integrating energy efficiency and renewables for optimum roi · operations. it also means...
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Pacific Energy CenterPacific Energy Center851 Howard St.851 Howard St.
San Francisco, CA 94103San Francisco, CA 94103
Integrating Energy Efficiency and Integrating Energy Efficiency and RenewablesRenewables for Optimum ROIfor Optimum ROI
Courtesy of DOE/NREL
Basics of Photovoltaic (PV) Systems Basics of Photovoltaic (PV) Systems for Gridfor Grid--Tied ApplicationsTied Applications
Material in this presentation is protected by Copyright law. Reproduction, display, or distribution in print or electronic formats without written permission of rights holders is prohibited.
Disclaimer: The information in this document is believed to accurately describe the technologies described herein and are meant to clarify and illustrate typical situations, which must be appropriately adapted to individual circumstances. These materials were prepared to be used in conjunction with a free, educational program and are not intended to provide legal advice or establish legal standards of reasonable behavior. Neither Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) nor any of its employees and agents: (1) makes any written or oral warranty, expressed or implied, including, but not limited to, those concerning merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose; (2) assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of any information, apparatus, product, process, method, or policy contained herein; or (3) represents that its use would not infringe any privately owned rights, including, but not limited to, patents, trademarks, or copyrights.
Pete ShoemakerPete ShoemakerPG&E Pacific Energy CenterPG&E Pacific Energy Center
(415) 973(415) [email protected]@pge.com
InstructorsInstructors
Bill HollowayBill HollowayPG&E Energy Training CenterPG&E Energy Training Center
[email protected]@pge.com
Trey Trey MuffetMuffetSustainable SpacesSustainable Spaces
[email protected]@sustainablespaces.com
Courtesy of NASA
PG&EPG&E’’s Climate Change Commitments Climate Change Commitment
“PG&E is committed to leading by example when it comes to climate change. That means more than just minimizing the greenhouse gas emissions from our operations. It also means maximizing the opportunity we have to lead efforts to establish responsible policies and programs to address global climate change.”
— Adopted by PG&E Corporation, May 2006
Why is a utility company trying to get me to use less of their product?
The Big PictureThe Big Picture
How can they make money and stay in business?
30 years ago in California …
The Big PictureThe Big Picture
Energy use rising rapidly—unsustainable.
30 years ago in California …
The Big PictureThe Big Picture
Bureaucratic wisdom!Bureaucratic wisdom!
“Decoupling”: separating profits from sales revenue.
9
-
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
KW
h/pe
rson
US CA Western Europe
Courtesy Art Rosenfeld, California Energy Commission
• Energy efficiency programs have helped keep per capita electricity consumption in California flat since 1976
• PG&E’s programs alone have avoided the release of over 135 million tons of CO2 into the atmosphere over the same period
30+ Years of Energy Efficiency Success
Note: 2005 – 2008 are forecast data.
10
PG&E’s Energy Efficiency Mandate
PG&E Annual Energy (GWH) Goals *
744 744829
9441053 1067 1015 1086
11731277
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
• California expects to meet approximately half of demand growth with energy efficiency through 2013
• 2006-2008 energy efficiency budget of ~$1 billion
• 2009 – 2011 energy efficiency budget of ~$1.9 billion (proposed July 2008)
* From CPUC Decision 04-09-060
PG&E Annual Natural Gas (MM Therms) Goals *
9.8 9.812.6
14.917.4
20.3 21.1 22.0 23.025.1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
PG&EPG&E’’s Commitments Commitment
• Corporate / Employee values
• State and Federal requirements
• Financial incentives
PG&E Portfolio Solution
Reduce Energy
Use
Renewable Power Supply
ClimateSmart
Partnership
Education
Outreach
1) Reduce consumption as much as possible.
2) Get the “greenest”power you can.3) Offset any
remaining carbon emissions.
