Benj

Thein structsuch assignificacomplexfeaturesof thoseshort ainvestighow the

Injecfor the papplicatto 0.5 mparts [2suitablemechanalloys. Sthermopcharacteterm loaconsidepart’s ereinforce

INTEGRT

njamin Han

2 Institu

rmoplastic ctural compo

s woven fabantly. Howex structuress that are coe can be aand long fiation on ov

ese results c

ction moldinproduction otions [1]. Wimm (injectio]. Although

e for main nical propertSecondly, thplastic matreristic is criads are appered materiaentire lifecyement.

Figure 1: S

RATION THERMO

OV

gs1, Christ

1 Fraute of Vehicl

composite monents. Esprics or unid

ever, due ts such as rommonly pa

achieved witber-reinforc

vermolding ocan be trans

ng and comof complex ith the stand

on molding) this materiastructural

ties, and eshe viscoelasix and hencitical with replied. As a cals is that mycle. This o

Selection of co

OF FEATOPLASTI

VERVIEW

toph Esch1

aunhofer Insle System T

materials hapecially semirectional tato their limribs is not art of complth continuo

ced materiaof unidirectisferred to m

I

pression mshort and ldard varianand 40.0 m

al class is scomponen

specially stifstic behavioce the overaegard to strconsequenc

mechanical poftentimes

ommon continu

Page 1

TURES INC, UNIDI

- W AND C

, Manfred

stitute for ChTechnology,

Abstrac

ave lately bmi-finished papes have aited drapabfeasible. Thlex technica

ous-fiber-reinal. The suonal tape in

more comple

ntroducti

olding are tong fiber-rets of these mm (D-LFTsufficient for nts. Two mffness, cannor of polymeall short orructural appce, one majperformancecannot be

uous fiber-rein

NTO PARIRECTIO

CASE STU

Reif1, Timo

hemical Tech Karlsruhe In

ct

been considproducts wita high potenbility and fhis paper pal applicationforced strubsequent cnserts. In coex compone

ion

today’s stateeinforced theprocesses f

T compressir non- or semmain factorsnot competeers results ilong fiber-r

plications, injor requireme and tolera

ensured w

nforced semi-fi

RTS MADNAL TAP

UDY

o Huber1, F

hnology nstitute of Te

dered increath continuountial to increflowability tpresents anns. It showsuctures by case studyonclusion, ants.

e-of-the art ermoplasticfiber lengthson moldingmi-structuras cause the with modein limited crreinforced mn which statment that neances are suwith solely

finished produc

DE FROMPE

Frank Henn

echnology

asingly for aus fiber-reinase part pehe forming

n overview s how implecombining

y presents an outlook is

process tecc parts in higs of approx

g) are achieal applicatiohis limitatioern steel or reep resistamaterial [3, tic and dynaeeds to be ustained thr

short or l

cts (CFRSFP)

M

ning1, 2

application nforcement erformance of highly of desired

ementation them with a related

s given on

chnologies gh-volume

ximately up eved within ns it is not

on. Firstly, aluminum

ance of the 4, 5]. This amic long-fulfilled by

roughout a ong fiber-

Oneproductsof this mstructurepart desthe conmatrix. effect is

Figure 2

Nev(CFRSFflow caplittle surparts. Asolutioncircumsapplicat

The further epresenteparticulacorrespocompresmateriacreates functioncreatingprocess

e approach s made frommaterial claes and unidsigns to be atinuous fibeAs a result

s illustrated i

2: Illustration of

vertheless, FPs) is theipabilities arerrounding m

Although thes usually re

scribed overtions.

Fig

question thextend the ed in this par, local coond to higssion moldil surrounds

a part’s nalized areag structural s combinatio

to overcomm preimpregass, namelydirectional taadapted to ers. That w, creep behin Figure 2.

f the difference

one dowr limitation e limited du

matrix materese shell strequire an arview of the

gure 3: Selecti

hat arises infields of ap

paper combontinuous fhly loaded ng. After thethe CFRSFoverall ba

as. The conintegrity an

on, also kno

me this bagnated cont

y randomly ape layups.the relevan

way loads ahavior of pa

e in creep beh

nside of to produce

ue to high firial. Compreructures are

appropriate e enormous

ion of features

n this contexpplication foines multiplfiber-reinforspots of a

e injection oFP inserts inase structutinuous fibend creep reown as Tailo

Page 2

rrier is the tinuous fibeoriented fib

. However, t load cases

are carried aarts is no lo

havior for shor

continuoushighly com

iber volumeession molde feasible fodegree of is variety of

s commonly in

xt is how theor thermoplale processerced insertsa part andor compressn the final coure, which ers on the oesistance oored LFT [2,

