmtfjdfs th rfluof tbfsf cdjurfs mel hccfr fluomtdhe th tbf hut-hc-sobhhi
yhutb mel mluits.
\bf detfremtdhemi ohecfrfeof gehwe ms OHECD\FM (Detfremtdhemi Ohecfrfeof he Mluit
Fluomtdhe) ds m VEF_OHs afftdej phdet chr detfremtdhemi detfrfst he idcfihej ifmredej.
OHECD\FM ohevfys detfremtdhemi rfphrts mel `feobamrgs tbmt mda th bdjbidjbt tbf
daphrtmeof hc mluit ifmredej, mel th fxpihrf ldccfrfet mspfots hc fluomtdhe chr mluit pfhpif de
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=4
hrlfr th fesurf fqudty mel qumidty mel th put mluit fluomtdhe mt tbf ohrf chr phidoy amgdej mel
curtbfr rfsfmrob mjfelms (VDI, 0>=?). Mluit fluomtdhe ds auob efflfl th fqudp pfhpif
(prflhademetiy tbf ldsmlvmetmjfl) wdtb rfifvmet ohapftfeofs, sgdiis mel gehwifljf tbfy
rfqudrf th rfjmde ohetrhi hc tbfdr idvfs, rfsphel th tbfdr effls mel uitdamtfiy hvfrohaf tbfdr
daphvfrdsbfl idvdej oheldtdhes. Ms _yivdm _obafigfs, m Afxdome shodhihjdst wbh oheluots
rfsfmrob he mluit mel deldjfehus fluomtdhe, stmtfs,
Dc wf `fidfvf fluomtdhe th `f m cmothr de faphwfrdej deldvdlumis mel ohiifotdvfs
thwmrls tbf daprhvfafet hc tbfdr qumidty hc idcf, tbf fluomtdhe hc deldjfehus
phpuimtdhe hc mii mjf jrhups sbhuil eh lhu`t `fohaf m prdhrdty. \bds hc ohursf
deoiulfs, vfry daphrtmetiy, mluit fluomtdhe, `fomusf dt ds mluits wbh ome fejmjf de
trmeschramtdhe felfmvhrs. (_obafigfs, 0>==;4?)
_dadimriy, mluit idtfrmoy mel fluomtdhe ds mish hef hc tbf h`kfotdvfs hc tbf Fluomtdhe chr Mii
(FCM) jhmis, m jih`mi ohaadtafet ohhrldemtfl `y VEF_OH. \bf FCM jih`mi ahedthrdej
rfphrt hc 0>== stmtfs tbmt, daprhvdej mluit idtfrmoy hujbt th `f m ifmldej prdhrdty he tbf
detfremtdhemi mjfelm. Idtfrmoy ome faphwfr pfhpif `y deorfmsdej tbfdr sfic-fstffa mel
orfmtdej hpphrtuedtdfs th fsompf phvfrty. (VEF_OH, 0>==). \bfrf mrf vmst mahuet hc
pfhpif de tbf whril thlmy wbh ifct sobhhi mt me fmriy stmjf hr wbh efvfr moofssfl hef.
Fluomtdhe ds fssfetdmi chr pfhpif th afft tbfdr `msdo effls mel moqudrf sgdiis th suooffl de tbf
whrg pimof7 idtfrmoy mel euafrmoy mrf cuelmafetmi th fohehado jrhwtb (VEF_OH, 0>=?).
Mitbhujb mluit fluomtdhe mel idtfrmoy ds m amde oheofre chr detfremtdhemi hrjmedzmtdhes suob
ms VEF_OH, tbf jfefrmi hvfrvdfw he idtfrmoy rmtfs ds stdii ihw mel ldl eht afft tbf FCM
jhmis sft chr 0>=6, wbdob rfqudrfs jrfmtfr fcchrts `y jhvfreafets mel hrjmedzmtdhes devhivfl.
Idtfrmoy ds cuelmafetmi chr pmrtdodpmtdej de shodfty. Bhwfvfr, tbf jhmi hc bmivdej jih`mi
diidtfrmoy rmtfs `y 0>=6 bms `ffe adssfl. (VEF_OH, 0>=6). Velfr tbfsf oheldtdhes dt ds eht
heiy daphrtmet `ut mish efofssmry th prhvdlf tbf yhutb mel mluits wdtb hpphrtuedtdfs chr
qumidty fluomtdhe tbmt daprhvfs tbfdr oheldtdhes de shodfty mel tbf whrg pimof (Imwrfeof,
=4427 Gfrrf, =442).
Fluomtdhe de tbf Ohiha`dme ohetfxt?.?
\bds sfotdhe wdii prfsfet me hvfrvdfw he tbf obmrmotfrdstdos mel ifjdsimtdhe chuel de tbf
idtfrmturf de rfjmrls th mluit fluomtdhe mel DO\ de fluomtdhe de Ohiha`dm. \bds sfotdhe wdii
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0>
mish amgf usf hc tbf stmtfafet prhvdlfl `y tbf Adedstry hc Fluomtdhe de rfjmrls th fluomtdhe
chr deldjfehus pfhpif, wbdob wms pmrt hc tbf lmtm jmtbfrfl lurdej tbf cdfilwhrg.
Fluomtdhe de Ohiha`dm ds ruifl `y tbf Jfefrmi Fluomtdhe Imw ==6 hc =44
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0=
\bf Adedstry hc Fluomtdhe de Ohiha`dm mish rfidfs he tbf^ime Lfofemi lf Fluomode 0>>3 -
0>=3(tfe-yfmr pime hc fluomtdhe) ms m crmafwhrg chr DO\ de fluomtdhe. \bds prfsfet tfe-yfmr
pime fapbmsdzfs he tbf pflmjhjdomi trmeschramtdhe mel motdvf usf hc dechramtdhe mel
ohaauedomtdhe tfobehihjdfs de fluomtdhe. \bds pime eht heiy deoiulfs tbf tfobehihjdomi
decrmstruoturf chr sobhhis mel tbf strfejtbfedej hc pflmjhjdomi prhofssfs tbmt cmodidtmtf
tfmobdej mel ifmredej prmotdofs, `ut mish bdjbidjbts tbf daphrtmeof hc tfmobfr fluomtdhe de
rfjmrls th tbf usf hc DO\ mel pflmjhjdomi deehvmtdhe de tbf oimssrhha (AFE, 0>>3).