PG&E as a Partner and Solutions ProviderPG&E as a Partner and Solutions Provider
California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) “Loading Order”1. Conservation and efficiency
2. Demand response
3. Renewables
4. Conventional generation
The Big PictureThe Big Picture
Left Funds Investment in the Right
Big Picture: past & currentBig Picture: past & current
PV rebates
Courtesy of DOE/NREL
Solar Hot Water rebates
Lighting rebates Energy Star
Weatherization rebates
Cool roof rebates
Etc.
Big Picture: future trendBig Picture: future trend
Energy footprint
before
Courtesy of DOE/NREL
Energy footprint
after
REDUCE IT! You figure out how, and the more you do, the more rebate money you’ll get.
Lowest Lowest costcost
Best Best ROIROI
??
PG&E Cumulative PV InterconnectionsPG&E Cumulative PV Interconnections30,369 g rid tied solar insta lla tions 2006 – 4,345Roughly 50% of a ll g rid tied in US 2007 – 6,593More than 307 MW 2008 – 6,569
2009 – 3,310 (through April)
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
# O
f Int
erco
nnec
tions
*As of April 2009
*data source: GIS – all PVs including Non-NEM Installs
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Class DesignClass Design
Target student:PV salesperson / system designer
Target scenario:Presenting bid to client that contains both EE and PV components.Most cost-effective, most GHG reductions.
19
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
• Principles of building performance science• Understanding of energy usage, patterns• Basics of usage components:
1. Air conditioning (cooling)2. Lighting3. Refrigeration4. Electronics 5. Water/Space heating
• Comparative costs and ROI calculations• Total package including PV system
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Building Performance Science
21
HEALTH
Eliminate allergens,
pollutants and sources of respiratory disease
COMFORT
Eliminate drafts and keep constant temperature year‐
round
ENVIRONMENT
Reduce 30‐100% of home’s CO2 emissions by
eliminating waste
FINANCIAL
Save 30‐100% on energy bills while
improving comfort
22
US Carbon Footprint
10% CARS
20% HOMES
23
Products
Car performance
?1
Performance
2
Miles PerGallon 60
24
Home Performance
Products ?1
Performance
Home EnergyRating System
2
85
25
What is Home Performance
• Systems not Products• Building Science • Its about Performance (results)
26
What is Home Performance
Comprehensive Home Performance1. Whole house assessment2. Multi-trades with specific quality standards3. Post work commissioning4. Q/A and Verification
27
Building Science Basics
1. Heat Flow 2. Pressures3. Moisture4. Dew Point
The driving forces behind building problems
28
Key Concept – Building Envelope
29
Simple Concept – Heat Flow
• We study and track the transport of Air, Heat and Moisture with these principles – Hot moves to cold
30
Heat Flow
• Forms of Heat Transfer– Conduction is the transfer of heat energy between objects that are in
contact• touching a hot iron is one form of conduction
– Convection is a mechanism for heat transfer in gases and liquids; it requires air or liquid movement to transfer heat
• a hair dryer moves heat this way
– Radiation is the transfer of heat in the infrared spectrum, and will occur even in the vacuum of space
• how the sun's warmth reaches us
31
Simple Concept - Moisture
• We study and track the transport of Air, Heat and Moisture with these principles
– Hot moves to cold– Wet moves to dry
32
Relative Humidity
33
Dewpoint and Temperature
TempTemp
7272ºº FF
WaterWaterVaporVapor
TempTemp6565ºº FF WaterWater
VaporVaporTempTemp
6060ºº FFWaterWaterVaporVapor TempTemp
5555ºº FF
WaterWaterVaporVapor
TempTemp
8585ºº FF
WaterWaterVaporVapor
RH: RH:
35%35%
CondensationCondensation
Ability of Air to Carry Moisture
RH: RH:
50%50%
RH: RH:
75%75%
RH: RH:
100%100%
RH: RH:
100%100%
34
Simple Concept - Pressure
• We study and track the transport of Air, Heat and Moisture with these principles
– Hot moves to cold– Wet moves to dry– High pressure moves to low pressure
35
Pressures
Driving Forces:• Stack Effect – the taller the building, the more
pronounced the stack effect.
• Wind Effect – wind creates a positive pressure on the windward side of the building and a negative pressure on the leeward side of the building.