applicationers. Figure 1ber mats, wimplementins. Forces nealmost enti

onger gover

rt (left) and con

s fiber-reinmplex geome fractions (ding is usedor a certainintegration f possibilitie

ntegrated in tec

e above staastic advan

es bringing s are posi are then sion processomponent. T

includesother hand nly were it , 6], is prese

n of thermo1 lists the mwoven fabricng this kindeed to be trrely by the rned by the

ntinuous (right)

forced semmetries. Drap

usually 40-6 to form 3-d

n range of aof featureses that can

chnical plastic

ated facts arnced compotogether thetioned in tcombined s step, shorThis short ageometricaare positionis needed.

ented in Fig

oplastic semmost commocs, fiber-rov

d of materiaransferred d

fibers instematrix mat

t) fiber-reinforc

mi-finished peability an60 % vol.) adimensionalapplications. Figure 3 p

n be found

c parts

re brought tosites? Thee benefits othe mold awith injecti

rt/long fiber-and long fibeally highly ned in the l. A schemaure 4.

mi-finished on variants ving-based ls requires

directly into ead of the terial. This

ced material

products nd material and hence l, shell-like , technical provides a in today’s

together to e approach of each. In areas that ion and/or -reinforced er material

complex, load paths atic of this

Figu

Oneadhesioof the dcertain processfollowingunidirec

Materia

WiththermopselectedmoldingCelestramateria

UD-GF/POM

POM

For injectionto polym

ure 4: Creating

e necessity on between described hextent, loa

sing stronglyg sections p

ctional (UD)

als

h the aboveplastic as md. The unreg grade, Tian CFR-TPls are summ

Density [g/cm³]

1.92

1.41

POM procn barrel of emer degene

g thermoplastic

for functionthe insert a

hybrid compads can bey depends present an itape.

e stated focumatrix mateeinforced mcona Hosta

P POM-GFmarized in T

Table I: Ma

Melt Temp.

[°C] c

[%

166

166

cessing, teme.g. more thration and a

c advanced co

nalized contand the funcposite solute transferreon the choinvestigation

E

us on strucerial. In a material foraform C27060 (UD-GF

Table I.

aterial properti

Fiber content

% weight]

60

-

mperatures an 20 min @

associated o

Page 3

omposites with

tinuous fibectionalizatiotions. Only ed in betwsen procesn related to

Experimen

tural applicafirst invest

r over-inject021 (POM)F/POM) is

ies of the inve

Tensile strength

[MPa]

940

65

above 230@ 210 °C noutgassing o

h integrated fe

er-reinforcedn material. if interface

ween [7-10]sing paramover-inject

ntal

ations, this tigation a tion moldin) [11]. For

used [12]

stigated GF/P

Young’s modulus

[GPa]

28

2.9

0 °C as weneed to be aof formalde

atures using p

d thermoplaThis is cruc

e autohesio]. Whether

meters. Relaion molding

research fopolyoxymet

ng is the lothe unidire

. Material

POM and POM

Flexural modulus

[GPa]

28

2.8

ell as dwelavoided [11]hyde.

process combi

astic parts iscial to take an is establi

this is acated to this g of inserts m

ocuses on athylene copow viscosityectional tapproperties

M

Elongationat break

[%]

2.25

17

lling times ]. This is req

inations

s sufficient advantage ished to a chieved in these, the

made from

a technical polymer is y injection pe, Ticona

for these

n Shear strength

[MPa]

-

62

within the quired due

Specim

Lap UD-tapefollowing

8-plyunif

In geis supecomparatest staunreinfoguidelin

Proces

For RELAY In a subthese inquartz hOnce pseveral curves othermal

Experi

Relacritical interfaciprocessfactors orthogo(sets) apoints. Wtempera

mens for la

shear teste inserts ang layup is in

y quasi-isoform in-plan

eneral, lap serimposed bative studieandard speorced maternes. The spe

ssing Equi

manufacturtape-laying

bsequent stnserts to deheaters thatreheating isseconds a

of the UD inimaging ca

mental ma

ated to the parametersial strength.sing paramecan be connal L27 exp

are tested wWith regardature after p

ap shear t

ting is perfnd overmolnvestigated:

tropic laminne material p

shear testinby bending

es that are reecifically focrial, the preecimen geo

ipment an

ring the UDg process. Tep, two inseesired tempt are mounts finished, hre needed nserts are damera.