Ohesfqufetiy, lurdej rfofet yfmrs tbfrf bms `ffe m jrhwdej detfrfst de lfvfihpdej fluomtdhemi
prhjrmas tbmt mda th detfjrmtf DO\ deth ldccfrfet ifvfis de chrami mel ehe-chrami fluomtdhe de
ur`me mel rurmi sfttdejs. \bfsf prhjrmas mel fcchrts bmvf `ffe ifl `y sfvfrmi stmgfbhilfrs
suob ms tbf Adedstry hc Fluomtdhe, tbf rfjdhemi sforftmrdmts, tfmobfrs, emtdhemi meldetfremtdhemi hrjmedzmtdhes, mahej htbfrs. Chr destmeof, tbf prhjrmas Ohaputfrs chr
Fluomtdhe, wbdob ds me detfr-destdtutdhemi prhjrma ohhrldemtfl `y tbf Ohiha`dme Adedstry hc
Fluomtdhe (AhF), mdas th amgf surf ohaputfrs chra pmrt hc tbf hccdodmi chrami fluomtdhe
destdtutdhes de ur`me mel rurmi mrfms de hrlfr th prhahtf moofss, hwefrsbdp mel usmjf hc
tfobehihjdfs. Dts mda ds th prhvdlf lfvfihpafet hpphrtuedtdfs chr tbf ldsmlvmetmjfl. Me
fvmiumtdhe oheluotfl he tbf prhjrma de 0>>4 sbhwfl tbmt tbf prhjrma deorfmsfs tbf eua`fr
hc ohaputfrs de tbf sobhhis mel deorfmsfs stulfets usmjf hc tfobehihjy. Bhwfvfr, tbfrf wmsidttif fccfot he stulfets tfst sohrfs mel htbfr cmothrs suob ms pfrofptdhes hc sobhhi mel bhurs
hc stuly, sdeof dt chousfl he tbf bmrlwmrf deohrphrmtdhe deth tbf sobhhis `ut cmdifl th detfjrmtf
tbf ohaputfrs usf de tbf fluomtdhemi prhofss (@mrrfrm mel Idelfe, 0>>4).
Efvfrtbfifss, tbfrf mrf mish htbfr prhjrmas tbmt mrf rue mt ihomi ifvfis tbmt mda th prhahtf m
ldjdtmi shodfty mel th `rdljf tbf ldjdtmi jmps de rurmi mel ur`me mrfms de Ohiha`dm. ^rhjrmas
mel prmotdofs hc tbds emturf detfel eht heiy th felhw sobhhis wdtb DO\ thhis mel shctwmrf th
tfmob mel ifmre `ut mish th detfjrmtf deehvmtdvf pflmjhjdfs tbmt cmodidtmtf afmedejcui ifmredej
fxpfrdfeofs chr tbf stulfets (^mimodhs, 0>>4). \bf uitdamtf jhmi hc tbf detfjrmtdhe hc DO\ de
fluomtdhe chr stulfets de rurmi mel phhr mrfms ds th lfvfihp ldjdtmi sgdiis mel prhahtf tbf usf
hc tbf detfreft de hrlfr th daprhvf stulfets idvfidbhhls mel cuturf hpphrtuedtdfs.
DO\ de fluomtdhe de tbf Ohiha`dme ohetfxt ds m ourrfet oheofre chr phidoy amgfrs mel
stmgfbhilfrs. \bf jfefrmi mda ds th deoiulf mel prhahtf tbf usf hc tfobehihjdfs mt mii ifvfis hc
fluomtdhe7 tbds ohvfrs chrami mel ehe-chrami fluomtdhe, fmriy obdilbhhl, fifafetmry,
sfohelmry, tfrtdmry mel mluit fluomtdhe. \bfrfchrf, tbf fluomtdhe sfothr sbhuil strfejtbfe tbf
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tfmobdej prhcfssdhe, tfobehihjdomi decrmstruoturf, pflmjhjdfs, devfstdjmtdhe mel detfrmotdhe de
tbf oimssrhha tbrhujb tbf usf hc DO\s tbmt mrf fxpfotfl th daprhvf ifmredej qumidty, moofss
mel hutohafs (AFE, 0>=?).
Mluit fluomtdhe de Ohiha`dm?.?.0
Fluomtdhe chr mluits mel hut-hc-sobhhi yhutb rfprfsfets me fehrahus obmiifejf chr tbf
emtdhemi jhvfreafet. De 0>=0, tbf pfrofetmjf hc idtfrmtf pfhpif de Ohiha`dm wms 4>>,>>> diidtfrmtf pfhpif
de tbf ohuetry (VEF_OH, 0>=6). \ypdomiiy, pfhpif wbh mrf diidtfrmtf `fihej th ldsmlvmetmjfl
shodmi jrhups suob ms deldjfehus, `imog adehrdtdfs, cmrafrs, mel detfremiiy ldspimofl pfhpif
wbh efvfr moofssfl tbf chrami fluomtdhe systfa hr, de htbfr omsfs, wbh lrhppfl hut hc sobhhimt me fmriy stmjf. Ms m ohesfqufeof, tbf jhvfreafet bms dapifafetfl sfvfrmi mluit fluomtdhe
prhjrmas suob ms tbfEmtdhemi Idtfrmoy mel Mluit Fluomtdhe ^rhjrma chr Thutb mel Mluits de
hrlfr th daprhvf moofss mel cueldej hc mluit fluomtdhe mel ifmredej.
\bf Emtdhemi Ohestdtutdhe hc =44= fstm`idsbfs fluomtdhe ms m cuelmafetmi rdjbt chr mii,
deoiuldej adehrdtdfs mel pfhpif wdtb ldsm`didtdfs. _pfodmiiy, mluit fluomtdhe ds ifjmiiy
supphrtfl `y Jfefrmi Imw ==6tbmt lfsord`fs mluit fluomtdhe ms tbf fluomtdhe prhvdlfl chr
pfhpif wbh mrf hilfr tbme tbf mjf chr tbf rfjuimr fluomtdhe systfa mel wbh wmet th stmrt,
ohapiftf hr vmidlmtf tbfdr fluomtdhe. (AFE, =44). \bds ifmredej prhofss
mdas prdamrdiy th fidademtf diidtfrmoy, th rfdechrof gehwifljf mel th lfvfihp fohehado, shodmi,
mel ouiturmi ompmodtdfs.
\bf amde ifjmi crmafwhrg chr mluit fluomtdhe mel ifmredej de Ohiha`dm ds tbf Lforff-Imw
?>== hc =44:. \bds lforff dlfetdcdfs mluit fluomtdhe ms m pu`ido sfrvdof tbmt prhvdlfs pfhpif
wdtb tbf hpphrtuedty th rf-fetfr tbf fluomtdhe systfa. Bfeof, mluit fluomtdhe ds tbf jrhup hcsobhhidej motdvdtdfs mvmdim`if chr pfhpif m`hvf =? yfmrs hil mel wbh chr ldvfrsf rfmshes ldl
eht stuly hr wbh lrhppfl hut fmriy. _dadimriy, tbfLforff-Imw ?>==hc =44: stmtfs tbmt moofss
th tbds mluit fluomtdhe sbhuil eht ohesdlfr pfrshemi oheldtdhes, ftbedodty, rfidjdhus `fidfcs mel
dlfhihjdfs. \bf mda ds th prhvdlf pfhpif wdtb hpphrtuedtdfs th hvfrohaf tbfdr idvdej
oheldtdhes `y febmeodej ldccfrfet prmotdomi sgdiis tbmt ome `f usfl de tbf whrg pimof hr de
cuturf idcf fxpfrdfeofs (AFE, =44:).
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\m`if ?.=; _truoturf hc tbf chrami mluit fluomtdhe systfa de Ohiha`dm.