• Mechanical Systems – Fans, HVAC
36
Stack Effect
High Pressure Pushes Plastic Out…
Low Pressure Sucks Plastic in…
37
Home Performance Testing
38
Blower Door
• Measure Air Leakage• Find Infiltration Points
39
Duct Blaster
• Measure Duct Leakage• California Average 30%
Leakage!
40
Air Balancing
Room-By-Room Air Flow
050
100150200250300350400
Studio
DS Bath
Living
Room / K
itchen
Bath 1
Study
Guest B
edroo
m
Hall (m
aster
)
Master
Bedroo
m
Master
Bath
Air
Flow
Vol
ume
(CF
Current Correct Post Improvement
41
Combustion Testing
• Test Combustion Efficiency• Test Flue Systems• Check Carbon Monoxide
42
Infrared Analysis
43
Energy Modeling
• Know what you will save
44
Home Efficiency Roadmap
1. Building Fundamentals– Insulation, Ducts, Air Leakage, Water Conservation, Moisture
Management, Lighting, Appliances, Plug Loads
2. Major Systems– Heating, Cooling, Ventilation, Water Heating
3. Renewable Resources– Solar PV, Solar Thermal, Wind, Water Catchment
45
Home Performance with Energy Star
• House as a System Testing– Quantitative Testing– Identify Source of Problems– Fix Underlying Causes– Re-Test to Confirm Solution
46
Understanding Energy Usage
47
Two utility energy sources
Gas Electricity
Space heatingWater heatingCooking
LightsAppliancesCoolingSome heating
Building Energy UsageBuilding Energy Usage
48
Gas Electricity
BTU: British Thermal UnitEnergy required to raise 1 lb. of water 1 degree F.Therm = 100,000 BTUs
Energy MetricsEnergy Metrics
WattEnergy of 1 amp current flowing across 1 ohm resistanceKilowatt = x 1000 Megawatt = x 1,000,000
= Watt = 3.4 BTUBTU = .29 WattsKilowatt = 3,413 BTU
Kilowatt = .034 ThermsTherm = 29.3 Kilowatts
No time factorUsage is total embodied heat
Time factorUsage is power over time (kWh)
49
Rate Schedules – “Tariffs”Price lists for energy
Constantly changing
TariffsTariffs
Residential CommercialElectric: E-1, E-6, E-8, etc.Gas: G-1, GL-1, GM, etc.
Electric: A-1, A-6, A-10, etc.Gas: G-NR1, G-NR2, etc.
50
TariffsTariffs
All rate schedules on PG&E website
www.pge.com
51
Types of Tariffs: ElectricTypes of Tariffs: Electric
Tiered (Residential)• The more you use, the
more you pay• Starting point is “Baseline”
amount• Specific to climate zone.
52
Types of Tariffs: ElectricTypes of Tariffs: Electric
E-1 tiered rate as of 5/14/09.
53
Types of TariffsTypes of Tariffs
PG&E monthly electric bill for a large home user:
1,698.00
= $ 41.96= $ 14.31= $ 57.37= $ 113.63= $ 218.48
$ 445.75
Used 1,698 Kwh costing $ 445.75
5 rate tiers12345
54
Types of Tariffs: ElectricTypes of Tariffs: Electric
Seasonal (Commercial)• Different costs in summer and winter• Depends on seasonal demand• Gas and electric opposite cycles
55
Types of Tariffs: ElectricTypes of Tariffs: Electric
Time of Use (TOU)• Both residential and commercial• Depends on when energy is used• Peak, part-peak, and off-peak times
56
Types of Tariffs: GasTypes of Tariffs: Gas
Gas tariffs updated monthly• Reflects market price for natural gas• 2-tiered for residential (baseline + above)• Some seasonal charges for commercial
57
Bill AnalysisBill Analysis
Use to determine baseload and seasonal variationsCan often infer specific appliance usage
Process:• Get at least full year data• Check for unusual situations (shut down, vacation)• Take 3 lowest months, toss out the smallest,
average other two• Same process for highest months
58
Bill Analysis: GasBill Analysis: Gas
Home #1: Single family home, California coast1800 sf, 3 people.Gas water heater, space heater, stove & oven.
