integrating organics and residual treatment/disposal · natural attenuation or leachate...

Environment EnvironnementCanada Canada

Natural Resources Ressources naturellesCanada Canada

Workshop supported by

MSW Options Workshop:MSW Options Workshop:Integrating Organics and ResidualIntegrating Organics and Residual

Treatment/DisposalTreatment/Disposal

Neil MacDonald CET, CH2MNeil MacDonald CET, CH2M HILLHILLMarch 2, 2006

Calgary, Alberta

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Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized

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!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals


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Residuals ManagementResiduals Management Sanitary Landfill & Bioreactor Landfill Sanitary Landfill & Bioreactor Landfill

Presentation Outline Technical Primer Situation Update Evaluation Summary Questions

Facilitated Discussion

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Technical Primer: Background

Statistics Canada: June 14, 2004 - “Twenty-one percent of all waste materials were diverted from

disposal…The remainder, about 24 million tonnes, was either placed in a landfillor incinerated.” (2002 National waste data)

December 2, 2005 - “Canadian households continue to generate more solidwaste, and the majority of it ends up in landfill sites.”

Waste diversion activities significantly reducethe quantity of wastes going to landfill

There remains substantial room for improvement Landfill disposal of waste remains a reality for

Canadian communities in the foreseeable future


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Technical Primer: Function

System of biological, physical and chemicalprocesses to break-down wastes and controlpotential impacts By-products (leachate, gas) require management Potential for effects on air, water, soil, ecology and

community must be addressed Renewable energy recovery potential at some

facilities Requires careful siting, assessment, design,

monitoring, controls, operation and post-closuremanagement


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Technical Primer: Facility

Source: FCM “Solid Waste as a Resource,Review of Waste Technologies”, March 2004

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Technical Primer: Key Distinctions

Engineered systems require specific designconsiderations to meet increased performance

Increased settlement → increased density,increased disposal capacity & longer lifespan

Greatly increased emphasis on environmentalmonitoring and process controls

Generally includes environmental monitoring

Gas generation rates are increased thereforeactive gas controls are generally incorporated

Emissions might or might not be controlled

Incorporates leachate collection, recirculation &moisture addition as primary enhancement

Natural attenuation or leachate containment,collection and treatment.

Shorter waste stabilization period = contaminatinglifespan 20 to 50 years post closure

Lengthy waste stabilization period = contaminatinglifespan 50 to 100 years(+) post closure

Enhancement of biological processes to speed andmaximize waste stabilization

Containment & Control = ‘Dry Tomb’

Bioreactor LandfillSanitary Landfill

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Technical Primer: Selected Key Issues

Public perceptions = negative Historic environmental legacy Concerns regarding potential for long-term

impacts Cost = comparatively low Land use = conflicts and priorities Energy recovery potential = beneficial use

of a resource


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Situation Update: Current & Future

Future = reduced reliance on sanitary landfill disposal:On-going & expanded waste diversion effortsEvolution of advanced approaches to waste management

Increasing adoption of bioreactor landfillReduced “wastefulness” – more efficient use of resources

Similar concerns based on perceptions –potential for improvement based on recognitionof benefits

Public concerns regarding potential impacts andlong-term risk

Identical regulatory regime - poses challenges toestablished approvals philosophies

Highly regulated and controlled with a focus onprotection of the environment and the public

Next step in advancement of landfill technologyto a waste treatment process

Distinct from historic legacy practices

Emerging technology, two operational Canadianfacilities, numerous international applications

Wide-spread application, relied upon by manyCanadian communities

Bioreactor LandfillSanitary Landfill

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Evaluation: Background

Objective: Evaluate effects of organic waste

management activities on sanitary landfills Comparative evaluation

Environmental, energy, social and economicindicators

Unit basis per tonne of waste disposed

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Evaluation: Background

Methodology: Develop “hypothetical” community/site profiles

Initial service population basis 20k, 80k & 200k Define waste disposal stream scenarios

Base-case, SSO & Mixed waste Include IC&I waste (base-case) in all streams Population growth at 1.5%/yr.

Define site profile, configurations, physical systems,operational conditions, etc.

Estimate indicators Generic approach – not site-specific Incorporates both operating lifespan and post-closure

management period

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Evaluation: Results – Facility Footprint (m2)

20k0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

20k 80k 200k

Sanitary Landfills Bioreactor Landfills

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Evaluation: Results – Unit Land Area Consumption (m2/tonne)

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

20k80k

200k

Bioreactor Landfills

Sanitary Landfills

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Evaluation: Results – Overall Gas Generation (m3/tonne)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

20k 80k 200k

Base Case

20k 80k 200k 20k 80k 200kSSO

Mixed Waste

Bioreactor LandfillsSanitary Landfills

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Evaluation: Results – Overall Gas Emissions (m3/tonne)

20k

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

20k 80k 200k

Base Case

80k 200k 20k 80k 200kSSO

Mixed Waste


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Evaluation: Results – Greenhouse Gas Emissions (tonnes eCO2/tonne)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

20k 80k 200k

Base Case

20k 80k 200k 20k 80k 200kSSO

Mixed Waste


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Evaluation: Results – Renewable Energy Recovery Potential (kW-hr/tonne)

0

50

100

150

200

250

20k 80k 200k

Base Case20k 80k 200k 20k 80k 200k

SSOMixed Waste


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Evaluation: Results – Disposal Costs ($/tonne)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

20k 80k 200k

Base Case20k 80k 200k 20k 80k 200k

SSOMixed Waste


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integrating organics and residual treatment/disposal · natural attenuation or leachate...

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