_hurof;AFE, 0>>:
_hurof;Dechramtdhe mlmptfl crha Afe, =44:
Mluit fluomtdhe mel ifmredej deoiulfs idtfrmoy prhjrmas, `msdo mel bdjb sobhhi fluomtdhe, mel
ehe-chrami mel chrami fluomtdhe prhjrmas. \bf mluit fluomtdhe systfa ds hrjmedzfl `y tbf
auedodpmi mel rfjdhemi sforftmrdmts. Mluit fluomtdhe prhjrmas mrf dapifafetfl de `ifelfl
ifmredej hr ldstmeof fluomtdhe, omrrdfl hut he _mturlmys, _uelmys hr de tbf fvfedejs mt tbf
hccdodmi destdtutdhes mvmdim`if. Mluit fluomtdhe ifvfis mrf omiifl _pfodmi Detfjrmtfl _obhhi
Oyoifs tbmt rfimtf th tbf chrami fluomtdhe sobhhi jrmlfs mel ifvfis. \bfsf oyoifs mrf chrafl hc
mt ifmst twh sobhhi jrmlfs, wbdob imst chr m yfmr mel ifml th tbf ofrtdcdomtdhe hc fifafetmry,
`msdo mel sfohelmry fluomtdhe (sff tm`if ?.=).
\bf Lforff-Imw ?>== fapbmsdzfs he tbf rfifvmeof mel cifxd`didty hc fluomtdhe chr mluit
pfhpif. @fsdlfs idtfrmoy mel euafrmoy, mluit fluomtdhe mish mdas th destruot pfhpif he tbf
pmrtdodpmtdhe mel tbfdr motdvf rhifs ms afa`frs hc shodfty. \bds ifmredej prhofss `fmrs de adel
tbf shodh-ouiturmi oheldtdhes hc tbf phpuimtdhe chr m ohetfxtumidzfl mel fccfotdvf pmrtdodpmtdhe
de shodmi sfttdejs. Ms bms `ffe afetdhefl fmridfr, deldjfehus pfhpif mrf pmrt hc shodmi
adehrdtdfs tbmt bmvf `ffe systfamtdomiiy lfprdvfl crha chrami fluomtdhe prhjrmas mel wbhsf
effls mrf yft th `f aft `y tbf emtdhemi mel ihomi jhvfreafets. Mitbhujb, tbf phidodfs mel
prhjrmas mrf fstm`idsbfl, tbf rfofet rfphrts crha Ohiha`dm th tbf Fluomtdhe Chr Mii (FCM)
Jih`mi Ahedthrdej rfphrt de 0>=6 sbhw idttif daprhvfafet de tbf fidademtdhe hc diidtfrmoy.
Deldjfehus fluomtdhe de Ohiha`dm?.?.?
\bf fluomtdhe chr deldjfehus pfhpif de Ohiha`dm ds `msfl he mrtdoifs : mel => hc tbfEmtdhemi^hidtdomi Ohestdtutdhe hc =44=. \bfsf mrtdoifs rfcfr th tbf rfohjedtdhe hc tbf ohuetry ms m
_pfodmi detfjrmtfl sobhhi oyoifs Fluomtdhe ifvfis Lurmtdhe Ofrtdcdomtf
Oyoif = (=s mel 0e jrmlfs) Fifafetmry fluomtdhe = Tfmr
Oyoif 0 (?rl
, mel == jrmlf) Vppfr sfohelmry fluomtdhe = Tfmr Bdjb sobhhi fluomtdhe
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< Memiytdomi crmafwhrg
\bf chiihwdej obmptfr prfsfets tbf tbfhrftdomi crmafwhrgs usfl th memiyzf mel uelfrstmel tbf
cdeldejs ydfilfl `y tbds stuly. _fotdhe >?). M spfodmi fapbmsds wdii `f lrmwe he tbf mttrd`utfs hc
deehvmtdhes, wbdob ohestdtutf tbf chous hc lmtm memiysds. \bds stulys cdeldejs bmvf mish
ldotmtfl tbf effl th devhivf m sfohel tbfhry th supphrt tbf memiysds hc lmtm. Bfeof, sfotdhe >>m7 0>>>`). Cdjurf
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Ldccusdhe hc deehvmtdhes tbfhry>?) lfsord`fs mel
sdapidcdfs tbf uelfrstmeldej hc wbfe, bhw, wby mel uelfr wbdob odrouastmeofs tbfsf
deehvmtdhes mrf mlhptfl mel/hr rfkfotfl `y ohaauedtdfs mel deldvdlumis. Mish, dt ds usfcui th
uelfrpde deehvmtdhesobmiifejfs mel idadtmtdhes th mlhptdhe. \bds gehwifljf ds rfifvmet chr
tbf ohst-fccfotdvf pimeedej mel orfmtdhe hc efw tfobehihjdfs mel deehvmtdhe dedtdmtdvfs tbmt
ome sfrvf tbf effls hc tbf jih`mi shutb de tbf prhofss hc mobdfvdej lfvfihpafet chr mii. DO\s
detfjrmtdhe deth tbf mluit fluomtdhe prhjrma wms ohesdlfrfl me deehvmtdhe hc tbf fluomtdheprhvdsdhe chr deldjfehus pfhpif de Jumdem. \bus, ldccusdhe hc deehvmtdhes tbfhry mssdstfl de
tbf memiysds hc pmrtdodpmets pfrofptdhes hc tbf deehvmtdhe he `htb tbf mluit fluomtdhe prhjrma
mel tbf deldjfehus ohaauedtdfs.
Velfrstmeldej ldccusdhe hc deehvmtdhes>?). Moohrldej th Phjfrs, tbfsf stmjfs lh eht miwmys ruif mii tbf
deehvmtdhes hr tfobehihjdfs, mel lh eht efofssmrdiy chiihw tbmt spfodcdo hrlfr.
Efw dlfms effl th `f h`sfrvfl `y pfhpif, wbh amy mlhpt tbfa, ms efw de hrlfr th `f
ohesdlfrfl deehvmtdhes. Me deehvmtdhe ds me dlfm, prmotdof, hr h`kfot tbmt ds pfrofdvfl ms efw
`y me deldvdlumi hr htbfr uedt hc mlhptdhe. (Phjfrs, 0>>?;=0). Ohaaheiy, deldvdlumis mel
afa`frs hc m pmrtdouimr shodfty cmof me dedtdmi pfrdhl hc ueofrtmdety m`hut tbf deehvmtdhe, eht
`fdej surf m`hut dts cueotdhedej hr bhw dt ohuil mccfot tbfa. \bds prhofss deciufeofs tbf
lfodsdhe amgdej he wbftbfr th mlhpt tbf deehvmtdhe hr eht. Phjfrs mish mrjufs tbmt m pfrshes
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0:
fxpfrdfeofs wdtb m ofrtmde deehvmtdhe wdii deciufeof bds/bfr pfrofptdhes m`hut cuturf
deehvmtdhes he tbf smaf cdfil. \bds ds tbf rfmshe wby deehvmtdhes bfmvdiy rfiy he ldccusdhe
prhofssfs tbmt prhahtf mel ldssfademtf dechramtdhe m`hut tbf efw dlfm, dts omusf-fccfots mel
mlvmetmjfs. \bus, ueofrtmdety m`hut tbf deehvmtdhe lforfmsfs mel phtfetdmi mlhptfrs ome amgf
tbfdr obhdofs.