Sample year
Source: PG&E
59
Bill Analysis: GasBill Analysis: Gas
24 3031
3 lowest: 24, 31, 30 – avg. 30.53 highest: 76, 76, 71 – avg. 73.5
7671 76
60
Bill Analysis: GasBill Analysis: Gas
Estimate other usage from PG&E analyzer.
Total oven & stove = 29 + 17 = 46/year = 4/month
Lowest total = 30 – 4 = 26 - 5 (some heating year round) = about 20 therms/month for hot water
61
Bill Analysis: GasBill Analysis: Gas
Home #1 Gas Yearly Estimate:Exact total (usage history) = 558 thermsEst. hot water = 240 thermsEst. Stove & Oven = 46 thermsEst. heating (remainder) = 272 therms
Corresponds to statewide averages.
62
Bill Analysis: ElectricBill Analysis: Electric
Home #2: Single family home, Central Valley2200 sf, 4 people.Electric air conditioning.
Source: PG&E
Opposite cycle from gas usage.
63
Energy Efficiency Measures
Air ConditioningAir Conditioning
Heat Pump technology
Heat pump: a device that moves heat from one place to another.
An air conditioner is simply a heat pump in reverse.
Courtesy AJ Madison
Air ConditioningAir Conditioning
Evaporation
Heat absorbed
Condensation
Heat released
refrigerant
Heat pumped
Inside Outside
Air ConditioningAir Conditioning
Evaporation: changing from liquid to gas—requires/absorbs heat energy.
Condensation: changing from gas to liquid—releases heat energy.
Phase Change: from one state of matter to another—embodies significant energy.
Refrigerant: substance which undergoes phase change easily and transfers heat.
Expansion Valve: facilitates evaporation
Compressor: facilitates condensation
Air ConditioningAir Conditioning
Evaporation
Heat absorbed
Condensation
Heat released
Compressor
Heat pumped
Inside Outside
Expansion Valve
Air ConditioningAir Conditioning
Central Air Conditioning: Compressor outside, one big coil (evaporator) inside with ducting.
Courtesy Kool Koncepts
Evaporator (coil) and condenser can be together or separated.
Compressor
Air ConditioningAir Conditioning
Window unit: Evaporator and condenser in same location.
Courtesy AJ Madison
Mini-split: One compressor, multiple small coils in house, no ducting.
Air ConditioningAir Conditioning
Packaged Unit: Commercial systems.
Source: Magik Air
Air Conditioning: SpecsAir Conditioning: Specs
Cooling Capacity• Rated in TONS• Equivalent to a ton of ice• 1 ton = 12,000 BTU/hr
Typical sizes• Window: under 1 Ton (<12,000 BTU/hr)• Central (home) : 1 – 3 Tons (12,000 – 36,000 BTU/hr)• Commercial: over 3 Tons (> 36,000 BTU/hr)
Air Conditioning: SpecsAir Conditioning: Specs
Efficiency• SEER rating
• Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio• BTU of cooling / watt-hour of electricity• Higher SEER = more efficiency
• Old systems typically around 7 - 10, newer ones up to 15
Air Conditioning: Case StudyAir Conditioning: Case Study
Lowest Hanging Fruit:Large home in Central Valley
Courtesy NREL
Air Conditioning: Case StudyAir Conditioning: Case Study
Lowest Hanging Fruit:Large home in Central Valley2800 square feet (10 rooms)4 peopleCentral ACNo pool or hot tub
Courtesy NREL
Air Conditioning: Case StudyAir Conditioning: Case Study
Estimated energy usage from PG&E Analyzer.
AC = $530/yr
= 3,000 kWh/yr
Air Conditioning: Case StudyAir Conditioning: Case Study
Action: Replace old central AC with new high-efficiency model.