atrix desig

introductions for overm. Using a fraeters (factorntrolled durperimental m

with six replid to the UD-preheating b

esting

formed withlded, unrein:

nates with properties.

ng is not ideg stresses elated to mocusing on

esented resmetry is sho

Figure 5: M

nd specime

D-tape inserThese blankerts at a timperatures isted to the iheaters areto remove

determined w

gn

n of this pamolding of Uactional facrs) are varieing the promatrix incluications. Ta-insert temp

but to the ins

Page 4

hin this stunforced ma

a (0, 90,

eal to determwithin the ore practicathe combiearch usesown in Figu

Modified lap sh

en produc

rts, tape layks are then me are put is realized unjection mo

e removed athe heatingwith a Testo

aper, the maUD-tape in

ctorial screeed on three ocess and cuding one ceable II lists tperature Te,sert temper

udy to evaatrix materia

+45, -45)s

mine a specbond line.

al load casenation of c

s DIN EN 14re 5.

hear specimen

ction

yups are firconsolidatento the injeusing two eolding machand the oveg unit and too 845 infrare

ain aim of tserts and

ening type dlevels eachcan be adjuenter point the investig the listed l

rature after t

luate the inal. For the

configuratio

cific materialHowever,

s. Due to thcontinuous 465 [13] an

n

rstly produced before Uection moldinexternal 40hine (Ferromermolding co close theed pyromet

this study istheir influe

design of ex. Attention i

usted directrun. All par

gated factorlevels do notool closing.

nterfacial sUD-tape in

on, offering

l constant sit is well

he fact that tfiber-reinfo

nd DIN 532

ed using FUD-inserts ang tool. Pre

00 watts infmatik Milacrcycle is stare tool, surfater and a FL

s to identifynce on the

xperiments (is paid that tly. This resrameter coms and factoot refer to th.

strength ofnserts, the

g relatively

ince shear suited for there is no orced and 81 [14] as

iberforge’s are cut out. eheating of frared (IR) ron K110). rted. Since ce cooling

LIR SC600

y the most e resulting (DoE), five all chosen

sults in an mbinations or level set he surface

Factor →

Levels ↓1

2

3

UD-tap

As sthe mom8 ± 2 s surface the envsuitablecurves frepresewithin th

Sumwas det

Results

PrioPOM m4 mm/m

Fouin Figure

1. Fai

Tabl

→ te

↓

2

3

pe insert c

stated in thement in whelapses frotemperatur

vironment ae heating timfor Te = 170nted by a h

he determin

mmarized fotermined to

s of lap sh

or to testingmatrix [15]. min on a Heg

r main failue 7 and are

lure of the

le II: Overview

Tool emperature

TW

70 °C

90 °C

110 °C

cooling cur

e prior sectiohich the oveom removal re of the insand the toomes for vary0 °C in relathorizontal bed timefram

or all combibe 4 – 7 %

hear testin

, specimensSubsequen

gewald & Pe

re modes ce characteriz

overmolded

w of investigate

Meltempera

at nozTm

200 °

210 °

220 °

Result

rves

on, Table IIermolding tof the IR h

serts decreal temperatuying combinion to the th

black line. Tme of 8 ± 2 s

Figure 6: Coo

inations of within the p

ng

s are storednt lap sheaeschke – In

can be identzed as follow

d, unreinforc

Page 5

ed process pa

lt ature zzle

I

°C

°C

°C 1

ts and Dis

lists desiretakes placeheaters untases influenure level TW

nations of Three levels

The yellow as.

oling curves of

Te and TW,processing w

d for 7 daysar testing onspekta 50 t

tified for couws:

ced polyme

rameters (fact

Injection speed

v

60 cm³/s

90 cm³/s

120 cm³/s

scussion

ed UD-tape e. In generail injection nced by theW. The perf

Te and TW leof TW as anarea shows

f UD-tape inse

, the insertswindow of a

s to ensureof overmoldtable univers

upons in thi

er within the

tors) and facto

UD-tape itempera

Te

130 °C

150 °C

170 °C

insert surfaal, an approis started. W

e temperatuformed inveevels. Figurn example. T the resultin

erts

s’ surface ta single leve

e completedded specimsal testing m

s test series

e overlappin

or levels

nsert ture

Hold

C 5

C 7

C 9

ace temperaoximate timWithin this re gradient estigation dre 6 illustratTherein the ng insert te

temperatureel combinati

d crystallizamens is permachine.