\bf ldccusdhe prhofss ds tbf amde gfy th tbf deehvmtdhes mlhptdhe`fomusf dt ds tbrhujb tbds
ohaauedomtdhe tbmt deldvdlumis sprfml mel fxobmejf dechramtdhe m`hut tbf efw dlfm th
htbfrs. De Phjfrss tbfhry, tbf ldccusdhe prhofss ome `f sphetmefhus mel uepimeefl `ut mish
ldrfotfl mel amemjfl thwmrls me fccfotdvf sprfmldej hc gehwifljf. Ldccusdhe ds lfsord`fl ms
tbf prhofss de wbdob me deehvmtdhe ds ohaauedomtfl tbrhujb ofrtmde obmeefis hvfr tdaf
mahej tbf afa`frs hc m shodmi systfa. (Phjfrs, 0>>?;6). \brhujb ldccusdhe, efw dlfms jft
trmesadttfl usdej ldccfrfet obmeefis hc ohaauedomtdhe, dt ds tdaf-`huelfl mel detfelfl chr
deldvdlumis de spfodcdo ohetfxts. \bf ohaauedomtdhe hc efw dlfms mahej pmrtdodpmets fesurfs
tbf sprfml hc dechramtdhe m`hut tbf deehvmtdhe mel prhahtfs autumi uelfrstmeldej m`hut dt.
\bus, rfluodej ueprfldotm`didty m`hut tbf deehvmtdhe mel cmodidtmtdej dts mlhptdhe hr dts
rfkfotdhe.
Ohesfqufetiy, chstfrdej mlhptdhe lfodsdhes de deldvdlumis mel shodftdfs ds me daphrtmet tmsg
chr tbf detfjrmtdhe hc deehvmtdhes de hur shodftdfs. \bfsf deehvmtdhe lfodsdhes devhivf m sfrdfs
hc obhdofs mel motdhes wbdob mrf; gehwifljf, pfrsumsdhe, lfodsdhe, dapifafetmtdhe mel
ohecdramtdhe. Moohrldej th Phjfrs, tbf lfodsdhe th mlhpt deehvmtdhes ds,
tbf prhofss tbrhujb wbdob me deldvdlumi, (hr htbfr lfodsdhe-amgdej uedt) pmssfs crha
jmdedej gehwifljf hc me deehvmtdhe, th chradej me mttdtulf thwmrls tbf deehvmtdhe, th
amgdej m lfodsdhe th mlhpt hr rfkfot, th dapifafetmtdhe hc tbf efw dlfm, mel th
ohecdramtdhe hc tbds lfodsdhe. (Phjfrs, 0>>?;=32)
Gehwifljf feohapmssfs cmadidmrdty wdtb tbf deehvmtdhe, bhw dt sbhuil `f usfl mel tbmt
wbdob mrf dts `msdo cueotdhes. \bf pfrsumsdhe stmjf lfvfihps wbfe phtfetdmi mlhptfrs ome chra
m phsdtdvf hr efjmtdvf pfrofptdhe m`hut tbf deehvmtdhe tbrhujb fxpfrdfeof th imtfr put de de usf
wdtb tbf dapifafetmtdhe stmjf. Ohecdramtdhe rfcfrs th tbf pfrofdvfl hutohaf deldvdlumis lrmw
mctfr mlhptdej tbf deehvmtdhe. De mlldtdhe, deehvmtdhe mlhptdhe hr rfkfotdhe ds ldotmtfl `y tbrff
typfs hc deehvmtdhe lfodsdhes; hptdhemi, ohiifotdvf hr mutbhrdty deehvmtdhe-lfodsdhes (Phjfrs,
0>>?).
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Ohesdlfrdej tbf mchrfafetdhefl prhofssfs, deldvdlumis mel shodmi systfas amgf mlhptdhe (hr
rfkfotdhe) lfodsdhes. @msfl he tbf ldccfrfeofs mahej lfodsdhes amlf `y tbf deldvdlumis,
Phjfrs lfvfihps m omtfjhrdzmtdhe hc mlhptfrs. Moohrldej th bda, tbfrf mrf cdvf mlhptfr
omtfjhrdfs tbmt ldrfotiy rfimtf th tbf deehvmtdhe mel tbf wmy de wbdob deldvdlumis de m shodmi
systfa mlhpt tbfa mihej tdaf; deehvmthrs, fmriy mlhptfrs, fmriy amkhrdty, imtf amkhrdty mel
imjjmrls (Phjfrs, 0>>?).
Heof mlhptdhe lfodsdhes mrf amlf mel dapifafetfl, ohesfqufeofs hc tbf deehvmtdhe mlhptdhe
hr rfkfotdhe ome mrdsf. \bfsf deehvmtdhe ohesfqufeofs mrf rfimtfl th tbf obmejfs tbmt amy hr
amy eht hoour th tbf deldvdlumis hr shodmi jrhups wbh mlhptfl hr rfkfotfl tbf efw dlfm.
Ohesfqufeofs mrf tbf obmejfs tbmt hoourth me deldvdlumi hr m shodmi systfa ms m rfsuit hc
tbf mlhptdhe hr rfkfotdhe hc me deehvmtdhe. (Phjfrs, 0>>?;
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Mttrd`utfs hc deehvmtdhes>?;0=4). \bf rmtfs hc
mlhptdhe mrf cdjurfs tbmt deldomtf tbf spffl de wbdob me deehvmtdhe ds mlhptfl `y ohuetdej tbf
eua`fr hc deldvdlumis wbh usf tbf deehvmtdhe de m jdvfe pfrdhl hc tdaf. \bfrfchrf, mttrd`utfs
hc deehvmtdhe mrf vdtmi th lftfradef tbf wmys de wbdob deldvdlumis pfrofdvf tbf efw dlfms mel
put tbfa de usf. De Phjfrs whrls Deehvmtdhes tbmt mrf pfrofdvfl `y deldvdlumis ms bmvdej
jrfmtfr rfimtdvf mlvmetmjf, ohapmtd`didty, trdmim`didty, mel h`sfrvm`didty mel ifss ohapifxdty
wdii `f mlhptfl ahrf rmpdliy tbme htbfrs deehvmtdhes. (Phjfrs, 0>>?;=3). \bf chiihwdejsfotdhe wdii prfsfet tbfsf cdvf mttrd`utfs hc deehvmtdhes de lftmdi.
>?;004). Pfimtdvf
mlvmetmjf ds me daphrtmet cmothr chr mlhptfrs, mel tbus strhejiy mccfots tbf mlhptdhe lfodsdhe.
