integrating renewable energy technologies to reduce large ship fule consumption ben gully - may...
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
Renewable Technology Analysis to Decrease Large Ship Fuel Consumption
ASME ES2010-90294Benjamin H. Gully, MSME
Dr. Michael E. Webber, Dr. Carolyn C. SeepersadRichard C. Thompson, MSME
Center for ElectromechanicsWebber Energy Group
May 19, 2010
Ben GullyASME ES2010 - 2
May 19, 2010
The Marine Transportation Industry Has a Substantial Environmental Footprint
• 90% of world’s freight is transported by ship
• 500 MMT of fuel consumed annually– 30-100 times the sulfur content of land-use
diesel– Other pollutants such as NOx and PM
• 645 MMT of CO2 emitted annually
• 10% savings in fuel represents ~$400,000 annually
Ben GullyASME ES2010 - 3
May 19, 2010
Interest In Reducing Energy Consumption Has Spurred Many Conceptual Designs
Wallenius WilhelmsenE/S Orcelle Nippon Yusen KK (NYK)
Super Eco Ship
SolarSailor, Soliloquy
Ben GullyASME ES2010 - 4
May 19, 2010
Designs Have Many Concepts in Common
• Concepts all focus on Zero Emissions (Zemship)– Radical designs call for hydrogen fuel cells
• Utilize Wind and Solar– Controllable rigid wing sails– Photovoltaic panels– Rigid wing sails with photovoltaic panels
• Wind and solar decrease power demand, hydrogen replaces ‘fossil dependency’ or alleviates emissions
Ben GullyASME ES2010 - 5
May 19, 2010
Existing Efforts Focus on Redesign of Entire Ship and Technology Development
• Purpose here is to develop simulation to compare conservation potential of technologies
– Calculate energy savings
• Can also be considered a retrofit potential analysis
• Large (~100m) passenger ship application
Ben GullyASME ES2010 - 6
May 19, 2010
Presentation Outline
• Rigid wing sail system definition
• Solar power system definition
• Simulation results of integration
• Energy storage system potential
Ben GullyASME ES2010 - 7
May 19, 2010
Sail Propulsion System
Ben GullyASME ES2010 - 8
May 19, 2010
Sails Operate By Producing Aerodynamic Lift and Drag
• Forward propulsion coefficient, Cx, function of lift and drag (CL, CD)
– Sail position, α, adjusted to maximize Cx
– Function of wind angle
• Leeway produced by CY
– Assume negligible due to ship size, hull design
– Proposed fin designs can provide function of keel
Ben GullyASME ES2010 - 9
May 19, 2010
Rigid Wing Sail Design Selection
• Comparison analysis performed by Fiorentino [1985]
Shape Description
A Curved thin plate, with f/c = 1/6.66
B NACA Profile 0018
C NACA Profiles 0012 and 0015
D NACA Profile 0018 with 30% flap
E Square Fabric Sail
Ben GullyASME ES2010 - 10
May 19, 2010
Best Performing Aerofoil Design is NACA 0018
• NACA 0018 produces max lift
– Symmetric profile– Good allowance for
internal mast support
• Flap increases lift 18-24%
[Fiorentino, 1985]
Ben GullyASME ES2010 - 11
May 19, 2010
Forward Propulsion Data Resolved As Function of Wind Angle
Angle of incidence, ψ
Cx for single sail
5 0.006
15 0.137
25 0.368
35 0.688
45 1.018
55 1.317
… …
105 2.077
… …
155 1.353
165 1.188
175 1.195
[Smulders, 1985]
,
Ben GullyASME ES2010 - 12
May 19, 2010
Forward Propulsion Data Resolved As Function of Wind Angle
Angle of incidence, ψ
Cx for single sail
5 0.006
15 0.137
25 0.368
35 0.688
45 1.018
55 1.317
… …
105 2.077
… …
155 1.353
165 1.188
175 1.195
[Smulders, 1985]
,
ηprop = 0.68ηmotor = 0.9ηPEconv = 0.9
Ben GullyASME ES2010 - 13
May 19, 2010
PV Solar Power System
Ben GullyASME ES2010 - 14
May 19, 2010
DOE Technology Comparison Suggests Wafer Silicon Panel – Assumed 18% Efficiency
Present Status, 2007 Expected Performance, 2015
Technology Available Efficiency (%)
Experimental Efficiency (%)
Available Efficiency (%)
Experimental Efficiency (%)
Wafer silicon 12-18 25 15-21 27
a-Si-Based Thin-Film
5-8 13 10-13 15
c-Si Film 5-6 10 13-16 16-18
Cadmium Telluride
9 16.5 13 18-20
Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide
5-11 19.5 10-15 21-23
Organic Photovoltaic
N/A 5.2 N/A 12
Sensitized Solar Cells
N/A 11 N/A 16
Ben GullyASME ES2010 - 15
May 19, 2010
Solar Panel Efficiency is Also a Function of Incidence Angle
• Efficiency is 100% when incidence is perpendicular– Phorizontal = Pirr(cosθ)