s. They are

ng area. Th

d pressure p

500 bar

700 bar

900 bar

ature Te for meframe of

period the relative to

determines tes cooling Te level is

emperature

e deviation on.

tion of the rformed at

illustrated

he material

inte

2. Fai

3. FaiUD

Figure 8force Fm

varying shown f

The evaFmax witspecimestandarddeviatio20.1 %)

Relatedperformand (13Both gro(7, 8, 9)kN and 60.9 %.

erface is the

lure at the e

lure at the -insert’s out

8 shows anmax, at which

hold pressfor each gro

aluation of ghin a singleens per sed deviation

on of results). For Te on

to the amance and fa3, 14, 15), woups are ba) and (10, 1

3.7 ± 0.40

ereby not ful

edge of the

edge of thter ply occu

Figure 7:

n overview h specimensure to impoup.

gathered rese parameteret. Overall varies more

s is therebylevel 2, in c

chievable ailure modewhich perforased on Te 1, 12), are T kN, which

Fig

lly develope

fully develo

he fully devurs (right).

Typical failure

of all paramns failed. Reprove reada

sults showsr set. This dmean devie uniform buy related tocontrast, gro

interfaciale are highlyrm the worslevel 1 com

Te level 3 cocorrespond

gure 8: Summa

Page 6

ed (left)

oped materia

veloped ma

e modes for te

meter setsesults are gability. Furt

s an inconsideviation is iation was ut still on a

o combinatiooup variation

strength Faffected by

st with meambinations. ombinationsds to an inc

ary of results f

al interface

aterial inter

ested lap shea

and relatedrouped arohermore, th

istent standcalculated f10.0 %. Whigh level oons with Te

ns are less

max, Figurey Te. This isan Fmax of 2

In contrasts. For thesecrease in m

for lap shear t

(middle).

rface. Local

ar specimens

d mean valuund specifiche most ty

ard deviatiofrom a numWithin grouof 7.5 – 20.1e on level 1pronounced

e 8 furthers e.g. appar2.4 ± 0.48 k, the two to

e groups Fma

mean interfa

esting

l delaminat

ues for the c parametepical failure

on of 0.9 – ber of two tped param

1 %. Highes1 and level d with 7.5 –

rmore illustent for grou

kN and 2.3 op performinax results in

acial strengt

tion of the

maximum r sets with e mode is

21.5 % for to six valid

meter sets, st standard

3 (12.3 – 9.8 %.

trates that up (1, 2, 3) ± 0.37 kN. ng groups, 3.5 ± 0.43

th of up to

The is createmain gounreinforesults. temperalevel 3, would b

Figure 9:

To sorder topressure

Discus

Forestrengthdeviatioof the pthe spechigh sta

The 8 ± 2 s of highedeviatiomachineTe.

ThicconsolidWith theinserts. sample thin injebe remocausing3, excescombinadeclared

above stateed with the overning paorced POM

This is expature until rea constant

be for TW an

Variable impo

sum up, the o create suffe was ident

ssion

egoing presh of overmoon of 10.0 %parameter scimen prod

andard devia

investigatiocorrespondest influenc

on to a minime would sig

ckness standated blanke mold caviHowever foends. This

ected materioved (See F

g injected massive damaation with vd as scrap.

ed effect of DoE softwa

arameter to. In additioplained by teaching theTm results id v on level

ortance plot (V

results valificient interfatified to have

sented resullded UD-tap

% and up to 2ets 3, 9 anuction procations. They

on of surfaing to 4 – 7

ce on interfamum. Imple

gnificantly im

ndard devik. With a noity depth beor some inscauses twoial is presseFigure 10, laterial to hit

age of the inv and Tm o

Te is moreoare MODDE

o influence on, TW interthe fact thae interface on higher effl 1.

VIP) for the infl

date that a acial strenge no identifi

ts determinpe inserts. H21.5 % for ad 10 is calcess were idy are discus

ce tempera7 % deviatioacial streng

ementing a fmprove repr

ation of Uominal insereing 3.0 mmserts, thickno issues for ed into the geft). Secondt the upper nsert occurson level 3.