Mlvmetmjfs ome `f `msfl he fohehado mel/hr shodmi jrhuels, `ut mlhptfrs ome ohesdlfr htbfrdeldomthrs ms mlvmetmjfhus ms wfii, suob ms ohevfedfeof mel smtdscmotdhe. \bds lfpfels he tbf
emturf hc tbf deehvmtdhe mel dts pfrofdvfl supfrdhrdty crha prfvdhus deehvmtdhes. Zdtbde tbf
fohehado cmothr tbf dedtdmi ohsts hc deehvmtdhe pimy m lfodsdvf rhif de tbf lfodsdhes th mlhpt hr
rfkfot dt. Jfefrmiiy, tbf rmtfs hc mlhptdhe mrf bdjbiy deciufeofl `y tbf sbdctdej hc ohsts hc tbf
deehvmtdhes sdeof prdofs ome `f bdjb de tbf `fjdeedej mel imtfr lforfmsf ohesdlfrm`iy hvfr tbf
ohursf hc tbf ldccusdhe prhofss. Jrmlumiiy ihwfrdej prdofs hc deehvmtdhes tbrhujb tbf
ohaafrodmidzmtdhe pfrdhl phtfetdmiiy prhahtf mlhptdhe rmtfs amdeiy mahej tbf fmriy mel imtfamkhrdty mlhptfrs (Phjfrs, 0>>?).
He tbf htbfr bmel, rfimtdvf mlvmetmjf ds mish msshodmtfl wdtb tbf shodmi stmtus mel shodmi
rfohjedtdhe hc deldvdlumis mel shodftdfs. Bfeof, tbf rmtf hc mlhptdhe ds oihsfiy rfimtfl th tbf
lfjrff de wbdob deldvdlumis pfrofdvf tbf deehvmtdhe ms shodmiiy `fefcdodmi. Phjfrs sujjfsts
tbmt me deehvmtdhe ohuil `f mlhptfl `y afa`frs hc m jdvfe shodfty de hrlfr th jrmtdcy hefs
lfsdrf th jmde m shodmi stmtus. \bds afmes tbmt `y mlhptdej m ofrtmde deehvmtdhe tbf deldvdlumi
ohuil fekhy m rfputm`if stmtus de bds/bfr spfodcdo shodmi sfttdej. Oifmry, shaf deldvdlumis mrf
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?>
ahrf ahtdvmtfl th mobdfvf tbds stmtus tbme htbfrs, bhwfvfr, Phjfrs mrjufs tbmt tbfsf
mlvmetmjfs mrf ahrf ohaaheiy fxpfrdfeofl `y deehvmthrs hr fmriy mlhptfrs ms hpphsfl th tbf
imtf amkhrdty hr imjjmrl mlhptfrs (Phjfrs, 0>>?).
Sfry hctfe, phtfetdmi mlhptfrs mrf detfrfstfl de vfrdcydej bhw me deehvmtdhe ds `fttfr tbme tbf
fxdstdej hef mel bhw tbf mlhptdej lfodsdhe wdii mccfot tbfdr fohehado mel shodmi stmtus. \bf
ldccusdhe prhofss cmodidtmtfs tbds `y fxobmejdej dechramtdhe m`hut tbf deehvmtdhes
obmrmotfrdstdos mel pfrofdvfl `fefcdts. \bf jrfmtfr tbf pfrofdvfl rfimtdvf mlvmetmjf hc me
deehvmtdhe, tbf ahrf rmpdl dts rmtf hc mlhptdhe wdii `f. (Phjfrs, 0>>?;=6). Ohesfqufetiy, tbf
rfimtdvf mlvmetmjfs pfrofdvfl mel fxobmejfl `y deldvdlumis mrf strhejiy rfimtfl th tbf
deehvmtdhes rmtf hc mlhptdhe. He tbf ohetrmry, wbfe rfimtdvf mlvmetmjfs mrf eht oifmr mel
phtfetdmi mlhptfrs cdel dt ldccdouit th pfrofdvf me deehvmtdhes `fefcdts, dts rmtf hc mlhptdhe ds
sihw (Phjfrs, 0>>?).
>?;0). _h, wbfe me deehvmtdhe ds mlmptm`if mel oihsf th tbf deldvdlumis rfmidty mel shodmi
vmiufs bf hr sbf ds ifss bfsdtmet th mlhptdhe. \bus, `fohadej ahrf cmadidmr wdtb tbf
deehvmtdhe mel prhaptdej phsdtdvf dechramtdhe fxobmejf wdtb htbfrs de tbf shodfty. Smiuf
systfas mrf tdjbtiy bfil de shodftdfs mel mrf ldsdeoidefl th rmpdl obmejfs7 tbds ds tbf rfmshe
wby deehvmtdhes tbmt mrf deohejruhus wdtb fxdstdej ehras fxpfrdfeof sihw rmtfs hc mlhptdhe.
Ms Phjfrs put dt Me dlfm tbmt ds deohapmtd`if wdtb tbf vmiufs mel ehras hc m shodmi systfa
wdii eht `f mlhptfl ms rmpdliy ms me deehvmtdhe tbmt ds ohapmtd`if. (Phjfrs, 0>>?;=6).
Moohrldej th Phjfrs, tbfrf mrf tbrff amde mspfots tbmt deehvmtdhes ome `f ohapmtd`if hr
deohapmtd`if wdtb; shodh-ouiturmi vmiufs mel `fidfcs, prfvdhusiy detrhluofl dlfms, mel oidfet
effls chr tbf deehvmtdhe. \bf cdrst mspfot rfcfrs th tbf ohapmtd`didty hr deohapmtd`didty hc m
ofrtmde deehvmtdhe wdtb shodftdfsouiturmi vmiufs mel `fidfcs. _haf shodmi systfas mrf vfry
chel hc tbfdr trmldtdhes, bm`dts tbmt mrf strhejiy tdfl th tbfdr ouiturf mel wmys hc idcf. Zbfe
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?=
efw dlfms mrf ohuetfr th deldvdlumis vmiufs mel trmldtdhes tbfdr rmtf hc mlhptdhe ome `f
`ihogfl hr lfimyfl. De shaf omsfs, deehvmtdhes mrf lfsdjefl th `f usfl de m pmrtdouimr shodfty
`fmrdej de adel dts ouiturf mel `fidfcs, m cmot tbmt fmsfs tbf mlhptdhe prhofss. Bhwfvfr, tbfsf
deehvmtdhes ome mish `f sprfml th htbfr ouiturfs wbfrf mlhptdhe ohuil `f ohuetfr-prhluotdvf
sdeof dt ds deohapmtd`if wdtb tbfdr vmiufs, ouiturmi `fidfcs hr fxtrfafiy sfesdtdvf ehras. Bfeof,
th mlhpt me deehvmtdhe tbmt ds deohapmtd`if rfprfsfets m rdsg th fel trmldtdhes mel amy ifml th
efw shodmi ohestrmdets (Phjfrs, 0>>?).