– Pvertical = Pirr(1-cosθ)
– θ is a function of time of day, 90° at noon– Negative regions truncated to zero
• Assumed power electronics efficiency of 95%
Ben GullyASME ES2010 - 16
May 19, 2010
Simulation
Ben GullyASME ES2010 - 17
May 19, 2010
Load Cycle Data Taken From a Notional Yacht Configuration
Mode Power
Requirement (kW)
Average Percent of Annual Time
(%)
1 365.4 10
2 705.7 10
3 1765.0 1
4 5207.6 4
5 3107.6 25
6 2086.4 5
7 2743.4 5
8 3147.0 15
9 2373.0 25
Ben GullyASME ES2010 - 18
May 19, 2010
Area Available for Renewable Energy Systems Was Liberally Estimated
• Rigid Wing Sails– 2 ˣ 500 m2
• PV Solar Panels– 1070 m2 horizontal surface– 540 m2 vertical surface– 800 m2 on sails
• 80% of sail area, limited to one side at a time
Ben GullyASME ES2010 - 19
May 19, 2010
Simulation Parameter Definition: Ship Power System and Wind/Solar Profile
• Original ship power system consists of 4 gensets– Gensets are cycled on and off to meet power
demand– 4 Caterpillar 3516B units
• 2 ˣ 1180 kW• 2 ˣ 1600 kW
• Environmental conditions taken from 2008 buoy data– Wind speed and direction 150 NM from coast of
Cape Hatteras, NC– Solar irradiance similarly located off Cape May, NJ– NDBC.com
Ben GullyASME ES2010 - 20
May 19, 2010
Simulation Shows Significant Fuel Savings of 18%
• Base consumption without wind/solar: 5195 m3/yr
• Fuel Consumption with wind/solar: 4262 m3/yr– 18% reduction
• Integrating power generation of each source shows small contribution of solar energy
Ben GullyASME ES2010 - 21
May 19, 2010
Solar Power Suffers Greatly From Intermittency
Ben GullyASME ES2010 - 22
May 19, 2010
Studying Cx Behavior Shows Opportunity for Increased Performance
Ben GullyASME ES2010 - 23
May 19, 2010
Utilized Wind Power is Limited To Propulsion
Ben GullyASME ES2010 - 24
May 19, 2010
Hybrid Energy Storage System Benefit is Minimal
Fuel consumption reduced to 4176 m2/yr – 2% savings
[Gully 2009]
Ben GullyASME ES2010 - 25
May 19, 2010
Load Leveling Function of Energy Storage System Has Potential Emissions Benefit
• NOx Emissions from a conventional V8 diesel versus one with a hybrid powertrain [Filipi 2006]
Ben GullyASME ES2010 - 26
May 19, 2010
Results and Future Work
• Solar power is only able to produce minimal benefit relative to the large power demands of ocean-going vessels
• Wind power produces significant savings– Investigate alternative sail technologies– Potential for additional benefit of route selection
• Energy storage as a hybrid device produces minimal increase in efficiency
– May have benefit for emissions reduction
Ben GullyASME ES2010 - 27
May 19, 2010
Thank You
Questions?
Ben GullyASME ES2010 - 28
May 19, 2010
References
Department of Energy, “Multi-Year Program Plan 2008-2012,” Solar Energy Technologies Program, April 15 2008.
Filipi, Z., “Engine-in-the-Loop Testing for Evaluating Hybrid Propulsion Concepts and Transient Emissions – HMMWV Case Study” 01-0443, SAE 2006.
Fiorentino, L., et al. “Proposal of a Sail System or the Propulsion of a 25,000 DWT Bulk-Carrier,” Proceedings of the International Symposium on Windship Technology, Southhampton, U.K., April 24-25, 1985.
Gully, B., Webber, M., Seepersad, C., and Thompson, R., “Energy Storage Analysis to Increase Large Ship Fuel Efficiency,” Proceedings of the ASME 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability, San Francisco, CA, 2009.
Smulders, F., “Exposition of Calculation Methods to Analyse Wind-Propulsion on Cargo Ships” Proceedings of the International Symposium on Windship Technology, Southhampton, U.K., April 24-25, 1985.
Ben GullyASME ES2010 - 29
May 19, 2010
Supplemental Slides
Ben GullyASME ES2010 - 30
May 19, 2010
Reducing Genset Resolution Produces Same Relative Benefit of ESS
GensetsBase Fuel
Consumption (m3)
Fuel Consumption with ESS
(m3)
% Benefit
4 2 x 11802 x 1600
5195 5102 1.7
3 2 x 11801 x 1600
3641 3567 2
2 1 x 11801 x 1600
2655 2643 0.4
Ben GullyASME ES2010 - 31
May 19, 2010
Additional Simulation Parameters of Note
• Ship direction selected arbitrarily as 10° East of North
• Average solar power produced was equivalent to 15.7kW
Ben GullyASME ES2010 - 32
May 19, 2010
Fiorentino Fin Design as Keel Alternative