Page 7

over validateE (see Figuinterfacial

racting withat this combof the UD-tafective temp

fluence of proc

suitable comth. Tm,eff is tiable effect

e the most However, daa single parculated by odentified to ssed in the f

ature coolinon for the agth it is essfully automaroducibility

UD-tape insrt thickness m, this varianess variatiospecimen mgap betweedly for the ofront face e

s (See FiguSamples s

ed by the vaure 9). In thistrength of v also sho

bination direape insert.peratures w

cess paramete

mbination othereby direand was ex

important pata analysisrameter set.only 2 validcause this lfollowing pa

g curves reactual Te valsential for fated heatingof preheatin

serts was of 2.0 mm

ation is balaon is up to manufacturinn insert suropposite caedge of the re 10, right)showing on

ariable impois plot, it is f UD-GF/POows a signectly influenFor exampl

when the ins

ers on the achi

of Tm,eff and Tectly connecxcluded in th

process paras also revea Furthermo test sampllimited repro

aragraphs.

evealed a plue. With Te

future expeg system inng, hence r

up to 8.6this is equ

anced with s0.14 mm e

ng. Firstly, frface and mase, the inseinsert. Espe). This was ne of these

ortance plotevident tha

OM with ovificant impa

nces the injele, if TW andert is hit (Tm

ievable interfa

Te is essentcted to TW ahe VIP.

ameters forals an overare, standardles. Severaoducibility r

processing e being the

eriments to the injectioreducing de

% within ivalent to ± shims undeeven betweefor inserts th

mold cavity aert is slightlyecially with Teven more

e defects h

t (VIP) that at Te is the vermolded, act on the ected melt d v are on m,eff) than it

acial strength

tial in nd v. Hold

r interfacial ll standard d deviation l details in

resulting in

window of parameter reduce its

on molding eviation for

a single 0.17 mm. rneath the en the two hat are too and cannot y too thick Te on level

e distinct in ave to be

Onetemperato a laceffect wfor Fmax the resucombinelow withto creathigher adeviatio

Relafront fatemperaeffect ismateriaspecimeapproxim

In cointerfaciconnectlevel cloinjectedinsert. Astudy, vrequiremin Te to

The parameunreinfoimportainjectionhence rprovide polymer

e further reaature resultek of proper

with an averaof 16.72 ±

ulting interfaes Te on levh regard to te a certainaverage Fm

on of 7.5 %.

ated to TW ace. Due toature in thiss avoided bl. However,ens with lowmately 1.5 m

onclusion, tial strengthted to high rose to but s material. A

Although thivariation of ament for is ta minimum

presented ters on th

orced polymnce to ensun speed andresults, althsufficient h

r chains on

ason for sced in multipautohesion

age numbe4.9 %. The

acial strengtvel 1 with TW

sufficient aun degree ofmax compare

and the speo heat trans area is lowby an inser for the fronw levels ofmm of the in

the conduct Fmax. Howrisk of specstill below mAn increases method reachieved reto implemen.

research whe achievamer. Insert ure proper d their interahough to a heat in the micro scale

Figure 10: D

crap coupole coupons

n. Especiallyr of only 3.5e importancth is further W and Tm onutohesion, tf cohesioned to grou

ecimen desnsfer from wer than in rt width of nt face this ef first and fnterface.

ted test seriwever, inserimen damagmelting poined tool tempesults in ap

esults was dnt automate

work investigable interfapreheating autohesion

actions alsomore limiteinterface so

e [7-10].

Page 8

amaged lap sh

ns is relatethat had no

y parameter5 valid specce of sufficieunderlined

n level 3 as the injectedin the interp (1, 2, 3)

sign, anothethe insert the residua35 mm co

effect cannoforemost Te

ies shows art surface tge. One altent and to geperature furproximatelyetermined t

ed handling

Outlook

gated the infcial strengtemperatur in the inte

o influence thed extent. o that autoh

hear specimen

ed to Te ono sufficient ir groups (1,cimens and ent temperaby parametwell as v o

d melt providrface. This ) but also

er effect is into the r

al overlappompared to ot be avoidee and TW s

a dominant temperatureernative rouenerate therther suppo

y 13 % loweto be signific and/or hea

k

fluence of vgth of UD-re was thererface. Toolhe effectiveIn general, hesion is po

ns

n level 1. Tnterfacial st, 2, 3) and (high averag

ature in the ter group (2

on level 2. Ades enoughis not only by the low

observed crelatively coing area. Fthe 25 mm

ed. Consequshowed no

effect of Te es well aboute in this coe remaining orts to avoider absolute Fcantly loweating system

various injec-tape inserreby determ temperatu

e temperaturthe essent

ossible, cre

This insert ptrength for t(13, 14, 15)ge standardmaterial in

25, 26, 27). TAlthough Te h heat to the

apparent bwer average

close to the older tool, or the side m of the ovuently, multcohesion i

to achieve ove melting ontext is to s

required hd rapid cooFmax values r. In any ca

ms to reduce

ction moldinrts and ovmined to bere, melt temre in the intetial requirem

eating interm

preheating esting due ) show this d deviation terface for This group is critically e interface by 20.1 % e standard