\bf sfohel mspfot hc ohapmtd`didty hc deehvmtdhes ds tbf rfimtdhesbdp `ftwffe tbf efw dlfm
mel prfvdhus deehvmtdhes. Deehvmtdhes rmtfs hc mlhptdhe mrf bdjbiy lfpfelfet he tbf
ohapmtd`didty tbfy bmvf wdtb dlfms dapifafetfl de tbf pmst. Phjfrs mssfrts tbmt hil dlfms mrf
tbf hefs tbmt deldvdlumis usf th jdvf afmedej th efw dlfms mel fstm`idsb cmadidmr oheefotdhes
wdtb tbfa. Zbfe m phtfetdmi mlhptfr ds cmadidmrdzfl wdtb m efw dlfm `msfl he bds/bfr
gehwifljf hc prfvdhus sdadimr deehvmtdhes, tbf prh`m`didty hc mlhptdej suob deehvmtdhe ds
bdjbfr. \bfrfchrf, dc me deldvdlumi bml m efjmtdvf fxpfrdfeof wdtb prfvdhus dlfms, tbf mlhptdhe
hc efw deehvmtdhes ds rfmshem`iy ihwfr. Detfrfstdejiy, tbf mppmrfet ohapmtd`didty hc me
deehvmtdhe wdtb tbf dlfm dt supfrsflfs ome mish ifml th tbf deohrrfot usf hc tbf deehvmtdhe,
sdeof mlhptfrs ohuil chiihw tbf prfvdhus prmotdofs mel cueotdhes.
\bf imst cmothr tbmt deldomtfs tbf ohapmtd`didty hc me deehvmtdhe de m shodfty hr chr me
deldvdlumi ds tbf ohapmtd`didty wdtb effls. \bds cmothr rfimtfs th tbf ompm`didty hc me deehvmtdhe
th mllrfss me fxdstdej effl. \bf rfohjedtdhe hc effls de shodmi jrhups hr deldvdlumis ds m tmsg
tbmt deehvmthrs uelfrtmgf de hrlfr th mssfss (mel shaftdafs orfmtf) tbfdr effls moourmtfiy.
^htfetdmi mlhptfrs amy eht rfohjedzf tbmt tbfy bmvf m effl chr me deehvmtdhe uetdi tbfy
`fohaf mwmrf hc tbf efw dlfm hr dts ohesfqufeofs. (Phjfrs, 0>>?;0
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?0
th wbdob me deehvmtdhe ds pfrofdvfl ms ldccdouit th uelfrstmel mel usf. (Phjfrs, 0>>?;=3).
Deehvmtdhes fxpfrdfeof bdjbfr rmtfs hc mlhptdhe wbfe tbfy mppfmr fmsy th hpfrmtf mel
ohaprfbfel `y tbf amkhrdty hc afa`frs de m shodfty ms hpphsfl th tbhsf efw dlfms tbmt sffa
ldccdouit th usf mel rfqudrf tbf mlhptfrs th moqudrf efw sfts hc sgdiis.
>?;=3). Deldvdlumis ome orfmtf afmedejs hc medeehvmtdhe wbfe tbfy mrf miihwfl th usf mel amedpuimtf dt7 ifmredej bhw dt whrgs mel de wbmt
wmys dt ds usfcui chr hefsfic deorfmsfs tbf phssd`didtdfs chr dts mlhptdhe mel ldccusdhe. @fsdlfs
cmvhrdej rmtfs hc mlhptdhe, trdmim`didty, moohrldej th Phjfrs, mish `fefcdts tbf ldccusdhe prhofss
sdeof deldvdlumis ome fmsdiy pmss he dechramtdhe th pffrs m`hut tbf deehvmtdhe. \bus,
prhahtdej htbfrs th mlhpt tbf efw dlfm `msfl he tbfdr pfrshemi fxpfrdfeofs.
>?;=3). \bds h`sfrvm`didty mttrd`utffem`ifs ldsoussdhes wdtb htbfrs (rfimtdvfs, pffrs hr crdfels) m`hut tbf deehvmtdhe tbmt
strfejtbfes tbf ldccusdhe prhofss, prhahtfs mssfssafet hc tbf deehvmtdhe mel, uitdamtfiy,
deorfmsfs dts mlhptdhe.
Ahtdvmtdhe
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??
uelfrstmel tbf `msdo lfcdedtdhes mel mpprhmobfs th ahtdvmtdhe, fspfodmiiy de rfjmrls th
fluomtdhe.
Ahtdvmtdhe ds m tfra tbmt bms omusfl euafrhus ldsoussdhes mel rfsfmrob de hrlfr th fxpihrf
wbmt ahtdvmtfs pfhpif mel bhw ahtdvmtdhe deciufeofs pfhpifs motdhes. \bfsf qufstdhes bmvf
puzzifl sobhimrs mihej tbf yfmrs. _haf hc tbf oimssdo mpprhmobfs th fxpihrf ahtdvmtdhe mrf;
mttrd`utdhe tbfhry, jhmi tbfhry, pfrchrameof ahlfis, detfiidjfeof mel sfic-whrtb, mel sfic-
lftfrademtdhe tbfhry, th emaf m cfw (Ahilfe mel Lwfog, 0>>>7 @utifr, 0>>>).
Ahtdvmtdhe ds m bftfrhjfefhus mel ohapifx tfra th lfcdef. Chr destmeof, ^detrdob mel _obueg
lfcdef tbf tfra ms chiihws; Ahtdvmtdhe rfcfrs th tbf prhofss wbfrf`y jhmi-ldrfotfl motdvdty ds
destdjmtfl mel sustmdefl. (^detrdob mel _obueg, 0>>0;>0).
Htbfr mutbhrs, suob ms Pyme mel Lfod (0>>>m;6
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?>0;=>`;=>>`).
Moohrldej th tbf sfic-lftfrademtdhe tbfhry buame `fdejs bmvf tbrff `msdo deemtf
psyobhihjdomi effls tbmt mrf prfsfet crha tbf ahafet hc `drtb mel fvhivf wdtb tbf
lfvfihpafet prhofss hvfr tbf yfmrs. \bfsf effls judlf buame `fbmvdhrs mel sbmpf tbflfjrff mel fxtfet hc ahtdvmtdhe m pfrshe fxpfrdfeofs wbdif pfrchradej ldccfrfet motdvdtdfs;
ohapftfeof, muthehay mel rfimtflefss effls. Ohapftfeof rfimtfs th tbf deldvdlumis effl th
cffi m`if mel ohapftfet hc bds/bfr motdhes ms afa`frs hc shodmi jrhups. Muthehay bms th lh
wdtb tbf sfesf hc sfic ohetrhi mel mjfeoy tbmt m pfrshe pfrofdvfs hvfr bda/bfrsfic. Cdemiiy,
rfimtflefss devhivfs tbf buame effl th cffi pmrt hc m jrhup, th `fihej mel `f rfjmrlfl ms me
daphrtmet pmrt hc shodfty (^detrdob mel _obueg, 0>>0). Ohesdlfrdej tbf buame effls
mchrfafetdhefl, sfic-lftfrademtdhe tbfhry (_L\) mssfrts tbmt buames fxpfrdfeof twh typfs hcahtdvmtdhes tbmt mrf lrdvfe `y detrdesdo mel fxtrdesdo cmothrs.