SEER: Seasonal Energy Efficiency RatingMeasures BTUs of cooling/watt
SEER history (approximate ratings):• Pre 1960 = 6.1• 1975 – 1983 = 7.2• 1992 and after = minimum of 10• Present = up to 15
Air Conditioning: Case StudyAir Conditioning: Case StudyOld SEER = 8New SEER = 14Efficiency increase = 6 Percentage increase = 6/14 = 43%Savings = 45% x $530 = $238/yrTotal cost of replacement = $3,000Payback = 3000/238 = 12.6 yrs.
More attractive in PV package?
Lighting
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Color
•Additive Color Mixing
Luminous Flux
•Total amount of light emitted
•All directions•Unit is lumen (lm)•Used to rate the output of lamps
Examples: a wax candle generates 13 lumens; a 100 watt bulb generates 1,200 lumens.
Chromaticity (Color Temperature)
•Expression of “coolness” or “warmness” of light source appearance
•Measured in Kelvin (K)•The higher the chromaticity, the cooler the source appears
10000K
7500K
5000K
3500K
3000K
2500K
Color Rendering Index (CRI)
•Measure of how well a light source renders colors when compared to a reference source
•Reference source depends on chromaticity< 5000K: Incandescent> 5000K: Daylight
• 0-100 point scale
Types of light measurements
• Total amount (lumens)• “Warmness” or “Coolness”
(Chromaticity) • Color Rendering Index – CRI
Lighting Equipment
• Lamp: produces light
• Ballast: supplies electrical input to certain lamps
• Control: controls when and how lamps operate
Courtesy USA.gov
Measuring Lamp Performance
• Light Output• Power• Efficacy• Lamp Life
(lumens)(Watts)(lumens/Watt)(hours)
Luminous Efficacy•A measure of a lamp’s effectiveness in converting electrical energy into light
•A lamp’s luminous efficacy is measured in lumens per Watt– An automobile’s efficacy is measured miles per gallon
LumensWatt
Energy efficiency measurement of lighting
Efficacy =
Lamps
• Incandescent• Fluorescent• High Intensity Discharge (HID)• Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Incandescent – Operation
• Tungsten filament heated to incandescence
• Significant amount of infrared (heat) is produced along with visible light
Envelope
Inert Gas
Tungsten Filament
Supports
Fuse
Base
Incandescent – Summary• Advantages:
– High color performance– Immediate “on”– Easy/inexpensive to dim– Point source– Low initial cost
• Best Uses– Glitter, sparkle effects– Accent or focal lighting– Creation of warm ambiance
• Design Issues:– Lowest efficacy
(10-20 lm/W)– Short lamp life
(750 - 2,000 h)– Heat– High operating cost– High maintenance costs– High long-term costs
Incansescent: Tungsten Halogen • Premium incandescent source• Line voltage or low voltage• Advantages:
– Higher efficacy (15-25 lm/W)– Whiter light– Longer lamp life
(2,000 – 4,000 h)– Compact size
• Disadvantages:– More costly
Envelope
Tungsten Filament
Halogen Gas, Inert Gas
Supports
Fuse, Lead in Wires
Base
Fluorescent - Operation• Mercury vapor arc
stream emits UV energy• Phosphors convert UV
energy into visible light
Base Pins
Glass Tube
Mercury Vapor, Rare Gas
Phosphor Coating (inside tube)
Electrode
Electrode
Fluorescent – Summary• Advantages:
– High efficacy (up to 100 lm/W)– Long life (up to 30,000 h)– Low initial cost– High CRI– High frequency operation– Excellent lumen maintenance
• Design Issues:– Thermally sensitive– Requires ballast– Special ballast required
for dimming– Not a point source
• Best Uses– Workhorse for general lighting
•Commercial, Residential, Industrial– Creating uniform wash of light across an architectural
surface
Compact Fluorescent - Operation
• Operate like fluorescent lamps
• Have curved tubes, curved arc streams, which are inherently less efficient that straight arc lamps
Curved Glass Tube
Phosphor Coating
Mercury Vapor, Rare Gas
Base Pins
Compact Fluorescent – Summary• Advantages:
– Compact size– High efficacy
(up to 60 lm/W)– High CRI– Long life (up to 12,000 h)– High frequency operation– Excellent lumen maintenance