UD-insert the insert faces this

vermolded tiple tested in the first

maximum point are

select a Te eat by the ling of the within this se, a main e variation

ng process vermolded, e of major mperature, erface and ment is to mingling of

F

WithCFRSFextend demonsReferrinparts inrovings)producttechnolo

Gratsupport

Figure 11: Dem

h the abovePs is gainedbasic expe

strator part tng back to Fncorporating). With the ion, such pogies and p

titude goes in establish

monstrator par(fibe

e presentedd. The inveeriments to that incorpoFigure 3, thg features s

future goaphysical de

processes.

to the Freehing the Fra

Meta

Fibe

rt showcasing er-rovings and

d experimestigated promore com

orates a UDe demonstrsuch as loal of providi

emonstrator

Ack

e State of Baaunhofer Pro

al inserts

er‐rovings

Page 9

an over-injectd metallic load

nts, a fundocessing wimplex struct

-tape top larator furtherad transmisng thermoprs are impo

knowledge

avaria as woject Group

tion molded UD transmission

damental unndows for stures. In th

ayer with cormore showssion insertsplastic advaortant to s

ement

well as the CFunctional

D-insert and in points)

nderstandinspecific mathis context,mplex overm

ws an outloos (Metal be

anced comphow overa

City of AugsbLightweigh

ntegrated featu

ng for overmterials are e Figure 11molded rib s

ok to highly earings, woposite in higll feasibility

burg for thet Design.

ures

molding of essential to

shows a structures. integrated

ound fiber-gh-volume y of novel

eir financial

Page 10

Sample References

1. Jud, Thilo, Ingo Harzheim, Hans-Dieter Meinert, & Roland Pettirsch-Tisler, Köngen, “Kunststoff-Ersatzradnykden – Langfaserverstärktes PP im Automobilbau,” KU Junststoffe Online-Archiv, Carl Hanser Verlag, München, Jahrg. 90 (2000) 4, pp. 108-112.

2. F. Henning, H. Ernst, R. Brüssel, LFTs for automotive applications, Reinforced Plastics Vol. 49 (2) (2005), pp. 24-33

3. V.S. Chevali, D.R. Dean, G.M. Janowski, Flexural creep behavior of discontinuous thermoplastic composites: Non-linear viscoelastic modeling and time-temperature-stress superposition, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing Vol. 40 (6-7) (2009), pp. 870-877.

4. H.C. Kim, L.W. Glenn, C.S. Ellis and D.E. Miller, Selecting long-glass fiber/thermoplastics for creep resistance, Plast Eng 53 (1) (1997), pp. 39–40.

5. E.M. Silverman, Effect of glass fiber length on the creep and impact resistance of reinforced thermoplastics, Polym Compos 8 (1) (1987), pp. 8–15.

6. W. Krause, Verfahrensentwicklung für Strukturen aus langfaserverstärktem Thermoplast mit lokalen Endlosfaserverstärkungen, Universität Stuttgart, genehmigte Dissertation (2005)

7. B.T. Aström, Manufacturing of polymer composites, Chapman &Hall (1997)

8. Ch. A. Butler, Relationship of process and properties to the development of bonding of thermoplastic composites, University of Delaware (1995)

9. Y.H. Kim, R.P. Wool, A theory of healing at a polymer-polymer interface, Macomolecules 16 (1983), pp. 1115-1120.

10. R.P. Wool, B.-L. Yuan, O.J. McGarel, Welding of polymer interfaces. Polym Engng Sci 29 (1989), pp. 1340–1367.

11. N.N., Product Information Hostaform C27021 POM, Ticona GmbH (2010)

12. N.N., Product Information Celestran CFR-TP POM-GF60, Ticona GmbH (2010)

13. DIN EN ISO 1465:2009-07, Adhesives - Determination of tensile lap-shear strength of bonded assemblies, Beuth Verlag (2009)

14. DIN 53281:2006-06, Testing of adhesively bonded joints - Preparation of test specimens, Beuth Verlag (2006)

15. H. Domininghaus, P. Elsner, P. Eyerer, T. Hirth, Kunststoffe – Eigenschaften und Anwendungen, Springer Verlag (2008)