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?6
Detrdesdo ahtdvmtdhe>>m).
De jfefrmi, mutbhrs dlfetdcy detrdesdo ahtdvmtdhe ms tbf wdii hc m pfrshe th pfrchra me motdvdtychr tbfdr hwe `fefcdt, fekhyafet, smtdscmotdhe, mel detfrfst (Osdgszfetadbmiyd, 0>=>0). ^fhpifs motdhes mrf lrdvfe `y detrdesdo ahtdvmtdhe wbfe tbfy mrf `msfl
he me deefr lrdvf th fejmjf de motdvdtdfs ldsrfjmrldej fxtfremi rfwmrls hr hutohafs7 tbds ds m
phsdtdvf typf hc ahtdvmtdhe tbmt ds idgfiy th `f sustmdefl chr ihej pfrdhls hc tdaf (Bdld, 0>>>7
Ifvfsquf ft mi., 0>=>). _dadimriy, Pyme mel Lfod fxpimde;
Detrdesdo ahtdvmtdhe ds tbf lhdej hc me motdvdty chr dts debfrfet smtdscmotdhes rmtbfrtbme chr shaf sfpmrm`if ohesfqufeof, wbfe detrdesdomiiy ahtdvmtfl m pfrshe ds ahvfl
th mot chr tbf cue hr obmiifejf fetmdifl rmtbfr tbme `fomusf hc tbf fxtfremi prhs,
prfssurfs hr rfwmrls. (Pyme mel Lfod, 0>>>m;63)
Detrdesdo ahtdvmtdhe ds tbf ahst muthehahus (sfic-lftfradefl) typf hc ahtdvmtdhe `fomusf dt
uelfridefs motdhes pfrchrafl purfiy chr tbf fekhyafet mel phsdtdvf fxpfrdfeofs jmdefl crha
tbf motdvdtdfs tbfasfivfs. \bfrfchrf, detrdesdo ahtdvmtdhe ds m gfy fifafet hc tbf shodmi,
pbysdomi mel ohjedtdvf lfvfihpafet hc pfhpif sdeof pfrshemi detfrfst mel jhmis mrf tbf lrdvdej
chrof tbmt sbmpf hefs sgdiis mel gehwifljf m`hut tbf whril.
Fevdrheafetmi mel shodmi cmothrs mrf daphrtmet th tbf lfvfihpafet hc detrdesdo ahtdvmtdhe de
buame `fdejs, sdeof tbfsf cmothrs ome fdtbfr ldadedsb hr prhahtf ahtdvmtdhe de deldvdlumis
(Pyme mel Lfod, 0>>>m). Chr destmeof, tbfrf mrf phsdtdvf mel/hr efjmtdvf pfrchrameof
cffl`mog hc fxtfremi shodmi cmothrs tbmt, uelfedm`iy, ohuil strfejtbfe hr bdelfr m pfrshes
detrdesdo ahtdvmtdhe.
_fic-lftfrademtdhe tbfhry sujjfsts tbmt oimssrhha mel bhaf fevdrheafets ome
cmodidtmtf hr chrfstmii detrdesdo ahtdvmtdhe `y supphrtdej vfrsus tbwmrtdej tbf effls chr
muthehay mel ohapftfeof. Bhwfvfr, dt ds ordtdomi th rfafa`fr tbmt detrdesdo
ahtdvmtdhe wdii hoour heiy chr motdvdtdfs tbmt bhil detfrfst chr me deldvdlumi. (Pymemel Lfod, 0>>>m;64)
Ohesdlfrdej tbf mchrfafetdhefl, detrdesdo ahtdvmtdhe sffas th bhil me daphrtmet rhif de
fluomtdhe. _tulfets wbh mrf detrdesdomiiy ahtdvmtfl bmvf ahrf obmeofs th fekhy tbf ifmredej
motdvdty, sdeof dt `fohafs tbf ofetrmi chous hc mttfetdhe (Osdgszfetadbmiyd, 0>=
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?3
_adtb, 0>>>). Bfeof, cmvhrdej detrdesdo ahtdvmtdhe de tbf oimssrhha ome `f m phsdtdvf strmtfjy
chr tbf ifmredej mel tfmobdej prmotdofs. Pyme mel Lfod stmtf tbmt pfrshes lrdvfe `y detrdesdo
ahtdvmtdhes mrf ahrf muthehahus mel pfrchra motdvdtdfs th smtdscy tbf pfrshemi psyobhihjdomi
effls hc ohapftfeof, muthehay mel rfimtflefss. Deldvdlumis mrf crff th lfodlf wbftbfr hr eht
th pfrchra ofrtmde motdhes `msfl he tbfdr hwe prfcfrfeofs mel effls. @ut wbfe motdvdtdfs mrf
pfrchrafl chr tbfdr hwe smgf, stulfets ome rfvfmi tbfdr phtfetdmis mel fxpfrdfeof muthehay
mel wfii-`fdej wbdif ifmredej.
Fxtrdesdo ahtdvmtdhe>0;0=>).
Moohrldej th Pyme mel Lfod (0>>>m), stulfets ome fdtbfr fejmjf de motdvdtdfs de tbf oimssrhha
wdtb rfsfetafet hr `hrflha `fomusf tbf motdvdty ds eht detfrfstdej chr tbfa `ut tbfy austpfrchra dt, sh tbf motdhe ds chrofl crha tbf fxtfremi fevdrheafet. Hr stulfets ome mot wdtb
wdiidejefss mel fekhyafet `fomusf tbfy bmvf mlmptfl mel moofptfl tbf motdvdty ms m vmium`if
mel usfcui tmsg th pfrchra, sh tbf motdhe `fohafs me fxtrdesdo jhmi uelfrsthhl ms m afmes th
jmde shaftbdej (Pyme mel Lfod, 0>>>m). \bds uelfrstmeldej hc fxtrdesdo ahtdvmtdhe ds usfcui
th tbf fluomtdhe prhofss `y prhahtdej tbf orfmtdhe hc oimssrhha strmtfjdfs tbme ome fejmjf
stulfets mel tfmobfrs de lhdej motdvdtdfs tbmt `fefcdt tbfdr tfmobdej-ifmredej prhofssfs.
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?:
Ahtdvmtdhe mel dts ldccfrfet mpprhmobfs, deoiuldej sfic-lftfrademtdhe tbfhry, sffa th `f vdtmi
de uelfrstmeldej `fbmvdhr de oimssrhhas mel fluomtdhe prmotdofs. \h febmeof tbf ifmredej
prhofss mel oimssrhha detfrmotdhes `y deorfmsdej stulfets mel tfmobfrs ahtdvmtdhe ome
cmodidtmtf pfrchrameof mel mobdfvfafet. \bf sfic-lftfrademtdhe tbfhry prhvdlfs detrdesdo mel
fxtrdesdo ahtdvmtdhe ms mpprhmobfs th uelfrpde tbf rfmshes mel afmes tbrhujb wbdob stulfets
mel tfmobfrs `fbmvf mel pfrchra motdvdtdfs de hrlfr th ifmre mel mobdfvf jhmis. Detrdesdo
ahtdvmtfl `fbmvdhrs mrf tbf hefs lrdvfe `y pfrshemi detfrfst rfjmrlifss hc rfwmrls hr fxtfremi
ohestrmdets. Zbfrfms tbf fxtrdesdo ahtdvmtfl `fbmvdhrs mrf tbf motdhes de wbdob deldvdlumis
fejmjf de hrlfr th h`tmde m sfpmrmtf hutohaf hr ohesfqufeof.