• Design Issues:– Position sensitive– Thermally sensitive– Requires ballast– Special ballast required to
dim– Higher initial cost than
incandescent
•Best Uses– Workhorse for general lighting
–Residential, Commercial– Sconces, pendant, or ceiling mounted decorative luminaires
High Intensity Discharge (HID)
• Electric arc between electrodes• Tube filled with both gas and salts• Heats materials to form a plasma• Like fluorescents, requires ballast
Courtesy NREL
High Pressure Sodium – Operation
• Pressure builds inside arc tube
• Sodium vapor inside arc tube emits visible light
Base
Arc Tube Mount Structure
Electrode
Ceramic Arc Tube
Xenon Fill Gas, Sodium, Mercury Vapor
Outer Bulb
High Pressure Sodium - Summary• Advantages:
– High efficacy (>140 lm/W)– Long life (24,000 h)– Universal burning position– Wide range of wattages– Good lumen maintenance– Good restrike time (among HIDs)
• Design Issues:– Warm/restrike up time– Poor color– Cycling– Expensive to dim, with limited
performance– Strobe effects
•Best uses– Street lighting– Applications where color is not important
Light Emitting Diode (LED) - Operation
• Produce light by electroluminescence• Solid state light source• Semiconductor chip
Hard Plastic
Phosphor coating (optional)
Semi-Conductor
Anvil
Base Pins
Image license: GNU Free Documentation License.
LED - Summary• Advantages:
– Long lamp life (up to 50,000 h)
– Color efficient– Dimmable– Instant on– Many colors, including white
• Design Issues:– Low efficacy white light
source (40 - 60 lm/W)
– Expensive first cost– Heat dissipation– Low lumens per lamp– Lamp lumen
depreciation
Best Uses:– Colored light and special effects lighting– Situations where maintenance is difficult or costly– Signage
Lamps: Efficacy
• Incandescent: 15 – 25 lumens/watt• Fluorescent: 70 – 100 lm/w• HID: 80 – 140 lm/w• LED: 40 – 60 lm/w
Lamp Comparison Matrix
YNY75MC70%50,00040ProjectionWhite LEDs
NNN80WM75%100,00080AreaInduction Lamps
NNN21W90%24,000110PointHigh Pressure Sodium
NNS92WM85%20,00090PointCeramicMetal Halide
NNS70WM85%20,000100PointPulse StartMetal Halide
YNS86WMC86%12,00070AreaCompactFluorescent
YNY86WMC95%25,00095LinearFluorescent
NYY100W100%3,00020PointHalogenIncandescent
NYY100W95%1,00015PointIncandescent
Temperature Sensitive2
Voltage Sensitive2Dimmable2CRIColor
Temp.1LLDLamp Life(rated hours)
Efficacy(lm/W)
SourceTypeLamp Family
1 - W (Warm), M (Mid-range), C (Cool)
2 - Y (Yes), S (Special Cases), N (No)
Note: Values are representative of lamp family performance
Ballasts
•Required for all discharge lamps– Fluorescent– High Intensity Discharge
•What does a ballast do?– Supplies sufficient voltage to start the lamp– Regulates (limits) the arc current – Heats lamp electrodes, in some cases
Ballasts: Magnetic vs. Electronic
Magnetic• 120 switches per second• Audible hum• Visible flicker• Inefficient• Heavy
Electronic• 10,000+ switches per second• No hum• Invisible flicker• 20%+ more efficient• Light
Courtesy USA.gov
A Control System Overview
Input
Receiver
Processor
Actuator
Output
Operator
People, Schedule, Daylight
Wall Stations, Occupancy Sensors, Time Clock, Photocell
Computer, Processor, Logic Controller
Dimmers, Relays/Breakers
Ballasts, Transformers
Lamps
Component Examples
Lighting Control Hardware - Receivers• Wall Stations
– Switch– Multi-scene dimmers
• Occupancy Sensors– Infrared (eyes)– Ultra sonic (ears)– Dual technology (eyes and ears)
• Time Clock– Astronomical– Standard
• Photocell– Open loop– Closed loop
PG&E Pacific Energy Center 2007
Lighting: Case Study & NumbersLowest Hanging Fruit: Commercial Office Building
Courtesy NREL
Office Energy Survey
Cooling18%
Ventilation11%
Water Heating1%
Cooking0%
Refrigeration4%
Interior Lighting29%
Office Equipment21%
Exterior Lighting5%
Miscellaneous7%
Heating2%
Motors1%
Air Compressors1%
Heating92.5%
Cooking0.1%
Miscellaneous0.1% Process
0.4%
Water Heating6.9%
Electric Natural Gas
Lighting: Case Study
Courtesy NREL
What have they got now?Fluorescent tube lighting.
Lighting: Case StudyWhat have they got now?Lamps and Ballasts
Courtesy USA.gov
Lighting: Case StudyWhat have they got now?Lamps: the code will tell you.
Example lamp code: F40T12/CWFF = fluorescent= fluorescent
4040 = = 4040 lamp wattslamp watts
TT = tubular bulb shape= tubular bulb shape
1212 = 12/8= 12/8”” diameter (1.5diameter (1.5””))
// = separator= separator
CW = CRI of 62 with apparent color temperature = 4100CW = CRI of 62 with apparent color temperature = 4100ººKelvin (equals F40T12/641)Kelvin (equals F40T12/641)
Courtesy USA.gov
Chart courtesy Steve Mesh
Lighting: Case StudyWhat have they got now?Ballasts: Magnetic or Electronic?Flicker checker will tell you.
Magnetic Electronic
Courtesy USA.gov
Lighting: T12s with Magnetic BallastsWhat do you do?Replace with T8s and electronic ballasts
New lamp code: F32T8/841FF = fluorescent= fluorescent
3232 = = 3232 lamp wattslamp watts
TT = tubular bulb shape= tubular bulb shape
88 = 8/8= 8/8”” diameter (1diameter (1””))
// = separator= separator
88 = CRI in the 80s (somewhere between 80 and 90)= CRI in the 80s (somewhere between 80 and 90)
4141 = apparent color temperature = 4100= apparent color temperature = 4100ºº KelvinKelvin
Lighting: BallastsWhat type ballast?Lookup in manufacturers’ sheets.
Actual Wattage (AW) = 86.5
More than 2 x 40 watt bulbs. Ballast inefficiency.
Lighting: BallastsWhat type ballast?Lookup in manufacturers’ sheets.
Actual Wattage (AW) = 56
Less than 2 x 32 watt bulbs. Ballast efficiency.
Lighting: SavingsHow much % savings?Lookup in manufacturers’ sheets.AW before = 86.5AW after = 56Savings of 86.5 – 56 = 30.5 watts% savings = 30.5 / 86 = 35%
At what cost?Current estimate $50 per fixture (lamps + ballast)
Lighting: Cost estimates
http://www.pge.com/mybusiness/energysavingsrebates/rebatesincentives/ref/lighting/
Lighting: Cost estimates
Lamps: 48” length about $2.00 eachBallasts: about $15 - $25 eachLabor: about $30 / fixturePG&E rebate: $4.25/lamp = $8.50 fixture4.00 + 20.00 + 30.00 – 8.50 = est. $45
How many fixtures?Either count or estimate from square footage.
Lighting: Estimate # of FixturesMeasure center to center of fixtures.
10 feet
10 feet 1 fixture per 100 sq. ft.
Lighting: Case StudyAverage office building size
Lighting: Case StudyElectric Rate Schedule
Lighting: Case StudyAverage office building size7,000 square feet / 1 fixture per 100 sq. ft. =70 fixtures x $50 cost each = $3500 retrofit cost30% reduction in lighting energy use
4.0 x .3 = 1.2 kWh/sf x 7,000 sf/yr = 8,400 kWh/yr savings
8,400 x $.18/kWh = $1,512/yr = 2.5 yr payback
Lighting: Case StudySummary
• Replace T12 lamps with T8 lamps• Replace magnetic ballasts with electronic ballasts• No change in light quality• Improvement in flicker, noise• $3500 cost, 2.5 year payback• Reduction in electric load
124
RefrigerationRefrigeration
Residential:Large efficiency gains over the years.Simple replacement of old modelRebates often available.