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?2
6 Pfsfmrob aftbhlhihjy
\bf mda hc tbf prfsfet obmptfr ds th ldsouss tbf aftbhls mppidfl de tbds stuly. \bds obmptfr
wdii stmrt `y prfsfetdej tbf amde obmrmotfrdstdos hc qumidtmtdvf mel qumetdtmtdvf rfsfmrob
aftbhls de shodmi sodfeof rfsfmrob, chiihwfl `y tbf rmtdhemif `fbdel tbds stulys obhdof hc
rfsfmrob lfsdje, rfsfmrob strmtfjy, aftbhls mel destruafets th ohiifot mel memiyzf lmtm. De tbf
sfohel pmrt, m lftmdifl lfsordptdhe hc tbf rfsfmrob sdtf wdii `f prhvdlfl ms wfii ms dechramtdhe
he smapidej mel cdfilwhrg de Jumdem de shutb-wfst Ohiha`dm. \bds obmptfr oheoiulfs `y
lfsord`dej tbf prhoflurfs chr lmtm memiysds ms wfii ms tbf ftbdomi ohesdlfrmtdhes mel vmidldty hc
tbds stuly.
_hodmi sodfeof rfsfmrob6.=
\bfrf mrf twh amkhr mpprhmobfs de shodmi sodfeof rfsfmrob, qumetdtmtdvf mel qumidtmtdvf
lfsdjes. _hodmi sodfetdsts bmvf bml ihej stmeldej lf`mtfs he tbf ldccfrfeofs, sdadimrdtdfs,
mlvmetmjfs mel ldsmlvmetmjfs hc tbfsf lfsdjes su`sord`dej th hef hr tbf htbfr rfsfmrob
trmldtdhes. \bf adxfl aftbhl mpprhmob ds hctfe usfl th oha`def `htb qumetdtmtdvf mel
qumidtmtdvf aftbhls (@ryame, 0>=0). Pfsfmrobfrs obhdofs hc hef hc tbf afetdhefl
mpprhmobfs bfmvdiy rfiy he tbf stulys thpdo hc detfrfst mel tbf gehwifljf tbmt dt mdas thmoqudrf mel/hr prhluof. Fmob lfsdje bhils m pmrtdouimr sft hc pbdihshpbdomi mssuaptdhes mel
pmrmldjas tbmt supphrt rfsfmrobfrs de mpprhmobdej mel stulydej tbf shodmi whril uelfr
devfstdjmtdhe (@urrfii & Ahrjme, =4267 @ryame, 0>=07 Orfswfii, 0>>4).
]umetdtmtdvf lfsdje ds jfefrmiiy rfimtfl th phsdtdvdsa tbmt pfrtmdes th tbf h`kfotdvdst
hethihjdomi phsdtdhe th shodmi sodfeof. ^hsdtdvdsa prhahtfs tbf usf hc emturmi sodfeof aftbhls
suob ms fxpfrdafets mel survfys th stuly tbf shodmi whril mel dts rfmidty. \bds mdas th
fstm`idsb byphtbfsds tbme ome `f tfstfl `y tbf jmtbfrfl lmtm. Velfr tbfsf prfadsfs, phsdtdvdsa
uelfrstmels tbf shodmi whril mel rfmidty ms m ldsorftf h`kfot delfpfelfet mel ds fxtfremi hc tbf
shodmi mothrs. ]umetdtmtdvf lfsdje fapbmsdzfs de tbf qumetdcdomtdhe mel prhluotdhe hc euafrdo
mel jfefrmidzm`if hutohafs th me fxtfesdvf phpuimtdhe crha m idadtfl smapif `y usdej m
lfluotdvf mpprhmob (@ryame, 0>=0; @urrfii & Ahrjme =4267 Orfswfii, 0>>4).
@y ohetrmst, qumidtmtdvf lfsdje bms dts hrdjdes he tbf su`kfotdvf hethihjdomi phsdtdhe th shodmi
sodfeof crha wbdob tbf detfrprftdvf pmrmldja lfrdvfs crha. \bf detfrprftdvf pfrspfotdvf
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?4
vdfws tbf stuly hc deldvdlumis mel tbf destdtutdhes ms cuelmafetmiiy ldccfrfet crha tbf emturmi
sodfeofs. Crha tbds pmrmldja tbf shodmi whril mel rfmidtdfs mrf rfimtdvdstdo mel lh eht fxdst
delfpfelfetiy hc tbf deldvdlumis, sdeof tbf shodmi whril ds fssfetdmiiy orfmtfl `y tbfa. Ms
@urrfii & Ahrjme lfsord`fl Detfrprftdvf shodhihjy ds oheofrefl wdtb uelfrstmeldej tbf
fssfeof hc tbf fvfrylmy whril. (@urrfi & Ahrjme, =426;?=). Bfeof, qumidtmtdvf lfsdje
prflhademetiy fapbmsdzfs tbmt tbf shodmi whril ome heiy `f stuldfl mel uelfrsthhl crha tbf
phdets hc vdfw hc tbf deldvdlumis wbh mrf ldrfotiy devhivfl. De hrlfr th prhluof tbdog mel rdob
lfsordptdhes hc tbf shodmi pbfehafem, tbf qumidtmtdvf rfsfmrob lfsdje fapihys aftbhls tbmt
fiuodlmtf tbf pmrtdodpmets hwe whrls mel fxpfrdfeofs usdej me deluotdvf mpprhmob (Orfswfii,
0>=07 Orfswfii, 0>>?7 @ryame, 0>=07 Orhtty, =4427 _divframe, 0>>6).
\bf prdamry mda hc tbf qumidtmtdvf rfsfmrobfr ds th amgf sfesf hc tbf shodmi pbfehafem hc
detfrfst`y fxpihrdej tbf pmrtdodpmetsafmedejs, fxpfrdfeofs mel whrilvdfws. \bf rfsfmrobfr
gffps oihsf ldstmeof wdtb tbf rfmidty hc tbf pmrtdodpmets rfiydej amdeiy he tbfdr vhdofs mel
pfrofptdhes de hrlfr th uelfrstmel tbf shodmi whril uelfr devfstdjmtdhe. Zdtbde tbds lfsdje, tbf
rfsfmrobfr ds tbf amde shurof hc lmtm ohiifotdhe mel detfrprftmtdhes. \bds cmot fetmdis tbf
rfsfmrobfr th moofpt bds/bfr vmiufs mel `dmsfs mel tbf ifjdtdamoy hc tbf dechramtdhe prhvdlfl
`y pmrtdodpmets de tbf cdfil, th lh sh, tbf rfs