Courtesy NREL
125
RefrigerationRefrigeration
Commercial:Can replace entire unitCan just replace motorsMay even just cover open display cases
126
Refrigeration: Case StudyRefrigeration: Case Study
Lowest Hanging Fruit:Grocery store
Source: ElCivics.com
127
Grocery Store
Ventilation6%
Refrigeration58%
Motors0%
Miscellaneous3%
Exterior Lighting2%
Office Equipment1%
Interior Lighting20%
Cooling5%
Water Heating0%
Cooking5%
Water Heating30%
Heating42%
Cooking28%
Electric Natural Gas
128
Plug LoadsPlug Loads
Appliances that draw power 24/7Never off even when they’re “off”Large increase—growing problem
129
VAMPIRE LOADS
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VAMPIRE LOADS
• TV <1 to 50+ w) Cable Box (20+ w)• ANYTHING WITH A REMOTE (1 to 5 w)• BATTERY CHARGERS (1 or 2 watts)• MODEM (5+ w)• ROUTER (5+ w) (2+ INTERNET CONNECTIONS)
• FISH TANK PUMP (2 to 3 w 10 gal tank)• HANDS FREE PHONE BASE (3+ w)• PLUGGED IN CLOCKS (<1 to 5 watts)
(MICROWAVE/STOVE/CLOCK RADIOS/VCR/ETC)
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VAMPIRE LOADS
• TV: 30w X 2 = 60w• Cable Box: 20w X 2 = 40w• Remotes: 3w x 5 = 15w• Modem: 7w• Router: 7w• Fish Tank Pump: 3w• Phone: 3w• Clocks: 3w X 5 = 15w
Total = 150 watts x 8760 hrs/yr = 1,300 kWh/yrAt $.18/kwh (avg.) = $234/yr.
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Plug LoadsPlug Loads
Solutions:• Power strips• “Smart” strips (master/slave)• Timers• Turn things off when not in use
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HeatingHeating
Courtesy NREL
Water heating and space heating
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HeatingHeatingSpace heaters (furnaces)• Rated in BTU (heat generating capacity)• Small 50K• Typical home 80 – 100K• Commercial 100K and above
Water Heaters• Rated in gallons of tank size• Home 40 – 80 gal.• Commercial 100 gal. and above• Tankless rated in BTU, typically <200K Btu for
residential
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Efficiency• AFUE rating
• Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency• Percent of total heat generated that enters
ducts, or water• Higher AFUE = more efficiency
• Old systems typically around 60 - 65, newer ones up to 95
• Current minimum 78 (most sold are 80)
HeatingHeating
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Energy Efficiency with Renewables
Examples by building type:
1. Residence
2. Commercial office
3. Grocery Store
EE + PV CombinationsEE + PV Combinations
Process:1. Size PV system with no EE2. Estimate EE measures in priority
order3. Track reductions in PV system size4. Compare costs, paybacks
EE + PV CombinationsEE + PV Combinations
Use multiple-page spreadsheet.Will be made available.
EE + PV CombinationsEE + PV Combinations
EE + PV CombinationsEE + PV Combinations
Separate worksheets for EE components
EE + PV CombinationsEE + PV Combinations
Both residential and commercial
EE + PV CombinationsEE + PV Combinations
Summary and graph of savings
Pete ShoemakerPete ShoemakerPG&E Pacific Energy CenterPG&E Pacific Energy Center
(415) 973(415) [email protected]@pge.com
InstructorsInstructors
Bill HollowayBill HollowayPG&E Energy Training CenterPG&E Energy Training Center
[email protected]@pge.com
Trey Trey MuffetMuffetSustainable SpacesSustainable Spaces
[email protected]@sustainablespaces.com